JP6197456B2 - Injection battery system - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an injection type battery system.

  Conventionally, there has been proposed an air battery that can prevent depletion of an electrolytic solution and suppress a decrease in battery life (see Patent Document 1).

  The air battery is calculated by a casing, a power generation unit and an electrolyte provided in the casing, an electrolyte consumption calculation means for calculating consumption of the electrolyte, and the electrolyte consumption calculation means. And an electrolytic solution amount adjusting means for adjusting the electrolytic solution amount in the casing based on the electrolytic solution consumption amount.

JP 2010-244731 A

  However, Patent Document 1 only describes a configuration for preventing depletion of the electrolytic solution when charging and discharging are repeated, and does not describe anything about the initial injection when starting the air battery. However, there is a problem that the time required for the first liquid injection when starting the air battery may be increased.

  The present invention has been made in view of such problems of the prior art. And this invention aims at providing the injection type battery system which can shorten the time which the first injection requires at the time of starting an injection type air battery.

The inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies in order to achieve the above object. As a result, a predetermined pressure adjustment that adjusts the pressure in the air circulation portion of the liquid injection type air battery at the time of the initial liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery and the liquid injection type air battery The present invention has been completed by finding that the above object can be achieved by a configuration comprising means.

That is, the injection type battery system of the present invention includes an injection type air battery and pressure adjusting means. The injection-type air battery is located between the negative electrode, the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and is located on the opposite side of the positive electrode from the electrolytic solution holding unit. And an air circulation part that circulates air used as an oxidant. The pressure adjusting means adjusts the pressure in the air circulation part when supplying the electrolyte or the liquid for preparing the electrolyte in the electrolyte holding part to start the injection type air battery. It is. Further, the pressure adjusting means includes an openable / closable valve provided in one of the air inflow side and air outflow side of the air circulation part or an external flow path, and a blower provided in the other opening or external flow path. And have. Furthermore, the pressure adjusting means is one of supplying an electrolyte for starting an injection-type air battery or a liquid for preparing an electrolyte in an electrolyte holding unit. From the time until the end of the liquid supply, the valve is closed, and the blower is operated in a direction to draw out air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part negative.
Another injection type battery system of the present invention includes an injection type air battery and pressure adjusting means. The injection-type air battery is located between the negative electrode, the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and is located on the opposite side of the positive electrode from the electrolytic solution holding unit. And an air circulation part that circulates air used as an oxidant. The pressure adjusting means adjusts the pressure in the air circulation part when supplying the electrolyte or the liquid for preparing the electrolyte in the electrolyte holding part to start the injection type air battery. It is. Further, the pressure adjusting means includes an openable / closable valve provided in one of the air inflow side and air outflow side of the air circulation part or an external flow path, and a blower provided in the other opening or external flow path. And have. Furthermore, the pressure adjusting means is one of supplying an electrolyte for starting an injection-type air battery or a liquid for preparing an electrolyte in an electrolyte holding unit. The valve is closed from immediately before the start of liquid supply, and the blower is operated in a direction to push in air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part positive.

According to the present invention, the negative electrode, the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are positioned between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the electrolytic solution holding unit that holds the electrolytic solution, the negative electrode is positioned on the side opposite to the electrolytic solution holding unit, and the oxidation An injection type air battery having an air circulation part for circulating air used as an agent, and an electrolyte for starting the injection type air battery, or a liquid for preparing an electrolyte in the electrolyte holding part Pressure adjusting means for adjusting the pressure in the air circulation part when supplying, and the pressure adjustment means is provided in one of the air inflow side and the air outflow side of the air circulation part or in the external flow path An openable / closable valve and a blower provided in the other opening or external flow path, for preparing an electrolyte solution or an electrolyte solution in an electrolyte solution holding unit for starting an injection type air battery One of the liquid supply, the liquid During the period from the start of supply until the end of liquid supply, the valve is closed, and the blower is operated in a direction to draw out air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part negative, or air flows into the air circulation part And an openable / closable valve provided in one of the opening and the external flow path on the side and the air outflow side, and a blower provided in the other opening or the external flow path, and start the liquid injection type air battery Therefore, the valve is in a closed state between immediately before the liquid supply is started and when the liquid supply is started, which is one of supplying the electrolytic solution or the liquid for preparing the electrolytic solution in the electrolytic solution holding unit. In addition, in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part positive, the blower is operated in the direction in which the air is pushed in. Therefore, it is possible to provide a liquid injection type battery system that can shorten the time required for the first liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery.

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of a liquid injection battery system according to a first embodiment. FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the injection type battery system according to the second embodiment. FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the injection type battery system according to the third embodiment. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the injection type battery system according to the fourth embodiment. FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining an example of a processing flow in the injection type battery system according to the fourth embodiment.

  Hereinafter, an injection type battery system according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, the dimension ratio of drawing quoted with the following forms is exaggerated on account of description, and may differ from an actual ratio. In FIG. 1, thick arrows indicate the flow of liquid or air in the flow path, and thin line segments indicate that no liquid or air flows in the flow path.

<First form>
First, the injection type battery system according to the first embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of a liquid injection battery system according to a first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, the injection type battery system 1 includes an injection type air battery 10 and a pressure adjusting means 20. The injection type air battery 10 includes a negative electrode 11, a positive electrode 12, an electrolyte solution holding unit 13 that is positioned between the negative electrode 11 and the positive electrode 12, and holds the electrolytic solution L 2. It has an air circulation part 14 which is located on the opposite side to the holding part 13 side and circulates air used as an oxidant. Moreover, in this embodiment, the injection type air battery 10 is connected to the storage container 30 that stores the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolytic solution L2 and the liquid supply channel 32 in which the valve 31 is disposed. In addition, 15 in a figure shows the structural member which forms an air circulation part (The housing | casing of a liquid injection type air battery may be sufficient). And in the injection type battery system 1, when supplying the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolyte solution L2 in order to start the injection type air battery 10, the pressure adjustment means 20 is in the air circulation part 14. Adjust the pressure by increasing or decreasing pressure.

  Thereby, in the injection type battery system, the time required for the initial injection when starting the injection type air battery can be shortened.

  In the present invention, as an example of “when supplying a liquid for preparing an electrolyte for starting an injection-type air battery”, “from the start of supplying liquid to the end of supplying liquid” is given. be able to. This is because, for example, the valve disposed in the liquid supply flow path is closed from the time when the valve disposed in the liquid supply flow path is opened to start the liquid supply. What is necessary is just to make it into the state. Note that “between the start of liquid supply and the end of liquid supply” may or may not include “at the start of liquid supply” and “at the end of liquid supply”. Moreover, in this invention, it is not limited to this. That is, it may be from the time when the liquid supply to the liquid injection type air battery is actually started to the time when the liquid supply to the liquid injection type air battery is actually ended.

  Further, in the present invention, as another example of “when supplying a liquid for preparing an electrolytic solution for starting an injection-type air battery”, “from immediately before the start of liquid supply until the start of liquid supply” Can be mentioned. For example, when the pressure of the air circulation part is adjusted to a positive pressure or a negative pressure, from the time when the internal components of the battery represented by the positive electrode are not damaged to the above-described liquid supply start time. Between. Note that “between just before the start of liquid supply until the start of liquid supply” may or may not include “just before the start of liquid supply” and “at the start of liquid supply”. “When the pressure of the air circulation part is adjusted to a positive pressure or a negative pressure, the time point at which the internal components of the battery typified by the positive electrode are not damaged” refers to the differential pressure of the pressure to be adjusted or the positive electrode It differs depending on the specifications of the internal structural member typified by, and can be determined by measurement through a preliminary test or the like.

  Furthermore, in the present invention, as still another example of “when supplying a liquid for preparing an electrolyte for starting an injection-type air battery”, as described in detail later, “push in air ( For example, from the time immediately before starting the operation of the blower in the direction of pressurization) to the start of liquid supply. For example, when the pressure of the air circulation part is adjusted to a positive pressure, from the time when the internal components of the battery represented by the positive electrode are not damaged to the time when the liquid supply starts as described above. do it. However, as will be described in detail later, when there is no air relief valve or when the air relief valve is not opened, the pressure of the air circulation part is positive compared to when the air relief valve is opened. The time that can be adjusted is short.

  Here, each configuration will be described in detail.

  The negative electrode 11 includes a negative electrode active material. As a negative electrode active material, the conventionally well-known material applied to an air battery can be applied. As a negative electrode active material suitable for an air battery using an aqueous electrolyte, for example, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti ), Chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), etc. However, the present invention is not limited to these, and a negative electrode active material such as lithium suitable for an air battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte may be applied.

  The positive electrode 12 includes, for example, a catalyst component and a conductive catalyst carrier that supports the catalyst component. Hereinafter, a composite in which a catalyst component is supported on a catalyst carrier is also referred to as an “electrode catalyst”. Specific examples of the catalyst component include platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), tungsten (W), lead (Pb), Metal simple substance including iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al) or the like Mention may be made of alloys. Any catalyst carrier may be used as long as it has a specific surface area for supporting the catalyst component in a desired dispersion state and sufficient electron conductivity, and the main component is preferably carbon. Specific examples of the catalyst carrier include carbon particles made of carbon black, activated carbon, coke, natural graphite, artificial graphite, and the like. “The main component is carbon” means that the main component contains carbon atoms, and is a concept that includes both carbon atoms and substantially carbon atoms. Note that “substantially consisting of carbon atoms” means that contamination of about 2 to 3% by mass or less of impurities can be allowed. However, the material is not limited to these, and a conventionally known material applied to the air battery can be applied. Further, although not shown, the positive electrode may have a liquid-tight ventilation member on the surface on the air circulation part side opposite to the electrolyte solution holding part side. The liquid-tight ventilation member is made of, for example, a water-repellent porous resin. Preferred examples of the water-repellent porous resin include polyolefins, fluororesins, and resins containing at least one of these.

  Furthermore, the electrolyte solution holding unit 13 is not particularly limited as long as the electrolyte solution can be held and interposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. For example, the electrolyte solution holding unit 13 includes a separator that can contain the electrolyte solution. It may be. Examples of such a separator include glass paper that has not been subjected to water repellent treatment, and a microporous membrane made of polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene. However, the material is not limited to these, and a conventionally known material applied to the air battery can be applied.

  Moreover, the air circulation part 14 will not be specifically limited if the air utilized as an oxidizing agent can be circulated, The structure applied to a conventionally well-known air battery can be employ | adopted suitably.

  As the liquid L1, a solvent that dissolves the supporting salt may be applied, or the electrolytic solution itself may be applied. Although not shown, the supporting salt may be disposed in advance in the electrolyte solution holding unit, or the supporting salt may be separately stored in a storage container and supplied as appropriate. Further, although not shown, the pressure adjusting means and the valves provided in the liquid supply channel may be controlled by a control device (not shown).

<Second form>
Next, the injection type battery system according to the second embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, about the thing equivalent to what was demonstrated in said form, the code | symbol same as them is attached | subjected and description is abbreviate | omitted. FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the injection type battery system according to the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2, the injection type battery system 1 </ b> A includes an injection type air battery 10 and a pressure adjusting means 20. The liquid injection type air battery 10 is located between the negative electrode 11, the positive electrode 12, the negative electrode 11 and the positive electrode 12, and holds an electrolytic solution, and holds the electrolytic solution of the positive electrode 12. It has an air circulation part 14 which is located on the opposite side to the part 13 side and circulates air used as an oxidant. Moreover, in this embodiment, the injection type air battery 10 is connected to the storage container 30 that stores the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolytic solution L2 and the liquid supply channel 32 in which the valve 31 is disposed. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the pressure adjusting means 20 is provided in the openable / closable valve 22 provided in the external flow path 21 on the air inflow side of the air circulation part 14 and in the external flow path 23 on the air outflow side of the air circulation part 14. And a blower 24. In addition, 15 in a figure shows the structural member which forms an air circulation part (The housing | casing of a liquid injection type air battery may be sufficient). And in the injection type battery system 1, when supplying the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolyte L2 in order to start the injection type air battery 10, specifically, the supply of the liquid from the start of the supply of the liquid. Until the end, the pressure adjusting means 20 closes the valve 22 and operates the blower 24 in the direction of drawing out (depressurizing) air so as to make the pressure in the air circulation portion 14 negative.

  As a result, in the liquid injection type battery system, the air in the electrolyte solution holding part can be discharged from the air circulation part side, so the time required for the initial liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery is shortened. Can do. There is also an advantage that the pressure adjusting means can be constructed with a simple configuration. Further, it is possible to obtain a secondary effect that it is possible to suppress the mixing of bubbles that cause performance degradation.

  Although not shown, the valve and the blower constituting the pressure adjusting means and the valve provided in the liquid supply channel may be controlled by a control device (not shown).

<Third embodiment>
Next, the injection type battery system according to the third embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, about the thing equivalent to what was demonstrated in said form, the code | symbol same as them is attached | subjected and description is abbreviate | omitted. FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the injection type battery system according to the third embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, the injection type battery system 1 </ b> B includes an injection type air battery 10 and a pressure adjusting means 20. The liquid injection type air battery 10 is located between the negative electrode 11, the positive electrode 12, the negative electrode 11 and the positive electrode 12, and holds an electrolytic solution, and holds the electrolytic solution of the positive electrode 12. It has an air circulation part 14 which is located on the opposite side to the part 13 side and circulates air used as an oxidant. Moreover, in this embodiment, the injection type air battery 10 is connected to the storage container 30 that stores the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolytic solution L2 and the liquid supply channel 32 in which the valve 31 is disposed. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the pressure adjusting means 20 is provided in the openable / closable valve 22 provided in the external flow path 21 on the air inflow side of the air circulation part 14 and in the external flow path 23 on the air outflow side of the air circulation part 14. And a blower 24. In addition, 15 in a figure shows the structural member which forms an air circulation part (The housing | casing of a liquid injection type air battery may be sufficient). And in the injection type battery system 1, when supplying the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolyte L2 in order to start the injection type air battery 10, specifically, the supply of the liquid from immediately before the start of supply of the liquid. Until the start, the pressure adjusting means 20 closes the valve 22 and operates the blower 24 in the direction in which air is pushed in (pressurization) in order to make the pressure in the air circulation portion 14 positive.

  Thereby, in the injection type battery system, the positive electrode can be pushed and bent from the air circulation part side to the electrolyte solution holding part side (see FIG. 3), and the volume of the electrolyte solution holding part is reduced to discharge excess air. Therefore, the time required for the first liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery can be shortened. There is also an advantage that the pressure adjusting means can be constructed with a simple configuration. Further, from the start of the liquid supply to the end of the liquid supply, the pressure adjusting means closes the valve and blows out air in order to draw out the air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part negative (pressure reduction). May be activated. As a result, in the liquid injection type battery system, the air in the electrolyte solution holding part can be discharged from the air circulation part side, so the time required for the initial liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery is shortened. Can do. Further, it is possible to obtain a secondary effect that it is possible to suppress the mixing of bubbles that cause performance degradation.

  Although not shown, the valve and the blower constituting the pressure adjusting means and the valve provided in the liquid supply channel may be controlled by a control device (not shown).

<4th form>
Next, the injection type battery system according to the fourth embodiment will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, about the thing equivalent to what was demonstrated in said form, the code | symbol same as them is attached | subjected and description is abbreviate | omitted. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the injection type battery system according to the fourth embodiment. As shown in FIG. 4, the injected battery system 1 </ b> C includes an injected air battery 10 and a pressure adjusting means 20. The liquid injection type air battery 10 is located between the negative electrode 11, the positive electrode 12, the negative electrode 11 and the positive electrode 12, and holds an electrolytic solution, and holds the electrolytic solution of the positive electrode 12. It has an air circulation part 14 which is located on the opposite side to the part 13 side and circulates air used as an oxidant. Moreover, in this embodiment, the injection type air battery 10 is connected to the storage container 30 that stores the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolytic solution L2 and the liquid supply channel 32 in which the valve 31 is disposed. Furthermore, in this embodiment, the pressure adjusting means 20 is provided in the openable / closable valve 22 provided in the external flow path 21 on the air inflow side of the air circulation part 14 and in the external flow path 23 on the air outflow side of the air circulation part 14. And an air relief valve 26 provided in the external flow path 25 of the electrolyte solution holding unit 13. In addition, 15 in a figure shows the structural member which forms an air circulation part (The housing | casing of a liquid injection type air battery may be sufficient). And in the injection type battery system 1, when supplying the liquid L1 for preparing the electrolyte L2 in order to start the injection type air battery 10, specifically, the direction in which air is pushed in (pressurization) Then, the pressure adjusting means 20 opens the air relief valve 26 immediately before starting the operation of the blower 24 until the start of liquid supply.

  Thereby, the positive electrode can be pushed from the air circulation part side to the electrolyte solution holding part side to bend more (see FIG. 4), and the volume of the electrolyte solution holding part can be reduced and excess air can be discharged. The time required for the first liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery can be shortened. There is also an advantage that the pressure adjusting means can be constructed with a simple configuration. Further, from the start of the liquid supply to the end of the liquid supply, the pressure adjusting means closes the valve and blows out air in order to draw out the air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part negative (pressure reduction). May be activated. As a result, in the liquid injection type battery system, the air in the electrolyte solution holding part can be discharged from the air circulation part side, so the time required for the initial liquid injection when starting the liquid injection type air battery is shortened. Can do. Further, it is possible to obtain a secondary effect that it is possible to suppress the mixing of bubbles that cause performance degradation.

  Although not shown, the valves constituting the pressure adjusting means, the air relief valve and the blower, and the valves provided in the liquid supply flow path may be controlled by a control device (not shown).

  Here, a processing flow in the injection type battery system will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining an example of a processing flow in the injection type battery system (see FIG. 4) according to the fourth embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 5, when the operator (in the case of a vehicle, a driver) gives an instruction to start the injection type air battery, the process flow is started.

  In step 1 (denoted as “S1” in the figure, the same applies hereinafter), it is determined whether or not to start the liquid injection type air battery 10. If it is determined in S1 that it is activated, the process proceeds to S2. On the other hand, if it is determined in S1 that it does not start, the process proceeds to S12. In S12, the process waits and returns to S1.

  In S2, the valve 22 is closed and the process proceeds to S3.

  In S3, the air relief valve 26 is opened, and the process proceeds to S4.

  In S4, the blower 24 is actuated in the direction of pushing in air (pressurization), and the process proceeds to S5.

  In S5, the air relief valve 26 is closed, and the process proceeds to S6.

  In S6, the valve 31 is opened and the supply of liquid to the injection type battery is started, and the process proceeds to S7.

  In S7, the blower 24 is operated in the direction of drawing out (decompressing) air, and the process proceeds to S8.

  In S <b> 8, it is determined whether or not the supply of the liquid is completed based on a detection result from an open / closed state of the valve 31 or a liquid level sensor (not shown) of the electrolytic solution holding unit 13. If it is determined in S8 that the process has ended, the process proceeds to S9. On the other hand, if it is determined in S8 that the process has not ended, the process returns to S7.

  In S9, the valve 22 is opened, and the process proceeds to S10.

  In S10, the blower 24 is operated so as to be able to blow air, and the process proceeds to S11.

  In S11, the injection type air battery 10 is started and the processing flow is ended.

  As mentioned above, although this invention was demonstrated with some forms, this invention is not limited to these, A various deformation | transformation is possible within the range of the summary of this invention.

  That is, the configuration described in the injection type battery system of each form described above is not limited to each form. For example, the configuration of each form may be a combination other than each of the above forms, or the configuration details may be changed. Can be changed.

1, 1A, 1B, 1C Injection type battery system 10 Injection type air battery 11 Negative electrode 12 Positive electrode 13 Electrolyte holding part 14 Air circulation part 15 Structural member 20 Pressure adjusting means 21, 23, 25 External flow path 22, 31 Valve 24 Blower 26 Air Relief Valve 30 Storage Container 32 Liquid Supply Flow Channel L1 Liquid L2 Electrolyte

Claims (4)

A negative electrode, a positive electrode, an electrolyte solution holding unit that is located between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and that holds an electrolytic solution; a positive electrode that is positioned on the side opposite to the electrolyte solution holding unit side; A liquid-injection-type air battery having an air circulation part that circulates air used as an agent;
Pressure adjusting means for adjusting the pressure in the air circulation portion when supplying the electrolyte solution or the liquid for preparing the electrolyte solution in the electrolyte solution holding portion in order to start the liquid injection type air battery and, with a,
The pressure adjusting means includes an openable / closable valve provided in one of the air inflow side and the air outflow side of the air circulation part or an external flow path, and a blower provided in the other opening or external flow path. And
In order to start up the liquid injection type air battery, the electrolyte or the liquid for preparing the electrolyte in the electrolyte holder is supplied. Until the end of the liquid supply, the pressure adjusting means closes the valve and operates the blower in a direction to draw out air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part negative. An injection type battery system characterized by the above. A negative electrode, a positive electrode, an electrolyte solution holding unit that is located between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and that holds an electrolytic solution; a positive electrode that is positioned on the side opposite to the electrolyte solution holding unit side; A liquid-injection-type air battery having an air circulation part that circulates air used as an agent;
Pressure adjusting means for adjusting the pressure in the air circulation portion when supplying the electrolyte solution or the liquid for preparing the electrolyte solution in the electrolyte solution holding portion in order to start the liquid injection type air battery And comprising
The pressure adjusting means includes an openable / closable valve provided in one of the air inflow side and the air outflow side of the air circulation part or an external flow path, and a blower provided in the other opening or external flow path. And
In order to start the liquid injection type air battery, the electrolyte or the liquid for preparing the electrolyte in the electrolyte holding part is supplied. Until the start of liquid supply, the pressure adjusting means closes the valve and operates the blower in a direction to push in air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part positive. <Br / > Liquid injection type battery system characterized by that. The electrolytic solution in order to start the pouring air battery, or is one of when supplying liquid, for preparing the electrolyte solution in the electrolyte solution holding portion, said starting supply shortly before the liquid Until the start of liquid supply, the pressure adjusting means closes the valve and operates the blower in a direction to push in air in order to make the pressure in the air circulation part positive. The injection type battery system according to claim 1 , wherein The pressure adjusting means has an air relief valve in an opening provided in the electrolyte holding unit or an external flow path;
The electrolytic solution in order to start the pouring air battery, or is one when supplying liquid, for preparing the electrolyte solution in the electrolyte solution holding portion, the in the direction pushing the air 4. The injection type battery system according to claim 2 or 3 , wherein the pressure adjusting means opens the air relief valve immediately before starting the operation of the blower and before starting the supply of the liquid. .

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