JP6398023B1 - Method and hard disk drive for controlling the operation of a hard disk - Google Patents

Abstract

A hard disk operating method and a hard disk capable of managing the entire storage area of the hard disk by a simple method.
A method for controlling the operation of a hard disk includes preparing a hard disk 230 storing firmware for operating the control device 140 by being read by the control device 140 when the control device 140 of the hard disk 230 is activated. Including the steps of: The firmware can be read from both the first location 236 and the second location 238, and if the read location is different, the firmware operates in a different first operation method and second operation method. The control device 140 can be configured. The method further includes setting a start condition of the control device 140 to read firmware from a desired one of the first location 236 and the second location 238, and controlling the control device 140 according to the start condition. Starting.
[Selection] FIG.

Description

  The present invention relates to a hard disk control technique, and more particularly to a technique for controlling a hard disk so as to appropriately manage a recording area that is not normally handled by a user.

  In recent years, techniques and techniques called digital forensics have attracted attention among those involved in legal disputes and litigation. Digital forensics is an appropriate investigation or alteration by concealing, falsifying, or disposing of a recording medium that records information about crimes by illicitly using digital resources such as computers or digital networks, or damaging others. Refers to scientific methods and techniques for preserving, investigating, restoring, and analyzing electromagnetic records necessary for legal disputes and litigation, etc., for acts that interfere with investigations.

  At present, the capacity of external recording devices such as hard disks is increasing, and the unit price per storage capacity is also very low. For this reason, the data capacity to be investigated by the above-described method is also large, and it is necessary to constantly improve the investigation method.

  As a prior art related to digital forensics, there is Patent Document 1 described later. The technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 relates to a digital forensics technique for a large-capacity moving image. In the technique disclosed in Patent Document 1, a part of a moving image stored in a large-capacity storage device is extracted as a representative frame, and only this representative frame is investigated, thereby reducing the amount of images to be investigated. , Reduce the time required for investigation.

JP 2017-102916 A

  With the technique disclosed in Patent Document 1, it is possible to shorten the investigation time for a moving image recorded on a large-capacity hard disk. However, the technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 has the following limitations. In other words, the technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 targets only data that can be read from a hard disk by a normal method. In digital forensics, it is desirable to be able to read not only information that can be read by such a normal method but also information that cannot be read by a normal method. For example, when a bad sector is detected while using the hard disk, an alternative sector is assigned to the bad sector, and access to the bad sector is not performed (in this specification, “access” means Refers to both reading and writing data). However, since information is written even in such a defective sector, it is necessary to read the contents in digital forensics. In addition to this, if any information is stored in a hard disk recordable area that cannot normally be accessed, it is necessary to read and investigate all of them. That is, it is necessary to control the operation of the hard disk by a method suitable for digital forensics and manage data recorded in such an area.

  However, until now, such information could only be managed by the hard disk manufacturer, and there was no known method for easily managing such information.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a hard disk operation method and a hard disk capable of managing the entire storage area of the hard disk by a simple method.

  A method for controlling the operation of a hard disk according to a first aspect of the present invention includes a hard disk storing firmware for operating the control device by being read by the control device when the hard disk control device is activated. Including the step of preparing. The firmware can be read from either the first location or the second location, and if the read location is different, the control device is operated so as to operate in different first and second operation methods. Can be configured. The method further includes setting a start condition of the control device so as to read firmware from a desired one of the first location and the second location, and starting the control device according to the start condition. including.

  Preferably, the control device is detachable from a nonvolatile memory for storing a firmware reading position, and is designed to read the firmware from the reading position stored in the nonvolatile memory at startup. The setting step includes a step of connecting a nonvolatile memory storing a desired one of the first location and the second location to the control device.

  More preferably, the control device is connected to a rewritable non-volatile memory that stores a reading position of the firmware and is designed to read the firmware from the reading position stored in the non-volatile memory at startup. The setting step includes a step of rewriting the read position stored in the nonvolatile memory to a desired value indicating either the first location or the second location.

  More preferably, the firmware includes a first firmware element for operating the control device in the first operation method and a second firmware element for operating the control device in the second operation method. Information for reading the first firmware element is stored in the first reading position, and information for reading the second firmware element is stored in the second reading position.

  Preferably, at least a part of the first firmware element and the second firmware element is common and stored in the same area on the hard disk.

  More preferably, each of the first firmware element and the second firmware element includes the first bad sector information for the bad sector at the time of shipment from the factory and the second bad sector for the bad sector that has occurred at the time of operation after the shipment from the factory. Information and at least one of access area designation information that designates an area accessible by the control device, and the first firmware element and the second firmware element include the first alternative sector information, the first At least one of the two alternative sector information and the access area designation information is different.

  A hard disk drive according to a second aspect of the present invention includes a hard disk and a control device that controls the operation of the hard disk. The hard disk stores firmware for operating the control device by being read by the control device when the control device is activated. The firmware can be read from either the first location or the second location, and if the read location is different, the control device is operated so as to operate in different first and second operation methods. Can be configured. The hard disk drive further includes a switching device for setting the activation condition of the control device so as to read the firmware from a desired one of the first location and the second location.

It is a figure for demonstrating the allocation method of the alternative sector with respect to the bad sector at the time of hard-disk manufacture. FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of a hard disk platter showing a service area and firmware replacement sector area in which firmware for controlling the operation of the hard disk is stored. It is typical sectional drawing of the hard disk which shows the mechanism for starting a hard disk with the conventional method. It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the conventional firmware. It is a figure for demonstrating the allocation method of the alternative sector to the bad sector which generate | occur | produces at the time of use of a hard disk. It is a schematic diagram for demonstrating the function of the G list | wrist which manages allocation of the alternative sector with respect to a bad sector. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a hard disk for explaining a firmware reading mechanism for realizing the hard disk operation method according to the first embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the firmware shown in FIG. FIG. 10 is a diagram for describing a function of a G list designated by firmware according to the first configuration in the first embodiment. It is a figure which shows that a bad sector is read by making G list blank with the firmware by a 2nd structure in 1st Embodiment. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining that a storage area that cannot be read by firmware according to the first configuration can be read by using firmware according to the second configuration in the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a hard disk drive for explaining a method of switching activation of a hard disk by firmware having a first configuration and firmware having a second configuration according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a hard disk drive for explaining a method for switching activation of hard disks by firmware having a first configuration and firmware having a second configuration according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

  In the following description and drawings, the same parts are denoted by the same reference numerals. Therefore, detailed description thereof will not be repeated.

<Explanation about hard disk startup>
A hard disk, called a platter, is a disk on which information is recorded, which is arranged on the same axis and rotated at high speed, and information is recorded on each disk using an information recording head. When information can be recorded on both the front and back sides of the platter, two heads are used for one platter. A recording area called a concentric track is formed on the surface of the platter. The same track of multiple platters will be arranged like a cylinder. These are called cylinders. Each track is divided into a large number of recording sectors, and a predetermined number of bytes of information can be recorded in each sector.

  Each sector is assigned a physical address composed of a combination of a cylinder number that identifies a cylinder (track), a head number that identifies a platter (surface) on the same cylinder, and a sector number in a specific surface track. When a program actually accesses the hard disk, a logical address is used instead of a physical address. The logical address is replaced by a physical address called hard disk drive firmware called a translator. The logical address is a number assigned in order to an area accessible by the hard disk.

  In general, each sector is a very small area. A large amount of information is recorded in one sector, and its density is becoming higher. A large number of sectors are formed in one hard disk drive. For this reason, it is difficult to completely manufacture all sectors. In other words, hard disk manufacturers are forced to ship hard disk drives with bad sectors in some way. Such a defective sector is detected at the time of manufacture, and skip processing is performed when a logical address is assigned to a physical address. That is, since a logical address is not assigned to a defective sector detected at the time of manufacture, it cannot be accessed from the outside. On the other hand, even after the hard disk starts operating, defective sectors are generated due to friction with the head. A defective sector that has occurred after the start of operation is assigned a replacement sector in an area that has not been used, and access to the defective sector is transferred to the replacement sector. FIG. 1 schematically shows such skipping of bad sectors and allocation of alternative sectors.

  Referring to FIG. 1, a physical storage area 50 that is physically formed on a hard disk and can store data is a data storage area 60 that is accessible from the outside and stores data, and cannot be accessed from the outside. It consists of a region 62. The data storage area 60 further includes an area for storing firmware, which is not shown in FIG.

  In order to access the hard disk from the outside, the data to be accessed is designated by a logical address. The logical address is read as a physical address of the hard disk by the translator. At this time, if there are bad sectors on the hard disk, those bad sectors are skipped. On the other hand, it is necessary to secure a predetermined storage capacity for the hard disk. It must be avoided that there is a shortage of storage capacity due to bad sectors. For this purpose, the data storage area 60 has a certain margin, and a storage area for the defective sector is secured as follows.

  That is, if there are no defective sectors, M sectors from the beginning of the data storage area 60 are used. When N defective sectors are found at the time of shipment from the factory, the storage area is insufficient with only these M sectors. Therefore, in the area immediately after the M sectors (for example, the area 66 shown in FIG. 1), as many sectors as the number of defective sectors (length) are reserved for data storage. In FIG. 1, these newly secured sectors are indicated by thick hatching.

  When the allocation of the physical address to the logical address is completed, the area for actually storing data is determined. In the present embodiment, an area 68 that exists immediately after an area for actually storing data is an area to which an alternative sector of a defective sector that has occurred after the start of hard disk operation is allocated. Hereinafter, this area is referred to as an alternative sector area.

  Such bad sectors and alternative sectors are managed by hard disk firmware. These will be described later.

  Referring to FIG. 2, a recording surface 90 of one platter of hard disk 80 in this embodiment is provided in data storage area 60 and service area 92 for recording firmware provided outside data storage area 60. including. In the present embodiment, an alternative sector area 68 is located in the data storage area 60 on the center side of the platter. The inaccessible area 62 is arranged further inside the alternative sector area 68. Of course, this arrangement is an example, and the arrangement of each region varies depending on the manufacturer.

  Referring to FIG. 3, in the present embodiment, hard disk drive 120 includes a housing 130, a hard disk 80 provided in housing 130 so as to be capable of rotating at a high speed around a central axis, and an illustration for rotating and driving hard disk 80. And a plurality of headers (not shown) for accessing each recording surface of the hard disk 80. A configuration list 132 indicating the configuration of the entire firmware is recorded at a fixed position in the service area 92 of the hard disk 80. The hard disk drive 120 further reads the configuration list 132 of the service area 92 of the hard disk drive 120 when the hard disk drive 120 is started up (when the power is turned on), and reads the firmware from the service area 92 according to the configuration list 132, A PCB (Printed Circuit Board) 140 having a main controller that is a control circuit that configures (programs) itself to control the entire drive 120, and a physical address of the configuration list 132 connected to the PCB 140. ROM 142 which is a non-volatile memory storing the above.

  Referring to FIG. 4, the firmware recorded in the service area 92 includes a block 144 storing the above-described configuration list 132, a block 146 storing a hard disk drive identification number (ID) and serial number, and a logical address. A block 148 that records a list called a P list for skipping bad sectors detected at the time of shipment from the factory when assigned to a physical address, and a physical address of an alternative sector instead of a physical address of a bad sector that has occurred after the start of operation A block 150 for recording a list called a G list, a block 152 for storing data area information for specifying the range of the data storage area 60 shown in FIG. 1, and other functions are realized. Information for configuring the function of the PCB 140 was recorded It showed no and a plurality of blocks.

  In the present embodiment, the P list stores the top physical address of each bad sector detected at the time of shipment from the factory and the number of bad sectors. Assume that a sector indicated by a thick line and a cross in FIG. 1 is a bad sector. When the physical address to be assigned to the logical address is in the P list, as shown by the arrow in FIG. 1, the translator skips the sector of the physical address and sets the physical address of the next normal sector to the logical address. Assign. Further, as described above, in order to secure a prescribed storage capacity, sectors are secured at the end of the data storage area by the number of defective sectors in the P list. In the present embodiment, the alternative sector area 68 starts immediately after the area 66 composed of the sectors thus used. Of course, such an arrangement is an example, and other arrangements may be adopted.

  Referring to FIG. 5, the G list is managed as follows, for example. For example, when a sector 170 in which data written during use cannot be read is detected, the PCB 140 records this sector 170 as a pending sector, and temporarily associates the sector in the alternative sector area 68 with this sector 170. Write the same data. When data is read from the sector 170 when the sector 170 is next accessed, the sector 170 is removed from the pending sector list. If the read operation cannot be performed, the sector 170 is determined as a bad sector, and a sector associated with the bad sector 170 in the alternative sector area 68 is assigned to the alternative sector. Thereafter, access to the sector 170 does not occur. The same applies to the other bad sectors 172. In this case, the substitute sector is assigned immediately after the substitute sector of the bad sector 170. This assignment is made in the G list as follows.

  Referring to FIG. 6, for example, when sector 200 in data storage area 60 is determined to be a bad sector, the top physical address of sector 200 and the number of bad sectors are recorded in the G list of block 150. For the first bad sector in the list, a sector 202 having the same length from the head address of the alternative sector area 68 is assigned as an alternative sector. When a bad sector is found, this is repeated and the G list grows.

  If the result of replacing the logical address of the sector to be accessed with the physical address exists in the G list, if each item in the G list is read in order up to the corresponding item, the alternative sector corresponding to that item from the head of the alternative sector area 68 Can be calculated. In this way, a substitute sector is assigned to a bad sector existing on the G list. As a result, no logical address is assigned to the bad sector, and no access to the bad sector occurs.

[First Embodiment]
In the present invention, focusing on the functions realized by the firmware as described above, the housing 130 shown in FIG. 3 is configured according to any of a plurality of configuration methods. That is, referring to FIG. 7, in hard disk drive 220 according to the present embodiment, two different firmware configuration lists (corresponding to configuration list 132 in FIG. 4) 236 and 238 are stored in service area 232 of hard disk 230. Is stored in advance. Similar to the ROM 142 shown in FIG. 3, the information in the ROM 234 that records the address of the configuration list of the firmware is switched to either the address of the configuration list 236 or the address of the configuration list 238, so that the main controller reads it when the hard disk is started. Switch the configuration list. When the contents of the configuration list are different, the contents of the firmware read from the service area 232 by the main controller are changed, and the behavior of the main controller is different.

  FIG. 8 shows an example of the firmware. Referring to FIG. 8, the firmware includes first to thirteenth and subsequent blocks including a first configuration list 236 and a second configuration list 238. The first block is the first configuration list 236 and the sixth block is the second configuration list 238.

  The first configuration list 236 identifies the first firmware configuration, and the second configuration list 238 identifies the second firmware configuration.

  In the present embodiment, the second block 2A to the fifth block 5A are used by the first firmware configuration. The seventh block 2B to the tenth block 5B are used by the second firmware configuration. The eleventh block and thereafter are commonly used by both the first and second firmware configurations.

  The second block 2A stores the ID and serial number for the first firmware configuration, and the seventh block 2B stores the ID and serial number for the second firmware configuration.

  The third block 3A stores the P list for the first firmware configuration, and the eighth block 3B stores the P list for the second firmware configuration.

  The fourth block 4A stores the G list for the first firmware configuration, and the ninth block 4B stores the G list for the second firmware configuration.

  The fifth block 5A stores area information for the first firmware configuration, and the tenth block 5B stores area information for the second firmware configuration.

  After the eleventh block, firmware 6, 7, 8,... Commonly used in both the first firmware configuration and the second firmware configuration is stored.

  In the first firmware configuration, for example, it is assumed that a list relating to two bad sectors 170 and 172 is stored in the G list of the fourth block 4A of the first firmware configuration shown in FIG. This is shown in FIG. In this case, when an access request is generated at the logical address originally associated with these two defective sectors 170 and 172, the access request is read in the G list and transferred to the corresponding sector in the alternative sector area 68. Neither access to the bad sector 170 nor access to the bad sector 172 occurs, and therefore the information stored in these sectors is not read out.

  On the other hand, with reference to FIG. 10, in the second firmware configuration, it is assumed that the G list of the ninth block 4B of the firmware shown in FIG. 8 is blank. Then, neither the access to the bad sector 170 nor the access to the bad sector 172 is transferred to the alternative sector in the alternative sector area 68. Therefore, for example, information stored in these sectors can be read. Of course, if these sectors are actually bad sectors, reading fails, but at least these sectors can be accessed.

  Similarly, in the first firmware configuration, the area information for specifying the data storage area 60 shown in FIG. 1 is stored in the fifth block 5A of the first firmware configuration shown in FIG. In the firmware configuration 2, it is assumed that area information for specifying the data storage area 270 illustrated in FIG. 11 is stored in the tenth block 5 </ b> B illustrated in FIG. 8. Then, when the PCB 140 is configured with the first firmware configuration, the inaccessible area 62 that could never be accessed can be accessed by configuring the PCB 140 with the second firmware configuration. Also in this case, if any information is stored in the inaccessible area 62, the information can be read. However, since the storage capacity of the entire hard disk is constant, in the case of the second firmware configuration, an area other than the inaccessible area 62 becomes inaccessible. For example, the inaccessible area 272 shown in FIG. Occurs. However, even in this case, it is possible to read all the information stored in the hard disk drive 220 by integrating with the information that can be read by the first firmware configuration. In some cases, by changing the contents of the P list, it is possible to attempt to read the information stored in the sector that has been determined to be defective by the P list. This is because there may be a person who tries to conceal the information by writing some information at a predetermined address and writing the addresses of those sectors in the P list.

  Referring to FIG. 12, in the present embodiment, address information for reading configuration list 236 is first stored in ROM 234, and address information for reading configuration list 238 is first stored in ROM 294. Was physically reconnected to the PCB 140. This method can be adopted if the PCB 140 can be connected to the ROM and the ROM can be replaced by some means.

[Second Embodiment]
In the first embodiment, either the ROM 234 or the ROM 294 is physically connected to the PCB 140. However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment. For example, if the contents of the ROM can be rewritten from the outside, it is not necessary to physically reconnect the ROM to the PCB 140. The second embodiment relates to such a hard disk drive.

  Referring to FIG. 13, the hard disk drive 320 according to the second embodiment uses a ROM 330 that can be rewritten by an external ROM rewriting device 322 instead of the ROM 234 shown in FIG. Other configurations are the same as those of the hard disk drive 220 according to the second embodiment shown in FIG. Needless to say, the hard disk drive 320 according to the second embodiment can achieve the same effects as those of the first embodiment.

  In the embodiment described above, two types of firmware configurations that can be switched are assumed. However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment. Three or more types of firmware configurations may be prepared. In the above-described embodiment, the configuration list of two types of firmware is a content that shares a part of the firmware. However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment. The first and second configuration lists may consist of completely different firmware blocks.

  Furthermore, in the above embodiment, it is assumed that firmware is written in advance on the hard disk. However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment. This is applicable even when the firmware itself is written in the service area of the hard disk when examining the information stored in the hard disk. In this case, the addresses of a plurality of blocks each storing different configuration lists when the firmware is written to the hard disk can also be written to a plurality of corresponding ROMs.

  Furthermore, in the above embodiment, the firmware configuration can be specified relatively easily by the configuration list. However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment. Since what kind of code is read in what order as firmware needs to be specified by some means, if the information is clearly understood, in principle, the same method as in the above embodiment is used. It is possible to switch the reading of firmware so that an effect can be obtained.

  As described above, according to the present invention, various areas on the hard disk that are normally inaccessible can be accessed with a simple operation. Therefore, it can greatly contribute to the investigation of electromagnetic recording such as digital forensics. Since information on bad sectors can also be accessed, for example, if information that is evidence of crime remains in the bad sectors of the hard disk, such information can be restored. In addition, if any information is intentionally hidden in an area that is normally inaccessible, such information can be read out. Can do.

  The embodiment disclosed herein is merely an example, and the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment. The scope of the present invention is indicated by each claim of the claims after taking into account the description of the detailed description of the invention, and all modifications within the meaning and scope equivalent to the wording described therein are included. Including.

50 Physical storage area 60, 270 Data storage area 62, 272 Inaccessible area 68 Alternative sector area 80, 230 Hard disk 90 Recording surface 92, 232 Service area 120, 220, 320 Hard disk drive 130 Housing 132, 236, 238 Configuration list 140 PCB
142, 234, 294, 330 ROM
144, 146, 148, 150, 152 Blocks 170, 172 Bad sector 200, 202 Sector 322 ROM rewrite device

Claims (5)

A method for controlling the operation of a hard disk,
Including a step of preparing a hard disk storing firmware for operating the control device by being read by the control device at the time of starting the control device of the hard disk,
The firmware includes a first firmware element for operating the control device in a first operation method, and a second firmware for operating the control device in a second operation method different from the first operation method. Including firmware elements,
The firmware can read the first firmware element from a first location and the second firmware element from a second location , respectively .
The method further includes a first reading position for reading the firmware from the first location and a desired one of a second reading location for reading the firmware from the second location. Setting a start condition of the control device to read the firmware;
Look including the step of activating the control device according to the activation condition,
The control device is detachably attachable to a nonvolatile memory for storing the firmware reading position, and is designed to read the firmware from the reading position stored in the nonvolatile memory at the time of startup.
The setting step includes a step of connecting the nonvolatile memory storing a desired one of the first reading position and the second reading position to the control device,
Each of the first firmware element and the second firmware element includes first bad sector information for a bad sector at the time of factory shipment, and second bad sector information for a bad sector that occurred at the time of operation after factory shipment. Including at least one of access area designation information for designating an area accessible by the control device, and
The hard disk in which at least one of the first bad sector information, the second bad sector information, and the access area designation information is different between the first firmware element and the second firmware element Method for controlling the operation of the. A method for controlling the operation of a hard disk,
Including a step of preparing a hard disk storing firmware for operating the control device by being read by the control device at the time of starting the control device of the hard disk,
The firmware includes a first firmware element for operating the control device in a first operation method, and a second firmware for operating the control device in a second operation method different from the first operation method. Including firmware elements,
The firmware can read the first firmware element from a first location and the second firmware element from a second location , respectively .
The method further includes a first reading position for reading the firmware from the first location and a desired one of a second reading location for reading the firmware from the second location. Setting a start condition of the control device to read the firmware;
Look including the step of activating the control device according to the activation condition,
The controller is connected to a rewritable nonvolatile memory that stores the firmware reading position, and is designed to read the firmware from the reading position stored in the nonvolatile memory at startup,
The setting step includes a step of rewriting a reading position stored in the non-volatile memory to either the first reading position or the second reading position;
Each of the first firmware element and the second firmware element includes first bad sector information for a bad sector at the time of factory shipment, and second bad sector information for a bad sector that occurred at the time of operation after factory shipment. Including at least one of access area designation information for designating an area accessible by the control device, and
The hard disk in which at least one of the first bad sector information, the second bad sector information, and the access area designation information is different between the first firmware element and the second firmware element Method for controlling the operation of the. Before SL to the first read position information for reading the first firmware elements are stored,
Wherein the second read position information for reading the second firmware elements are stored, A method according to claim 1 or claim 2. 4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein at least a part of the first firmware element and the second firmware element are common and stored in the same area on the hard disk. Hard disk,
A control device for controlling the operation of the hard disk,
The hard disk stores firmware for operating the control device by being read by the control device when the control device is activated.
The firmware includes a first firmware element for operating the control device in a first operation method, and a second firmware for operating the control device in a second operation method different from the first operation method. Including firmware elements,
The firmware can read the first firmware element from a first location and the second firmware element from a second location , respectively .
Further, the firmware is read from a desired one of a first reading position for reading the firmware from the first location and a second reading location for reading the firmware from the second location. a switching device for setting the activation condition of the control device to issue readings including,
The controller is connected to a rewritable nonvolatile memory that stores the firmware reading position, and is designed to read the firmware from the reading position stored in the nonvolatile memory at startup,
The switching device includes a device that rewrites the reading position stored in the nonvolatile memory to either the first reading position or the second reading position,
Each of the first firmware element and the second firmware element includes first bad sector information for a bad sector at the time of factory shipment, and second bad sector information for a bad sector that occurred at the time of operation after factory shipment. Including at least one of access area designation information for designating an area accessible by the control device, and
The hard disk in which at least one of the first bad sector information, the second bad sector information, and the access area designation information is different between the first firmware element and the second firmware element drive.

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