JP6775340B2 - Aluminum alloy foil for molding and manufacturing method of aluminum alloy foil, and aluminum alloy foil molding container - Google Patents
Aluminum alloy foil for molding and manufacturing method of aluminum alloy foil, and aluminum alloy foil molding container Download PDFInfo
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Description
この発明は、成形用アルミニウム合金箔およびアルミニウム合金箔の製造方法、ならびにアルミニウム合金箔成形容器に関する。 This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a molding aluminum alloy foil and aluminum alloy foil, and to an aluminum alloy foil forming the container.
アルミニウム合金箔は成形性や熱伝導性に優れ、かつ軽量であることから、麺類や鍋物等の加熱食品用の容器として広く用いられている。加熱食品用の容器としては、ガスコンロでの直火による加熱の他に、最近では、電磁調理器を用いた加熱も行うことが要望されている。
しかし、一般に、アルミニウム箔は電気抵抗が小さく、電磁調理では加熱効率が悪い。このため、例えば、特許文献１や特許文献２、３では、アルミニウム箔の電気抵抗を上げるため、アルミニウム箔にＭｇ等の微量元素を含有させている。このアルミニウム箔は、電磁調理で鍋などとして使用されるように成形した容器とされる。このため成形性に優れている必要があり、冷間圧延後に高温での熱処理を施すが、Ｍｇ含有による表面変色を防止するために特許文献４、５に示すような特殊な軟化処理を行っている。
Aluminum alloy foil is widely used as a container for heated foods such as noodles and hot pots because it has excellent moldability and thermal conductivity and is lightweight. As a container for heated foods, in addition to heating by an open flame on a gas stove, recently, it is required to perform heating using an electromagnetic cooker.
However, in general, aluminum foil has a small electric resistance, and heating efficiency is poor in electromagnetic cooking. Therefore, for example, in Patent Document 1 and Patent Documents 2 and 3, in order to increase the electric resistance of the aluminum foil, the aluminum foil contains a trace element such as Mg. This aluminum foil is a container formed so as to be used as a pot or the like in electromagnetic cooking. Therefore, it is necessary to have excellent moldability, and heat treatment is performed at a high temperature after cold rolling. However, in order to prevent surface discoloration due to Mg content, a special softening treatment as shown in Patent Documents 4 and 5 is performed. There is.
しかし、Ｍｇを添加したアルミニウム箔で高温の熱処理を行うと箔表面に変色が生じてしまい、製品品質を低下させる。一方、熱処理温度を下げると、軟化が十分になされないという問題がある。 However, when high-temperature heat treatment is performed on an aluminum foil to which Mg is added, the surface of the foil is discolored, which deteriorates the product quality. On the other hand, when the heat treatment temperature is lowered, there is a problem that softening is not sufficiently performed.
本発明は上記事情を背景としてなされたものであり、Ｍｇ含有においても加熱処理による変色発生が抑制された成形用アルミニウム合金箔およびアルミニウム合金箔の製造方法、ならびにアルミニウム合金箔成形容器を提供することを目的とする。 The present invention has been made with the above circumstances as the background, a method of manufacturing an aluminum alloy foil and aluminum alloy foil for forming color change occurs is suppressed by heat treatment The Mg-containing, as well as to provide an aluminum alloy foil forming the container With the goal.
すなわち、本発明の成形用アルミニウム合金箔のうち、第１の形態は、Ｍｇ：１．２〜２．０ｗｔ％、Ｍｎ：０．７〜１．６ｗｔ％未満、Ｆｅ：０．１ｗｔ％未満、Ｃｒ：０．０５ｗｔ％以下、Ｃｕ：０．０３ｗｔ％以下を含有し、残部がＡｌと不可避不純物からなる組成を有することを特徴とする。 That is, among the aluminum alloy foils for molding of the present invention, the first form is Mg: 1.2 to 2.0 wt%, Mn: 0.7 to less than 1.6 wt%, Fe: less than 0.1 wt%, It is characterized by containing Cr: 0.05 wt% or less and Cu: 0.03 wt% or less, and having a composition in which the balance is composed of Al and unavoidable impurities.
他の形態の成形用アルミニウム合金箔は、前記形態のアルミニウム合金箔において、箔厚が６５〜１００μｍであることを特徴とする。 The aluminum alloy foil for molding in another form is characterized in that the aluminum alloy foil in the above form has a foil thickness of 65 to 100 μm.
本発明のアルミニウム合金箔の製造方法は、Ｍｇ：１．０超〜２．０ｗｔ％、Ｍｎ：０．７〜１．６ｗｔ％未満、Ｆｅ：０．１ｗｔ％未満、Ｃｒ：０．０５ｗｔ％以下、Ｃｕ：０．０３ｗｔ％以下を含有し、残部がＡｌと不可避不純物からなる組成を有するアルミニウム合金箔に対し、２５０℃〜３３０℃で最終焼鈍を行なうことを特徴とする。
他の形態のアルミニウム合金箔の製造方法は、前記形態の成形用アルミニウム合金箔において、前記アルミニウム合金箔の箔厚が６５〜１００μｍであることを特徴とする。
The method for producing an aluminum alloy foil of the present invention is : Mg: more than 1.0 to 2.0 wt%, Mn: 0.7 to less than 1.6 wt%, Fe: less than 0.1 wt%, Cr: 0.05 wt% or less. , Cu: An aluminum alloy foil containing 0.03 wt% or less and having a composition of Al and unavoidable impurities as the balance is subjected to final annealing at 250 ° C. to 330 ° C.
Another method for producing an aluminum alloy foil is characterized in that, in the molding aluminum alloy foil of the above form, the foil thickness of the aluminum alloy foil is 65 to 100 μm.
本発明のアルミニウム合金箔成形容器は、第１または第２の形態に記載のアルミニウム合金箔からなることを特徴とする。 The aluminum alloy foil molding container of the present invention is characterized by comprising the aluminum alloy foil according to the first or second embodiment.
他の形態のアルミニウム合金箔成形容器は、前記形態のアルミニウム合金箔成形容器において、電磁調理用に用いられることを特徴とする。 The aluminum alloy foil molding container of another form is characterized in that it is used for electromagnetic cooking in the aluminum alloy foil molding container of the above form.
以下、本発明で規定している成分等の限定理由について説明する。 Hereinafter, the reasons for limiting the components and the like specified in the present invention will be described.
Ｍｇ：１．０超〜２．０ｗｔ％
Ｍｇは、アルミニウム合金箔の電気比抵抗を大きくし、かつ、箔の強度の向上に寄与する。Ｍｇの含有量が１．０ｗｔ％以下では、十分な電気比抵抗が得られない恐れがある。一方、Ｍｇの含有量が２．０ｗｔ％を超えると、アルミニウム合金箔の強度が高すぎるためにプレス成形が困難となるおそれがある。このため、Ｍｇの含有量を上記範囲に定める。なお、同様の理由で、下限を１．５ｗｔ％、上限を２．０ｗｔ％とするのが望ましい。
Mg: Over 1.0 to 2.0 wt%
Mg increases the electrical resistivity of the aluminum alloy foil and contributes to the improvement of the strength of the foil. If the Mg content is 1.0 wt% or less, sufficient electrical resistivity may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the Mg content exceeds 2.0 wt%, the strength of the aluminum alloy foil is too high, which may make press molding difficult. Therefore, the Mg content is set within the above range. For the same reason, it is desirable that the lower limit is 1.5 wt% and the upper limit is 2.0 wt%.
Ｍｎ：０．７〜１．６ｗｔ％未満
Ｍｎは、アルミニウム合金箔の電気比抵抗を大きくし、かつ、箔の強度の向上に寄与する。Ｍｎの含有量が０．７ｗｔ％未満では、十分な電気比抵抗が得られない恐れが有る。一方、１．６ｗｔ％以上では、粗大な金属間化合物が晶出して、プレス時に、それを起点に穴開きが発生する等、成形性が著しく悪化する恐れが有る。このため、Ｍｎの含有量を上記範囲に定める。なお、同様の理由で、下限を０．９ｗｔ％、上限を１．３ｗｔ％とするのが望ましい。
Mn: 0.7 to less than 1.6 wt% Mn increases the electrical resistivity of the aluminum alloy foil and contributes to the improvement of the strength of the foil. If the Mn content is less than 0.7 wt%, a sufficient electrical resistivity may not be obtained. On the other hand, if it is 1.6 wt% or more, coarse intermetallic compounds may crystallize, and at the time of pressing, holes may occur at the starting point, and the moldability may be significantly deteriorated. Therefore, the Mn content is set within the above range. For the same reason, it is desirable that the lower limit is 0.9 wt% and the upper limit is 1.3 wt%.
Ｃｒ：０．０５ｗｔ％以下
Ｃｒは電気比抵抗を高める効果がある。しかし、その含有量が０．０５ｗｔ％を超えると、所望の強度とするために、最終焼鈍の温度を上げる必要が生じ、その結果、最終焼鈍温度上昇により箔表面の変色を招くおそれがある。このためＣｒの含有量を上記範囲に定める。同様の理由で、上限を０．０２ｗｔ％以下とするのが望ましい。
なお、Ｃｒの含有量の下限は特に限定されないが、高品位地金を使用することによるコスト増や、電気比抵抗の低下により電磁調理器用アルミニウム合金箔成形容器として使用した場合に必要な加熱効率が得られない恐れから、下限を０．０００１ｗｔ％とするのが望ましい。
Cr: 0.05 wt% or less Cr has the effect of increasing the electrical resistivity. However, if the content exceeds 0.05 wt%, it becomes necessary to raise the final annealing temperature in order to obtain the desired strength, and as a result, the foil surface may be discolored due to the rise in the final annealing temperature. Therefore, the Cr content is set within the above range. For the same reason, it is desirable that the upper limit is 0.02 wt% or less.
Although the lower limit of the Cr content is not particularly limited, the heating efficiency required when used as an aluminum alloy foil forming container for an electromagnetic cooker due to an increase in cost due to the use of high-grade metal and a decrease in electrical resistivity. It is desirable to set the lower limit to 0.0001 wt% because there is a risk that
Ｆｅ：０．１ｗｔ％未満
Ｆｅの含有量が０．１ｗｔ％以上であると耐食性が低下するため、アルミニウム合金箔を容器として内容物を入れて保管する際に変色する恐れが有り、場合によっては貫通孔が発生して容器として使用出来なくなる。同様の理由で、０．０５ｗｔ％未満が望ましい。
Fe: Less than 0.1 wt% If the Fe content is 0.1 wt% or more, the corrosion resistance is lowered, so there is a risk of discoloration when the contents are stored in an aluminum alloy foil as a container, and in some cases. A through hole is generated and it cannot be used as a container. For the same reason, less than 0.05 wt% is desirable.
Ｃｕ：０．０３ｗｔ％以下
Ｃｕは、０．０３ｗｔ％を超えると、耐食性が低下するため、アルミニウム合金箔を容器として内容物を入れて保管する際に変色する恐れが有り、場合によっては貫通孔が発生して容器として使用出来なくなるため、上限を０．０３ｗｔ％とする。同様の理由により、上限を０．０２ｗｔ％とするのが一層望ましい。
Cu: 0.03 wt% or less If Cu exceeds 0.03 wt%, the corrosion resistance will decrease, so there is a risk of discoloration when storing the contents in an aluminum alloy foil container, and in some cases through holes. The upper limit is set to 0.03 wt% because it cannot be used as a container. For the same reason, it is more desirable to set the upper limit to 0.02 wt%.
箔厚：６５〜１００μｍ
アルミニウム合金箔の箔厚を薄くすることにより電磁調理器での加熱効率を良くすることができる。しかし、箔厚が６５μｍ未満では、成形容器として必要な強度が得られないおそれがあり、箔厚が１００μｍを超えると、電磁調理器用アルミニウム合金箔成形容器として使用した場合に必要な加熱効率が得られない。また、材料コストが増加するとともに容器重量が増加して輸送コストが上昇する等、経済的でない。このためアルミニウム合金箔の箔厚は上記範囲内であるのが望ましい。
Foil thickness: 65-100 μm
By reducing the thickness of the aluminum alloy foil, the heating efficiency in the electromagnetic cooker can be improved. However, if the foil thickness is less than 65 μm, the strength required for a molding container may not be obtained, and if the foil thickness exceeds 100 μm, the heating efficiency required when used as an aluminum alloy foil molding container for an electromagnetic cooker can be obtained. I can't. In addition, it is not economical because the material cost increases and the container weight increases and the transportation cost increases. Therefore, it is desirable that the foil thickness of the aluminum alloy foil is within the above range.
最終焼鈍温度：２５０℃〜３３０℃
最終焼鈍温度は箔表面の変色とプレス性に影響する。最終焼鈍温度が２５０℃未満では、箔が完全に再結晶しないために強度が高くなってプレス成形が困難となる恐れがある。最終焼鈍温度が３３０℃を超えると箔表面の変色を招く恐れがある。これより、最終焼鈍温度を上記範囲に定める。
Final annealing temperature: 250 ° C to 330 ° C
The final annealing temperature affects the discoloration and pressability of the foil surface. If the final annealing temperature is less than 250 ° C., the foil does not completely recrystallize, so that the strength becomes high and press molding may become difficult. If the final annealing temperature exceeds 330 ° C, the foil surface may be discolored. From this, the final annealing temperature is set within the above range.
本発明によれば、アルミニウム合金箔に加熱処理を行った際の表面変色の発生が抑制され、表面品質に優れたアルミニウム合金箔およびアルミニウム合金箔成形容器が得られる効果がある。 According to the present invention, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of surface discoloration when the aluminum alloy foil is heat-treated, and to obtain an aluminum alloy foil and an aluminum alloy foil molded container having excellent surface quality.
本発明の一実施形態について説明する。
本発明の組成を有するアルミニウム合金を作製する。本発明としては、アルミニウム合金の製造方法が特定のものに限定されるものではなく、例えば、半連続鋳造法や連続鋳造法等の所望の方法によって作製することができる。
なお、得られた材料に対しては均質化処理を行うことが好ましい。均質化処理の条件は特に限定されないが、高温長時間で均質化処理を行うことが好ましい。例えば、５００℃〜６００℃で、３時間〜２０時間の条件にて均質化処理を行うことができる。
An embodiment of the present invention will be described.
An aluminum alloy having the composition of the present invention is produced. In the present invention, the method for producing an aluminum alloy is not limited to a specific one, and the aluminum alloy can be produced by a desired method such as a semi-continuous casting method or a continuous casting method.
It is preferable to perform a homogenization treatment on the obtained material. The conditions of the homogenization treatment are not particularly limited, but it is preferable to carry out the homogenization treatment at a high temperature for a long time. For example, the homogenization treatment can be performed at 500 ° C. to 600 ° C. under the conditions of 3 hours to 20 hours.
均質化処理後の材料に対し、熱間圧延を行って所望の厚さとした後、冷間圧延、中間焼鈍、再度冷間圧延を経ることにより、所望の厚さのアルミニウム合金箔を得ることができる。箔厚は特に限定されないが、強度および電気抵抗などの観点から６５〜１００μｍとするのが望ましい。その後、最終焼鈍を経て、本発明のアルミニウム合金箔を得ることができる。最終焼鈍の条件は２５０℃〜３３０℃の温度で、３時間〜３０時間とするのが望ましい。 An aluminum alloy foil having a desired thickness can be obtained by hot rolling the material after the homogenization treatment to obtain a desired thickness, followed by cold rolling, intermediate annealing, and cold rolling again. it can. The foil thickness is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 65 to 100 μm from the viewpoint of strength and electrical resistance. Then, through final annealing, the aluminum alloy foil of the present invention can be obtained. The conditions for final annealing are a temperature of 250 ° C. to 330 ° C., preferably 3 hours to 30 hours.
得られたアルミニウム合金箔は特別に温度を上げる、真空炉を使用する、コイル端部を被覆するなどの特殊な焼鈍を行う必要がなく、表面の変色が抑制され、優れた表面品質を有している。 The obtained aluminum alloy foil does not need to be specially annealed such as raising the temperature, using a vacuum furnace, or coating the coil end, and has excellent surface quality with suppressed surface discoloration. ing.
また、このアルミニウム合金箔を成形することにより、本発明のアルミニウム合金箔成形容器を得ることができる。成形はプレス成形等によって行うことができ、成形容器の形状については特に限定されず、たとえば、底部と、底部の周縁から立ち上がる周壁部と、周壁部の開口部から外側へ伸長するフランジ部とを有する加熱調理用のアルミニウム合金箔成形容器とすることができる。
得られたアルミニウム合金箔成形容器は、電気抵抗が大きくて高いＩＨ適性を有しており、電磁調理器での加熱に適している。また、この成形容器は、電磁調理に限られず、ガスコンロ等の直火による加熱調理に用いることも可能である。
Further, by molding this aluminum alloy foil, the aluminum alloy foil molding container of the present invention can be obtained. Molding can be performed by press molding or the like, and the shape of the molding container is not particularly limited. For example, a bottom portion, a peripheral wall portion rising from the peripheral edge of the bottom portion, and a flange portion extending outward from the opening of the peripheral wall portion are formed. It can be an aluminum alloy foil molded container for cooking.
The obtained aluminum alloy foil molding container has a large electric resistance and high IH suitability, and is suitable for heating in an electromagnetic cooker. Further, this molded container is not limited to electromagnetic cooking, and can also be used for cooking by direct flame such as a gas stove.
以下に、本発明の実施例について説明する。
表１の組成（残部がＡｌと不可避不純物）を有する厚さ５００ｍｍのアルミニウム合金鋳塊を半連続鋳造法によって作製した。得られた鋳塊の表面を面削し、５６０℃×４時間の均質化処理後、冷却した。その後、５２０℃に再加熱し、熱間圧延で厚さ７．０ｍｍにし、冷間圧延、中間焼鈍、再度冷間圧延を行い表１記載の厚さとした後に、各々の箔が完全に再結晶する温度（表１中に記載）で２０時間の最終焼鈍を行い、アルミニウム合金軟質箔を得た。
Examples of the present invention will be described below.
An aluminum alloy ingot having a thickness of 500 mm having the composition shown in Table 1 (the balance is Al and unavoidable impurities) was produced by a semi-continuous casting method. The surface of the obtained ingot was chamfered, homogenized at 560 ° C. for 4 hours, and then cooled. After that, it was reheated to 520 ° C., hot-rolled to a thickness of 7.0 mm, cold-rolled, intermediate-annealed, and cold-rolled again to obtain the thickness shown in Table 1, and then each foil was completely recrystallized. The final annealing was carried out for 20 hours at the temperature (listed in Table 1) to obtain an aluminum alloy soft foil.
得られたアルミニウム合金軟質箔に対し、変色、プレス性、ＩＨ適性、および耐食性の評価を、以下の方法で行い、その評価結果を表１に示した。 The obtained aluminum alloy soft foil was evaluated for discoloration, pressability, IH suitability, and corrosion resistance by the following methods, and the evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
・変色
最終焼鈍前のアルミニウム合金箔との色調差がどの程度であるかを、目視によって判定した。
最終焼鈍前とほとんど色調差が見られなければ「○」と判定し、一部分もしくは全面がごく僅かに黄変していれば「△」と判定し、一部分もしくは全面が明らかに黄変していれば「×」と判定した。判定が△以上であれば実用上問題はないが、○であることが望ましい。
-Discoloration The degree of color difference from the aluminum alloy foil before final annealing was visually determined.
If there is almost no difference in color tone from before the final annealing, it is judged as "○", if part or the whole surface is slightly yellowed, it is judged as "△", and part or the whole surface is clearly yellowed. If it is, it is judged as "x". If the judgment is Δ or more, there is no problem in practical use, but it is desirable that it is ◯.
・プレス性
アルミニウム合金箔１０００枚をプレス成形してアルミニウム合金箔成形容器（底部径：１１．６ｃｍ、周壁高さ：５．６ｃｍ、フランジ部幅：１．４ｃｍ）１０００個を作製した。作製した成形容器について、容器底部や壁面部に穴あきが発生した容器が１０個以下である場合はプレス性を「○」、１０個超であった場合はプレス性を「×」と判定した。
-Pressability 1000 sheets of aluminum alloy foil were press-molded to prepare 1000 aluminum alloy foil molding containers (bottom diameter: 11.6 cm, peripheral wall height: 5.6 cm, flange width: 1.4 cm). Regarding the manufactured molded container, the pressability was judged to be "○" when the number of containers having holes in the bottom or wall surface of the container was 10 or less, and the pressability was judged to be "x" when the number was more than 10. ..
・ＩＨ（Ｉｎｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ Ｈｅａｔｉｎｇ）適性
電磁調理器用のアルミニウム合金箔として十分な電気比抵抗を有している指標として、ＩＨ適性評価を行った。
ＩＨ適性の評価は、プレス成形後のアルミニウム合金箔成形容器（底部径：１１．６ｃｍ、周壁高さ：５．６ｃｍ、フランジ部幅：１．４ｃｍ）に３５０ｃｃの水を入れ、電磁調理器により水温が２０℃から９０℃まで上昇する所要時間を測定することにより行った。
所要時間が１２５秒以下であれば電磁調理器用のアルミニウム合金箔として十分な性能（電気比抵抗）を有していると判断しＩＨ適性は「○」、所要時間が１２５秒を超え１４０秒以下であればＩＨ適性は「△」、所要時間が１４０秒を超えた場合は、ＩＨ適性は「×」と判定した。なお、試験は海抜５００ｍ地点で実施し、電磁調理器は日立製作所製ＨＴ−Ｂ６Ｓ（２００Ｖ、３．０ｋＷ）を用いた。判定結果が△であっても電磁調理器用アルミニウム合金箔として実用上問題は無いが、判定結果が○であることが望ましい。
-IH (Induction Heating) aptitude IH aptitude was evaluated as an index having sufficient electrical resistivity as an aluminum alloy foil for an electromagnetic cooker.
To evaluate IH suitability, 350 cc of water was put into an aluminum alloy foil molding container (bottom diameter: 11.6 cm, peripheral wall height: 5.6 cm, flange width: 1.4 cm) after press molding, and an electromagnetic cooker was used. This was done by measuring the time required for the water temperature to rise from 20 ° C to 90 ° C.
If the required time is 125 seconds or less, it is judged that it has sufficient performance (electrical specific resistance) as an aluminum alloy foil for an electromagnetic cooker, and the IH suitability is "○", and the required time exceeds 125 seconds and 140 seconds or less. If so, the IH suitability was judged to be "Δ", and if the required time exceeded 140 seconds, the IH suitability was judged to be "x". The test was carried out at an altitude of 500 m above sea level, and an HT-B6S (200 V, 3.0 kW) manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. was used as the electromagnetic cooker. Even if the judgment result is Δ, there is no practical problem as an aluminum alloy foil for an electromagnetic cooker, but it is desirable that the judgment result is ◯.
・耐食性
ガラス容器に市販の醤油を入れ、アルミニウム合金箔を浸漬して室温で７日間および１４日間保持後、腐食生成物を除去して目視した。
１４日後まで貫通孔が発生しないものを「○」、７日後まで貫通孔が発生しなかったが１４日後では貫通孔が発生したものを「△」、７日後までに貫通孔が発生したものを「×」と判定した。判定が△以上であれば実用上問題はないが、○であることが望ましい。
-Commercial soy sauce was placed in a corrosion-resistant glass container, and an aluminum alloy foil was immersed in the container and kept at room temperature for 7 and 14 days, after which corrosion products were removed and visually observed.
"○" indicates that the through hole does not occur until 14 days later, "△" indicates that the through hole does not occur until 7 days later, and "△" indicates that the through hole occurs after 14 days. It was judged as "x". If the judgment is Δ or more, there is no problem in practical use, but it is desirable that it is ◯.
評価結果によれば、本発明の規定を満たしている実施例１〜８では、変色、プレス性、ＩＨ適性および耐食性の全てにおいて良い結果が得られたのに対し、本発明の規定を満たしていない比較例１〜７では、変色、プレス性、ＩＨ適性または耐食性のいずれか一つ以上において良い結果が得られなかった。 According to the evaluation results, in Examples 1 to 8 that satisfy the provisions of the present invention, good results were obtained in all of discoloration, pressability, IH suitability and corrosion resistance, whereas the provisions of the present invention were satisfied. In Comparative Examples 1 to 7, no good results were obtained in any one or more of discoloration, pressability, IH suitability or corrosion resistance.
以上、本発明について、上記実施形態と実施例に基づいて説明を行ったが、本発明は上記説明の内容に限定されるものではなく、本発明の範囲を逸脱しない限りは上記実施形態および実施例に対する適宜の変更が可能である。 Although the present invention has been described above based on the above embodiments and examples, the present invention is not limited to the contents of the above description, and the above embodiments and embodiments are not limited to the scope of the present invention. Appropriate changes to the example are possible.
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