JP6187853B2 - Solar cell operating point movement measurement method - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、太陽電池に不具合が生じた場合に、その不具合を簡便に検出する太陽電池動作点移動計測方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a solar cell operating point movement measurement method for easily detecting a malfunction when a malfunction occurs in a solar cell.
（太陽光発電システムの概要）
一般的な太陽光発電システムを図４に示す。図４に示すように、太陽電池モジュールが直列に接続されたストリングを複数本まとめて接続箱に配線し、パワーコンディショニングシステム（ＰＣＳ）により直流から交流に変換されて電力として供給される。
(Outline of solar power generation system)
A general photovoltaic power generation system is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, a plurality of strings in which solar cell modules are connected in series are collectively wired in a connection box, converted from direct current to alternating current by a power conditioning system (PCS), and supplied as electric power.
太陽光発電システムの性能評価手法に、電流-電圧特性曲線を取得する方法がある。測定の手順としては、接続箱から分離したストリングに電流−電圧特性測定器を接続し、電流−電圧特性曲線を取得する。
電流−電圧特性曲線の概念図を図５に示す。取得した電流−電圧特性曲線の形状や特性値を検証する事により、ストリングの特性や不具合を推測する事が出来る。また、電流−電圧特性曲線はモジュール単体や、セル単体の評価としても使用される。
As a method for evaluating the performance of a photovoltaic power generation system, there is a method of acquiring a current-voltage characteristic curve. As a measurement procedure, a current-voltage characteristic measuring instrument is connected to a string separated from the connection box, and a current-voltage characteristic curve is obtained.
A conceptual diagram of the current-voltage characteristic curve is shown in FIG. By verifying the shape and characteristic values of the acquired current-voltage characteristic curve, it is possible to infer the characteristics and defects of the string. The current-voltage characteristic curve is also used for evaluating a module alone or a cell alone.
（太陽電池モジュールの概要）
一般的な結晶系太陽電池モジュールには、日陰や故障による発電量の損失を少なくするためにバイパスダイオード（ＢＰＤ）が複数個接続されている。このＢＰＤで区切られた範囲をクラスタと呼ぶ。結晶系太陽電池モジュールの詳細を図６に示す。
(Outline of solar cell module)
A plurality of bypass diodes (BPDs) are connected to a general crystalline solar cell module in order to reduce the loss of power generation due to shade or failure. A range delimited by the BPD is called a cluster. Details of the crystalline solar cell module are shown in FIG.
（モジュールの不具合例）
モジュールの不具合例を説明する。ＢＰＤで区切られたクラスタ内に、不具合（セルの劣化や異常、配線の断線、影の影響）があると、電流はＢＰＤで迂回され、電流−電圧特性曲線の形状が変化する。
例として、図６のインターコネクタの半田付け部で経年変化により接触不良が起こり抵抗値の増加があった場合の電流の経路を図７に、電流−電圧特性曲線を図８に示す。
(Example of module failure)
An example of a module failure will be described. If there is a defect (cell deterioration or abnormality, wiring disconnection, or influence of shadow) in the cluster partitioned by BPD, the current is bypassed by BPD and the shape of the current-voltage characteristic curve changes.
As an example, FIG. 7 shows a current path and FIG. 8 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve when a contact failure occurs due to secular change in the soldered portion of the interconnector of FIG.
図８の不具合時にＢＰＤがない場合の電流−電圧特性曲線（一点鎖線）は不具合箇所の抵抗値が大きいほど直線部分の傾きが小さくなり、不具合時にＢＰＤがある場合の電流−電圧特性曲線（実線）との交点は下に移動する。
実際に不具合を含んだストリングを測定した時の電流−電圧特性曲線を図９に示す。図９の電流−電圧特性曲線より、ストリングＢの発電量が低下していることが分かる。
このストリングＢ内にはＢＰＤが発熱しているモジュールがあり、そのモジュールを目視したところ、インターコネクタの焦げが確認された。この場合、ＢＰＤで電流が迂回されているのでＢＰＤが発熱する。ＢＰＤが働いている状態をクラスタ落ちと呼ぶ。
In the current-voltage characteristic curve (dotted line) when there is no BPD at the time of failure in FIG. 8, the slope of the straight line portion becomes smaller as the resistance value at the failure point increases, and the current-voltage characteristic curve when there is BPD at the time of failure (solid line) The point of intersection with) moves down.
FIG. 9 shows a current-voltage characteristic curve when a string actually including a defect is measured. It can be seen from the current-voltage characteristic curve of FIG. 9 that the power generation amount of the string B is reduced.
There is a module in which the BPD generates heat in the string B. When the module is visually observed, the burnt of the interconnector is confirmed. In this case, since the current is bypassed by the BPD, the BPD generates heat. The state where the BPD is working is called a cluster drop.
次に、クラスタ落ちを検出するための従来の測定手法と問題点について説明する。
（電流−電圧特性測定器について）
上記の例のように電流−電圧特性を取得する事ができれば、その形状により不具合の有無を判断することも可能だが、電流−電圧特性測定器は一般に高価であるとともに、状況を正確に把握するためには良好な気象条件に加え、日射量測定、モジュール温度の測定なども必要になる。電流−電圧特性においては、日射量やセルの温度により短絡電流値や開放電圧値が変化するためである。
Next, conventional measurement techniques and problems for detecting cluster drop will be described.
(About current-voltage characteristic measuring instrument)
If the current-voltage characteristics can be acquired as in the above example, it is possible to determine the presence or absence of a malfunction by its shape, but current-voltage characteristic measuring instruments are generally expensive and accurately grasp the situation. Therefore, in addition to good weather conditions, it is necessary to measure solar radiation and module temperature. This is because, in the current-voltage characteristics, the short-circuit current value and the open-circuit voltage value change depending on the amount of solar radiation and the cell temperature.
（赤外線熱画像について）
クラスタ落ちが発生している状況ではＢＰＤが動作し電流が迂回されているのでＢＰＤの発熱が観測される。この状況を赤外線カメラにより測定する事によりＢＰＤの発熱が確認されると、クラスタ落ち状態であると推測できる。
ただし、ＢＰＤはモジュールに影がかかることによっても動作するので、モジュールの日影状況の確認は必須である。また、陸屋根に設定されているシステムだと裏面からの観察が容易なのでＢＰＤの発熱を見つけやすいが、一般住宅のような寄棟や切り妻屋根などは屋根に登って観測する必要があるため、観測時の自身の影や足場の確保への注意が必要であるという問題が発生する。
(About infrared thermal images)
In a situation where a cluster drop occurs, the BPD operates and the current is bypassed, so heat generation of the BPD is observed. If this situation is measured by an infrared camera and the heat generation of the BPD is confirmed, it can be estimated that the cluster is in a dropped state.
However, since the BPD operates even when a shadow is applied to the module, it is essential to check the shadow status of the module. In addition, it is easy to find the heat of BPD because it is easy to observe from the back if the system is set on a flat roof, but it is necessary to climb and observe the dormitory and gable roof like ordinary houses, There is a problem that it is necessary to pay attention to securing their own shadow and scaffold during observation.
（開放電圧測定について）
開放電圧を確認する事により不具合を確認できることもあるが、不具合の状況によっては開放電圧の値は健全なストリングの値とほとんど変化が無い場合もあり、数Ｖの差が不具合かどうかの判断は難しいという問題がある。
(About open-circuit voltage measurement)
The failure may be confirmed by checking the open-circuit voltage, but depending on the failure situation, the open-circuit voltage value may be almost the same as the sound string value. There is a problem that it is difficult.
（開放電圧測定＋負荷抵抗接続について）
前記開放電圧測定で、電圧計と並列に抵抗を挿入し、電流−電圧特性曲線の動作点をずらして測定する方法がある。
しかし、太陽光発電システムはシステム毎に開放電圧が違うので、測定結果を比較検討するにはオームの法則を用いた動作点の計算が必要となる煩雑さがある。また、システムによって開放電圧は異なるが、例えば開放電圧Ｖｏｃ＝４００Ｖの場合には、負荷電流に１００ｍＡ流すためには４ＫΩの抵抗が必要となり、そのためには４０Ｗ 以上に耐えられるホーロー抵抗などが必要になる。
(Open voltage measurement + load resistance connection)
In the open voltage measurement, there is a method in which a resistance is inserted in parallel with the voltmeter and the operating point of the current-voltage characteristic curve is shifted.
However, since the open-circuit voltage is different for each photovoltaic power generation system, it is complicated to calculate the operating point using Ohm's law in order to compare and examine the measurement results. In addition, although the open circuit voltage differs depending on the system, for example, when the open circuit voltage Voc = 400V, a resistance of 4 KΩ is required to flow 100 mA to the load current, and for that purpose, a hollow resistance that can withstand 40 W or more is required. Become.
以上の従来技術では、環境の変化により測定ができない、または不安定である、または費用が増大する等の問題があるため、太陽電池に不具合が生じた場合に、簡便かつ有効な検出手段がなかったといえる。 In the above conventional techniques, there is a problem that measurement cannot be performed due to environmental changes, is unstable, or costs increase, and thus there is no simple and effective detection means when a failure occurs in a solar cell. It can be said that.
太陽電池に不具合が生じた場合、太陽電池の電流電圧特性に変化が生じるが、本特許は、簡易に太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより、太陽電池の不具合（例えば、セルの劣化や異常、配線の断線、影の影響等）を有効かつ簡便に検出する手法を提供することを課題とする。 When a failure occurs in a solar cell, the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell change. However, in this patent, the failure of a solar cell (for example, cell deterioration or abnormality) can be easily achieved by moving the operating point of the solar cell. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for effectively and simply detecting the disconnection of wiring, the influence of shadows, and the like.
以上から、本発明は、以下の技術を提供する。
１）太陽電池に定電流源を直列に接続し、太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより、電流電圧曲線の変化を検知し、太陽電池の不具合を検出することを特徴とする太陽電池動作点移動計測方法。
２）電流−電圧特性平面において、定電流の直線と太陽電池の電流−電圧特性曲線の交点を太陽電池の動作点とすることを特徴とする上記１）に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測方法。
３）定電流源による通電時の太陽電池電圧Ｖｃ’を計測することにより、太陽電池の動作点（電圧、電流）を決定することを特徴とする上記１）又は２）に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測方法。
４）得られた動作点電圧Ｖｃ’と開放電圧Ｖｏｃまたは正常な動作点Ｖｃ（不具合がない太陽電池から取得）を比較することにより、太陽電池の不具合を検出することを特徴とする上記１）〜３）のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測方法。
５）太陽電池に直列に接続する定電流源の通電電流を短絡電流値よりもずっと小さな値として検出することを特徴とする上記１）〜３）のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測方法。
As described above, the present invention provides the following techniques.
1) A solar cell operating point characterized in that a constant current source is connected in series to a solar cell and the operating point of the solar cell is moved to detect a change in the current-voltage curve and to detect a malfunction of the solar cell. Movement measurement method.
2) In the current-voltage characteristic plane, the intersection of the straight line of constant current and the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cell is used as the operating point of the solar cell, and the solar cell operating point movement measuring method according to 1) above .
3) The solar cell operation according to 1) or 2) above, wherein an operating point (voltage, current) of the solar cell is determined by measuring a solar cell voltage Vc ′ when energized by a constant current source. Point movement measurement method.
4) The above-mentioned 1) characterized in that the malfunction of the solar cell is detected by comparing the obtained operating point voltage Vc ′ with the open circuit voltage Voc or the normal operating point Vc (obtained from a solar cell having no malfunction). To 3) The solar cell operating point movement measurement method according to any one of the above.
5) The solar cell operating point according to any one of the above 1) to 3), wherein an energizing current of a constant current source connected in series with the solar cell is detected as a value much smaller than a short-circuit current value. Movement measurement method.
６）太陽電池の不具合を検出する装置であって、太陽電池に定電流源を直列に接続し、太陽電池の動作点を移動させ、電流電圧曲線の変化を検知することを特徴とする太陽電池動作点移動計測装置。
７）電流−電圧特性平面において、定電流の直線と太陽電池の電流−電圧特性曲線の交点を太陽電池の動作点とすることを特徴とする上記６）に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測装置。
８）定電流源による通電時の太陽電池電圧Ｖｃ’を計測することにより、太陽電池の動作点（電圧、電流）を決定することを特徴とする上記６）又は７）に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測装置。
９）得られた動作点電圧Ｖｃ’と開放電圧Ｖｏｃまたは正常な動作点Ｖｃ（不具合がない太陽電池から取得）を比較することにより、太陽電池の不具合を検出することを特徴とする上記６）〜８）のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測装置。
１０）太陽電池に直列に接続する定電流源の通電電流を短絡電流値よりもずっと小さな値とすることを特徴とする上記６）〜９）のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池動作点移動計測装置。
6) A solar cell device for detecting a malfunction of a solar cell, wherein a constant current source is connected in series to the solar cell, the operating point of the solar cell is moved, and a change in the current-voltage curve is detected. Operating point movement measuring device.
7) In the current-voltage characteristic plane, the intersection of the constant current line and the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cell is used as the operating point of the solar cell. .
8) The solar cell operation described in 6) or 7) above, wherein the operating point (voltage, current) of the solar cell is determined by measuring the solar cell voltage Vc ′ when energized by the constant current source. Point movement measuring device.
9) The above-described 6), wherein the malfunction of the solar cell is detected by comparing the obtained operating point voltage Vc ′ with the open-circuit voltage Voc or the normal operating point Vc (obtained from a solar cell having no malfunction). To 8) The solar cell operating point movement measuring device according to any one of the above.
10) The solar cell operating point shift according to any one of 6) to 9) above, wherein an energization current of a constant current source connected in series to the solar cell is set to a value much smaller than a short-circuit current value. Measuring device.
太陽電池に不具合が生じた場合太陽電池の電流電圧特性に変化が生じるが、太陽電池に定電流源を直列に接続し太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより、電流電圧曲線の変化を検知し太陽電池の不具合を検出する太陽電池動作点移動計測法を提供するものであり、簡易に太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより、太陽電池の不具合（例えば、セルの劣化や異常、配線の断線、影の影響等）を有効かつ簡便に検出する技術を提供できる優れた効果を有する。 When a problem occurs in a solar cell, the current-voltage characteristics of the solar cell change, but a change in the current-voltage curve is detected by connecting a constant current source in series to the solar cell and moving the operating point of the solar cell. It provides a solar cell operating point movement measurement method for detecting solar cell malfunctions. By simply moving the solar cell operating point, solar cell malfunctions (for example, cell degradation or abnormalities, wire breakage) , The influence of shadows, etc.) can be effectively and easily detected.
本発明の太陽電池動作点移動計測方法は、開放電圧（Ｖｏｃ）は健全な太陽電池と同等の値が得られるものであるが、太陽電池の一部のブロックに不具合が存在し、電流−電圧特性が図１のように歪んでいる状態であっても、動作点を移動させることで容易に検出できる手法を提供するものである。
より具体的には、図２に示すように、太陽電池に定電流源を直列に接続し、太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより、電流電圧曲線の変化を検知し、太陽電池の不具合を検出するものである。
In the solar cell operating point movement measuring method of the present invention, the open circuit voltage (Voc) is a value equivalent to that of a healthy solar cell, but there is a defect in some blocks of the solar cell, and the current-voltage Even if the characteristic is distorted as shown in FIG. 1, a technique is provided that can be easily detected by moving the operating point.
More specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, a constant current source is connected in series to the solar cell, and the change of the current-voltage curve is detected by moving the operating point of the solar cell, so that the malfunction of the solar cell is detected. It is to detect.
本発明の太陽電池動作点移動計測は、図３の定電流法の動作点概念図に示すように、電流−電圧(電流−電圧特性)座標において、定電流の直線と太陽電池の電流−電圧特性曲線の交点を太陽電池の動作点とすることができる。
また、得られた動作点電圧Ｖｃ’と開放電圧Ｖｏｃまたは正常な動作点Ｖｃ（不具合がない太陽電池から取得）を比較することにより、太陽電池の不具合を検出することができる。さらに、測定時の安全性（感電、発熱）を考慮して、太陽電池に直列に接続する定電流源の通電電流を短絡電流値よりもずっと小さな値（例えば２００ｍＡ以下）とすることが望ましい。本願発明は、このような条件を可能とするものである。
As shown in the operation point conceptual diagram of the constant current method of FIG. 3, the solar cell operating point movement measurement of the present invention is based on the constant current line and the solar cell current-voltage in the current-voltage (current-voltage characteristic) coordinates. The intersection of the characteristic curves can be the operating point of the solar cell.
Further, the malfunction of the solar cell can be detected by comparing the obtained operating point voltage Vc ′ with the open circuit voltage Voc or the normal operating point Vc (obtained from a solar cell having no malfunction). Furthermore, in consideration of safety during measurement (electric shock, heat generation), it is desirable to set the energization current of the constant current source connected in series to the solar cell to a value much smaller than the short-circuit current value (for example, 200 mA or less). The present invention enables such conditions.
本願発明を、図１０を用いて説明する。図１０は上記図９のＶｏｃ付近を拡大したグラフである。このグラフから、ストリングＡは０Ａ時の電圧値と１００ｍＡ 時の電圧値にほとんど差は見られないが、ストリングＢは０Ａ時の電圧値と１００ｍＡ時の電圧値で２０Ｖほどの変化がある。
なお、上記１００ｍＡ通電時の電圧をＶｃとする。
The present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 10 is an enlarged graph of the vicinity of Voc in FIG. From this graph, string A shows almost no difference between the voltage value at 0 A and the voltage value at 100 mA, but string B has a change of about 20 V between the voltage value at 0 A and the voltage value at 100 mA.
The voltage at the time of 100 mA energization is Vc.
ここで［１−Ｖｃ／Ｖｏｃ］を電圧減少率とするとストリングＡは０．１％程度でほとんど変化はなく、ストリングＢは８．４％程度となる。
３クラスタで構成されるモジュールが１２枚直列接続で構成されたストリングの場合、１クラスタで不具合がある場合の電圧減少率は１／３６≒２．８％となる。
このことから、およそ電圧減少率が１％以上あるストリングは、何らかの不具合を含むと容易に推測することができる。
Here, assuming that [1-Vc / Voc] is a voltage reduction rate, the string A is about 0.1% and hardly changes, and the string B is about 8.4%.
In the case of a string in which 12 modules composed of 3 clusters are connected in series, the voltage reduction rate when there is a malfunction in 1 cluster is 1 / 36≈2.8%.
From this, it can be easily estimated that a string having a voltage reduction rate of about 1% or more includes some defect.
電流−電圧特性測定器は電流・電圧を掃引して電流−電圧特性曲線を取得する方式のために、装置によっては１０〜２０Ａ流せる回路が必要になる。上記にある電圧減少率を算出する手法を用いれば回路に流す電流は１００ｍＡ 程度で良く、これにより装置の小型化や低価格化が可能になるという優れた効果がある。
さらに、本願発明は、１００ｍＡ 程度の定電流負荷で、簡易にＶｏｃ 値とＶｃ値を測定し、減少率も同時に算出し表示することが出来る効果がある。
Since the current-voltage characteristic measuring instrument acquires a current-voltage characteristic curve by sweeping current / voltage, a circuit capable of flowing 10 to 20 A is required depending on the apparatus. If the above-described method for calculating the voltage reduction rate is used, the current flowing through the circuit may be about 100 mA, which has an excellent effect that the device can be reduced in size and price.
Furthermore, the present invention has an effect that the Voc value and the Vc value can be easily measured with a constant current load of about 100 mA, and the reduction rate can be calculated and displayed simultaneously.
なお、本願発明で判定できない状況もある。例えば、図８のインターコネクタに不具合があり、抵抗値（数１０Ω以上）を持った場合でも全体の回路としては繋がっているので、開放時の電圧（Ｖｏｃ）は正常に近い値になる場合である。この状態を「クラスタの半落ち」とする。一方、上記不具合箇所が断線してしまった場合には電流はＢＰＤ を迂回して流れるが、電圧は１クラスタ分低下する。この状態を「クラスタの完全落ち」とする。
ここで、クラスタの完全落ちの場合はＶｏｃ自体が下がるのでＶｃとの差が無くなり、本願発明では、判定できない状況となる。しかし、この場合はストリングの定格Ｖｏｃ値と測定されたＶｏｃ値を比較すれば良い。また、ストリングのインピーダンス測定で、クラスタ落ちを推測する事もできる。
There are also situations in which the present invention cannot be determined. For example, if the interconnector shown in FIG. 8 is defective and has a resistance value (several tens of ohms or more), the entire circuit is connected, so the open circuit voltage (Voc) is close to normal. is there. This state is referred to as “half drop of cluster”. On the other hand, when the defective part is disconnected, the current flows around the BPD, but the voltage drops by one cluster. This state is referred to as “complete cluster failure”.
Here, in the case of a complete drop of the cluster, Voc itself drops, so there is no difference from Vc, and the present invention cannot be judged. However, in this case, the rated Voc value of the string may be compared with the measured Voc value. In addition, the cluster drop can be estimated by measuring the impedance of the string.
装置構成の具体例を、図１１に示す。なお、この構成は一例を示すもので、この例に制限されるものではない。本願発明（特許請求の範囲）の技術思想に基づく展開が可能である。 A specific example of the device configuration is shown in FIG. In addition, this structure shows an example and is not restrict | limited to this example. Development based on the technical idea of the present invention (claims) is possible.
本発明は、太陽電池に不具合が生じた場合太陽電池の電流電圧特性に変化が生じるが、太陽電池に定電流源を直列に接続し太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより電流電圧曲線の変化を検知し、太陽電池の不具合を検出する太陽電池動作点移動計測法を提供するものである。このように、簡易に太陽電池の動作点を移動させることにより、太陽電池の不具合（例えば、セルの劣化や異常、配線の断線、影の影響等）を、有効かつ簡便に検出する技術を提供できる優れた効果を有するので、産業上極めて有用である。 The present invention changes the current-voltage characteristics of a solar cell when a failure occurs in the solar cell, but changes the current-voltage curve by connecting a constant current source in series to the solar cell and moving the operating point of the solar cell. It is intended to provide a solar cell operating point movement measurement method for detecting a malfunction of a solar cell. In this way, by simply moving the operating point of the solar cell, a technology for effectively and simply detecting a failure of the solar cell (for example, cell degradation or abnormality, wiring disconnection, shadow influence, etc.) is provided. Since it has an excellent effect, it is extremely useful in industry.
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