JP6103578B2 - Nondestructive inspection system, monitoring system, nondestructive inspection method and monitoring method for concrete structure using strain of concrete - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a nondestructive inspection system, a monitoring system, and a nondestructive inspection method for a concrete structure. More specifically, the present invention relates to a non-destructive inspection system, a monitoring system, and a non-destructive inspection method for a concrete structure using a unidirectional or bi-directional concrete strain.

  In recent years, existing concrete structures such as bridges that make up traffic infrastructure are beginning to show deterioration such as fatigue damage of concrete slabs due to repeated heavy traffic loads, and will require measures such as repair and reinforcement in the future. Cases are expected to increase.

  In order to select appropriate repair and reinforcement methods, it is necessary to accurately grasp the fatigue situation. For this reason, as a non-destructive inspection method for measuring the fatigue status of concrete structures, a method that uses the velocity of elastic waves and ultrasonic waves propagating in concrete structures, including methods of measuring deflection under the action of external forces (See Patent Documents 1 and 2, etc.), a method using a hammering sound of a test hammer (see Patent Document 3 etc.) and the like.

JP 2003-66013 A JP 2003-149214 A JP 2002-340869 A

  However, in the method of measuring the deflection at the time of external force action, the deflection is the relative displacement between the structure to be inspected and the fixed point (fixed point), so it takes time to set the fixed point and it may be difficult to measure. is there. In addition, the method using elastic waves and ultrasonic waves can only evaluate the local range in which the elastic waves and ultrasonic waves propagate, and therefore requires a great deal of labor and time to inspect a wide range. In addition, it is necessary for humans to make empirical judgments on the hammering sound of a test hammer. Furthermore, these methods can be tested only periodically, and there is a problem that it is difficult to monitor the fatigue state of a concrete structure that changes constantly.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide a nondestructive inspection system, a monitoring system, and a nondestructive inspection method capable of easily measuring the fatigue level of a concrete structure.

According to a first aspect of the present invention for achieving the above-mentioned object, the fatigue degree of the concrete structure is measured using strain in one direction or two directions of the concrete structure, and the strain is measured in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber sensor. both end fixing portion provided only attached directly to the concrete structure, non of the concrete structure, characterized in that it is measured by using an optical fiber sensor which is provided to the to the concrete structure is not in direct contact Destructive inspection system.

The nondestructive inspection system of the first invention can measure the degree of fatigue using the amplitude of strain in one direction or two directions of the concrete structure. The amplitude is obtained by a difference between the maximum value in the distortion waveform within a predetermined period and the minimum value in a predetermined range around it.
Further, it is possible to calculate an amplitude ratio of strains in two directions of the concrete structure, and to measure the fatigue level using the amplitude ratio.
For example, the concrete structure is a concrete floor slab on which a vehicle travels, the strain in the two directions is a strain in a longitudinal direction corresponding to the travel direction of the vehicle and a transverse direction orthogonal thereto, and the amplitude ratio is The value of the amplitude of the strain in the longitudinal direction is divided by the value of the amplitude of the strain in the transverse direction, and a value exceeding 1 is measured as the amplitude ratio.
Furthermore, the deflection of the concrete structure can be estimated using the amplitude ratio.

  2nd invention is a monitoring system characterized by monitoring the measurement result of the fatigue degree measurement in 1st invention.

  The concrete structure includes all concrete structures such as a concrete column, a concrete girder, a concrete floor slab, a concrete pile, and a concrete dam body of a dam that are directly subjected to external force.

  According to the first and second inventions, it is possible to easily monitor the degree of fatigue using an objective index by measuring strain in one direction or two directions of a concrete structure. Strain can be measured at locations other than those that are subject to external forces. For example, in concrete structures such as concrete floor slabs of bridges that receive traffic loads, traffic is restricted by measuring strain at locations that do not hinder traffic. In addition, non-destructive inspection can be performed and the degree of fatigue can be monitored at all times, and a wide range of measurements are easy.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, the degree of fatigue of the concrete structure is measured using strain in one direction or two directions of the concrete structure, and the strain is a fixed portion provided only at both ends in the longitudinal direction of the optical fiber sensor. Is a nondestructive inspection method for a concrete structure, characterized in that it is measured using an optical fiber sensor that is directly attached to the concrete structure and is not directly in contact with the concrete structure.
4th invention is the monitoring method of the concrete structure characterized by monitoring the measurement result of the fatigue degree measurement in 3rd invention.

In the third and fourth inventions , the degree of fatigue can be measured using the amplitude of strain in one direction or two directions of the concrete structure.
Further, it is possible to calculate an amplitude ratio of strains in two directions of the concrete structure, and to measure the fatigue level using the amplitude ratio.
Furthermore, the deflection of the concrete structure can be estimated using the amplitude ratio.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a nondestructive inspection system, a monitoring system, and a nondestructive inspection method capable of easily measuring the fatigue level of a concrete structure.

The figure which shows the outline of the nondestructive inspection system 1 The figure which shows the optical fiber sensor 12 The figure which shows the hardware constitutions of PC16 Flow chart showing processing of PC16 The figure which shows the specimen 41 of a wheel load running test The figure which shows the state of the wheel load running test machine 40 and the test body 41 at the time of a test. Diagram showing the relationship between the deflection of live load, crack density and the number of equivalent repeated runs Figure showing the relationship between the strain waveform and strain amplitude and the number of equivalent repeated runs Diagram showing the relationship between deflection of live load, longitudinal strain amplitude εx, and transverse strain amplitude εy Diagram showing the relationship between amplitude ratio, deflection of live load, and crack density

  Hereinafter, embodiments of a nondestructive inspection system for a concrete structure of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The concrete structure here includes all concrete structures such as a concrete column, a concrete girder, a concrete floor slab, a concrete pile, and a concrete dam body of a dam that are directly subjected to external force.

[1. Nondestructive inspection system 1]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an outline of a nondestructive inspection system 1 (monitoring system) according to an embodiment of the present invention. This nondestructive inspection system 1 measures the fatigue level of a concrete structure and monitors it, and has an optical fiber sensor 12, an optical fiber cable 14, a photoelectric converter 15, a PC 16 and the like as shown in the figure. . In the present embodiment, the concrete structure 11 is a concrete floor slab such as a bridge, and the vehicle travels on the concrete floor slab. However, the present invention is not limited to this.

  The optical fiber sensor 12 is attached to the bottom surface of the concrete structure 11 by fixing portions 13 provided at both ends, and is arranged in two directions, a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction. Note that the longitudinal direction is the traveling direction of the vehicle, and the transverse direction is a direction orthogonal thereto. The optical fiber sensor 12 is provided so as not to directly contact the concrete structure 11.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of the optical fiber sensor 12. The optical fiber sensor 12 used in the present embodiment is an optical strand having a length of about 1 m, and has a feature capable of sensitively detecting a displacement at an installation position. When the optical fiber sensor 12 is deformed according to the strain of the concrete structure 11, light leaks in an amount corresponding to the deformation amount (the strain amount of the concrete structure 11) due to a phenomenon called microbending unique to the optical fiber.

  The optical fiber cable 14 transmits light leaking from the optical fiber sensor 12 to the photoelectric converter 15.

  The photoelectric converter 15 inputs a signal corresponding to the intensity of the light transmitted by the optical fiber cable 14 to the PC 16.

  The PC 16 converts the above signal into a strain amount of the concrete structure 11 and measures the strain in the above-described two directions of the concrete structure 11. In this embodiment, the average strain is obtained by dividing the displacement between the fixed portions 13 of the optical fiber sensor 12 by the length of the optical fiber sensor 12 as the strain.

  Further, the PC 16 performs fatigue monitoring of the concrete structure 11 by using strain in one direction or two directions, and performs monitoring. This will be described later. The measurement result can also be transmitted to a remote PC via a network and monitored at a remote location.

  FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a hardware configuration of the PC 16. As shown in the figure, the PC 16 is configured by connecting a control unit 21, a storage unit 22, an input unit 23, a display unit 24, a communication unit 25, and the like via a bus 26. Note that the hardware configuration in FIG. 3 is merely an example, and various configurations can be adopted depending on the application and purpose.

  The control unit 21 includes a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, and the like. The CPU calls a program stored in the storage unit 22, ROM, recording medium or the like to a work memory area on the RAM, executes it, drives and controls each device connected via the bus 26, and performs processing performed by the computer. Realize. The ROM is a non-volatile memory and permanently stores programs, data, and the like. The RAM is a volatile memory, and temporarily stores a program, data, and the like loaded from the storage unit 22, ROM, recording medium, and the like, and includes a work area used by the control unit 21 for performing various processes.

  The storage unit 22 is a hard disk, a flash memory, or the like, and stores a program executed by the control unit 21, data necessary for program execution, and the like. These program codes are read by the CPU of the control unit 21 as necessary, transferred to the RAM, and executed as various means.

  Particularly in the present embodiment, the storage unit 22 of the PC 16 stores a program for executing processing to be described later, data indicating the relationship between the strain amplitude, the strain amplitude ratio, and the deflection amount of the concrete structure 11, and the like. The This program is used to measure and monitor the fatigue level of the concrete structure 11 using the strain in one or two directions measured as described above based on the displacement of the optical fiber sensor 12 attached to the concrete structure 11. It is a program.

The input unit 23 inputs data and includes an input device such as a touch panel and keys. An operation instruction, an operation instruction, data input, and the like can be performed on the computer via the input unit 23.
The display unit 24 includes a display device such as a liquid crystal panel, and a logic circuit or the like (video adapter or the like) for realizing the video function of the computer in cooperation with the display device.
The communication unit 25 is a communication interface for communicating with another computer or the like via a network such as a wireless LAN.
The bus 26 is a path that mediates transmission / reception of control signals, data signals, and the like between the devices.

[2. Fatigue measurement of concrete structure 11]
Then, the fatigue degree measurement of the concrete structure 11 by the nondestructive inspection system 1 is demonstrated, referring FIG. FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the processing of the PC 16 in the fatigue level measurement.

  In order to measure the fatigue level of the concrete structure 11 by the nondestructive inspection system 1, first, the PC 16 measures the strain in the two directions of the concrete structure 11 as described above (S1). The strain is measured at a frequency of about 100 times per second.

  Next, the PC 16 obtains the distortion amplitude from the distortion waveform within the predetermined period measured as described above (for example, see FIG. 8A described later) (S2). Here, the amplitude of the strain is defined as a difference between the maximum value of the strain in the strain waveform within the predetermined period and the minimum value of the predetermined range before and after that.

  And PC16 calculates the ratio of the amplitude calculated | required about the distortion | strain of 2 directions, performs a fatigue degree measurement by this amplitude ratio, calculates and estimates the deflection amount of the concrete structure 11 (S3).

  Specifically, the PC 16 calculates the above amplitude ratio, and data indicating the relationship between the strain amplitude ratio stored in advance in the storage unit 22 and the deflection amount of the concrete structure 11 (for example, a dotted line in FIG. 10 described later). The amount of deflection of the concrete structure 11 corresponding to the amplitude ratio is calculated using the equation (1). Measurement results such as the amplitude ratio and the deflection amount can be displayed on the display unit of the PC 16 or a remote PC, and can be continuously monitored by an administrator and used for maintenance.

  In S3, the degree of fatigue of the concrete structure 11 can be calculated and estimated by measuring the degree of fatigue using the strain amplitude itself calculated in S2. In this case, data indicating the relationship between the amplitude in this direction and the amount of deflection of the concrete structure 11 stored in advance in the storage unit 22 from the strain amplitude in any one direction obtained in S2 (for example, a diagram to be described later) 9 is used to calculate the amount of deflection of the concrete structure 11 corresponding to the amplitude. Measurement results such as amplitude and deflection amount can be monitored and used for maintenance in the same manner as described above. In this case, the optical fiber sensor 12 may be attached to the concrete structure 11 only in one direction.

  In addition, it is also possible to determine the soundness of the concrete structure 11 using the above measurement results. For example, when the strain amplitude, the strain amplitude ratio, and the amount of deflection are larger than a predetermined threshold value, the soundness is sound. It is determined that it is not. In accordance with this result, it is possible to perform an appropriate treatment on the concrete structure 11.

  In the present embodiment, the optical fiber sensor 12 is used for strain measurement. However, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, a foil-type strain gauge used in conventional strain measurement may be used instead. Is also possible. However, with a strain gauge, there is a risk that measurement will not be possible at the same time as cracking occurs under the gauge. On the other hand, the optical fiber sensor 12 is advantageous in that such a fear does not occur.

  As explained above, in the nondestructive inspection system 1 (monitoring system) of this embodiment, the strain in one direction or two directions of the concrete structure 11 is measured, and the fatigue level measurement and monitoring using an objective index is performed. Can be done easily. Strain can be measured at locations other than those subjected to external force. For example, in concrete structures that receive traffic loads such as concrete floor slabs of bridges, traffic is restricted by measuring strain at locations that do not hinder traffic. Non-destructive inspection can be performed without any problems, and the degree of fatigue can be monitored at all times. In addition, the nondestructive inspection system 1 etc. of this embodiment is applicable also to other concrete structures, for example, the dam body of the dam which receives water pressure.

  Next, as an example of the nondestructive inspection system 1 of the present invention, the measurement of the fatigue level of a concrete slab during a wheel load running test will be described below. However, the present invention is not limited to this.

  FIG. 5 shows a concrete floor slab (RC floor slab) used as a specimen in a wheel load running test. 5A is a plan view of the specimen 41, and FIG. 5B is a side view of the specimen 41 in the transverse direction (width direction). In the wheel load running test, the specimen 41 was a rectangular flat concrete floor slab having a length of 3000 mm, a width of 2000 mm, and a thickness of 160 mm, and main reinforcing bars and distribution bars were arranged at predetermined intervals.

  An optical fiber sensor 51 was attached to the bottom surface of the specimen 41. The optical fiber sensor 51 was arranged in the longitudinal direction (length direction) and the transverse direction of the specimen 41.

  FIG. 6A shows a wheel load running test machine 40 used in the wheel load running test. The wheel load running test machine 40 includes a frame 42, a rail 53, a moving stage 44, a loading portion 45, and the like, and the moving stage 44 on which the specimen 41 is placed is reciprocated ± 1 m horizontally along the rail 53. The test piece 41 is loaded by the loading portion 45 attached to the frame 42. The loading unit 45 loads the lower wheel by pressing the lower wheel against the specimen 41 with a hydraulic jack.

  FIG.6 (b) is the figure which looked at the state of the test body 41 at the time of a test from the top. Here, the specimen 41 is arranged on the moving stage 44 with the two sides in the longitudinal direction being simply supported by the longitudinal beam 48 and the two sides in the transverse direction being elastically supported by the transverse beam 47, and both end portions of the two sides in the longitudinal direction. Was attached to the moving stage 44 using the lifting prevention device 43. Further, as shown in FIG. 6 (a), on the upper surface of the specimen 41 serving as a loading surface, a veneer plate 46 is laid in the wheel load traveling range when the specimen 41 is reciprocated, and the loading blocks 50 are arranged there. Furthermore, the wheel load was made to drive | work on the state in which the loading iron plate 49 was mounted.

  The wheel load running test was conducted by the step load loading method. That is, the wheel load from 0 to 100,000 times of travel is set to 98 kN, the wheel load at 100,000 to 200,000 times m is set to 127 and 4 kN, and thereafter the wheel load is increased by 29.4 kN every 50,000 times of travel. Increased.

  The strain measurement in the wheel load running test was performed after the predetermined number of running times, while the specimen 41 was reciprocated in the same manner as described above while loading the basic wheel load of 98 kN, and the strain for 4 minutes during the running was measured. . The strain measurement interval was 0.01 seconds. In addition, the deflection of the (static) live load at the center of the slab when 98 kN was loaded and the crack on the bottom of the slab were observed and measured.

The number of times of wheel load travel was evaluated by an equivalent number of repeated travels in which the number of travels due to stage loading was converted to the number of travels when a basic wheel load of 98 kN was loaded. Specifically, the number of running times for each load is expressed by the following known formula (1) assuming a minor rule:
N _eq = Σ (P _i / 98) ^m n _i (1)
Thus, the number of travels at the time of loading with a load of 98 kN (equivalent number of repeated travels) was converted. Here, N _eq is the number of equivalent repeated travels, P _i is the wheel load actually loaded (kN)
, _{N i} is the number of times traveled on the wheel load _{P i,} m is the coefficient at the time of conversion, it is m = 12.76.

  FIG. 7A is a diagram showing the relationship between the deflection of the live load and the number of equivalent repeated travels in the wheel load travel test. As shown in the figure, the deflection of the live load increases until the number of travels reaches 100,000, but after that, it shows a tendency to remain constant until the number of travels reaches 10 million. It rapidly increased and reached the fatigue limit.

  FIG. 7B is a diagram showing the relationship between the crack density and the number of equivalent repeated runs. As shown in the figure, the crack density tended to increase as the number of runs increased. The observation results of cracks are mainly cracks in the longitudinal direction at the initial stage of the number of travels, but the progress of cracks in the transverse direction starts to be noticeable as the cracks progress in the longitudinal direction from around 100,000 travels. After 1.5 million times, the results showed that the progress of cracks in both the transverse and longitudinal directions was remarkable.

  FIG. 8A is a diagram showing an example of the strain waveform measured as described above. The strain waveform is obtained from the displacement of the optical fiber sensor 51 by the same method as in the above-described embodiment. As shown in the figure, the strain waveform changed following the wheel load running on the specimen 41. Here, the difference (maximum amplitude) between the maximum value in the strain waveform and the minimum value in the predetermined range before and after the strain waveform is defined as the strain amplitude, and the strain amplitude εx in the longitudinal direction and the strain amplitude εy in the transverse direction are obtained.

  FIG. 8B is a diagram showing the relationship between these strain amplitudes and the number of equivalent repeated runs. From the figure, the strain amplitude shows a tendency to increase as the number of runnings increases. This indicates that fatigue damage has progressed.

  Further, the strain amplitude εy in the transverse direction and the strain amplitude εx in the longitudinal direction show a tendency that the magnitudes are reversed when the number of equivalent repeated travels exceeds 1.1 million. This generally coincided with the tendency of the observation results of cracks described above. That is, it was judged that the increasing tendency of the strain amplitude in the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction well captures the process of crack growth.

  FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between the deflection of the live load, the longitudinal strain amplitude εx, and the transverse strain amplitude εy. Both the longitudinal direction strain amplitude εx and the transverse direction strain amplitude εy tend to increase so as to follow the increase in deflection of the live load.

  FIG. 9 shows that both the longitudinal strain amplitude εx and the transverse strain amplitude εy have a high correlation with the deflection of the live load. Therefore, it was shown that the degree of deflection can be estimated using a relational expression as shown by a solid line or a dotted line in FIG. However, since the magnitude of the acting load also affects the value of the strain amplitude, it is necessary to evaluate it together with the magnitude of the acting load. In consideration of actual application, there are cases where the evaluation is difficult.

  Therefore, here, the strain amplitude ratio is used for the fatigue level measurement based on the tendency described with reference to FIG. Here, the ratio θ = εx / εy between the longitudinal strain amplitude εx and the transverse strain amplitude εy was calculated. The relationship between the amplitude ratio and the deflection of the live load is indicated by a dotted line in FIG. In FIG. 10, the relationship between the amplitude ratio and the crack density is also shown by a solid line.

  As shown in FIG. 10, the amplitude ratio has a high correlation with the deflection amount, and by using the amplitude ratio, the fatigue level can be measured without obtaining the applied load, and the relationship shown by the dotted line in FIG. It was shown that the amount of deflection can be calculated and estimated using an equation. Since the amplitude ratio has a high correlation with the crack density, the crack density can be calculated and estimated in the same manner.

  The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to such examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes or modifications can be conceived within the scope of the technical idea disclosed in the present application, and these naturally belong to the technical scope of the present invention. Understood.

1: Non-destructive inspection system (monitoring system)
11: Concrete structure 12: Optical fiber sensor 14: Optical fiber cable 15: Photoelectric converter 16: PC

Claims (9)

Using the strain in one or two directions of the concrete structure, measure the fatigue level of the concrete structure,
The strain, fixing portion provided only in the longitudinal ends of the optical fiber sensor is mounted directly on the concrete structure, wherein the concrete structure is measured by using an optical fiber sensor which is provided so as not to contact directly A nondestructive inspection system for concrete structures.   2. The nondestructive inspection system for a concrete structure according to claim 1, wherein the fatigue degree is measured using an amplitude of strain in one direction or two directions of the concrete structure.   The nondestructive inspection system for a concrete structure according to claim 2, wherein the amplitude is obtained by a difference between a maximum value in a strain waveform within a predetermined period and a minimum value in a predetermined range before and after the amplitude.   The non-destructive inspection system for a concrete structure according to claim 2 or 3, wherein an amplitude ratio of strains in two directions of the concrete structure is calculated, and the degree of fatigue is measured using the amplitude ratio. The concrete structure is a concrete floor slab on which a vehicle travels,
The strain in the two directions is a longitudinal direction corresponding to the traveling direction of the vehicle and a transverse direction orthogonal thereto.
The amplitude ratio is obtained by dividing the value of the amplitude of the strain in the longitudinal direction by the value of the amplitude of the strain in the transverse direction,
5. The nondestructive inspection system for a concrete structure according to claim 4, wherein a value exceeding 1 is measured as the amplitude ratio.   The nondestructive inspection system for a concrete structure according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the deflection of the concrete structure is estimated using the amplitude ratio.   A monitoring system for a concrete structure, wherein the measurement result of the fatigue level measurement according to any one of claims 1 to 6 is monitored. Using the strain in one or two directions of the concrete structure, measure the fatigue level of the concrete structure,
The strain, fixing portion provided only in the longitudinal ends of the optical fiber sensor is mounted directly on the concrete structure, wherein the concrete structure is measured by using an optical fiber sensor which is provided so as not to contact directly A non-destructive inspection method for concrete structures.   A method for monitoring a concrete structure, wherein the measurement result of the fatigue level measurement in claim 8 is monitored.

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