JP6732345B2 - Needle penetration tester - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a needle penetration test device.

Conventionally, as a device for penetrating a needle into a boring core collected from the ground to measure hardness, for example, a portable needle penetration tester disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 4-66566 (hereinafter, conventional example) has been proposed. There is.

In this conventional example, a penetrating rod having a needle at its tip is slidably inserted into a grip cylinder, and the penetrating rod is provided with a buffer spring. The needle penetration gradient (N/mm), which is an index of the hardness of the boring core, is measured by the penetrating load (maximum 100 N) and the penetrating length (maximum 10 mm) when penetrating the boring core. The needle penetration gradient obtained from this needle penetration test is used for estimating the uniaxial compression strength by performing calibration with the uniaxial compression strength by the uniaxial compression test for the same boring core.

Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 4-66566

By the way, a needle penetration test for a boring core using a conventional example is performed by inserting a needle at intervals of about 10 cm into a boring core having a length of about 1 m stored in a core box in descending order of sampling depth. However, there are various problems.

That is, in the conventional example, since the needles are manually inserted into the boring core one by one in the middle waist posture, for example, the deeper the examination depth (the number of boring cores is), the more the number of needle penetrations increases. It is difficult, and if you are not an expert, it will become unstable to maintain the verticality when the needle penetrates the boring core, and a measurement error will occur. Also, the reading of the measurement index part that is an analog display (scale display) There is a problem that errors easily occur.

The present invention is intended to solve the above-mentioned problems, and provides a practical needle penetration test device that exerts a function and effect that has not been obtained in the past.

The gist of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

A needle penetration tester equipped with a portable needle penetration tester 30 that measures hardness by penetrating a needle 31 into a boring core 50 collected from the ground, and a core box in which a core box 51 is arranged at the bottom of the device body 3. An arranging section 4 is provided, and a mounting section 5 for mounting the portable needle penetration tester 30 is provided above the core box arranging section 4, and the mounting section 5 has the portable needle penetration test mounted thereon. The needle is characterized in that an operating section 6 for moving up and down the machine 30 is provided, and further that the mounting section 5 is provided so as to be movable in the front-back direction and the left-right direction with respect to the core box arranging section 4. The present invention relates to a penetration test device.

Further, in the needle penetration device according to claim 1, the height position of the mounting portion 5 is variably provided, and the needle penetration testing device is characterized.

Further, in the needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 and 2, the device main body 3 has a configuration in which a horizontal portion 2 is provided between the left and right leg portions 1, and below the horizontal portion 2. The present invention relates to the needle penetration testing device, characterized in that the space between the left and right legs 1 is set in the core box arranging portion 4.

Further, in the needle penetration testing device according to the third aspect, the leg portion 1 is provided so as to be movable in the front-rear direction, and is related to the needle penetration testing device.

Further, in the needle penetration testing device according to any one of claims 3 and 4, a first guide part 7 having a length in the front-rear direction is provided at the left and right positions of the device body 3, and the first guide part is provided. The present invention relates to a needle penetration test device, characterized in that a first moving part 8 for moving 7 is provided on the left and right leg parts 1.

Further, in the needle penetration testing device according to any one of claims 3 to 5, the horizontal portion 2 is provided with a second guide portion 9 having a length in the left-right direction, and the mounting portion 5 is the second portion. The test machine holding section includes a second moving section 10 that moves the guide section 9 and a test machine holding section 11 that moves up and down with respect to the second moving section 10 to hold the portable needle penetration tester 30. The needle penetration test apparatus is characterized in that the operating section 6 composed of a gripping lever is provided at 11.

Further, in the needle penetration testing device according to any one of claims 3 to 6, the left and right leg portions 1 are provided vertically, and the horizontal portion 2 is provided in a state orthogonal to the left and right leg portions 1. The horizontal portion 2 and the core box 51 are in a parallel state, and the mounting portion 5 is provided in an orthogonal state to the horizontal portion 2, so that the portable needle penetration tester 30 has the core box 51. The present invention relates to a needle penetration test device, which is configured to be in a vertical state with respect to the boring core 50 inside.

Further, in the needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 3 to 7, two of the horizontal portions 2 are provided at a predetermined interval, and the mounting portion 5 is installed on the two horizontal portions 2. The present invention relates to a needle penetration test device characterized in that

Further, in the needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, a penetrating load measuring unit 18 that measures a penetrating load when the needle 31 penetrates the boring core 50 in the mounting unit 5. The present invention relates to a needle penetration test device characterized by being provided.

The needle penetration device according to claim 9 further comprises a display unit 18b for digitally displaying a measurement result of the penetration load measurement unit 18, which relates to the needle penetration testing device.

In addition, in the needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, a penetrating length measuring unit that measures a penetrating length when the needle 31 penetrates the boring core 50 in the mounting unit 5. The present invention relates to a needle penetration testing device, which is provided with 20.

The needle penetration device according to claim 11 further includes a display unit 20b for digitally displaying the measurement result of the penetration length measurement unit 20.

The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the core box 51 accommodates the boring cores 50 in a parallel state. Is.

Since the present invention is configured as described above, the needle penetration test for the boring core can be simply and quickly performed, and can be performed with high accuracy even by an unskilled person. It becomes a penetration tester.

It is a perspective view which shows a present Example. It is sectional drawing explaining the principal part which concerns on a present Example. It is an operation explanatory view of the important section concerning this example. It is an operation explanatory view of the important section concerning this example. It is an operation explanatory view of the important section concerning this example. FIG. 6 is an operation explanatory view of a main part of the portable needle penetration tester 30.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be briefly described with reference to the drawings showing the operation of the present invention.

The portable needle penetration tester 30 is mounted on the mounting portion 5, the core box 51 is arranged on the core box placement portion 4, and the operating portion 6 is operated in this state to carry the portable needle penetration tester mounted on the mounting portion 5. The test machine 30 is moved up and down to perform a needle penetration test on the boring core 50 stored in the core box 51.

For example, when performing a needle penetration test on a plurality of boring cores 50 arranged in parallel in the core box 51, the mounting portion 5 is moved in the left-right direction to move the boring core 50 from the test start position to the test end position. A needle penetration test is performed at every 50 appropriate intervals, and then the mounting portion 5 is moved in the front-rear direction to perform a needle penetration test of the next boring core 50.

Therefore, the needle penetration test for the boring core 50 can be performed simply and quickly, as compared with the case where the portable needle penetration tester 30 is held in the hand and the needle penetration test is performed one by one as in the conventional case.

Further, with respect to the boring core 50 arranged in the core box arranging section 4, the portable needle penetration tester 30 mounted on the mounting section 5 is moved in the left-right direction and the operating section 6 is operated to carry the portable needle penetration test. Since only the machine 30 is moved up and down, even an unskilled person can perform a needle penetration test on the boring core 50 with high accuracy.

Specific examples of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

The present embodiment is a needle penetration test device equipped with a portable needle penetration tester 30 that measures a needle penetration gradient (N/mm) by penetrating a needle 31 into a boring core 50 taken from the ground.

The portable needle penetration tester 30 used in this embodiment is of a known technique described in the section of background art, and grips a penetration rod 32 provided with a needle 31 at the tip as shown in FIGS. It is inserted into the tube 33 so that it can be projected and retracted, and the penetration rod 32 is provided with a buffer spring 34.The gripping tube 33 is gripped and the needle 31 at the tip penetrates the boring core 50 against the buffer spring 34. The needle penetration gradient (N/mm) of the boring core 50 is measured by the penetration load (maximum 100 N) and the penetration length (maximum 10 mm). Further, when performing a needle penetration test by gripping the portable needle penetration tester 30, the penetration rod 32 is provided with a penetration length index member 35 for indicating the penetration length of the needle 31, and the needle 31 is attached. When penetrating the boring core 50, the penetrating length is indexed at the position (scale 36) where the penetrating length index member 35 has moved with respect to the penetrating rod 32, while the penetrating rod 32 moves with respect to the gripping cylinder 33. The penetration load is indexed at the position (scale 37) (see FIG. 6). The penetration length index member 35 is removed when the portable needle penetration tester 30 is mounted in this embodiment.

Incidentally, the portable needle penetration tester 30 is not limited to the one having the above-mentioned structure, and may be appropriately adopted as long as it has a configuration that exhibits the characteristics of this embodiment.

Specifically, the apparatus main body 3 is formed of an appropriate metal member as shown in FIG. 1, and is erected in a horizontal state between the pair of left and right leg portions 1 and the leg portions 1. There is a pair of front and rear horizontal portions 2, and a space between the left and right legs 1 below the horizontal portion 2 is set to a core box placement portion 4 that is parallel to the horizontal portion 2. In this embodiment, as the core box 51, the core box 51 that accommodates three boring cores 50 in parallel is used. The width and height of the core box 51 due to differences can also be accommodated.

Each leg 1 is provided in a vertical shape, and a plurality of connecting holes 1a are arranged in parallel in the vertical direction, and two horizontal portions 2 are connected to each other via a connecting member 14 which is inserted and connected to the connecting hole 1a. The left and right ends are connected in an orthogonal state, and the height position of the horizontal portion 2 can be changed by selecting the connecting hole 1a for connecting the connecting member 14.

Therefore, the height of the mounting portion 5 which will be described later and is installed between the horizontal portions 2 can be changed.

A first guide portion 7 (a long member 7a having a recessed line 7a′ on the upper portion) having a length in the front-rear direction is provided at the left and right positions of the apparatus body 3, and the first guide portion 7 is moved. A first moving portion 8 (wheel member 8a) that rolls (rolls) is provided on the left and right leg portions 1.

Therefore, the mounting portion 5 provided in the apparatus body 3 becomes movable in the front-rear direction of the core box placement portion 4 as the apparatus body 3 moves in the front-rear direction. It should be noted that the movement of the first moving portion 8 with respect to the first guide portion 7 does not cause any particular resistance and can be smoothly moved. It is also possible to provide a structure (for example, a concave and convex locking structure) that becomes a resistance at each axial center interval (that intermittently makes a temporary stop).

The space between the left and right first guide parts 7 is the core box arrangement part 4 described above, and the space between the left and right first guide parts 7 is set to be the same as or substantially the same as the length dimension of the core box 51. ..

Therefore, the core box arranging section 4 can position and arrange the core box 51.

Further, a mounting portion 5 for mounting the portable needle penetration tester 30 is provided in an orthogonal state above the core box disposing portion 4 in the horizontal portion 2 of the apparatus body 3.

Specifically, the horizontal part 2 is provided with a second guide part 9 (recessed line 9a′) having a length in the left-right direction, and the second guide part 9 has a second moving part of the mounting part 5. 10 is provided so as to move (roll).

As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the mounting portion 5 has a frame-shaped body 15 made of metal, which is open at the top and bottom, and is installed on a pair of front and rear horizontal portions 2, and the second guide portion 9 is moved to the frame-shaped body 15. (Rolling) second moving part 10 (wheel member 10a), and a tester holding part 11 for holding the portable needle penetration tester 30 that is vertically movable with respect to the second moving part 10. Further, the mounting section 5 is provided with an operating section 6 for vertically moving the portable needle penetration tester 30 mounted.

A U-shaped sliding member 16 slidably fitted and locked to the pair of front and rear horizontal portions 2 is provided at the lower front and rear positions of the frame body 15.

Therefore, the mounting portion 5 can be moved in the left-right direction of the core box arrangement portion 4 by the movement of the second moving portion 10 and the sliding member 16 in the horizontal portion 2. It should be noted that the movement of the second moving portion 10 with respect to the second guide portion 9 does not cause any particular resistance and can be smoothly moved, but it is a predetermined distance, for example, the needle for the boring core 50 accommodated in the core box 51. A structure (for example, a concavo-convex locking structure) that provides resistance (intermittently pauses) at appropriate intervals for performing a penetration test may be provided.

Further, the frame-like body 15 is pivotally mounted with an operating portion 6 composed of a gripping lever, and the operating portion 6 is provided with a pinion gear 17b which engages with a rack tooth portion 17a of a tester holding portion 11 which will be described later. ing.

A rotation blocking portion 19 that blocks the rotation of the operation portion 6 is provided at a predetermined position on the outer surface of the frame body 15.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the rotation preventing portion 19 is a plunger provided with a spherical projecting member 19a so as to be retracted against the bias of the spring 19b. By stopping, the rotation of the operation portion 6 is blocked.

When the operating portion 6 is gripped and lowered from this rotation-prevented state, the protrusion member 19a is retracted to allow passage below the rotation-preventing portion 19, while the operation portion 6 is moved to its original position. In the case of returning to the above, when the operation portion 6 is raised, the protrusion member 19a is retracted so that the protrusion portion 19a can pass above the rotation preventing portion 19.

Therefore, even if the portable needle penetration tester 30 is installed in the tester holding section 11 and the weight of the portable needle penetration tester 30 is added, the operation section 6 is prevented from rotating unintentionally and the test is performed. The machine holding unit 11 (the portable needle penetration tester 30) is prevented from falling.

The tester holding part 11 is formed of an appropriate metal member as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and is a tubular body 11 for slidably storing the portable needle penetration tester 30 in a vertical state. 'And a lid 11" which is pivotally attached to the upper part of the cylindrical body 11'.

Therefore, the portable needle penetration tester 30 housed in the tubular body 11 ′ is in a vertical state with respect to the boring core 50 in the core box 51.

Further, the tubular body 11' is provided in the frame body 15 so as to be vertically slidable, and a rack tooth portion 17a having a length in the vertical direction is provided on the peripheral surface thereof.

The pinion gear 17b of the operation portion 6 provided on the frame-shaped body 15 is engaged with the rack tooth portion 17a.

Therefore, when the operating portion 6 is moved in the vertical direction, the pinion gear 17b is rotated by the operation of the operating portion 6, and the rack tooth portion 17a is moved in the vertical direction by the rotation of the pinion gear 17b. The machine holding unit 11 moves up and down in the vertical direction. By adopting the rack and pinion structure, the needle 31 of the portable needle penetration tester 30 can be easily inserted into the boring core 50 with a small force.

Further, the mounting portion 5 is provided with a penetration load measuring portion 18 for measuring a penetration load when the needle 31 penetrates the boring core 50.

Specifically, a penetrating load measuring unit 18 (load meter) is provided inside the lid 11 ″, and a load detecting unit 18 a (button) of the penetrating load measuring unit 18 is provided inside the tubular body 11 ′. It is provided so as to come into contact with the base end portion of the stored portable needle penetration tester 30.

Therefore, in the needle penetration test, when the portable needle penetration tester 30 slides upward in the tubular body 11' due to the resistance of the needle 31 at the time of contact with the surface of the boring core 50 and at the time of penetration, load detection is performed. The penetration load is detected by pushing in the portion 18a.

Further, the mounting section 5 is provided with a display section 18b for recording and digitally displaying the measurement result of the penetration load measuring section 18.

Further, the mounting portion 5 is provided with a penetration length measuring unit 20 for measuring a penetration length when the needle 31 penetrates the boring core 50.

Specifically, the penetrating length measuring unit 20 has a structure in which a measuring rod 20a is provided at the lower end so as to be capable of projecting and retracting, and the amount of immersion is measured when the measuring rod 20a is pressed. The lower end of the measuring rod 20a is provided in contact with the reference member 22 provided on the penetrating rod 32 in the state in which the measuring rod 20a is provided.

Therefore, when the needle 31 of the portable needle penetration tester 30 penetrates the boring core 50 and the penetration rod 32 immerses, the measuring rod 20a is pressed by the reference member 22 to measure the amount of immersion, and the penetration length of the needle 31. Is measured.

Further, the penetration length measuring unit 20 is provided with a display unit 20b for recording and digitally displaying the measurement result of the penetration length measuring unit 20.

In addition, a calculation unit may be provided that automatically calculates the needle penetration slope from the penetration load data obtained from the penetration load measurement unit 18 and the penetration length data obtained from the penetration length measurement unit 20.

When the needle penetration test apparatus of this embodiment is manufactured from the above-described components, the left and right legs 1 are provided vertically, the horizontal part 2 is provided orthogonal to the left and right legs 1, and the horizontal part 2 is provided. And the core box 51 are parallel to each other, and the mounting portion 5 is provided orthogonally to the horizontal portion 2 so that the portable needle penetration tester 30 is in a vertical state with respect to the boring core 50 in the core box 51. Become.

Reference numeral 21 is a stopper member.

Next, a needle penetration test using the needle penetration test device of this embodiment will be described.

The portable needle penetration tester 30 is mounted on the mounting portion 5 and the core box 51 is arranged on the core box arrangement portion 4 (see FIGS. 2 and 3).

Then, in this state, the operating section 6 is operated to move the portable needle penetration tester 30 mounted on the mounting section 5 up and down to perform a needle penetration test on the boring core 50 housed in the core box 51. Perform (see FIGS. 4 and 5).

When actually performing a needle penetration test on a plurality of boring cores 50 arranged in parallel in the core box 51, the mounting portion 5 is moved in the left-right direction to move the boring core 50 from the test start position to the test end position. A needle penetration test is performed at appropriate intervals on the core 50, and then the mounting portion 5 is moved in the left-right direction and the front-rear direction to determine the next boring core 50 that is in parallel with the boring core 50 that has undergone the needle penetration test. To the position (test start position), and then the mounting part 5 is moved in the left-right direction to move the boring core 50 from the next test start position to the last test position at every appropriate interval of the boring core 50. I do. The above steps are repeated for each of the boring cores 50 stored in the core box 50.

Therefore, according to the present embodiment, as compared with the case where the carrying type needle penetration tester 30 is held in the hand as described above and the needle penetration test is performed one by one, the existing carrying type needle penetration tester 30 is used. Using this, a needle penetration test for the boring core 50 can be performed easily and quickly.

In addition, in the present embodiment, with respect to the boring core 50 arranged in the core box arranging section 4, the operating section 6 is operated while moving the portable needle penetration tester 30 mounted in the mounting section 5 in the left-right direction. Since only the portable needle penetration tester 30 is moved up and down, even a non-expert can perform a needle penetration test on the boring core 50 with high accuracy.

Further, in this embodiment, since the height position of the mounting portion 5 is variably provided, it is set at an optimum position for performing a needle penetration test on the portable needle penetration tester 30 corresponding to the diameter of the boring core 50. It can be arranged reliably.

Further, in the present embodiment, the apparatus main body 3 is configured such that the horizontal portion 2 is provided between the left and right leg portions 1, and the core box arrangement portion 4 is provided below the horizontal portion 2 and between the left and right leg portions 1. Therefore, the core box 51 can be easily and surely arranged at the optimum position.

Further, in the present embodiment, the leg portion 1 is provided so as to be movable in the front-rear direction, so that the portable needle penetration tester 30 can be reliably arranged at the optimum position for the needle penetration test.

Further, in the present embodiment, the first guide portion 7 having a length in the front-rear direction is provided at the left and right positions of the apparatus body 3, and the first moving portion 8 that moves the first guide portion 7 has the left and right leg portions. Since it is provided in No. 1, the mounting portion 5 can be surely moved in the front-back direction.

Further, in this embodiment, the horizontal portion 2 is provided with the second guide portion 9 having a length in the left-right direction, and the mounting portion 5 is provided with the second moving portion 10 for moving the second guide portion 9 and the second moving portion 10. It has a tester holding part 11 that moves up and down with respect to the moving part 10 and holds the portable needle penetration tester 30, and since the tester holding part 11 is provided with the operating part 6 consisting of a gripping lever, The mounting portion 5 can be reliably moved in the left-right direction, and furthermore, the portable needle penetration tester 30 mounted in the mounting portion 5 can be reliably moved up and down by operating the operating portion 6.

Further, in this embodiment, the left and right legs 1 are provided vertically, the horizontal part 2 is provided orthogonal to the left and right legs 1, and the horizontal part 2 and the core box 51 are parallel to each other. Since the mounting portion 5 is provided in an orthogonal state with respect to the horizontal portion 2, the portable needle penetration tester 30 is configured to be in a vertical state with respect to the boring core 50 in the core box 51. The needle penetration tester 30 can be reliably arranged at the optimum position for the needle penetration test, that is, the verticality of the needle penetration can be maintained and a highly accurate needle penetration test can be reliably performed.

Further, in this embodiment, the two horizontal portions 2 are provided at a predetermined interval, and the mounting portion 5 is installed on the two horizontal portions 2. Therefore, the mounting portion 5 is stably supported and left and right. Good movement in the direction is possible.

Further, in the present embodiment, the mounting portion 5 is provided with the penetration load measuring unit 18 for measuring the penetration load when the needle 31 penetrates the boring core 50, and the measurement result of the penetration load measuring unit 18 is digitally displayed. Since the display unit 18b is provided, a reading error in measurement is unlikely to occur, and a highly accurate needle penetration test can be performed in this respect as well.

Further, in the present embodiment, the mounting portion 5 is provided with the penetration length measuring portion 20 for measuring the penetration length when the needle 31 is penetrated into the boring core 50, and the measurement result of the penetration length measuring portion 20. Since the display unit 20b for digitally displaying is displayed, a measurement reading error is unlikely to occur, and a highly accurate needle penetration test can be performed also in this respect.

It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, and the specific constitution of each constituent element can be appropriately designed.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Leg part 2 Horizontal part 3 Device main body 4 Core box arrangement part 5 Mounting part 6 Operation part 7 First guide part 8 First moving part 9 Second guide part
10 Second moving part
11 Testing machine holder
18 Penetration load measurement section
18b Display
20 Penetration length measurement section
20b Display
30 Portable needle penetration tester
31 needles
50 bowling core
51 core box

Claims (13)

A needle penetration tester equipped with a portable needle penetration tester that measures hardness by penetrating a needle into a boring core sampled from the ground, and a core box placement part for placing a core box is provided at the bottom of the device body. A mounting part for mounting the portable needle penetration tester is provided above the core box arrangement part, and an operating part for vertically moving the portable needle penetration tester mounted is provided in the mounting part. Further, the mounting portion is provided so as to be movable in the front-rear direction and the left-right direction with respect to the core box arranging portion. The needle penetration testing device according to claim 1, wherein a height position of the mounting portion is variably provided. The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the device main body has a configuration in which a horizontal portion is provided between the left and right leg portions, and the left and right legs are provided below the horizontal portion. A needle penetration test device, characterized in that a space between the parts is set in the core box arrangement part. The needle penetration test device according to claim 3, wherein the leg portion is provided so as to be movable in the front-rear direction. The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 3 and 4, wherein a first guide part having a length in the front-rear direction is provided at the left and right positions of the device body, and the first guide part is moved. A needle penetration testing device, wherein one moving portion is provided on the left and right legs. The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the horizontal portion is provided with a second guide portion having a length in the left-right direction, and the mounting portion moves the second guide portion. The operating unit includes a second moving unit and a tester holding unit that moves up and down with respect to the second moving unit to hold the portable needle penetration tester, and the tester holding unit includes a grip lever. A needle penetration test device, which is provided with. The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the left and right legs are provided vertically, and the horizontal portion is provided in an orthogonal state with respect to the left and right legs. And the core box is in a parallel state, the mounting portion is provided in an orthogonal state with respect to the horizontal portion, so that the portable needle penetration tester is in a vertical state with respect to the boring core in the core box. A needle penetration test device characterized in that: The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein two horizontal portions are provided at a predetermined interval, and the mounting portion is erected on the two horizontal portions. Characteristic needle penetration test device. The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the mounting portion is provided with a penetration load measurement unit that measures a penetration load when the needle penetrates the boring core. Characteristic needle penetration test device. The needle penetration device according to claim 9, further comprising a display unit for digitally displaying a measurement result of the penetration load measurement unit. The needle penetration test device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the mounting portion is provided with a penetration length measurement unit that measures a penetration length when a needle penetrates the boring core. A needle penetration test device characterized in that The needle penetration device according to claim 11, further comprising a display unit for digitally displaying a measurement result of the penetration length measurement unit. The needle penetration testing device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the core box accommodates the boring cores in a parallel state.

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