JP6104835B2 - Fiber Bragg gratings in carbon-coated optical fibers and techniques for their manufacture. - Google Patents

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is owned by the assignee of this application and is a priority of US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 784,347, filed March 14, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Claims the interests of rights.

  The present invention relates generally to the field of optical fibers, particularly fiber gratings and similar optical devices for use in harsh environments.

  The demand for optical fibers and fiber based devices has increased dramatically over the past decade. However, in humid or hydrogen-rich environments, fiber-based devices that employ fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), such as sensors and other devices, typically have mechanical durability and not only problems with optical functionality. Shielding is required to address reliability issues. The reliability and optical performance of these devices is of primary importance to optical component and system designers.

US Pat. No. 5,620,495

Lindholm et al., “Low Speed Carbon Deposition Process for Hermetic Optical Fibers”, International Wire and Cable Symposium (1999).

  Therefore, there is a continuing technical need for FBG and other fiber-based devices that have reliable performance in harsh environments.

  One aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for making a grating or similar optical device in a carbon-coated optical fiber. The photosensitive optical fiber is provided with a hermetic carbon coating. Further provided is a laser having a beam output configured to write one or more refractive index modulations through an hermetic carbon layer through the hermetic carbon layer without damaging the hermetic carbon layer. It is. The laser is used to write one or more optical devices through the hermetic carbon layer and into the optical fiber.

  Further aspects of the invention are directed to structures and techniques for mass production of carbon-coated optical devices. In one practice of the invention, the optical device is written into a carbon coated optical fiber in a post-secondary coating process. In another practice of the present invention, the optical device is written into the fiber in a drawing tower during the optical fiber drawing process after application of the carbon coating to the fiber.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a test optical fiber used in the experimental proof of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a grating writing device used in the experimental proof of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a reflection spectrum illustrating the results of tests performed using the fiber and grating writer shown in FIGS. FIG. 4 shows a reflection spectrum illustrating the results of tests performed using the fiber and grating writer shown in FIGS. FIG. 5 shows a reflection spectrum illustrating the results of tests performed using the fiber and grating writer shown in FIGS. FIG. 6 shows a reflection spectrum illustrating the results of tests performed using the fiber and grating writer shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 7A shows an isometric view of a carbon coated optical fiber configured for use in writing technology after secondary coating, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. FIG. 7B shows a cross-sectional view of the carbon-coated optical fiber shown in FIG. 7A at a plane 7B-7B. FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of an automated grating writing system used for the fiber shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an automated system according to one aspect of the present invention for writing a grating in a carbon-coated optical fiber as part of a drawing process. FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of a general technique according to the present invention.

  One aspect of the present invention is directed to optical devices such as fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and the like, which are fabricated in optical fibers having a hermetic carbon coating. The structures and techniques described herein can be used, for example, to make FBGs that are used as sensors in harsh environments. In addition, the described structures and techniques can be used to make FBGs that exhibit improved fatigue resistance.

  As used herein, the expression “harsh environment” generally refers to an environment in which a hermetic carbon coating is beneficial to protect an optical device. Such environments include, for example, high humidity environments, hydrogen rich environments, both high humidity and hydrogen rich environments, high moisture content or aqueous environments such as liquid water, or the like. Generally speaking, water tightness improves mechanical reliability in harsh environments, and hydrogen tightness improves optical reliability.

  In this specification, the expressions “hermetic carbon coating” and “carbon coating” refer to a coating applied to the surface of the fiber to seal the portion contained within the carbon coating of the fiber. Carbon coatings provide a glass fiber surface that is hermetically sealed against moisture, including, for example, condensed water, water vapor at a wide range of temperatures, and the like, and hydrogen at temperatures up to 130 ° C or higher depending on the coating structure. Or serve multiple purposes including protecting against deuterium ingress and extending the expected service life of a given fiber in a given environment by delaying fatigue and reducing stress corrosion failures.

  In one carbon coating technique, a carbon layer is applied to the outer surface of the optical fiber in a drawing tower as part of the drawing process. The draw tower is equipped with a carbon reactor, after the optical fiber is drawn from the preform, it passes through it. In carbon reactors, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are used to deposit amorphous carbon hermetic layers on the outer surface of optical fibers at temperatures up to 1200 ° C. The standard thickness of the carbon coating is ˜0.02 μm to ˜0.08 μm.

  The CVD technique is performed by flowing a reactive gas through a carbon reactor in the absence of oxygen. The pyrolysis reaction occurs on the glass surface of the fiber being drawn and results in the thermal deposition of carbon on the fiber surface. In order for the carbon coating to be sealed, a minimum thickness of the deposited carbon is required. Usually, a polymer coating is then applied over the carbon layer.

  Carbon coating technology is described, for example, in Lindholm et al., “Low Speed Carbon Deposition Process for Hermetic Optical Fiber”, described by International Wire and Cable Symposium, in detail in 19 Yes.

For various reasons, carbon coatings have not been used in connection with FBG and similar optical devices. First, it is believed that the grating cannot be written prior to the application of the carbon coating because the high temperatures required to apply the carbon coating can damage the grating.
Secondly, it has traditionally been thought that a grating cannot be written to a fiber after application of the carbon coating due to the lack of transparency of the carbon coating to the UV laser beam.

  The present invention applies a hermetic carbon coating to the fiber cladding if the fiber is sufficiently sensitive and the writing laser is configured to operate within the proper power range, and then the hermetic It is based on the insight that it is possible to write the grating into the fiber through the carbon coating without breaking the seal.

  Generally speaking, any of the configurations and techniques used for writing a grating into an optical fiber that does not have a carbon coating can be used for writing the grating into the carbon-coated optical fiber. As such, the grating can be written to the carbon coated optical fiber using holographic technology, phase mask technology, or the like. Depending on the particular situation, some adjustments and improvements may be necessary.

  As described below, writing the grating to the carbon-coated optical fiber can be performed as part of the initial drawing process or in a single post-coating process.

Photosensitivity As noted above, in order for a grating to be written into a fiber through a carbon coating, the fiber must have a suitable degree of photosensitivity. The degree of photosensitivity required in a given situation includes: (1) the intensity of the grating being written, and (2) the interaction between the laser beam to be written and the carbon coating that is transmitted through the grating as it is written. It depends on the factors.

  According to one aspect of the present invention, the appropriate degree of photosensitivity in a given fiber is obtained through the use of one or more dopants known to produce photosensitivity. Those dopants include, for example, germanium or the like as well as fluorine and boron. Depending on the specific application, one or more in one or more fiber regions can be used to arrive at a fiber design with the desired degree of photosensitivity, as well as specific refractive index profiles and other desired properties. It is desirable to employ a dopant which is co-added.

  A suitable fiber for a given application of the invention will be provided in any of a number of different ways. For example, in some circumstances, if a fiber has the appropriate degree of photosensitivity, it may be possible to adopt the existing fiber design. In addition, existing fiber designs will be improved by making appropriate adjustments to their photosensitivity. In some situations, an appropriate fiber optic bespoke design may be necessary or desirable. Such optical fiber designs include other structures such as, for example, multi-cores, constant polarization stress rods, star or octagonal claddings, rectangular cores, one or more various types of coatings, and the like Of course, including the core, trench, cladding dimensions and index of refraction will be reasonably well known to the practitioner.

  According to a further aspect of the invention, hydrogen loading or deuterium loading will be used to enhance the photosensitivity of the carbon coated fiber and thus the reflectivity (ie, strength) of the grating written into the fiber. As stated earlier, the carbon coating prevents hydrogen ingress at ˜130 ° C. or higher, depending on the coating structure. Therefore, by placing the fiber in a pressurized chamber containing the appropriate concentration of hydrogen or deuterium and maintaining the fiber temperature above ~ 130 ° C for an appropriate length of time, hydrogen or Deuterium can be used to load a carbon coated optical fiber. Parameters for such conditioning processes (eg, time, temperature, and pressure) depend on the required fiber photosensitivity, the tightness of the carbon coating, and the performance of the second coating to withstand this exposure.

  The grating is then written to the fiber according to the techniques described herein. According to a further aspect of the invention, once the grating has been written to the fiber, it is then annealed at a temperature above ˜130 ° C. to remove the overloaded hydrogen or deuterium from the fiber.

Experimental Verification Aspects of the present invention have been verified in a series of experiments where the grating was successfully written on a carbon coated test fiber. The successful results of these experiments lead to the development of several manufacturing techniques described below that can be used for mass production of carbon coated gratings.

  1 and 2 show schematic diagrams of the test fiber 10 and writing device 20 not drawn to scale. The test fiber 10 is a single core fiber comprising a core region 12, a cladding region 14 having a diameter of 80 μm surrounding the core, a hermetic carbon layer 16, and a polyimide protective coating 18 surrounding the carbon layer 16. The fiber core region 12 is doped with a concentration of germanium that provides a relatively high degree of photosensitivity and a numerical aperture of 0.21. The carbon coating 16 is applied during the drawing process and has a thickness of about 0.029 μm. The polyimide coating 18 is also applied during the drawing process after application of the carbon layer and has a thickness of about 15 μm.

  Depending on the specific application, carbon coatings with a thickness of 0.08 μm or more can be considered.

  The fiber 10 is fed into a writing device 20 having means (not shown) for holding and positioning the fiber relative to the output of the laser 22 and a beam transfer optical system 24. Prior to writing, the polyimide coating 18 is peeled from the fiber, leaving the carbon coating 16 intact.

  In the writing device 20 of FIG. 2, the laser 22 is implemented using an excimer UV laser manufactured by TuiLaser, which provides a laser beam with a wavelength of 248 nm. The phase mask 26 is used to create a periodic interference fringe from the UV laser beam that is used to write the grating 28 on the fiber core 12 or a portion of the fiber core 12 and cladding 14 depending on the fiber design. The Of course, depending on the given application, the invention can be implemented using other suitable types of lasers.

  It is known that there is a relatively wide wavelength range through which the carbon coating is sufficiently transparent for the grating to be written therethrough. Their wavelengths include 193 nm, 244 nm, and 248 nm. Longer wavelengths may be employed when using “cold writing” technology, femtosecond lasers, and other techniques.

  In testing, multiple gratings were written on carbon-coated test fiber using different writing parameters. The performance of the written grating was measured using a device with a broadband light source, a three-port circulator and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). 3-5 show a series of reflection spectra illustrating the test results. Among other things, its reflection spectrum confirms that it is possible to write a grating in a carbon-coated optical fiber. In addition, generally speaking, longer exposure to the writing laser beam and / or increased concentration of germanium (or appropriate dopant, or combination of dopants) in the fiber where the grating is written The reflection spectrum confirms that a stronger FBG can be written.

FIG. 3 shows the reflection spectrum 30 generated by an 8 mm grating written on a length of test fiber as described above. A TuiLaser excimer laser was used to provide a 40 Hz pulsed laser beam with a wavelength of 248 nm. The laser energy density in the writing area is ˜25 mJ / cm ² . The exposure time was 60 seconds, after which the grating had not changed significantly. The laser energy density was chosen because at ~ 25 mJ / cm ² , the carbon coating had no visible damage when examined with a microscope. Experiments have shown that a power density level of 80 mJ / cm ² will burn or damage the carbon coating. The exact upper limit of the write parameter has not yet been determined, for TuiLaser Co. excimer laser at 248 nm, it is expected to be between 25 mJ / cm ² of 80 mJ / cm ^2. The laser energy density range will be different for other wavelengths and types of lasers.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the reflection spectrum of the 8 mm grating reaches a peak of -11 dB corresponding to a peak reflectance of -8%.

  FIG. 4 shows a reflection spectrum 40 of FBG written to a carbon-coated optical fiber with a single laser pulse (ie, a “one pulse” writing process). The device used is exactly the same as that used to write the FBG in FIG. One pulse FBG reaches a peak reflectivity of ˜0.29% (˜−25.5 dB). This result is important. This is because the results imply that a carbon-coated fiber grating may be fabricated using a drawing tower grating writing technique.

  The grating described in FIG. 3 is the stronger of the above two, and is suitable for use in, for example, a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based interrogator. The weaker one-pulse grating described in FIG. 4 is suitable for use in weak grating interrogators based on, for example, time division multiplexing / wavelength division multiplexing (TDM / WDM) technology. In TDM / WDM systems, the reflectivity of each FBG can be as low as −35 dB (ie, a reflectivity of ˜0.03%).

  FIG. 5 shows a series of 4 written on a carbon coated test fiber using the same test equipment but with different numbers of laser pulses (1 pulse 51, 2 pulses 52, 3 pulses 53, and 5 pulses 55). The reflection spectrum 50 of two 8 mm gratings is shown.

  Further experiments were carried out to determine if the writing of the grating in the test fiber resulted in damage to the carbon coating that was not visually observed by the microscope.

  Six FBGs similar to those shown in FIG. 3 were written on the test fiber. Their wavelengths were measured at room temperature after annealing at 85 ° C. for 64 hours. The six FBGs were then placed in a deuterium exposure chamber with a pressure of 4,400 psi and a temperature of 50 ° C. After 20 days, the FBG was removed from the chamber and the wavelength was measured again at room temperature. The deuterium gas was selected because an apparatus for creating the above deuterium environment can be easily obtained. It is expected that the same result will be obtained even if deuterium gas is replaced with hydrogen gas.

  Compared to the wavelength before applying the load, the wavelength shift due to these FBGs ranged from -12 pm to 0 pm, and the average wavelength shift was -7.2 pm. Assuming room temperature variations of ˜0.5 ° C. and relatively small wavelength shifts, it can be concluded that deuterium has not entered the fiber core at these loading conditions. It can also be concluded that writing the grating does not damage the carbon coating.

  FIG. 6 shows the reflection spectrum 60 in a 10 mm long grating written on another carbon coated fiber having a carbon coating thickness of .about.0.056 .mu.m, a cladding diameter of 125 .mu.m, and a numerical aperture of 0.16. The laser conditions are the same as the grating test written on a carbon coated optical fiber with a carbon coating having a thickness of ˜0.029 μm. In the reflection spectrum 60, the 0.6% peak reflection 61 is based on 4% cut fiber end reflection. Compared to the results obtained from 0.029 μm carbon coated fiber, this low reflectivity is believed to be due primarily to both the less photosensitive fiber and the thicker carbon coating. To verify this, the grating was written on a fiber having the same glass structure as a carbon coated fiber of 0.056 μm thickness, but with a carbon coating of 0.024 μm thickness. From this result, it was found that a peak reflectivity of 1.7% was obtained with a 10 mm grating. It is believed that higher grating peak reflectivity can be obtained even in thick carbon-coated fibers due to higher germanium doping into the fiber core and special photosensitization of the fiber.

Mass production of carbon-coated optical fiber gratings The promising results described above give rise to several possible scenarios in mass production of FBGs in carbon-coated optical fibers. In the first approach, the FBG is written into a carbon-coated optical fiber in the post-secondary coating process. In the second approach, the FBG is written to the fiber as part of the drawing process after application of the carbon coating. Each of these efforts will be listed in turn.

Writing After Secondary Coating As used herein, the expression “writing after secondary coating” refers to a writing step performed after application of one or more secondary coatings on the carbon coat layer. doing. The “writing after secondary coating” technique can be performed in a drawing tower as part of an optical fiber mp drawing process, or it can be executed in a writing device after the fiber is removed from the drawing tower.

  FIG. 7A shows an isometric view of a carbon coated optical fiber 70 configured for use in a writing technique after secondary coating in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. FIG. 7B shows a cross-sectional view of the carbon-coated optical fiber shown in FIG. 7A at a plane 7B-7B.

  The fiber 70 has a core region 72, a cladding region 74, and a hermetic carbon layer 76. Surrounding the hermetic carbon layer is a protective “light-through” coating 78 that is sufficiently transparent to ultraviolet light. Such coatings are described in US Pat. No. 5,620,495, owned by the assignee of the present application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As published therein, the outer layer coating comprises a low UV absorbing polymer. Such a coating would comprise, for example, a polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylates, aliphatic polyacrylates, silsesquioxanes, alkyl-substituted silicons and vinyl ethers. As used herein, the expressions “acrylates” and “aliphatic polyacrylates” include methacrylates, poly (meth) acrylates, urethane acrylates, and the like.

  FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of an automated FBG writing system 80 used for fiber 70. The system 80 includes a programmable controller device 81, an automated fiber winding system 82, an automated fiber securing system 83 and a UV laser 84. The beam transfer optics 85 can be based on a phase mask or holographic technology. The fiber 70 is loaded into an automated fiber winding system 82 and the grating is written to the fiber 70 in a series of write cycles. In each cycle, the fixation system 83 fixes a portion of the fiber 70 in place with respect to the output of the UV laser 84 shaped by the beam transfer optics 85.

  An FBG array created using fiber 70 and grating writing system 80 retains the original fiber strength. Furthermore, as described above, the fiber is carbon coated and can be configured for use in such high humidity, hydrogen rich, or other harsh environments. The “after secondary coating” approach allows for a more sophisticated operation to achieve demanding optical spectral requirements that cannot normally be achieved with grating writing in a drawing tower.

Writing Before Secondary Coating In this specification, the expression “writing before secondary coating” is performed after the application of the carbon coating layer but before the application of the secondary coating on the carbon coating layer. The writing process.

  In an exemplary practice of a pre-secondary writing technique according to one aspect of the present invention, the grating is automatically written to the carbon coated optical fiber at the drawing tower as part of the drawing process. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an automated system 90 according to this aspect of the invention.

  The system 90 has a draw tower 91 with a furnace 92 at the top configured to receive a fiber preform from which the fiber 93 is drawn. The drawn fiber descends through the following steps: a carbon coating applicator 94 where a hermetic carbon coating is applied to the fiber 93, a grating writer 95 where the grating is written to the fiber, and an outer coating on the carbon coating. A secondary coating die 96 to be applied, and a fiber winding system 97 for receiving the finished fiber and winding it on a bulk reel.

  The grating writing unit 95 includes a UV laser 951 and a laser beam transmission optical system 952 configured to transmit a beam 953 of the writing laser to the mask 954 and its mounting tool. Of course, other grating writing techniques such as holographic techniques can also be implemented here. The amount of time required to write to each grating is sufficiently short so that the grating can be written to the fiber 93 without stopping the fiber while descending through the draw tower 91.

  Since the outer layer coating is applied after writing the grating to the fiber 93, the outer layer coating need not be a light-through coating. As such, the described approach can be flexible to the outer coating that can be applied by the secondary coating die 96. Any of a number of different outer layer coatings may be used including, for example, acrylates, polyimides, vinyl ethers, silicones, silsesquioxanes, epoxy resins, and metals.

General Technique FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a general technique 100 according to the above aspect of the invention.

  The technique 100 includes the following steps:

101 : A photosensitive optical fiber having a clad coated with a hermetic carbon coating is provided.

102 : Providing a laser having a beam output configured to transmit one or more refractive index modulations to an optical fiber through the hermetic carbon layer while the hermetic carbon layer remains intact.

103 : Use a laser to write one or more optical devices into the optical fiber through the hermetic carbon layer.

Conclusion The fiber Bragg grating fabricated in carbon coated fiber according to the present invention is (1) resistant to hydrogen entry below a certain temperature, and (2) long-term reliability when the fiber is stressed and in a humid environment. Has multiple advantages, including increased sex.

  Another advantage of writing FBGs on carbon-coated optical fibers both after and before secondary coating is that the FBG-coated carbon-coated optical fiber is the same as the original carbon-coated optical fiber. Strength (~ 550 kpsi), that is, it will have about the same breaking strength as before writing the FBG to it.

  While the preceding description includes details that enable one to practice the invention, the description is illustrative in nature, and many modifications and variations will occur to those skilled in the art having the benefit of those teachings. It should be recognized that it will be obvious to the world. As a result, the invention is defined herein solely by the claims appended hereto, which means that the claims are construed as broadly as permitted by the prior art.

Claims (8)

A method of making one or more optical devices in a carbon-coated optical fiber, comprising:
A photosensitive optical fiber having a hermetic carbon coating and an outer layer coating on the hermetic carbon coating , wherein an ultraviolet laser is used to transmit the outer layer coating and the hermetic carbon coating to the fiber. The outer layer coating has a sufficiently low UV absorption so that one or more optical devices are written ;
A beam output configured to write one or more refractive index modulations through the hermetic carbon coating and the outer layer coating into the optical fiber while the hermetic carbon coating and the outer layer coating remain intact. Providing a laser having, and
The transmitted through the hermetic carbon coating and the outer layer coating, to write one or more optical devices to the optical fiber, the use of les Za,
Including methods. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outer layer coating comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylates, aliphatic polyacrylates, silsesquioxanes, alkyl-substituted silicons, and vinyl ethers. A method for producing a photosensitive carbon-coated optical fiber,
Doping the fiber to have high photosensitivity,
Applying a hermetic carbon coating to the cladding of the fiber; and
Applying an outer layer coating on the hermetic carbon coating ;
One or more optical devices are written to the fiber through the outer layer coating and the carbon coating using an ultraviolet laser while leaving the hermetic carbon coating and the outer layer coating intact. The outer layer coating has a sufficiently low UV absorption. 4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the fiber has a core and a cladding, and the core or a portion of the core and the cladding is doped with germanium or other rare earth dopant. 4. The method of claim 3 , comprising using a hydrogen or deuterium load to increase the photosensitivity of the fiber. Wherein after said coating of a hermetic carbon coating, by heating the fibers to a temperature at which hydrogen or deuterium is loaded by passing through the hermetic carbon coating, the hydrogen or deuterium is loaded into the fiber, The method of claim 5 . A photosensitive carbon coated optical fiber,
A waveguide having a photosensitive core region and an enclosing cladding region;
A hermetic carbon coating surrounding the waveguide, and
Having an outer coating surrounding the hermetic carbon coating ;
An ultraviolet laser is used to write one or more optical devices to the fiber through the outer layer coating and the hermetic carbon coating while leaving the hermetic carbon coating and the outer layer coating intact. A photosensitive carbon-coated optical fiber, wherein the outer layer coating has ultraviolet absorption that allows it to be absorbed. The optical fiber of claim 7 , wherein the outer layer coating comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylates, aliphatic polyacrylates, silsesquioxanes, alkyl-substituted silicons, and vinyl ethers.

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