JP6217702B2 - OPTICAL ELEMENT, ITS MANUFACTURING METHOD, LIGHTING DEVICE, WINDOW MATERIAL, AND JOINT - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an optical element used as a daylighting device such as sunlight or artificial light, a manufacturing method thereof, a lighting device, a window material, and a fitting.

  In recent years, solar light collectors have been developed that aim to reduce the power consumption of lighting fixtures used during the day by capturing sunlight radiated from the sky toward the indoor ceiling. Various types of structures such as an optical duct, a louver, and a blind are known for conventional solar lighting devices.

  For example, Patent Document 1 describes an optical component that emits incident light in a directional manner using total reflection in a gap formed inside an optically transparent main body. Patent Document 2 includes a plurality of rod-shaped element members made of a transparent material, and a support portion that supports the plurality of element members so that they are arranged in parallel to each other, and receives sunlight incident from the outdoor side. A solar illuminator is described which reflects on the reflecting surface of the element member and leads toward the ceiling on the indoor side. Patent Document 3 describes a solar light collector that diffuses and emits incident light by means of rod-shaped bodies arranged on the surface of a flat transparent body. In Patent Document 4, a plurality of thin strips made of plastic having a second refractive index are inserted into a plate made of transparent plastic having a first refractive index. A light guide plate that directionally emits incident light by a refractive index difference is described.

JP-T-2002-526906 JP 2009-266794 A Japanese Patent No. 3513531 JP 2001-503190 A

  In the field of solar light collectors, it is desired to improve the light capturing efficiency or the upward light emitting efficiency. However, in the configuration described in each of the above patent documents, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the daylight in order to emit incident light efficiently and directionally, and it is difficult to configure the daylight with a thin film.

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an optical element that can improve the light capturing efficiency and can cope with a reduction in thickness, a manufacturing method thereof, a lighting device, a window member, and a fitting.

  The present inventors have intensively studied to solve the above-described problems of the prior art. As a result, an optical element and an illumination having a structural layer having a plurality of reflecting surfaces and having a one-dimensional length, arrangement pitch, and incident angle of incident light satisfying a predetermined relationship. I found the device.

  However, the structural layer may have a collapse from the design value shape for reasons of the manufacturing process. The collapse of the shape of the reflecting surface from the design value has an undesirable effect on the expected optical characteristics.

  Therefore, the present inventors have intensively studied to obtain desired optical characteristics even when the shape of the reflecting surface is disturbed from the design value. As a result, by quantitatively evaluating the relationship between the collapse from the design value shape and the optical characteristics, the optical element in which the shape of the reflecting surface is designed to satisfy the predetermined relational expression, the manufacturing method thereof, and the illumination device, I came to find window materials and fittings.

Accordingly, the first aspect of the invention includes the first surface,
A second surface opposite the first surface;
A plurality of reflective surfaces arranged inside the first region defined by the first surface and the second surface;
A plurality of reflective surfaces having a first length in a first direction perpendicular to the first surface and being arranged along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction;
Light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected toward the other surface by the plurality of reflecting surfaces,
It is an optical element that satisfies the following formulas (1) and (9).
(Where d: first length, n: number of total reflections of incident light on the same reflection surface, p: arrangement pitch of reflection surfaces, β: first and second directions of light incident on the reflection surface An angle (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °) formed by the projection onto the surface including and the tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface, N: set of natural numbers, n _p : first surface and second surface N _air : refractive index of _air , α: incident angle of light incident on the optical element, ψ: plane including the first and second directions, (An angle between a tangent at an arbitrary point and the first direction.)

The second invention comprises the first surface,
A second surface opposite the first surface;
A plurality of reflective surfaces arranged inside the first region defined by the first surface and the second surface;
The plurality of reflective surfaces have a curvature at least in part, have a first length in a first direction perpendicular to the first surface, and along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. Arranged,
Light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected toward the other surface by the plurality of reflecting surfaces,
It is an optical element that satisfies the following formulas (1) and (16).
(Where d: first length, n: number of total reflections of incident light on the same reflection surface, p: arrangement pitch of reflection surfaces, β: first and second directions of light incident on the reflection surface An angle (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °) formed by the projection onto the surface including and the tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface, N: set of natural numbers, n _p : first surface and second surface The refractive index inside the region defined by the surface of the lens, n _air : the refractive index of air, ξ: the portion of the reflecting surface that has a curvature is regarded as a lens, and the light incident on the reflecting surface is condensed The angle of light spread when diffused.)

The third invention includes the first surface,
A second surface opposite the first surface;
A plurality of reflective surfaces arranged inside the first region defined by the first surface and the second surface;
The plurality of reflective surfaces have fine irregularities, have a first length in a first direction perpendicular to the first surface, and are arranged along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. ,
Light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected toward the other surface by the plurality of reflecting surfaces,
An optical element in which the energy distribution of the light reflected by the reflecting surface has a Gaussian distribution centered on the regular reflection direction, the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution is 5 ° or less, and satisfies the following formula (1): is there.
(Where d: first length, n: number of total reflections of incident light on the same reflection surface, p: arrangement pitch of reflection surfaces, β: first and second directions of light incident on the reflection surface The angle formed by the projection onto the surface including the surface and the tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °), N: set of natural numbers.)

The fourth invention is the step of forming a first light transmission layer having a plurality of reflection surfaces on the transfer surface by transferring the concavo-convex shape formed on the master to a transfer material;
Bonding the first light transmission layer and the second light transmission layer,
The plurality of reflective surfaces have a first length in the depth direction of the uneven shape of the transfer surface, and are arranged along a second direction orthogonal to the depth direction,
Of the first light transmission layer or the second light transmission layer, the light incident on one main surface is reflected toward the other main surface by the plurality of reflection surfaces,
This is a method for manufacturing an optical element that satisfies the following formulas (1) and (9).
(Where d: first length, n: number of total reflections of incident light on the same reflection surface, p: arrangement pitch of reflection surfaces, β: first and second directions of light incident on the reflection surface An angle (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °) formed by a projection onto a surface including the surface and a tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface, N: set of natural numbers, n _p : first light transmitting member N _air : refractive index of _air , α: incident angle of light incident on the optical element, ψ: tangential line at any point of the reflecting surface and the first in the plane including the first and second directions The angle made with the direction.)

The fifth invention includes a step of forming a first light transmission layer having a plurality of reflection surfaces on a transfer surface by transferring the uneven shape formed on the master to a transfer material;
Bonding the first light transmission layer and the second light transmission layer,
The plurality of reflective surfaces have a curvature at least in part, have a first length in the depth direction of the uneven shape of the transfer surface, and are arranged along a second direction orthogonal to the depth direction,
Of the first light transmission layer or the second light transmission layer, the light incident on one main surface is reflected toward the other main surface by the plurality of reflection surfaces,
This is a method for manufacturing an optical element that satisfies the following formulas (1) and (16).
(Where d: first length, n: number of total reflections of incident light on the same reflection surface, p: arrangement pitch of reflection surfaces, β: first and second directions of light incident on the reflection surface An angle (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °) formed by a projection onto a surface including the surface and a tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface, N: set of natural numbers, n _p : first light transmitting member N _air : Refractive index of _air , ξ: The spread of light when the light incident on the reflecting surface is diffused after being condensed when the portion of the reflecting surface having a curvature is regarded as a lens. angle.)

The sixth invention includes a step of forming a first light transmission layer having a plurality of reflection surfaces on a transfer surface by transferring the concavo-convex shape formed on the master to a transfer material;
Bonding the first light transmission layer and the second light transmission layer,
The plurality of reflective surfaces have fine unevenness, have a first length in the depth direction of the uneven shape of the transfer surface, and are arranged along a second direction orthogonal to the depth direction,
Of the first light transmission layer or the second light transmission layer, the light incident on one main surface is reflected toward the other main surface by the plurality of reflection surfaces,
An optical element having an energy distribution of light reflected by the reflecting surface having a Gaussian distribution centered on the regular reflection direction, a standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution being 5 ° or less, and satisfying the following expression (1): It is a manufacturing method.
(Where d: first length, n: number of total reflections of incident light on the same reflection surface, p: arrangement pitch of reflection surfaces, β: first and second directions of light incident on the reflection surface The angle formed by the projection onto the surface including the surface and the tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °), N: set of natural numbers.)

  In the present invention, light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected toward the other surface by the plurality of reflecting surfaces. Alternatively, light incident on one main surface of the first light transmission layer or the second light transmission layer is reflected toward the other main surface by the plurality of reflection surfaces. The shape of the reflecting surface is designed so as to satisfy a predetermined relational expression according to the type of collapse from the design value shape. Therefore, even if the structural layer is deformed from the design value shape, light incident in a predetermined angle range can be efficiently emitted in the predetermined angle range. Here, the design value shape indicates that, for example, when a structural layer is constituted by a plurality of structural units having a rectangular shape, the rectangular shape is an ideal shape without distortion.

  According to the present invention, desired optical characteristics can be obtained even when the structural layer is disturbed from the design value shape.

It is a perspective view which shows the example which used the optical element which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention for a solar light collector. It is sectional drawing of the optical element which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a schematic diagram explaining the function of the reflective surface of the said optical element. It is a schematic diagram explaining the fluctuation | variation of the upward emitted light quantity by the dimension change of the said reflective surface. It is a schematic diagram explaining the relationship between the thickness of the said reflective surface, and arrangement pitch. It is a schematic diagram explaining the fluctuation | variation of the upward emitted light quantity by the thickness of the said reflective surface. It is a perspective view of the main processes which shows an example of the manufacturing method of the said optical element. FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of collapse or bending of the structure layer shape. FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the collapse or bending of the structure layer shape. FIG. 10 is a main part cross-sectional view schematically showing the state of light traveling inside the optical element when the reflecting surface is inclined upward toward the emission side. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the main part schematically showing the state in the vicinity of the gap when the reflecting surface is inclined downward toward the emission side. FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining the influence of the presence of roundness on the upward transmittance when the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer has roundness. FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the influence of the presence of roundness on the upward transmittance when the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer has roundness. FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining conditions for the diffused light to be totally reflected by the reflecting surface. FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for reducing the influence on the upward transmittance due to the roundness of the tip shape. FIG. 16 shows that the first light-transmitting layer and the second light-transmitting layer are thermally welded or solvent-welded by the second or third method for reducing the influence on the upward transmittance due to the roundness of the tip shape. It is the figure which showed the example of the cross section of the optical element when it did. FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining the influence of the presence of fine irregularities on the upward transmittance when the surface of the structure layer shape has fine irregularities. FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining the structure layer shape assumed in the simulation. FIG. 19 is a diagram for explaining a simulation result when the irradiation angle is 60 °. FIG. 20 is a diagram for explaining a simulation result when the irradiation angle is 30 °. FIG. 21A is a diagram illustrating a result of a simulation performed on a structural unit forming the structural layer illustrated in Test Example 1-1 to Test Example 1-3. FIG. 21B is a diagram illustrating a result of simulation for the structural unit forming the structural layer illustrated in Test Example 1-4 to Test Example 1-7. FIG. 22 is a diagram showing how the action of taking light incident on the optical element decreases as the curvature increases when the irradiation angle is 60 °. FIG. 23 is a diagram showing how the action of capturing light incident on an optical element decreases as the curvature increases when the irradiation angle is 60 °. FIG. 24A is a diagram illustrating a result of simulation under the condition of σ = 5 ° with respect to the structural units forming the structural layers shown in Test Example 2-1 to Test Example 2-3. FIG. 24B is a diagram showing a result of simulation under the condition of σ = 5 ° with respect to the structural units forming the structural layers shown in Test Example 2-4 to Test Example 2-6. 25A and 25B are diagrams showing an optical element according to the first modification of the present invention. FIG. 26 is a perspective view of an optical element 301 according to the second modification. FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a third modification. FIG. 28A is a perspective view illustrating a configuration example of a joinery including an optical element in a daylighting unit. FIG. 28B is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a daylighting member. FIG. 29A schematically illustrates an optical element including a structural layer having a gap in which a distance between vertically opposed surfaces is continuously reduced from a light incident surface side toward a light emission surface side. FIG. In FIG. 29B, the gap in which the upper and lower reflecting surfaces are inclined in the + Z direction and the gap in which the upper and lower reflecting surfaces are inclined in the −Z direction are alternately arranged in the Z-axis direction from the light incident surface side to the light emitting surface side. It is a figure which shows the optical element which has a structure arranged in. FIG. 29C is a diagram schematically showing an optical element including a gap having a reflecting surface inclined at a predetermined inclination angle ψ with respect to the X axis and a reflecting surface parallel to the X axis direction. FIG. 30 is a diagram showing another example of a laminated structure of optical elements. FIG. 31 is a diagram showing another example of a laminated structure of optical elements.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in the following order with reference to the drawings.
1. 1st Embodiment (example in which a structure layer shape falls and a bending exists)
2. Second Embodiment (Example in which the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer is rounded)
3. Third embodiment (example in which fine irregularities exist on the surface of the structure layer shape)
4). Modified example

<1. First Embodiment>
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a room showing an example in which an optical element according to an embodiment of the present invention is used for a window. The optical element 1 is configured as a solar light collector that takes in incident light L1 from the sun D irradiated from outside into the room R, and is used, for example, as a window material of a building. The optical element 1 has a function of emitting incident light L1 irradiated from above toward the ceiling C of the room R in a directional manner. The sunlight taken toward the ceiling C is diffusely reflected on the ceiling C and irradiates the room R. In this way, the sunlight is used for indoor lighting, so that the power used by the lighting fixture IL during the day can be reduced.

[Schematic configuration of optical element]
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the optical element 1. The optical element 1 has a laminated structure of a first light transmission layer 3, a second light transmission layer 5, and a base material 11. In FIG. 2, the X-axis direction is the thickness direction of the optical element 1, and is the direction perpendicular to the light incident surface S1. The Y-axis direction means the horizontal direction on the surface of the optical element 1, and the Z-axis direction means the vertical direction on the surface.

  The first light transmission layer 3 is mainly composed of a material having transparency, for example. Examples of the material of the first light transmission layer 3 include triacetylcellulose (TAC), polyester (Polyester, Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer [TPEE]), polyethylene terephthalate (Polyethyleneterephtalate [PET]). ), Polyimide (Polyimide [PI]), polyamide (Polyamide [PA]), aramid, polyethylene (Polyethylene [PE]), polyacrylate, polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polypropylene (Polypropylene [PP]), diacetylcellulose, poly Examples include, but are not limited to, vinyl chloride, acrylic resin (polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA]), polycarbonate (PC), epoxy resin, urea resin, urethane resin, melamine resin, and the like.

  The second light transmission layer 5 has a structure layer 15 described later formed on one surface 15 a facing the first light transmission layer 3. For this reason, the structural layer excellent in shape accuracy can be formed by using the resin material excellent in shape transferability. Examples of the resin material excellent in shape transferability include energy ray curable resin compositions such as thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, and ultraviolet curable resins. In this specification, the energy ray curable resin composition means a resin composition that can be cured by irradiation with energy rays. Here, the energy rays mean energy rays typified by ultraviolet rays and visible rays.

  The surface 15 a of the second light transmission layer 5 is bonded to the first light transmission layer 3 via, for example, a transparent adhesive layer 7. Thereby, the transparent layer 21 including the structural layer 15 is formed. The transparent layer 21 includes the first light transmission layer 3, the second light transmission layer 5, and the adhesive layer 7. The adhesive layer referred to in the present specification includes an adhesive layer.

  The second light transmission layer 5 is mainly composed of a material having transparency, for example. The second light transmission layer 5 may be formed of the same kind of resin material as that of the first light transmission layer 3, but the second light transmission layer 5 preferably contains an ultraviolet curable resin as a main component. Further, the second light transmission layer 5 may be formed of glass.

  The ultraviolet curable resin contains, for example, (meth) acrylate and a photopolymerization initiator. Moreover, a light stabilizer, a flame retardant, a leveling agent, antioxidant, a mold release agent, etc. may further be included as needed. As the acrylate, a monomer and / or oligomer having two or more (meth) acryloyl groups can be used. As this monomer and / or oligomer, for example, urethane (meth) acrylate, epoxy (meth) acrylate, polyester (meth) acrylate, polyol (meth) acrylate, polyether (meth) acrylate, melamine (meth) acrylate and the like are used. be able to. Here, the (meth) acryloyl group means either an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group. An oligomer refers to a molecule having a molecular weight of 500 or more and 6000 or less. As the photopolymerization initiator, for example, a benphenone derivative, an acetophenone derivative, an anthraquinone derivative, or the like can be used alone or in combination.

  Examples of the thermoplastic resin include polymethyl methacrylate, polyester resin, polyimide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyolefin resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl resin, polyacetal resin, melamine resin, and nylon resin. It is done.

  Examples of the thermosetting resin include epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, unsaturated polyester resins, phenol resins, and silicone resins. In any case, a highly transparent material is preferable.

  The base material 11 is formed of a light-transmitting resin film laminated on the other surface 15b (second surface) of the second light transmission layer 5. The base material 11 also has a function as a protective layer. For example, the base material 11 includes a transparent material as a main component, and includes, for example, a resin material of the same type as that of the first light transmission layer 3 as a main component. The base material may be laminated not only on the outer surface of the second light transmission layer 5 but also on the outer surface of the first light transmission layer 3.

  The optical element 1 having the laminated structure as described above is laminated on the indoor side of the window material F. Various types of glass are used for the window material F, and the type thereof is not particularly limited, and float plate glass, laminated glass, crime prevention glass, and the like are applicable. In the optical element 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention, the outer surface of the first light transmission layer 3 is formed as a light incident surface, and the outer surface of the substrate 11 is formed as a light emitting surface. The base material 11 can be omitted as necessary. In this case, the surface 15b of the second light transmission layer 5 is preferably formed as a light emitting surface.

(Structure layer)
Next, details of the structural layer 15 will be described.

The structural layer 15 has a periodic structure of voids 151 arranged at a predetermined pitch in the vertical direction (Z-axis direction). The gap 151 has a depth d (first length) in the X-axis direction (first direction) and a Z-axis direction (
It has a width w (second length) in the second direction and is formed with an array pitch p in the Z-axis direction.
Further, the gap 151 is formed linearly in the Y-axis direction.

  In FIG. 2, the upper surface of each of the gaps 151 forms a reflection surface 151r that reflects the light L1 incident from the light incident surface S1 toward the light emitting surface S2. That is, the reflecting surface 151r is formed at the interface between the resin material (first medium) constituting the second light transmission layer 5 and the air (second medium) in the gap 151. In an embodiment of the present invention, the relative refractive index of the second light transmission layer 5 is, for example, 1.3 to 1.7, and has a refractive index difference from the air (refractive index 1) in the gap 151. Note that the second medium is not limited to air. For example, the reflective surface 151r may be formed by filling the gap 151 with a material having a lower refractive index than that of the second light transmission layer 5.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining the operation of the reflecting surface 151r. The reflective surface 151r forms outgoing light L2 emitted upward by totally reflecting incident light L1 incident from above on the reflective surface 151r. Here, the upper direction in the specification of the present application refers to a direction in which the emission angle θ _out (FIG. 2) of the outgoing light L2 emitted from the light outgoing surface S2 is 0 ° or more and 90 ° or less. Although the case where the light emission direction is upward is described here, the present invention is not limited to this, and the light emission direction can be changed according to the light incident direction, the installation direction of the optical element, and the like.

  In FIG. 3, the length of the reflecting surface 151r with respect to the X-axis direction is d, the arrangement pitch is p, and the angle between the projection of the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r onto the XZ plane and the X-axis is β. Hereinafter, an angle formed by the contour line of the XZ cross section of the reflective surface 151r and the projection of the light incident on the reflective surface 151r onto the XZ plane is appropriately referred to as an irradiation angle. When the reflecting surface 151r has a curvature, a tangent line is drawn on the contour line of the XZ cross section, and an angle formed between the tangent line and the projection of the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r onto the XZ plane may be taken. In the example shown in FIG. 3, the angle β corresponds to the irradiation angle. Here, when the following expression (1) is satisfied, the incident light L1 is totally reflected on the reflecting surface 151r. In the example shown in FIG. 3, all incident light rays that are incident on the reflecting surface 151r at an irradiation angle β are emitted upward at an angle β.

  Here, n is a natural number and represents the number of times the incident light L1 is totally reflected on the same reflecting surface 151r.

  The optical element 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention has a length d and an arrangement pitch with respect to the X-axis direction of the reflecting surface 151r so as to satisfy the above expression (1) at any irradiation angle β in a predetermined angle range. p is set. The angle satisfying the expression (1) is hereinafter referred to as a set irradiation angle.

  In the above equation (1), the emitted light quantity of the emitted light L2 emitted upward can be considered by replacing it with the emission width T of the emitted light L2, as shown in FIG. At this time, the amount of emitted light (T (β)) of the emitted light L2 depends on the angle β formed by the incident light L1 and the X axis in the XZ plane and the arrangement pitch p of the reflecting surface 151r, as shown in the following equation (2). Is formulated.

  On the other hand, when the incident light L1 is incident on the reflecting surface 151r at an angle different from the set irradiation angle, the amount of the emitted light L2 emitted upward is reduced. The change in the irradiation angle with respect to the reflecting surface 151r can be considered as a change in the length d of the reflecting surface 151r with respect to the X-axis direction. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining a change in the amount of emitted light upward when the length of the reflecting surface 151r in the X-axis direction is increased by x. As shown in FIG. 4, the upward emitted light quantity (T (x)) when the length of the reflecting surface 151r in the X-axis direction is increased by x is expressed by the following equation (3).

  An increase in the length of the reflecting surface 151r with respect to the X-axis direction causes multiple reflection of light between adjacent reflecting surfaces, resulting in an increase in light L3 reflected downward. Therefore, in the example shown in FIG. 4, the ratio of the emitted light quantity with respect to the upward emitted light quantity (T (β)) at the set irradiation angle is expressed by the following equation (4).

  As described above, the amount of light emitted upward by the reflecting surface 151r changes according to the change of the incident angle from the set irradiation angle, and the amount of decrease in the amount of emitted light increases as the change amount from the set irradiation angle increases. Therefore, the set irradiation angle is considered including the emission loss due to the change in angle from the set irradiation angle, and can be arbitrarily set according to the application and the range of the irradiation angle of light incident on the reflecting surface 151r. Optimized according to the amount of light to be emitted upward. For example, when the optical element 1 is used as a solar light collector, the optical element 1 can be set according to the incident angle range of sunlight in the area, season, or time zone in which the light is used, the irradiation range of the extracted emitted light, and the like. .

  In one embodiment of the present invention, the reflective surface 151r is formed so that the set irradiation angle exists in a range of 6.5 ° to 87.5 °, for example. The lower limit of 6.5 ° corresponds to the solar altitude at the winter solstice in Northern Europe (for example, Oslo (Norway)), and the upper limit of 87.5 ° corresponds to the solar altitude at the summer solstice in Naha (Japan). The set irradiation angle is, for example, about 60 °. As a result, sunlight can be efficiently captured throughout the year in any region of the world. In addition, it can greatly contribute to the reduction of power consumption of lighting equipment during the daytime. The length d and the arrangement pitch p of the reflecting surface 151r with respect to the X-axis direction can be appropriately set depending on the thickness of the optical element 1 (dimension in the X-axis direction), for example, each of d = 10 to 1000 μm and p = 100 to 800 μm. Optimized with range.

  Next, the aperture ratio of the structural layer 13 will be described.

  2 is formed on the surface of the gap 151 having a width w in the Z-axis direction. Therefore, the substantial arrangement pitch of the reflecting surfaces 151r in the optical element 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention is affected by the size of the width w of the gap 151. FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the arrangement pitch p of the reflecting surfaces 151r and the width w of the gap 151. As shown in FIG. 5, the effective arrangement pitch of the reflecting surfaces 151r is expressed as shown in the following equation (5).

  Here, AR indicates the aperture ratio (Aperture Ratio) of the structural layer 15. When the aperture ratio is small, not only the emission ratio of incident light is reduced, but also the visibility outside the window is greatly reduced. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining a decrease in the amount of outgoing light of the incident light L1 due to the width w of the gap 151. As shown in FIG. 6, the incident light L <b> 1 is blocked from entering the reflecting surface by an amount corresponding to the width w of the gap 151. Therefore, the amount of incident light L1 incident on the reflecting surface 151r in consideration of the width w of the gap 151 is expressed by the above equation (5). When combined with the above equation (4), the outgoing ratio of the incident light L1 upward is It is expressed by the following equation (6).

  In one embodiment of the present invention, the size of the width w of the gap 151 is, for example, 0.1 μm or more, and the upper limit is determined by the size of the arrangement pitch p of the reflecting surfaces 151r, for example. In addition, when the aperture ratio AR of the structural layer 15 is 0.2 or more, it becomes possible to effectively extract upward outgoing light.

[Method for Manufacturing Optical Element]
Next, a method for manufacturing the optical element 1 configured as described above will be described. 7A to 7C are schematic perspective views of main processes for explaining the method of manufacturing the optical element 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention.

  First, as shown in FIG. 7A, a master 105 for preparing the second light transmission layer 5 is prepared. The master 105 is composed of a mold, a resin mold or the like, and an uneven shape 115 having a shape corresponding to the structure layer 15 is formed on one surface thereof. Then, as shown in FIG. 7B, the second light transmission layer 5 having the structural layer 15 is formed by transferring the uneven shape 115 of the master 105 to a transfer material.

  As the transfer material, an energy ray curable resin composition, a resin sheet or a resin film coated with the energy ray curable resin composition, or the like can be used. As the energy ray curable resin composition, an ultraviolet curable resin is preferably used.

  Specifically, when an ultraviolet curable resin is used as the material of the second light transmission layer 5, the resin is sandwiched between the base material 11 and the master 105, for example, via the base material 11. By irradiating with ultraviolet rays, the second light transmission layer 5 is produced. In this case, it is preferable to use a resin material such as PET excellent in ultraviolet transmittance for the substrate 11.

  Further, the second light transmission layer 5 can be continuously manufactured by a roll-to-roll method. In this case, the master 105 can be formed in a roll shape. For example, the uneven shape of the master can be transferred to a transfer material using a transfer method or the like.

  Examples of the transfer method include a method (laminate transfer method) in which a belt-shaped resin sheet is supplied from a roll and the shape of the mold is transferred while applying heat and pressure. In addition, for example, an uncured energy ray curable resin composition is applied to a belt-shaped resin film, and the energy ray curable resin composition is cured by irradiating energy rays while being nipped in a roll-shaped master. A method is mentioned. As the energy beam, for example, an electron beam, an ultraviolet ray, a visible ray, a gamma ray, an electron beam or the like can be used, and an ultraviolet ray is preferable from the viewpoint of production equipment.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 7C, the second light transmission layer 5 is bonded to the first light transmission layer 3 via the adhesive layer 7, for example. Thereby, the optical element 1 shown in FIG. 2 is produced. The first light transmission layer and the second light transmission layer may be joined by heating or pressurization, or by using a chemical solvent.

  According to the said manufacturing method, the optical element 1 which has the structure layer 15 inside can be produced easily. Moreover, it is not necessary to make the uneven shape of the master disk into a complicated shape, and the optical element 1 can be easily reduced in thickness (for example, 25 μm to 2500 μm). Furthermore, since the base material 11 is laminated | stacked on the 2nd light transmissive layer 5, moderate rigidity can be provided to an optical element and handling property and durability can be improved.

  The optical element 1 produced as described above is used by being attached to the window material F, but may be used alone. According to the embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to efficiently emit incident light incident on the respective reflecting surfaces 151r of the structural layer 15 from above in a predetermined angle range from the light emitting surface S2. Therefore, by using the optical element 1 as a solar light collector, sunlight can be efficiently taken toward the indoor ceiling.

  As described above, by forming the structural layer inside the optical element, it is possible to control the light distribution of the emitted light from the optical element. At this time, if the shape of the structural layer is disturbed from the design value shape, the expected optical characteristics may not be satisfied. Therefore, the present inventors have repeatedly studied, classified collapse, and found that the structural layer is designed to satisfy a predetermined relational expression by quantitatively evaluating the relationship with the optical characteristics.

Of the disruptions from the design value shape in the shape of the structural layer, the following three can be cited as having undesirable effects on the optical characteristics of the optical element 1.
・ Falling / bending of the structural layer shape ・ Tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer ・ Roughness of the surface of the structural layer shape

  These occur, for example, for reasons in the manufacturing process, but it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence. Therefore, it is effective as one of the methods for obtaining the expected optical characteristics to formulate an allowable range for collapse.

  The optical element according to the first embodiment relates to an optical element in which a decrease in the amount of light emitted upward is suppressed even when the structure layer is tilted or bent. Hereinafter, the ratio of the light emitted upward with respect to the optical element out of the light incident on the optical element is appropriately described as the upper transmittance.

  FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are schematic cross-sectional views showing examples of the collapse or bend of the structure layer shape. The adhesive layer 7 and the base material 11 are not shown. 8A, 8C, and 8E are examples in which the gap 151 is inclined upward toward the emission side. Each of FIGS. 8B, 8D and 8F schematically shows the state of reflection on the reflecting surface 151r. In the example shown in FIGS. 8C and E, the reflecting surface 151r has a certain curvature. 9A, 9C, and 9E are examples in which the gap 151 is inclined downward toward the emission side. Each of FIGS. 9B, 9D and 9F schematically shows the state of reflection on the reflecting surface 151r. In the example shown in FIGS. 9C and E, the reflecting surface 151r has a certain curvature. FIGS. 8 and 9 show examples in which the opposing sides are substantially parallel as the cross-sectional shape of the gap 151, but examples of the cross-sectional shape of the gap 151 are not limited thereto. For example, various cases such as a shape in which only one side has a curvature and a shape in which opposing sides swell toward the outside of the gap can be considered.

  Below, it demonstrates paying attention to the shape of reflective surface 151r. In the following description, the difference in refractive index between the first light transmission layer 3 and the second light transmission layer 5 is assumed to be negligibly small. Even when the adhesive layer 7 or the base material 11 is interposed at any position inside the optical element 1, the refractive index difference between the first light transmission layer 3 or the second light transmission layer 5 is as follows. It should be small enough to be ignored.

  Incident light L1 to the optical element 1 is refracted by the light incident surface S1 and reflected by the reflecting surface 151r. The light reflected by the reflecting surface 151r is refracted by the light emitting surface S2 and emitted to the outside of the optical element 1. When the structural layer 15 is tilted or bent, the irradiation angle with respect to the reflecting surface 151r is deviated from the design value, and the amount of light emitted upward from the optical element 1 changes. At this time, the process of changing the amount of light emitted upward differs depending on whether the gap 151 is inclined upward or downward toward the emission side.

(Inclined upward with respect to the output side)
As shown in FIG. 8, when the reflection surface 151r is inclined upward toward the emission side, the incident angle of the light incident on the light emission surface S2 after being reflected by the reflection surface 151r with respect to the light emission surface S2 is Deviation from the design value. Therefore, unintentional total reflection occurs on the light exit surface S2, and the upward transmittance decreases.

  FIG. 10 is a main part cross-sectional view schematically showing the state of light traveling inside the optical element when the reflecting surface is inclined upward toward the emission side. In the example shown in FIG. 10, the reflecting surface 151r is inclined by an angle ψ with respect to the X axis. Hereinafter, the angle ψ is appropriately described as an inclination angle.

  As shown in FIG. 10, the incident light L1 incident on the optical element 1 at the incident angle α is refracted by the incident surface S1. The refraction angle at this time is φ. The light traveling inside the optical element 1 is incident on the reflecting surface 151r at an irradiation angle (φ + ψ), reflected by the reflecting surface 151r, and then travels toward the light emitting surface S2. The light incident on the light exit surface S2 is refracted by the light exit surface S2 and becomes outgoing light L2. At this time, the incident angle to the light exit surface S2 is (φ + 2ψ).

  In order to suppress the decrease in the component of the light emitted to the outside of the optical element 1, it is effective to prevent total reflection from occurring on the light emitting surface S2, but the critical angle at this time is the light emitting surface. Since the incident angle with respect to S2 is (φ + 2ψ), it depends on the magnitude of the tilt angle ψ.

When the refractive index of _air is n _air and the refractive index inside the optical element 1 is n _p , the following expression (7) is established on the light incident surface S1. Further, when the outgoing angle of the outgoing light L2 from the light outgoing surface is θ _out , the condition for preventing total reflection from occurring on the light outgoing surface S2 is expressed by the following equation (8).

  From the equations (7) and (8), the following equation (9) is obtained.

  Therefore, if the optical element 1 is designed so that the collapse of the structure layer shape satisfies the above equation (9), total reflection on the light exit surface S2 can be suppressed, and the decrease in upward transmittance is suppressed. can do.

  The above equation (9) can also be applied when the cross-sectional shape of the gap 151 has a bend. In this case, the angle ψ may be an angle formed by the X axis and the tangent line drawn on the contour line of the XZ cross section of the reflecting surface 151r that has the maximum inclination with respect to the X axis.

(Inclined downward with respect to the output side)
As shown in FIG. 9, when the reflecting surface 151r is inclined downward toward the emission side, the same effect as the reduction of the area contributing to reflection occurs. For example, incident light from a direction that makes a very shallow angle with respect to the X axis does not reflect on the reflecting surface 151r. Therefore, the reflected light on the reflecting surface 151r is reduced, and the reduced amount is emitted downward of the optical element 1.

  FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the main part schematically showing the state in the vicinity of the gap when the reflecting surface is inclined downward toward the emission side. In the example shown in FIG. 11A, the reflecting surface 151r is inclined by an angle ψ with respect to the X axis. In the example shown in FIG. 11B, the reflecting surface 151r is inclined downward as a whole while having a curvature that is convex upward. In the example shown in FIG. 11C, in the XZ section, a straight line connecting the end points on the light incident side and the light emission side of the reflecting surface 151r is inclined by an angle ψ with respect to the X axis. In FIG. 11, the angle between the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r and the X axis is φ.

  The case of FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B and the case of FIG. 11C are considered separately. In the case of FIGS. 11A and 11B, in order to surely cause reflection on the reflecting surface 151r, the slope of the tangent at the end point on the light incident side of the reflecting surface 151r in the XZ cross section is equal to the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r and X It must be small with respect to the angle formed with the axis. That is, in the example shown in FIG. 11A, the optical element 1 may be designed so that the inclination angle ψ is smaller than the angle φ.

  In the case of FIG. 11C, in order to cause reflection on the reflecting surface 151r with certainty, in the XZ section, the slope of the straight line connecting the end points on the light incident side and light emitting side of the reflecting surface 151r is incident on the reflecting surface 151r. Needs to be small relative to the angle formed by the X axis. That is, in the example shown in FIG. 11C, the optical element 1 may be designed so that the inclination angle ψ is smaller than the angle φ.

  Accordingly, the inclination of the tangent line at the end point on the incident ray side of the reflecting surface 151r becomes small with respect to the angle formed by the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r and the X axis in accordance with the collapse or bending of the structure layer shape. The optical element 1 is designed. Alternatively, the optical element 1 is designed so that the inclination of the straight line connecting the end points on the light incident side and the light emission side of the reflecting surface 151r is smaller than the angle between the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r and the X axis. Do. The first length d may be the length of the outline of the reflecting surface 151r in the XZ plane. By performing such a design, incident light can be reliably reflected on the reflecting surface 151r. Further, the light reflected by the reflecting surface 151r is prevented from being totally reflected by the light emitting surface S2, so that a decrease in the upward transmittance can be suppressed.

  From the above, it can be seen that the optical element 1 may be designed so that the collapse or bend of the structure layer shape satisfies the above formula (9). In this case, if the inclination angle ψ is read as the angle formed by the tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflection surface 151r and the X axis in the XZ plane, the air gap 151 is inclined upward toward the emission side, or downward Regardless of the inclination, total reflection at the light exit surface S2 can be suppressed. Therefore, even when the structure layer shape falls or bends, it is possible to suppress a decrease in upward transmittance.

<2. Second Embodiment>
The optical element according to the second embodiment is an optical element in which a decrease in the amount of light emitted upward with respect to the optical element is suppressed even when the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer is rounded. It relates to an element. Here, the shape tip refers to the top of the structure protruding to the light incident side.

  12 and 13 are diagrams for explaining the influence of the presence of roundness on the upward transmittance when the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer has roundness. Simulation was performed assuming the tip shapes shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C as the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer. For the simulation, optical simulation software (Light Tools) manufactured by ORA (Optical Research Associates) was used. Hereinafter, in the description using simulation, it is assumed that the structural layer is not embedded with resin or the like, and light is incident from the front end side of the shape.

  13A to 13C are schematic diagrams showing simulation results respectively corresponding to the tip shapes shown in FIGS. 13A shows a case where the tip shape of the structural unit is not round (no curvature), FIG. 13B shows a case where the curvature at the tip of the structural unit is 0.01, and FIG. This corresponds to the case of 02. As shown in FIG. 13, it was found that when the tip shape is round, the tip shape acts like a lens, and light incident on the structure layer is imaged at a pseudo focus and then diffused. It was found that the amount of light reflected by the reflecting surface 151r is reduced by such a condensing function, leading to a decrease in upward transmittance. Moreover, it turned out that the fall of upward transmittance becomes remarkable with the increase in roundness. Therefore, even if the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r is diffused light, if the optical element 1 is designed so that most of the light satisfies the total reflection condition on the reflecting surface 151r, the opticalness due to the roundness of the tip shape is obtained. The influence on the optical characteristics of the element 1 can be reduced.

  FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining conditions for the diffused light to be totally reflected by the reflecting surface. FIG. 14A is a main part sectional view schematically showing a part of the structural layer. As shown in FIG. 14A, light incident at an incident angle α from the shape layer front end side is refracted at the incident surface and travels toward the reflecting surface 151r. If the refraction angle at this time is β, the incident angle α and the refraction angle β satisfy the relationship of the following expression (10).

  The light refracted on the incident surface enters the reflecting surface 151r at the irradiation angle β. When the irradiation angle β satisfies the following expression (11), total reflection occurs on the reflecting surface 151r.

  FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the tip of the structural unit forming the structural layer. The structure tip is assumed to have a width V in the Z-axis direction (second direction), and the roundness of the shape tip is an arc having a radius R. Further, the focal point when the rounded portion is regarded as a lens is f, and the intersections of the virtual optical axis and the structural unit are A and B. After condensing at the focal point f, if the spread of the diffused light is ξ, the irradiation angle to the reflecting surface 151r is in the range of β to (β + ξ). Hereinafter, the light spread ξ is referred to as a diffusion angle ξ for convenience.

Here, the relationship between the diffusion angle ξ and the shape of the structural unit is considered. Let the end points of the arc be a and b, and let the distance from the intersection of the straight line connecting points a and b and the virtual optical axis AB to the focal point f be l ₁ . Further, the distance from the focal point f to the point B is assumed to be l ₂ . A straight line passing through the point B and perpendicular to the virtual optical axis AB is drawn, and an intersection point with a straight line connecting the point a and the focal point f is defined as d. Further, a straight line perpendicular to the virtual optical axis AB is drawn, and an intersection point with a straight line connecting the point b and the focal point f is defined as c. The distance D between the point c and the point d can be considered as the degree of light diffusion when the rounded portion at the shape tip is regarded as a lens.

  Since the triangle abf and the triangle dcf are similar to each other, the following expression (12) is established.

Here, the distance l ₂ from the focal point f to the point B satisfies the following expression (13).

From the equations (12) and (13), the light diffusion degree D is expressed by the following equation (14) using the radius R of the arc aAb, the distance l _1, and the width V in the Z-axis direction of the structure tip. The

  Therefore, the diffusion angle ξ of the condensed light beam is expressed by the following equation (15) using D in the equation (14).

  Here, the condition for the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r at the irradiation angle β to be totally reflected on the reflecting surface 151r is expressed by the equation (11). In addition, when the round portion at the tip of the shape is regarded as a lens, the irradiation angle of the light diffused after condensing with respect to the reflecting surface 151r is in the range of β to (β + ξ). From these, it can be seen that the condition for the diffused light to be totally reflected by the reflecting surface 151r is expressed by the following equation (16).

  In addition, from the formulas (10) and (11), it is desirable that the incident angle α is in the range of the following formula (17).

  As described above, the optical element 1 is designed so that the condition represented by the expression (17) is satisfied under the condition represented by the expression (16). By performing such a design, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the upward transmittance of the optical element 1 due to the roundness of the tip shape.

(Optical compensation for roundness of shape tip)
As described with reference to FIG. 7, the optical element according to the second embodiment can be formed by adhering a light transmitting layer to which the uneven shape of the master is transferred and another light transmitting layer. . That is, the adhesive layer is disposed on the shape tip side of the structural unit forming the structural layer. Therefore, by devising the bonding process between the shape of the light transmitting layer to which the uneven shape of the master is transferred and the other light transmitting layer, the influence on the upward transmittance due to the roundness of the shape of the tip can be mitigated. .

  FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for reducing the influence on the upward transmittance due to the roundness of the tip shape. 15A to 15C correspond to the first to third methods for mitigating the influence on the upward transmittance, respectively.

  The first method for mitigating the influence on the upward transmittance is to attach the shape tip and another light transmission layer through an adhesive or a pressure-sensitive adhesive, and at least a part of the shape tip is removed from the adhesive or the pressure-sensitive adhesive. It is the method of burying in the bonding layer which becomes. As shown in FIG. 15A, light diffusion due to the rounded portion of the shape tip can be reduced by causing the portion having the roundness of the shape tip to be embedded in the bonding layer 37. In the example shown in FIG. 15A, since the adhesive or the pressure-sensitive adhesive is formed on one side of the separator 39 in advance, the shape tip can be embedded in the bonding layer 37 by applying pressure through the separator 39. . Alternatively, after the shape tip and the bonding layer 37 are bonded, the separator 39 is peeled off, and pressure is applied when the other light transmitting layer and the shape tip are bonded through the bonding layer 37, so that the shape tip is It can be buried in the bonding layer 37. In this case, it is preferable that the difference in refractive index between the material of the bonding layer 37 and the material forming the structure tip of the structural layer is made as small as possible.

  The second method for mitigating the influence on the upward transmittance is a method in which the top end of the shape is bonded to another light transmitting layer while applying pressure after the surface layer portion at the top of the shape is swollen with a chemical solvent. As shown in FIG. 15B, the shape tip swollen by the chemical solvent and another light transmitting layer are pressure bonded. In this way, the round shape at the tip of the shape is brought close to the design value shape, for example, within a design allowable range determined by the above-described procedure.

  As the chemical solvent used in the second method, any chemical solvent may be used as long as it can dissolve the resin to be used. For example, ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, toluene, xylene, etc. Aromatic solvents, esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, and hydrocarbons (including chain, cyclic, and heterocyclic such as N-methylpyrrolidone) can be appropriately selected. A chemical solvent having a solubility parameter close to the solubility parameter of the resin to be used may be used.

  A third method for mitigating the influence on the upward transmittance is a method in which the shape tip and another light transmitting layer are bonded while applying heat and pressure to the shape tip. As shown in FIG. 15C, heat H is applied to the tip of the shape via the first light transmission layer, and crimped with another light transmission layer so that the round shape of the shape tip approaches the design value shape. , And within the allowable range of design required by the above-described procedure. By doing in this way, the ratio which a round part occupies at the shape front-end | tip can be reduced, and the light diffusion by the round part of a shape front-end | tip can be reduced.

  FIG. 16 schematically shows an example of a cross section of the optical element when the first light transmission layer 3 and the second light transmission layer 5 are thermally welded or solvent welded by the second or third method described above. FIG. When the tip shape of the structure forming the structural layer was a shape as shown in FIG. 16A, the shape tip and another light transmitting layer were bonded by the above-described second method. As shown in FIG. 16B, the cross-sectional shape of the optical element 1 obtained at that time was welded at the top of the shape tip, and the interface could not be confirmed. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the proportion of the rounded portion at the shape tip, and to reduce the light diffusion due to the rounded portion at the shape tip. Further, if the pressure at the time of heat welding or solvent welding by applying the second or third method described above is excessive, a cross-sectional shape as shown in FIG. 16C may be obtained. Also in this case, since the top portion at the shape tip is welded and the interface cannot be confirmed, light diffusion due to the rounded portion at the shape tip can be reduced.

<3. Third Embodiment>
The optical element according to the third embodiment relates to an optical element in which a decrease in the amount of light emitted upward with respect to the optical element is suppressed even when fine irregularities exist on the surface of the structure layer shape.

  FIG. 17 is a diagram for explaining the influence of the presence of fine irregularities on the upward transmittance when the surface of the structure layer shape has fine irregularities. FIG. 17A is a main part sectional view schematically showing a part of the structural layer. The surface of the structure layer shape of the optical element, that is, the reflecting surface 151r is ideally a smooth surface, but as shown in FIG. 17A, the reflecting surface 151r has fine irregularities. The fine irregularities are, for example, transferred from the fine irregularities generated when the master is manufactured.

  Although the fine unevenness of the reflecting surface 151r may be substantially periodic, it is considered highly likely that it has a random shape. The fine unevenness of the reflecting surface 151r is considered to diffusely reflect the light incident on the reflecting surface 151r. Therefore, it is considered that the energy distribution of the light reflected by the reflecting surface having fine irregularities follows a Gaussian distribution centering on the regular reflection direction.

  FIG. 17B is a schematic diagram schematically showing an energy distribution of light reflected by a reflecting surface having fine irregularities. The angle θ shown in FIG. 17B is an angle measured with respect to the regular reflection direction in the XZ plane. P (θ) corresponding to the luminous intensity or radiance in the θ direction is expressed by the following equation (18).

In the above equation (18), P ₀ is the luminous intensity or radiance in the regular reflection direction, and σ is the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution. Hereinafter, the standard deviation σ is referred to as surface roughness for convenience.

  The light reflected by the reflecting surface having fine irregularities is considered to have an energy distribution represented by P (θ). Therefore, the incident angle with respect to the light exit surface S2 of the light incident on the light exit surface S2 after being reflected by the reflecting surface 151r has some variation. Then, depending on the incident angle with respect to the light emitting surface S2, unintentional total reflection occurs on the light emitting surface S2, and the upward transmittance is reduced as compared with the case where the reflecting surface 151r is a smooth surface.

  In order to investigate the influence of fine irregularities on the reflecting surface on the upward transmittance, a simulation was performed assuming the structure layer shape shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B. For the simulation, Light Tools from ORA were used.

FIG. 19A is a diagram showing the transmittance T [%] with respect to the emission angle θ _out [°] when the irradiation angle is 60 °. The transmittance T when θ _out ≧ 0 ° corresponds to the upward transmittance. In FIG. 19A, G1 to G5 correspond to simulation results of σ = 0 °, 0.5 °, 1 °, 3 °, and 5 °, respectively. FIG. 19B is a diagram showing the relative upward transmittance Rr [%] with respect to the surface roughness σ when the irradiation angle is 60 °. FIG. 20A is a diagram showing the transmittance T [%] with respect to the emission angle θ _out [°] when the irradiation angle is 30 °. 20A, G6 to G10 correspond to the simulation results of σ = 0 °, 0.5 °, 1 °, 3 °, and 5 °, respectively. FIG. 20B is a diagram showing the relative upward transmittance Rr [%] with respect to the surface roughness σ when the irradiation angle is 30 °. Here, the relative upward transmittance Rr [%] is a ratio of the upward transmittance at each σ to the upward transmittance at σ = 0 °.

  From the results of FIGS. 19 and 20, the following was found. The surface roughness σ is preferably σ ≦ 5 °, and more preferably σ ≦ 2.5 °. This is because when σ ≦ 5 °, at least 1% or more can be secured as the relative upward transmittance. Further, when σ ≦ 2.5 °, 10% or more can be secured as the relative upward transmittance. Furthermore, it is particularly preferable that σ ≦ 1 °. This is because when σ ≦ 1 °, 25% or more can be secured as the relative upward transmittance.

  The surface roughness σ of the optical element can be estimated as follows, for example. First, the arithmetic average roughness Ra is calculated by cutting the optical element along the XZ plane and observing the cross-sectional shape of the reflecting surface 151r. Next, a comparative sample whose Ra is known in advance is prepared, and P (θ) is measured using a spectroscopic goniometer. Alternatively, P (θ) is obtained by simulation. Σ at P (θ) of a comparative sample having a value close to Ra obtained from cross-sectional observation of the optical element can be estimated as the surface roughness σ of the optical element.

  Therefore, the optical element 1 is designed so that the standard deviation in the energy distribution of the reflected light satisfies the above-described condition even when fine irregularities exist on the surface of the structure layer shape. By performing such a design, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the upward transmittance of the optical element 1 due to fine irregularities present on the reflecting surface.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention concretely, this invention is not limited only to these Examples.

[Test Example 1]
In Test Example 1 described below, the effect of the roundness of the tip shape of the structural unit forming the structural layer on the transmittance was obtained by simulation. The simulation was performed on the optical elements shown in Test Examples 1-1 to 1-7 below using Light Tools from ORA. Further, assuming that the rounded portion is an arc, the transmittance T [%] when the curvature of the arc is changed was obtained.

(Test Example 1-1)
First, a structural unit that forms a structural layer similar to that shown in FIG. 14 was assumed. A curvature of 0.01 and an irradiation angle of 0 ° were assumed.

(Test Example 1-2)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 1-1 except that the curvature was 0.02.

(Test Example 1-3)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 1-1 except that the curvature was 0.03.

(Test Example 1-4)
The structural unit for forming the structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 1-1 except that the tip shape of the structural unit was not round (no curvature) and the irradiation angle was 60 °.

(Test Example 1-5)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 1-1 except that the curvature was 0.01 and the irradiation angle was 60 °.

(Test Example 1-6)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 1-1 except that the curvature was 0.02 and the irradiation angle was 60 °.

(Test Example 1-7)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 1-1 except that the curvature was 0.03 and the irradiation angle was 60 °.

  FIG. 21A shows the result of simulation for the structural unit forming the structural layer shown in Test Example 1-1 to Test Example 1-3. In FIG. 21A, R1 to R3 correspond to the simulation results of Test Example 1-1, Test Example 1-2, and Test Example 1-3, respectively. Moreover, the result of the simulation with respect to the structural unit which forms the structural layer shown in Test Example 1-4-Test Example 1-7 is shown to FIG. 21B. In FIG. 21B, R4 to R7 correspond to the simulation results of Test Example 1-4, Test Example 1-5, Test Example 1-6, and Test Example 1-7, respectively.

The following was found from FIG. When the irradiation angle is 0 °, the peak decreases as the curvature increases, and the optical element exhibits broad optical characteristics. When the irradiation angle is 60 °, the upper transmittance (θ _out ≧ 0 °) and the lower transmittance (θ _out <0 °) both decrease as the curvature increases. That is, it has been found that the action of capturing light incident on the optical element is reduced. FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 are diagrams showing how the action of capturing light incident on the optical element decreases as the curvature increases when the irradiation angle is 60 °. FIG. 22A corresponds to Test Example 1-4, FIG. 22B corresponds to Test Example 1-5, FIG. 23A corresponds to Test Example 1-6, and FIG. 23B corresponds to the simulation result of Test Example 1-7.

[Test Example 2]
In Test Example 2 described below, the influence of fine irregularities on the surface of the structure layer shape on the transmittance was obtained by simulation. The simulation is performed on the optical elements shown in Test Examples 2-1 to 2-6 below using Light Tools of ORA, and when the reflective surface has scattering characteristics and does not have (σ = 0 °). ), The transmittance T [%] when the irradiation angle was changed was determined.

(Test Example 2-1)
First, a structural unit that forms a structural layer similar to that shown in FIG. 18 was assumed. It is assumed that the reflecting surface 151r has scattering characteristics, that is, the energy distribution of reflected light follows a Gaussian distribution, and the irradiation angle is assumed to be 10 °.

(Test Example 2-2)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 2-1, except that the irradiation angle was set to 30 °.

(Test Example 2-3)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 2-1, except that the irradiation angle was set to 30 °.

(Test Example 2-4)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 2-1, except that the reflecting surface 151r did not have scattering characteristics and the irradiation angle was set to 10 °.

(Test Example 2-5)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 2-1, except that the reflecting surface 151r did not have scattering characteristics and the irradiation angle was 30 °.

(Test Example 2-6)
A structural unit for forming a structural layer was assumed in the same manner as in Test Example 2-1, except that the reflecting surface 151r did not have scattering characteristics and the irradiation angle was set to 60 °.

  FIG. 24A shows the result of the simulation for the structural unit forming the structural layer shown in Test Example 2-1 to Test Example 2-3. In FIG. 24A, R8 to R10 correspond to the simulation results under the condition of σ = 5 ° in Test Example 2-1, Test Example 2-2, and Test Example 2-3, respectively. Moreover, the result of the simulation with respect to the structural unit which forms the structural layer shown in Test Example 2-4-Test Example 2-6 is shown to FIG. 24B. In FIG. 24B, R11 to R13 correspond to the simulation results under the condition of σ = 5 ° in Test Example 2-4, Test Example 2-5, and Test Example 2-6, respectively.

  From FIG. 24, it was found that when the reflecting surface 151r has scattering characteristics, the upward transmittance is reduced as compared with the case where the reflecting surface 151r does not have scattering properties. Moreover, it turned out that the fall of upward transmittance is so remarkable that an irradiation angle is large.

<4. Modification>
As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described concretely, this invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment, Various deformation | transformation based on the technical idea of this invention is possible.

[First modification]
25A and 25B show an optical element according to a first modification of the present invention.

  The optical element according to the first modification includes a first light transmission layer 203 and a second light transmission layer 205 as a basic configuration. As shown in FIG. 25A, the first light transmission layer 203 includes an outer surface that forms the light incident surface S1, and an inner surface on which a plurality of recesses 203a that extend in the Y-axis direction and are arranged in the Z-axis direction are formed. Have On the other hand, the second light transmission layer 205 has an outer surface that forms the light emitting surface S2, and an inner surface that extends in the Y-axis direction and has a plurality of recesses 205a arranged in the Z-axis direction. On the inner surface of each of the first light transmission layer 203 and the second light transmission layer 205, there are a concave portion 203a and a convex portion 203b and a convex portion 205b partitioned into the concave portion 205a, respectively. Both convex portions 203b and 205b project substantially parallel to the X-axis direction and have the same projecting length.

  In the optical element 201 according to the first modified example, as shown in FIG. 25B, the first light transmission layer 203 and the second light transmission layer 205 are formed so that the convex portions 203b and 205b on one side are the concave portions 203a on the other side. , 205a are superimposed on each other so as to be located in the middle. Thereby, a structural layer 215 having a plurality of voids 251 having the same shape arranged in the Z-axis direction is formed between the recesses 203a and 205a and the projections 203b and 205b. As described above, the optical element 201 including the transparent layer 221 that includes the structural layer 25 is configured.

  In the optical element 201 according to the first modification, a reflective surface that reflects sunlight is formed on the upper surface of each gap 251. The depth, width, and arrangement pitch of the gaps 251 are set by the height, width, and pitch of the projections 203b, 205b, respectively. Also in the optical element 201 having such a configuration, the same effects as those of the above-described embodiment can be obtained by applying the above-described design method to the collapse of the shape of the structural layer.

  Note that the first light transmission layer 203 and the second light transmission layer 205 can each be manufactured using the master 115 shown in FIG. 7A. A transparent adhesive or the like may be used for joining the two light transmission layers 203 and 205. If the shape has a rounded tip, the rounded portion is relaxed by the method shown in FIG. You may join in such a form.

[Second modification]
FIG. 26 is a perspective view of an optical element 301 according to the second modification. The optical element 301 according to the second modification is a laminate of a light transmission layer 305 having a gap 351 formed on one surface and a prism sheet 311 (second base) having a structural surface on which prisms 311P are arranged. It has a structure. The gap 351 is formed on the light incident side surface of the light transmission layer 305, and the prism 311P is formed on the light emitting surface side. The prisms 311P have a ridge line direction in the Z-axis direction and are arranged in the Y-axis direction.

  In the optical element 301 configured as described above, the prism 331P has a ridge line direction in the arrangement direction (Z-axis direction) of the gaps 351. For this reason, incident light reflected by the upper surface (reflecting surface) of the gap 351 is diffused and emitted in the Y-axis direction due to refraction on the slope of the prism 311P when passing through the prism sheet 311. Thereby, it is possible to simultaneously obtain a function of emitting light incident on the optical element 301 upward and a function of diffusing in the lateral direction.

  The arrangement pitch, height, apex angle, and the like of the prism 311P can be appropriately set according to the target light emission characteristics. Further, the light transmission layer 305 and the prism sheet 311 can separate incident light into four directions, up, down, left, and right.

  The prism 311P is not limited to the example formed periodically, and may be formed aperiodically with a different size or shape. The prism sheet 311 may be installed on the light incident side of the light transmission layer 305. Furthermore, the arrangement direction of the prisms 311P is not limited to the Y-axis direction as described above, and may be a direction that obliquely intersects the arrangement direction of the gaps 351.

  The substrate having light diffusibility is not limited to the above-described prism sheet, and a film with a texture, a light-transmitting film in which a stripe-shaped texture is formed, or a hemispherical or cylindrical curved lens is formed on the surface. Various light transmissive films having a light diffusing element having a periodic or aperiodic shape, such as a light transmissive film formed, can be used. Further, a film having the same structural surface as the light transmission layer 305 may be used as the light diffusing film. In this case, the diffusivity can be increased by laminating the film in such a direction that the shape intersects with the light transmission layer 305 positioned on the light incident side.

[Third Modification]
FIG. 27 shows a third modification. The lighting device 400 according to the third modified example includes a light emitter 40, an advertisement medium 48, and a light transmission film 405 disposed between the light emitter 40 and the advertisement medium 48.

  The light emitter 40 includes a plurality of linear light sources 44 and a casing 42 that houses the light sources 44. The inner surface of the casing 42 has light reflectivity, and a function of condensing light emitted from the light source 44 toward the front surface may be added as necessary.

  The light transmission film 405 has the same configuration as that of the above-described embodiment, and has a light incident surface facing the light emitter 40 and a light emitting surface facing the advertisement medium 48. On the light incident surface side of the light transmission film 405, gaps having reflection surfaces are arranged at a predetermined pitch in the Z-axis direction.

  The advertising medium 48 is formed of a light-transmitting film or sheet, and has a surface on which advertising information such as characters, graphics, and photographs is displayed. The advertising medium is integrated with the light emitting body 40 so as to cover the light transmitting film 405, and the illumination light formed by the light emitting body 40 and the light transmitting film 405 is irradiated, so that the advertising information is directed in the front direction. Is displayed.

  In the third modified example, the light transmission film 405 has a function of emitting light in a directional direction, for example, upward, so that a certain difference is generated in the vertical direction in the amount of light transmitted through the advertising medium 48. . Thus, since a desired luminance distribution can be given to the advertising medium 48, the decorative effect of the advertising medium based on the luminance difference is enhanced, and the design of the advertisement display can be improved. Further, according to the third modified example, the display light of the advertising medium 48 can have a luminance distribution depending on the viewing direction, so that it depends on the position, angle, height, etc. of the advertising medium 48 viewed. Different display feeling or decoration feeling can be given to the consumer.

  In addition, according to the third modification, by appropriately changing the shape, arrangement pitch, width, depth, periodicity, and the like of the gaps of the light transmissive film 405, desired luminance corresponding to the display content of the advertising medium Distribution can be easily provided.

[Fourth Modification]
In addition to a lighting fixture, an optical element may be applied to a fitting (an interior member or an exterior member) including a daylighting unit. FIG. 28A is a perspective view illustrating a configuration example of a joinery including an optical element in a daylighting unit. As shown in FIG. 28A, the joinery 501 has a configuration in which the daylighting unit 502 includes a daylighting member 502. Specifically, the joinery 501 includes a daylighting member 502 and a frame member 503 provided at the peripheral edge of the daylighting member 502. The daylighting member 502 is fixed by a frame member 503, and the daylighting member 502 can be removed by disassembling the frame member 503 as necessary. As the joinery 501, for example, a shoji can be cited, but the present invention is not limited to this example, and can be applied to various joinery having a daylighting unit.

  FIG. 28B is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration example of a daylighting member. As illustrated in FIG. 28B, the daylighting member 502 includes a base material 511 and the optical element 1. The optical element 1 is provided on the incident surface side (surface side facing the window material) through which external light is incident, out of both main surfaces of the base material 511. The optical element 1 and the base material 511 are bonded together by a bonding layer such as an adhesive layer or an adhesive layer. The configuration of the shoji 502 is not limited to this example, and the optical element 1 may be used as the daylighting member 502. As a fitting, the same configuration as that of the optical element may be applied to the window member provided in the sash.

[Other variations]
In the above-described embodiment, the example in which the reflecting surface 151r is arranged so as to extend in the thickness direction (X-axis direction) of the element has been described, but the pair of reflecting surfaces formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the gap portion are mutually connected. It is not limited to being parallel, and may be non-parallel to each other.

  For example, FIG. 29A shows an optical system including a structural layer having a gap 551A in which the distance between the vertically opposed surfaces is continuously reduced from the light incident surface S1 side toward the light emitting surface S2 side. The element is shown schematically. On the other hand, the optical element shown in FIG. 29B has a gap 551Bu in which the upper and lower reflecting surfaces are inclined in the + Z direction and the upper and lower reflecting surfaces are inclined in the −Z direction from the light incident surface S1 side to the light emitting surface S2 side. The gaps 551Bd have a structure that is alternately arranged in the Z-axis direction. Alternatively, at least one of the pair of reflecting surfaces formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the gap may be inclined with respect to the X-axis direction. FIG. 29C is a diagram schematically showing an optical element including a gap 551C having a reflecting surface 551r inclined at a predetermined inclination angle ψ with respect to the X axis and a reflecting surface parallel to the X axis direction.

  The optical elements shown in FIGS. 29A, 29B, and 29C are manufactured by overlapping two light transmission layers as described with reference to FIG. That is, the optical element shown in FIGS. 29A and 29C can be manufactured by bonding a flat light-transmitting layer to a light-transmitting layer in which trapezoidal convex portions are formed. In addition, the optical element shown in FIG. 29B can be manufactured by superimposing two light transmission layers formed with trapezoidal convex portions in a staggered manner.

  In addition to the examples shown in FIGS. 29A, 29B, and 29C, it is also possible to intentionally create a cross-sectional shape of the air gap as shown in FIGS. For example, in the manufacturing process described with reference to FIG. 7, the two light transmission layers may be joined while applying a force in the direction perpendicular to the first direction to the other.

  As shown in the description of the first embodiment, the optical element is designed so that the inclination of the reflecting surface, the collapse of the structure layer shape, or the bending of the structure layer shape satisfies the above-mentioned expression (9). In this case, the inclination angle ψ is an angle formed by a tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface and the X axis. By designing the optical element so as to satisfy the above formula (9), it is possible to realize more precise light distribution control or more complex light control function while suppressing a decrease in upward transmittance. Is possible.

  In addition, as shown in FIGS. 30A to 30F and FIGS. 31A to 31D, for example, the laminated structure of the optical elements can be arbitrarily set.

  FIG. 30A is a diagram illustrating an example in which the light-transmitting layer 5 having a gap is directly attached to the window material F via the adhesive layer 7. The base material 11 may be omitted as shown in FIG. 30E. FIG. 30B is a diagram illustrating an example in which the base material 11 is pasted on the gap forming surface of the light transmission layer 5 and pasted on the window material F. In this example, after the light transmission layer 5 is formed, the light transmission layer 5 and the substrate 11 are integrated by heat welding or the like. In this case, it can be made to weld so that an interface may not exist between both films. Moreover, according to this example, the penetration | invasion in the space | gap part of the contact bonding layer 7 can be avoided.

  FIGS. 30C and 30D respectively show examples in which the light transmission layer 5 is attached to the window material F so that the gap is located on the light emission side. Even with such a configuration, the same effects as those of the first embodiment described above can be obtained. In FIG. 30C, the base material 11 may be omitted as shown in FIG. 30F. FIG. 30D is a diagram illustrating an example in which a shaped film 611 having a light diffusing element such as a prism or a texture formed on the light emitting side of the light transmitting layer 5 is laminated. This effect is the same as the example described with reference to FIG.

  FIG. 31A and FIG. 31B are diagrams showing an example in which the light transmission layer 5 and the base material 11 are joined through an adhesive layer 77 having light transmittance. For the adhesive layer 77, the same kind of material as that of the adhesive layer 7 can be used. In the configuration example shown in FIG. 31A, the light transmission layer 5 has a gap on the light incident side, and the base material 11 is bonded to the light incident side. In the configuration example shown in FIG. 31B, the light transmission layer 5 has a gap on the light emission side, and the base material 11 is bonded to the light emission side.

  FIG. 31C is a diagram showing a configuration example in which the substrate 11 in FIG. 30A is replaced with a film 611 having light diffusibility. FIG. 31D shows an example in which a shaped film 613 having light diffusibility is bonded to the light emitting side of the light transmission layer 5 in the configuration example of FIG. 30B. Instead of joining the shaped film 613, a light diffusing function may be imparted by forming an uneven shape directly on the light emitting surface of the light transmission layer 5.

  The optical element may further include a hard coat layer from the viewpoint of imparting scratch resistance to the surface. This hard coat layer is preferably formed on the surface opposite to the surface to be bonded to the adherend such as a window member, among the light incident surface and the light emitting surface of the optical element 1. The optical element may include a layer having water repellency or hydrophilicity from the viewpoint of imparting antifouling property to the light emitting surface. In addition, the optical element can be used in combination with a functional layer such as a heat ray cut layer, an ultraviolet ray cut layer, or a surface antireflection layer, and an adhesive layer on the surface to be bonded to an adherend such as a window material. A release layer may be further laminated. By doing in this way, it can bond easily to adherends, such as a window material.

  In addition, according to the use of an optical element, coloring may be given with respect to an optical element, and you may make it provide designability.

  In the example described above, the example in which the light incident surface and the light exit surface of the optical element are arranged in the vertical direction (Z-axis direction) has been described. However, the optical element may be installed on a horizontal plane or an inclined plane. In this case, the shape of the gap can be appropriately adjusted so that the collected light is emitted to a desired region. Moreover, the object of lighting is not limited to sunlight, but may be artificial light. Furthermore, the light capturing direction is not necessarily limited to the upper side, and may be a lateral direction or a downward direction, and can be separated and emitted in a plurality of directions.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Optical element 3 ... 1st light transmissive layer 5 ... 2nd light transmissive layer 7 ... Adhesive layer 11 ... Base material 15 ... Structural layer 105 ... Master disk 115 ... Uneven shape 151 ... Air gap 151r ... Reflective surface 21 ... Transparent layer 37 ... Laminating layer 39 ... Separator L1 ... Incident light L2 ... Emission light S1 ... Light incident surface S2 ... Light emission surface F ... Window material d ... Depth of air gap (first length)
w ... width of the gap (second length)
p ... Pitch of reflecting surfaces

Claims (14)

The first aspect;
A second surface facing the first surface;
A plurality of reflective surfaces arranged inside a first region defined by the first surface and the second surface;
The first region is composed of a cured film of an ultraviolet curable resin,
The plurality of reflecting surfaces have a curvature in at least a part thereof, a first length in a first direction perpendicular to the first surface, and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. And a first region and a second region having a second length in the second direction and having a refractive index different from the refractive index inside the first region Is formed from the interface with
The second region is a void;
Light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected toward the other surface by the plurality of reflection surfaces,
An optical element that satisfies the following formulas (1) and (16):
When the first length is increased by x, the ratio of the amount of light reflected by the reflecting surface and emitted from the second surface to the amount of light before the increase in the first length is T, An optical element that satisfies the following expression (4).
(Where d is the first length and is in the range of 10 to 1000 μm, the number of times the incident light is totally reflected on the same reflecting surface, p is the arrangement pitch of the reflecting surfaces and is in the range of 100 to 800 μm. , Β: angle formed by projection of light incident on the reflecting surface onto the surface including the first and second directions and a tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 °) , N: set of natural numbers, n _p : refractive index inside the region defined by the first surface and the second surface, n _air : refractive index of _air , ξ: a portion of the reflective surface having a curvature. The angle of light spread when the light incident on the reflecting surface is diffused after being condensed.

2. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the reflection surface satisfies the following expression (6) when the second length is w.

  3. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the relationship of (p−w) /p≧0.2 is satisfied, where w is the second length. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the second region is an air layer. The optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising a structural layer having a light diffusing uneven shape formed periodically or aperiodically outside the first region. The optical element according to claim 5, wherein the uneven shape is a prism arranged in a direction perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction, the second direction being a ridge line direction.   An illuminating device provided with the optical element in any one of Claims 1-6.   A window member comprising the optical element according to claim 1.   A fitting comprising the optical element according to claim 1 in a daylighting unit. A step of forming a first light transmission layer having a plurality of reflective surfaces on a transfer surface by transferring the uneven shape formed on the master to a transfer material;
Bonding the first light transmissive layer and the second light transmissive layer,
The plurality of reflection surfaces have a curvature at least in part, have a first length in the depth direction of the uneven shape of the transfer surface, and extend along a second direction orthogonal to the depth direction. Arranged,
The first light transmission layer is composed of a cured film of an ultraviolet curable resin,
The plurality of reflective surfaces have a refractive index different from a refractive index inside the first light transmission layer, the first light transmission layer and the second length in the second direction. Formed from the interface with the gap,
Of the first light transmission layer or the second light transmission layer, light incident on one main surface is reflected by the plurality of reflection surfaces toward the other main surface,
A method for producing an optical element that satisfies the following formulas (1) and (16):
When the first length is increased by x, the ratio of the amount of light reflected by the reflecting surface and emitted from the second surface to the amount of light before the increase in the first length is T, The manufacturing method of the optical element which satisfy | fills following (4) Formula.
(Where d is the first length and is in the range of 10 to 1000 μm, n is the number of times the incident light is totally reflected on the same reflecting surface, p is the arrangement pitch of the reflecting surfaces, and is 100 to 800 μm. Range, β: angle formed by projection of light incident on the reflecting surface onto the surface including the first and second directions and a tangent at an arbitrary point on the reflecting surface (6.5 ° ≦ β ≦ 87.5 ° ), N: Set of natural numbers, n _p : Refractive index of the first light transmission layer, n _air : Refractive index of _air , ξ: Reflective surface when a portion having a curvature is regarded as a lens. The angle of light spread when the incident light is diffused after being collected.)

The reflecting surface is a reflector having a second length in the second direction, when said second length was w, claim 1, wherein the light amount T satisfies the following expression (6) The manufacturing method according to 0.

The first step of bonding the light transmission layer and the second light transmitting layer, wherein a step of bonding at least a portion of the tip end of the convex portion of the transfer surface in an alumina crucible adhesive claim 10 or 11 The manufacturing method of the optical element of description. The first step of bonding the light transmission layer and the second light transmitting layer, wherein the tip of the convex portion of the transfer surface by swelling is a step of bonding the second light transmitting layer according to claim 10 or 11. A method for producing an optical element according to 11. The step of joining the first light transmissive layer and the second light transmissive layer applies heat to the tip of the convex portion of the transfer surface, while the convex portion of the transfer surface becomes the second light transmissive layer. The method for manufacturing an optical element according to claim 10, wherein the method is a step of pressure bonding.

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