JP6065888B2 - Air-fuel ratio sensor abnormality diagnosis device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an abnormality diagnosis device for an air-fuel ratio sensor disposed in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine.

  Conventionally, in an internal combustion engine in which the air-fuel ratio is controlled to a target air-fuel ratio, a limit current type air-fuel ratio sensor that generates a limit current corresponding to the air-fuel ratio is disposed in the engine exhaust passage, and this air-fuel ratio sensor There is known an internal combustion engine in which the amount of fuel supplied to the engine is feedback controlled so that the air-fuel ratio becomes the target air-fuel ratio. However, in this air-fuel ratio sensor, there is a case where element cracking occurs such that the outer surface of the sensor element communicates with the internal space of the sensor element. When such element cracking occurs, the air-fuel ratio sensor cannot generate an appropriate output corresponding to the air-fuel ratio, and as a result, the air-fuel ratio cannot be accurately feedback-controlled to the target air-fuel ratio.

  Therefore, an abnormality diagnosis device for detecting element cracks in an air-fuel ratio sensor has been conventionally known (for example, Patent Document 1). According to Patent Document 1, the applied voltage to the air-fuel ratio sensor is normally set at the center of the limit current region, and when the sensor element of the air-fuel ratio sensor is cracked or platinum on the electrode is condensed. Means that the voltage applied to the air-fuel ratio sensor is shifted from the center of the limit current region to the high voltage side or the low voltage side. Therefore, in this patent document 1, when the applied voltage to the air-fuel ratio sensor is shifted from the central portion of the limit current region to the high voltage side or the low voltage side, the sensor element of the air-fuel ratio sensor is cracked, or It is determined that the platinum on the electrode has condensed.

JP 2010-174790 A

However, this Patent Document 1 cannot reliably detect that a crack has occurred in the sensor element of the air-fuel ratio sensor.
An object of the present invention is to provide an abnormality diagnosis device capable of reliably detecting element cracks in an air-fuel ratio sensor.

In order to solve the above-described problem, according to the present invention, an abnormality diagnosis device for a limit current type air-fuel ratio sensor that is disposed in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine and generates a limit current according to the air-fuel ratio is provided. A current detection unit for detecting the output current I and an applied voltage control device for controlling the applied voltage V to the air-fuel ratio sensor are provided . When an element crack of the air-fuel ratio sensor occurs, the air-fuel ratio is made rich. If the applied voltage V is changed within a range in which a limit current corresponding to the air-fuel ratio is generated when the air-fuel ratio sensor is normal, the applied voltage V changes at a voltage higher than 0.9 V when the air-fuel ratio sensor is normal. When the output current I changes according to the change pattern of the output current I when the air-fuel ratio is changed, the applied voltage control device determines that the air-fuel ratio sensor is normal when the air-fuel ratio is made rich to diagnose an abnormality of the air-fuel ratio sensor. Sometimes air-fuel ratio Varying the applied voltage V within a range corresponding limit current is generated, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor is detected to have changed by more than a predetermined value with in the above described change pattern by the current detecting unit this time An abnormality diagnosis device for an air-fuel ratio sensor that is sometimes determined to have an element crack in the air-fuel ratio sensor is provided.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to accurately detect element cracks in the air-fuel ratio sensor.

FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an internal combustion engine in which an abnormality diagnosis apparatus according to the present invention is used. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the air-fuel ratio sensor. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the applied voltage V and the output current I at each exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the air-fuel ratio and the output current I when the applied voltage V is constant. FIG. 5 is a time chart showing changes in the oxygen storage amount and the like of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst during normal operation of the internal combustion engine. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an air-fuel ratio sensor in which element cracking occurs. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the output current I and the air-fuel ratio A / F when an element crack of the air-fuel ratio sensor occurs. 8A and 8B are diagrams showing the relationship between the output current I and the applied voltage V when the element crack of the air-fuel ratio sensor occurs. 9A and 9B are diagrams showing a schematic cross-sectional view of the oxygen concentration sensor and a change in the output voltage E of the oxygen concentration sensor. 10A and 10B are diagrams showing a schematic cross-sectional view of the air-fuel ratio sensor and a change in the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor. 11A, 11B, and 11C are diagrams showing the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor. FIG. 13 is a time chart showing changes in the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor when active control is performed. FIG. 14 is a time chart showing changes in the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor when active control is performed. FIG. 15 is a flowchart for performing abnormality diagnosis of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. FIG. 16 is a flowchart for performing abnormality diagnosis of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor.

Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
<Description of the internal combustion engine as a whole>
FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an internal combustion engine in which an abnormality diagnosis apparatus according to the present invention is used. Referring to FIG. 1, 1 is an engine body, 2 is a cylinder block, 3 is a piston that reciprocates in the cylinder block 2, 4 is a cylinder head fixed on the cylinder block 2, and 5 is a piston 3 and a cylinder head 4. A combustion chamber formed therebetween, 6 is an intake valve, 7 is an intake port, 8 is an exhaust valve, and 9 is an exhaust port.

  As shown in FIG. 1, a spark plug 10 is arranged at the center of the inner wall surface of the cylinder head 4, and a fuel injection valve 11 is arranged around the inner wall surface of the cylinder head 4. Fuel is injected from the fuel injection valve 11 into the combustion chamber 5. In the embodiment according to the present invention, gasoline having a theoretical air-fuel ratio of 14.6 is used as the fuel. However, fuel other than gasoline or a mixed fuel with gasoline can also be used.

  The intake port 7 of each cylinder is connected to a surge tank 14 via a corresponding intake branch pipe 13, and the surge tank 14 is connected to an air cleaner 16 via an intake pipe 15. A throttle valve 18 driven by an actuator 17 is disposed in the intake pipe 15. On the other hand, the exhaust port 9 of each cylinder is connected to an exhaust manifold 19, and the aggregate portion of the exhaust manifold 19 is connected to an upstream casing 21 containing an upstream exhaust purification catalyst 20. The upstream casing 21 is connected to a downstream casing 23 containing a downstream exhaust purification catalyst 24 via an exhaust pipe 22. The exhaust port 9, the exhaust manifold 19, the upstream casing 21, the exhaust pipe 22, and the downstream casing 23 form an exhaust passage.

  An electronic control unit (ECU) 31 comprises a digital computer, and is connected to each other via a bidirectional bus 32, a RAM (Random Access Memory) 33, a ROM (Read Only Memory) 34, a CPU (Microprocessor) 35, and an input. A port 36 and an output port 37 are provided. The intake pipe 15 is provided with an intake air amount detector 39 for detecting the flow rate of air flowing through the intake pipe 15. The output of the intake air amount detector 39 is input to the input port via the corresponding AD converter 38. 36. Further, an upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 for detecting the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing in the exhaust manifold 19 is disposed at the collecting portion of the exhaust manifold 19, and the exhaust gas flowing in the exhaust pipe 22 is disposed in the exhaust pipe 22. A downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 for detecting the air-fuel ratio of gas is disposed. The outputs of these air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are also input to the input port 36 via the corresponding AD converter 38. The configuration of these air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 will be described later.

  A load sensor 43 that generates an output voltage proportional to the amount of depression of the accelerator pedal 42 is connected to the accelerator pedal 42, and the output voltage of the load sensor 43 is input to the input port 36 via the corresponding AD converter 38. For example, the crank angle sensor 44 generates an output pulse every time the crankshaft rotates 15 degrees, and this output pulse is input to the input port 36. The CPU 35 calculates the engine speed from the output pulse of the crank angle sensor 44. On the other hand, the output port 37 is connected to the spark plug 10, the fuel injection valve 11, and the throttle valve drive actuator 17 via the corresponding drive circuit 45.

The upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 and the downstream side exhaust purification catalyst 24 support a noble metal (for example, platinum (Pt)) and a substance having an oxygen storage capacity (for example, ceria (CeO ₂ )) on a ceramic support. It consists of a three-way catalyst. The three-way catalyst has a function of simultaneously purifying unburned HC, CO and NOx when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the three-way catalyst is maintained at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. If the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 slightly deviates from the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio to the rich side or lean side, the unburned HC, CO And NOx are simultaneously purified.

  That is, if the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 have oxygen storage capacity, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 becomes slightly lean, excess oxygen contained in the exhaust gas The exhaust purification catalysts 20 and 24 are occluded, and the surfaces of the exhaust purification catalysts 20 and 24 are maintained at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. As a result, unburned HC, CO, and NOx are simultaneously purified on the surfaces of the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24, and at this time, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing out from the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 becomes the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. On the other hand, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 becomes slightly rich, the oxygen that is insufficient to reduce the unburned HC and CO contained in the exhaust gas is reduced. In this case as well, the surfaces of the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 are maintained at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. As a result, unburned HC, CO, and NOx are simultaneously purified on the surfaces of the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24, and at this time, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing out from the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 becomes the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

  As described above, when the exhaust purification catalysts 20 and 24 have the oxygen storage capacity, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalysts 20 and 24 is richer or leaner than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Even if there is a slight deviation, unburned HC, CO and NOx are simultaneously purified, and the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing out from the exhaust purification catalysts 20, 24 becomes the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

<Description of air-fuel ratio sensor>
In the embodiment according to the present invention, a cup-type limiting current type air-fuel ratio sensor is used as the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41. Next, the structure of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 will be briefly described with reference to FIG. The air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 include a solid electrolyte layer 51, an exhaust-side electrode 52 disposed on one side surface thereof, an atmosphere-side electrode 53 disposed on the other side surface, and diffusion of exhaust gas passing therethrough. A diffusion control layer 54 for controlling the rate, a reference gas chamber 55, and a heater unit 56 for heating the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are provided.

  In particular, in the cup-type air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 in the embodiment according to the present invention, the solid electrolyte layer 51 is formed in a cylindrical shape with one end closed. Atmospheric gas is introduced into the reference gas chamber 55 formed inside the solid electrolyte layer 51, and a heater portion 56 is disposed. An atmosphere side electrode 53 is disposed on the inner surface of the solid electrolyte layer 51, and an exhaust side electrode 52 is disposed on the outer surface of the solid electrolyte layer 51. On the outer surfaces of the solid electrolyte layer 51 and the exhaust-side electrode 52, a diffusion control layer 54 is disposed so as to cover them. A protective layer (not shown) for preventing liquid or the like from adhering to the surface of the diffusion rate controlling layer 54 can be provided outside the diffusion rate controlling layer 54.

The solid electrolyte layer 51 is an oxygen ion conductive oxide in which ZrO ₂ (zirconia), HfO ₂ , ThO ₂ , Bi ₂ O _3, etc. are distributed with CaO, MgO, Y ₂ O ₃ , Yb ₂ O ₃ etc. as stabilizers. The sintered body is formed. The diffusion control layer 54 is formed of a porous sintered body of a heat-resistant inorganic substance such as alumina, magnesia, silica, spinel, mullite or the like. Furthermore, the exhaust-side electrode 52 and the atmosphere-side electrode 53 are formed of a noble metal having high catalytic activity such as platinum.

  Further, a sensor applied voltage V is applied between the exhaust side electrode 52 and the atmosphere side electrode 53 by an applied voltage control device 60 controlled by the ECU 31. Further, the ECU 31 is provided with a current detector 61 that detects a current I flowing between the electrodes 52 and 53 through the solid electrolyte layer 51 when the sensor applied voltage V is applied. The current detected by the current detector 61 is the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41.

The air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 configured in this way have voltage-current (V-I) characteristics as shown in FIG. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases as the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas, that is, the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F increases, that is, as the air-fuel ratio becomes leaner. The V-I line at each exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F includes a region parallel to the sensor applied voltage V axis, that is, a region where the output current I hardly changes even when the sensor applied voltage V changes. This voltage region is referred to as a limiting current region, and the current at this time is referred to as a limiting current. In FIG. 3, the limiting current region and limit current when the exhaust air-fuel ratio is 18 is shown in each W18, I18.

  FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the exhaust air-fuel ratio and the output current I when the applied voltage V is kept constant at about 0.45 V (FIG. 3). As can be seen from FIG. 4, in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, the higher the exhaust air-fuel ratio, that is, the leaner the output current I from the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases. Further, the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 have an output current I of zero when the exhaust air-fuel ratio is the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. As the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, instead of the limit current type air-fuel ratio sensor having the structure shown in FIG. Can also be used.

<Basic control>
In the internal combustion engine configured as described above, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 is based on the engine operating state based on the outputs of the upstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 40 and the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41. The fuel injection amount from the fuel injection valve 11 is set so as to achieve an optimal air-fuel ratio. As such a method for setting the fuel injection amount, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 based on the output of the upstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 40, that is, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing out from the engine body is used. Are controlled so as to be the target air-fuel ratio, and the output of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 is corrected based on the output of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41, or the target air-fuel ratio is changed.

  With reference to FIG. 5, an example of such control of the target air-fuel ratio will be briefly described. FIG. 5 is a time chart showing changes in the oxygen storage amount of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst, the target air-fuel ratio, the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor, and the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor during normal operation of the internal combustion engine. It is a chart. “Output air-fuel ratio” means an air-fuel ratio corresponding to the output of the air-fuel ratio sensor. The “normal operation” is a control that adjusts the fuel injection amount in accordance with a specific operation state of the internal combustion engine, for example, an increase correction control of the fuel injection amount that is performed during acceleration of a vehicle equipped with the internal combustion engine, This means an operating state in which supply stop control or the like is not performed.

  In the example shown in FIG. 5, when the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes equal to or less than the rich determination reference air-fuel ratio (for example, 14.55), the target air-fuel ratio is set to the lean set air-fuel ratio AFlean (for example, 15) and maintained. Thereafter, the oxygen storage amount of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 is estimated, and when this estimated value is equal to or greater than a predetermined reference storage amount Cref (an amount smaller than the maximum oxygen storage amount Cmax), the target air-fuel ratio is set to a rich setting. The air-fuel ratio AFrich (for example, 14.4) is set and maintained. In the example shown in FIG. 5, such an operation is repeatedly performed. In this case, as described above, feedback control is performed so that the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing out from the engine body becomes the target air-fuel ratio based on the output of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40.

Specifically, in the example shown in FIG. 5, the target air-fuel ratio is set to the rich set air-fuel ratio AFrich before time t ₁ , and accordingly, the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 is also increased. It is a rich air-fuel ratio. Further, since oxygen is stored in the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (14.6). At this time, since the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 is a rich air-fuel ratio, the oxygen storage amount of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 gradually decreases.

Thereafter, at time t ₁ , when the oxygen storage amount of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 approaches zero, a part of the unburned gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 is purified by the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20. It begins to spill without. As a result, at time t ₂ , the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes the rich determination reference air-fuel ratio AFrefri that is slightly richer than the theoretical air-fuel ratio, and at this time, the target air-fuel ratio is set lean from the rich set air-fuel ratio AFrich. The air / fuel ratio is switched to AFlean.

By switching the target air-fuel ratio, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 becomes a lean air-fuel ratio, and the outflow of unburned gas stops. Further, the oxygen storage amount of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 gradually increases and reaches the determination reference storage amount Cref at time t ₃ . As described above, when the oxygen storage amount reaches the determination reference storage amount Cref, the target air-fuel ratio is again switched from the lean set air-fuel ratio AFlena to the rich set air-fuel ratio AFrich. By switching the target air-fuel ratio, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 becomes a rich air-fuel ratio again. As a result, the oxygen storage amount of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 gradually decreases, and thereafter Such an operation is repeated. By performing such control, it is possible to prevent NOx from flowing out of the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20.

<Element cracking of air-fuel ratio sensor>
By the way, as an abnormal state which arises in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 as described above, there is a phenomenon called element cracking in which cracks occur in elements constituting the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41. Specifically, a crack that penetrates the solid electrolyte layer 51 and the diffusion-controlling layer 54 (C1 in FIG. 6), or a crack that penetrates both the electrodes 52 and 53 in addition to the solid electrolyte layer 51 and the diffusion-controlling layer 54 (see FIG. 6). C2) occurs. When such element cracking occurs, the exhaust gas enters the reference gas chamber 55 through the cracked portion as shown in FIG. In this case, when a large amount of exhaust gas enters the reference gas chamber 55, even if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is rich, the output air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 becomes a lean air-fuel ratio. Next, this will be described with reference to FIG.

  FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the exhaust air / fuel ratio A / F and the output current I of the air / fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 when the applied voltage is kept constant at about 0.45V. FIG. 7 shows the experimental results when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are formed with a through-hole penetrating the solid electrolyte layer 51 and the diffusion-controlling layer 54 to artificially create a device cracking state. Yes. In FIG. 7, the x mark indicates a case where the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are normal, and the □ mark, the Δ mark, and the ○ mark indicate a case where a through hole is formed in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41. Yes. In addition, □ indicates a case where a through hole having a diameter of 0.1 mm is drilled, △ indicates a case where a through hole having a diameter of 0.2 mm is drilled, and ○ indicates a diameter of 0 mm. It shows the case where a 5mm through hole is drilled.

  As shown in FIG. 7, when the diameter of the through hole is 0.1 mm (□ mark), the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is the same as when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are normal (× mark). As the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F becomes leaner, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases as it increases. At this time, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 changes in the same manner as in FIG. 4 with respect to the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F. On the other hand, when the diameter of the through hole is 0.2 mm (marked with Δ) and when the diameter of the through hole is 0.5 mm (marked with a circle), the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is 14.6 or more and the lean Sometimes, as the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F increases, that is, the exhaust air-fuel ratio becomes the same as when the diameter of the through hole is 0.1 mm (marked with □) and when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are normal (marked with ×). As the A / F becomes leaner, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases. In contrast, when the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is 14.6 or less and is rich, the air-fuel ratio sensor 40 becomes smaller as the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F becomes smaller, that is, as the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F becomes richer. , 41 greatly increases the output current I.

  As can be seen from the experimental results, when the diameter of the through-hole increases, the exhaust gas that has entered the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 from the through-hole greatly affects the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, and the exhaust air-fuel ratio. Even if the A / F is rich, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 has a positive current value. That is, even if the actual exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is rich, the output air-fuel ratios of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 indicate the lean air-fuel ratio. Therefore, based on the experimental results shown in FIG. 7, when the actual exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is rich, and the output air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 indicates the lean air-fuel ratio, the air-fuel ratio sensor It can be determined that element cracks that greatly affect the output air-fuel ratios 40 and 41 have occurred.

  On the other hand, the solid line in FIG. 8A shows the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 when the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is rich when element cracking that greatly affects the output air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 occurs. The relationship between the output current I and the applied voltage V to the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is shown. When the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are normal, when the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is rich, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 becomes a negative current value as can be seen from FIG. However, if an element crack that greatly affects the output air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 occurs, as can be seen from the solid line in FIG. 8A, the air-fuel ratio sensor becomes rich when the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is rich. The output current I of 40 and 41 has a positive current value. At this time, when the voltage V applied to the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is increased, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases rapidly. FIG. 8B shows an actual change in the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 at this time. That is, the exhaust pressure in the exhaust passage oscillates, and therefore the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 passes through the part where the exhaust gas is cracked into the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41. As shown in FIG. 8A, it always fluctuates.

  Next, referring to FIG. 9A to FIG. 11C, when an element crack that greatly affects the output air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 occurs, when the exhaust air-fuel ratio A / F is rich, As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8A, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 becomes a positive current value. As shown in FIG. 8A, when the applied voltage V to the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is increased, the air-fuel ratio sensor The reason why the output current I of 40 and 41 increases rapidly will be briefly described.

FIG. 9A shows an explanatory diagram of the operating principle of an oxygen concentration sensor that does not have a diffusion-controlled layer. 9A, A represents a solid electrolyte layer, B represents an atmosphere side electrode, and C represents an exhaust side electrode.
This oxygen concentration sensor generates an electromotive force E according to the following equation by the difference between the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side.
E = (RT / 4F) ln (Pa / Pd)
R is a gas constant, T is an absolute temperature of the solid electrolyte layer A, and F is a Faraday constant.
When the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is lean, the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side is higher than the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side, so oxygen in the atmosphere receives electrons at the atmosphere side electrode B, and FIG. As shown, it becomes oxygen ions and moves in the solid electrolyte layer A to the exhaust-side electrode B. As a result, an electromotive force E is generated between the atmosphere side electrode B and the exhaust side electrode C. At this time, the ratio between the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side is not so large. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9B, the electromotive force E when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is lean. Is about 0.1V.

  In contrast, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas becomes rich, the exhaust side electrode C becomes deficient, and the oxygen ions that have reached the exhaust side electrode B react with unburned HC and CO and are immediately consumed. Is done. Accordingly, at this time, oxygen ions move from the next to the next in the solid electrolyte layer A to the exhaust-side electrode B. At this time, since the ratio of the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side becomes extremely large, as shown in FIG. 9B, the electromotive force E is increased when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas becomes rich. The electromotive force E is maintained at about 0.9V as long as it rises rapidly to about 0.9V and the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is rich.

  FIG. 10A shows an explanatory diagram of the operating principle of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 used in the embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 10A, 51 indicates a solid electrolyte layer, 52 indicates an exhaust side electrode, 53 indicates an atmosphere side electrode, and 54 indicates a diffusion rate controlling layer. On the other hand, FIG. 10B shows the relationship between the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 and the applied voltage V with respect to a certain lean air-fuel ratio (A / F) l, and the airflow with respect to a certain rich air-fuel ratio (A / F) r. The relationship between the output current I of the fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 and the applied voltage V is shown. In the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, an electromotive force E is generated between the atmosphere-side electrode 53 and the exhaust-side electrode 52. Further, in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, between the atmosphere-side electrode 53 and the exhaust-side electrode 52, In addition, the applied voltage V is applied in the direction opposite to the electromotive force E. When an applied voltage V is applied between the atmosphere side electrode 53 and the exhaust side electrode 52, oxygen is converted into oxygen ions on the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52, and this oxygen ion is pumped from the exhaust side electrode 52 to the atmosphere side electrode 53. The action is performed. As a result, an output current I is generated in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41.

  When the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is lean, oxygen in the exhaust gas reaches the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 through the diffusion rate controlling layer 54. At this time, the ratio between the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side is not so large. Therefore, at this time, an electromotive force E of about 0.1 V is generated. When the applied voltage V is increased in such a state, a positive output current I indicated by a solid arrow in FIG. 10A is generated by the pumping action of oxygen ions. On the other hand, the amount of oxygen that diffuses in the diffusion-controlling layer 54 and reaches the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52 is proportional to the difference between the oxygen partial pressure Pe in the exhaust gas and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52. On the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52, only an amount of oxygen corresponding to the difference between the oxygen partial pressure Pe in the exhaust gas and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52 is supplied. Therefore, even if the applied voltage V is increased, the amount of oxygen ions supplied by the pumping action is limited to a certain amount because the amount of oxygen supplied onto the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 is limited. As indicated by (A / F) l in 10B, the output current I is kept constant even when the applied voltage V changes, that is, a limit current is generated.

  In contrast, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas becomes rich, unburned HC and CO reach the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 through the diffusion rate controlling layer 54. At this time, oxygen ions that have reached the exhaust-side electrode 52 react with unburned HC and CO and are immediately consumed, so that the exhaust-side electrode 52 is in an oxygen deficient state. Therefore, since the ratio of the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side becomes extremely large, a large electromotive force E of about 0.9 V is generated, so that oxygen ions are solid from one to the next. The electrolyte layer 51 moves to the exhaust side electrode 52. At this time, a negative output current I indicated by a dashed arrow in FIG. 10A is generated. However, in this case as well, the amount of unburned HC and CO that diffuses in the diffusion-controlling layer 54 and reaches the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52 is the partial pressure Pe in the exhaust gas and the unburned amount on the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52. In proportion to the difference between the partial pressure Pd of HC and CO, the unburned HC in the exhaust gas, the partial pressure Pe of CO, and the unburned HC on the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52 Only unburned HC and CO in an amount corresponding to the difference from the partial pressure Pd of CO are supplied. That is, the amount of unburned HC and CO supplied on the surface of the exhaust side electrode 52 is rate-controlled by the diffusion rate-limiting layer 54.

By the way, when the applied voltage V of about 0.9V is applied when the electromotive force E of about 0.9V is generated in this way, the polarity of the electromotive force E and the applied voltage V are opposite to each other. As can be seen from the solid line (A / F) r, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 becomes zero. When the applied voltage V is lowered from this state, the oxygen ions start moving toward the exhaust side electrode 52. However, at this time, as described above, the amount of unburned HC and CO supplied onto the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 is rate-limited by the diffusion rate-limiting layer 54. Therefore, even if the applied voltage V is decreased, the amount of oxygen ions reaching the exhaust-side electrode 52 is limited to a certain amount. Therefore, as shown by (A / F) r in FIG. Even if V changes, it remains constant, that is, a limit current is generated. On the other hand, oxygen is not present on the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 when the electromotive force E of about 0.9 V is generated. Therefore, this time without even move toward the atmosphere side electrode 53 oxygen ions by applying a high applied voltage V than 0.9V, in this case, i.e. high applied voltage V than 0.9V Is applied, the moisture is decomposed in the diffusion rate controlling layer 54, and as a result, the output current I rapidly increases as the applied voltage V increases , as indicated by (A / F) l in FIG. 10B. It will be.

  Now, when element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, the exhaust gas enters the reference gas chamber 55 as shown in FIG. That is, in FIG. 10A, the exhaust gas enters the atmosphere side. At this time, if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean, the lean air-fuel ratio exhaust gas enters the reference gas chamber 55. When the lean air-fuel ratio exhaust gas enters the reference gas chamber 55, the oxygen concentration in the reference gas chamber 55 slightly decreases. However, in this case, the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side is still higher than the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side, and in this case, the ratio between the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the atmosphere side and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the exhaust side is so large. Therefore, an electromotive force E of about 0.1V is generated. In this case, even if the applied voltage V is increased, the amount of oxygen supplied to the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 is limited, so that the amount of oxygen ions fed by the pumping action is limited to a certain amount. Therefore, as shown by (A / F) l in FIG. 10B, the output current I is kept constant even when the applied voltage V changes, that is, a limit current is generated. That is, even if element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, the output current I changes in the same manner as in the normal state with respect to the change in the applied voltage V.

  FIG. 11A shows a change in the output current I when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are normal, and FIG. This shows a change in the output current I when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean. As can be seen by comparing FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean, even if the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 are normal, element cracks occur in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41. Even so, the change pattern of the output current I with respect to the change of the applied voltage V is almost the same. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is lean, element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 even if the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 are normal. Even so, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases with substantially the same value as the air-fuel ratio A / F increases. Therefore, it cannot be determined from the change in the output current I when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean whether or not element cracking has occurred in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41.

  On the other hand, if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes rich when element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, the output current I changes greatly compared to the normal time. That is, if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes rich when element cracks occur in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, a large amount of unburned HC and CO enter the reference gas chamber 55. That is, in FIG. 10A, a large amount of unburned HC and CO enter the atmosphere side. When a large amount of unburned HC and CO enter the reference gas chamber 55, the unburned HC and CO react with oxygen on the surface of the atmosphere-side electrode 53, so that the surface of the atmosphere-side electrode 53 is deficient. . At this time, the ratio between the oxygen partial pressure Pa on the surface of the atmosphere-side electrode 53 and the oxygen partial pressure Pd on the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 becomes small, and therefore the electromotive force E generated at this time is about 0.1V. When an applied voltage V of about 0.1 V is applied when an electromotive force E of about 0.1 V is generated in this way, the polarity of the electromotive force E and the applied voltage V are opposite, so that the solid line in FIG. As shown, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is zero. When the applied voltage V is lowered from this state, the oxygen ions start moving toward the exhaust side electrode 52. However, at this time, as described above, the amount of unburned HC and CO supplied onto the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 is rate-limited by the diffusion rate-limiting layer 54. Therefore, even if the applied voltage V is reduced, the amount of oxygen ions reaching the exhaust-side electrode 52 is limited to a certain amount. Therefore, as shown by the solid line in FIG. 11C, the output current I changes as the applied voltage V changes. Is also kept constant, i.e. a limiting current is produced.

  On the other hand, oxygen is not present on the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 when the electromotive force E of about 0.1 V is generated. Therefore, even if an applied voltage V higher than 0.1 V is applied at this time, oxygen ions do not move toward the atmosphere side electrode 53. In this case, an applied voltage V higher than 0.1 V is applied. When applied, moisture is decomposed in the diffusion-controlled layer 54, and as a result, the applied voltage V of the output current I increases rapidly as shown by the solid line in FIG. 11C. That is, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes rich when element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41, the change pattern of the output current I is shown by a broken line in FIG. 11C as shown by the solid line in FIG. 11C. With respect to the normal change pattern of the output current I shown in FIG. 8, the voltage is shifted in the decreasing direction of the applied voltage V by the amount (0.8 V) that the electromotive force E is reduced as indicated by the arrow. Therefore, if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas becomes rich when element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41, the output of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8A, 8B. The current I becomes a positive current value, that is, the output air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 indicates the lean air-fuel ratio, and at this time, as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the application to the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is performed. When the voltage V is increased, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 increases rapidly.

  In FIG. 12, the change of the output current I shown in FIG. 11B is indicated by X, and the change of the output current I indicated by the solid line in FIG. 11C is indicated by Y. That is, in FIG. 12, X indicates that the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made lean when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 are normal or when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 are cracked. Shows the change in the output current I with respect to the applied voltage V when the air-fuel ratio is in operation, and Y is when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich when element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 The change of the output current I with respect to the applied voltage V is shown. When element cracking occurs in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41, for example, the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is made rich, as shown by Y in FIG. The output current I of the side air-fuel ratio sensor 41 has a positive current value. That is, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 indicates the lean air-fuel ratio. Accordingly, when the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is a positive current value when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich, that is, the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 When the output air-fuel ratio indicates a lean air-fuel ratio, it seems that it can be determined that element cracking has occurred in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41.

  However, actually, even if the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is normal, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is a positive current when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich. In other words, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 may indicate a lean air-fuel ratio. For example, the air-fuel ratio between cylinders varies, the air-fuel ratio between specific cylinders is greatly shifted to the rich side with respect to other cylinders, and the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor flows out of each cylinder due to the shape of the exhaust passage etc. In some cases, the exhaust gas that has flowed out of the cylinder shifted to the rich side does not come into uniform contact with the exhaust gas that has been exhausted, but mainly comes into contact with the exhaust gas. In such a case, if the air-fuel ratio is feedback controlled to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio based on the output signal of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor, the fuel injection amount to each cylinder is reduced and the average air-fuel ratio becomes lean, such a state Thus, the average air-fuel ratio may become lean even if the fuel injection amount to each cylinder is increased to make the air-fuel ratio rich. In this case, even if the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is normal, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes the lean air-fuel ratio. Will show.

  Further, there are cases where the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 mainly comes into contact with the exhaust gas flowing out from the cylinder shifted to the lean side without uniformly contacting the exhaust gas flowing out from each cylinder. In such a state, even if the fuel injection amount to each cylinder is increased to make the air-fuel ratio rich, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas contacting the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor may still be lean. In this case, even if the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is normal, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes the lean air-fuel ratio. Will show. Therefore, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich, if the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 indicates the lean air-fuel ratio, element cracking occurs in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41. If you determine that you are doing it, you will misjudge.

  Thus, even if the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is normal, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes a positive current value. In other words, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 may indicate a lean air-fuel ratio. In this case, however, the output current I changes so as to generate a limit current region FX as indicated by X in FIG. On the other hand, when an element crack occurs in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41, when the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is made rich, the output current I is equal to the applied voltage V as indicated by Y. It changes to increase with the increase. Therefore, if the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor is normal at this time, the output current I hardly changes even when the applied voltage V is increased from V1 to V2, and the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 has an element crack. When the applied voltage V increases from V1 to V2, the output current I necessarily increases greatly. Therefore, in the state where the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is rich, whether or not an element crack has occurred in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 due to the change in the output current I when the applied voltage V is increased from V1 to V2. Can be accurately determined.

    Therefore, in the present invention, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is detected in an abnormality diagnosis device for a limit current-type air-fuel ratio sensor that is disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine and generates a limit current corresponding to the air-fuel ratio. A current detector 61 and an applied voltage control device 60 for controlling the applied voltage V to the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are provided. The applied voltage control device 60 diagnoses an abnormality in the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41. When the air-fuel ratio is made as rich as possible, the applied voltage V is changed within a range FX in which a limit current corresponding to the air-fuel ratio is generated when the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are normal. When it is detected that the output current I of the sensor has changed by a predetermined value or more, it is determined that element cracking of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 has occurred.

<Abnormal diagnosis>
Next, the abnormality diagnosis of the air-fuel ratio sensor according to the present invention will be described with reference to the time charts shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, taking as an example the case of detecting element cracks in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41. In the embodiment according to the present invention, as already described with reference to FIG. 5, the air-fuel ratio is normally changed alternately to the rich air-fuel ratio and the lean air-fuel ratio, and thus the air-fuel ratio is changed to the rich air-fuel ratio. When the control that alternately changes to the lean air-fuel ratio is referred to as normal control, when performing abnormality diagnosis of the air-fuel ratio sensor, active control is performed to make the air-fuel ratio richer than the rich air-fuel ratio at the time of normal control. The This active control is performed by controlling the fuel injection amount from the fuel injection valve 11 so that the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 becomes a rich air-fuel ratio.

  13 and 14 show this active control, the change in the target air-fuel ratio, the change in the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor, and the change in the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. And changes in the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. FIG. 13 shows a case where the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is lean when the air-fuel ratio is made rich even though the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is not cracked. FIG. 14 shows a case where the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes lean when the air-fuel ratio is made rich because the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is cracked. Yes. As can be seen from a comparison between FIGS. 13 and 14, in FIGS. 13 and 14, the active control, the target air-fuel ratio, the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor, and the application to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor are shown. The voltage V shows the same change. Therefore, first, the active control, the target air-fuel ratio, the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor, and the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor will be described. .

In the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, at time t _4, the execution of the active control is started. Before execution of the active control is started at time t _4, it shows the case where the target air-fuel ratio is in the rich air-fuel ratio AFrich in the normal control for changing the air-fuel ratio alternately and rich air-fuel ratio and a lean air-fuel ratio At this time, the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 is a rich air-fuel ratio. That is, at this time, the electronic control unit (ECU) 31 determines that the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the upstream side exhaust purification catalyst 20 is the rich air-fuel ratio AFrich from the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 40. Has been. At this time, the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is set to a predetermined first applied voltage V1.

Next, when execution of active control is started at time t ₄ , the target air-fuel ratio is set to the rich air-fuel ratio. At this time, in the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the target air-fuel ratio at the time of executing the active control is set to the active control air-fuel ratio AFact richer than the rich air-fuel ratio AFrich in the normal control. At this time, the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 also becomes a rich rich air-fuel ratio. On the other hand, the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor at this time is maintained at the predetermined first applied voltage V1 without being changed. In FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, t0 represents an elapsed time from when the air-fuel ratio is made rich to diagnose abnormality of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41, and this elapsed time t0 is the air-fuel ratio is rich. After this, the time until the atmosphere around the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 changes is shown. In the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, this elapsed time t0 is constant. Therefore, in the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, after a certain time t0 has elapsed since the air-fuel ratio was made rich. abnormality diagnosis of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is started at time t _5.

13 and as shown in FIG. 14, when the abnormality diagnosis of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is started at time t _5, during the predetermined time t1 predetermined applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor the first applied voltage V1, for example, is maintained at 0.4 (v), then when the pre-fixed time t1 that is determined is passed, the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor at time t ₆ predetermined shown in FIG. 12 The applied voltage V is changed to a predetermined second applied voltage V2 shown in FIG. 12, for example, 0.6 (v). Next, the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is maintained at the predetermined second applied voltage V2 for a predetermined time t2. In the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the second applied voltage V2 is higher than the first applied voltage V1, and therefore, in the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, when a certain time t1 elapses. The applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is increased. Then, execution of the active control is made to finished at time t ₇ when the predetermined time t2 has elapsed. At this time, the target air-fuel ratio is returned to the original rich air-fuel ratio AFrich, whereby the output air-fuel ratio of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 is also returned to the original air-fuel ratio, and the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is also the original. To the first applied voltage V1.

  Next, changes in the output air-fuel ratio of the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor when active control is being executed will be described with reference to FIGS. First, referring to FIG. 13, as described above, FIG. 13 shows that when the air-fuel ratio is made rich even though the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is not cracked, the downstream air-fuel ratio becomes rich. This shows a case where the output air-fuel ratio of the sensor 41 is leaner than a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio α, for example, 16.0. As an example of such a case, as described above, for example, the air-fuel ratio between cylinders varies, and the air-fuel ratio between specific cylinders is greatly shifted to the rich side with respect to the other cylinders. This is a case where the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 mainly comes into contact with the exhaust gas flowing out from the cylinder shifted to the rich side without uniformly contacting with the exhaust gas flowing out from each cylinder. In this case, the output current I changes so as to generate a limit current region FX as indicated by X in FIG. Therefore, in this case, as can be seen from FIG. 12, even if the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is changed from the first applied voltage V1 to the second applied voltage V2, the downstream side The output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor 41 hardly changes, and therefore the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor hardly changes as shown in FIG.

  On the other hand, FIG. 14 shows a set lean air-fuel ratio in which the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is predetermined when the air-fuel ratio is made rich because the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is cracked. It shows a case where the leaner than α, for example, 16.0. In this case, as indicated by Y in FIG. 12, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes a positive current value, that is, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 becomes the lean air-fuel ratio. In addition to the illustration, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 increases as the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 increases. Therefore, in this case, as shown in FIG. 14, when the applied voltage V increases from the first applied voltage V1 to the second applied voltage V2, the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. Increases with it. Accordingly, in the state where the air-fuel ratio A / F of the exhaust gas is rich, the change in the output current I when the applied voltage V is increased from V1 to V2, that is, the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. From the change in r, it can be accurately determined whether or not an element crack has occurred in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41.

  In FIG. 14, at the time t1 when the first applied voltage V1 is applied, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is leaner than a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio α, for example, 16.0. If not, it can be determined that no element cracking has occurred in the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41. Therefore, in this case, it is meaningless to change the applied voltage V from the first applied voltage V1 to the second applied voltage V2. Therefore, at this time, the abnormality diagnosis of the air-fuel ratio sensor is terminated. Therefore, in the embodiment according to the present invention, whether the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is leaner than the predetermined lean air-fuel ratio α at the time t1 when the first applied voltage V1 is applied. In this temporary determination, at the time t1 when the first applied voltage V1 is applied, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is determined from a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio α. If it is determined that the air / fuel ratio is not lean, the abnormality diagnosis of the air-fuel ratio sensor is terminated. On the other hand, in this temporary determination, at the time t1 when the first applied voltage V1 is applied, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is leaner than a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio α. When the determination is made, for the first time, the applied voltage V is increased from the first applied voltage V1 to the second applied voltage V. At this time, whether the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 has increased, that is, It is determined whether or not the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 has an element crack.

  That is, in the present invention, when the air-fuel ratio is made rich so as to diagnose the abnormality of the air-fuel ratio sensor 40, 41 in a state where the applied voltage V is the first applied voltage V1, the air-fuel ratio sensor 40, If the output current I of 41 is a current value indicating that the air-fuel ratio is leaner than a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio, it is temporarily determined that the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 are abnormal, When it is tentatively determined that there is an abnormality in 41, the applied voltage V is changed from the first applied voltage V1 to the second applied voltage V2, and at this time, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 is detected by the current detector. When it is detected that has changed more than a predetermined value, it is determined that element cracking of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40, 41 has occurred.

  As shown in FIG. 8B, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 varies, and as shown in FIG. 14, the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 varies. Therefore, in order to detect the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 or the true value of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 as accurately as possible, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 or the downstream It can be said that it is preferable to obtain the average value of the output air-fuel ratio of the side air-fuel ratio sensor 41. Therefore, in the present invention, when it is temporarily determined that the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 are abnormal, the average value of the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor when the first applied voltage V1 is applied and the second The average value of the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 when the applied voltage V2 is applied is calculated, and the output current of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 when the first applied voltage V1 is applied. When the average value of the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor 40, 41 when the second applied voltage V2 is applied with respect to the average value of I changes by a predetermined value or more, the air-fuel ratio sensor 40, It is determined that 41 is abnormal.

<Flowchart>
15 and 16 show an abnormality diagnosis routine of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor 41. FIG. This routine is executed by interruption at regular time intervals.

  First, in step S10, after the internal combustion engine is started or after the ignition key of a vehicle equipped with the internal combustion engine is turned on, it is determined whether or not abnormality diagnosis of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is incomplete. . If the abnormality determination has already been made after the internal combustion engine is started, the processing cycle is completed. On the other hand, when it is determined that the abnormality diagnosis is not completed, the process proceeds to step S11, and it is determined whether or not an execution condition for active control is satisfied. The execution condition of this active control is that the temperature of both the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is equal to or higher than the activation temperature, the intake air amount is equal to or higher than a predetermined amount, and is predetermined after returning from the fuel supply stoppage. It is determined that it has been established when the time has passed. One of the requirements for establishment is that the intake air amount is equal to or greater than a predetermined amount. If the flow rate of the exhaust gas flowing around the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 is small, element cracking occurs. However, it is difficult for the output air-fuel ratios of the air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 to change, and one of the requirements for establishment is that a predetermined time or more has elapsed after returning from the stop of fuel supply. The air-fuel ratio sensors 40 and 41 maintain the lean output air-fuel ratio even if the air-fuel ratio is made rich because a large amount of oxygen exists on the surface of the exhaust-side electrode 52 for a while after returning from the fuel supply stop. Because there is a danger to show.

  If it is determined in step S11 that the active control execution condition is not satisfied, the processing cycle is completed. On the other hand, when it is determined that the active control execution condition is satisfied, the process proceeds to step S12, where the target air-fuel ratio is richer than the rich air-fuel ratio AFrich during normal control, for example, 13 .5. As a result, the air-fuel ratio is made rich and the active control is started. Next, in step S13, it is determined whether or not a predetermined time t0 has elapsed after the active control is started. When the predetermined time t0 has not elapsed after the active control is started, the processing cycle is completed. On the other hand, when the predetermined time t0 has elapsed after the start of the active control, the routine proceeds to step S14, where the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is set to a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio α. For example, it is determined whether or not the engine is leaner than 16.0, that is, whether or not the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 has become larger than the set current value corresponding to the set lean air-fuel ratio α. . When the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is smaller than the set lean air-fuel ratio α, that is, the output current I of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is set corresponding to the set lean air-fuel ratio α. When it is lower than the current value, it is determined that the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 does not cause element cracking. Accordingly, at this time, the routine proceeds to step S29, where it is determined that the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is normal.

  On the other hand, when it is determined in step S14 that the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is larger than the predetermined set lean air-fuel ratio α, that is, the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 When it is determined that the output current I is larger than the set current value corresponding to the set lean air-fuel ratio α, the process proceeds to step S15, and the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor within a predetermined time t1. ) It is determined whether or not a completion flag indicating that the calculation of the average value of r has been completed is set. When the completion flag is not set, that is, when the calculation of the average value of the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor within the fixed time t1 is not completed, the routine proceeds to step S16, where the downstream air-fuel ratio is calculated. The output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the fuel ratio sensor is added to the integrated value Σ (A / F) r of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. Next, in step S17, it is determined whether or not a predetermined time t1 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 has elapsed. When the predetermined time t1 has not elapsed, the processing cycle is completed.

  On the other hand, when the fixed time t1 has elapsed, the process proceeds to step S18, and the integrated value Σ (A / F) r of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor is divided by the fixed time t1 to be within the fixed time t1. An average value AFO of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor at is calculated. Next, in step S19, the applied voltage V is switched from the first applied voltage V1 to the second applied voltage V2. Next, in step S20, the integrated value Σ (A / F) r of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is cleared, and the completion flag is set. Then, the processing cycle is completed. When the completion flag is set, the process jumps from step S15 to step S21 in the next processing cycle. In step S21, the output air-fuel ratio (A / F) r of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is added to the integrated value Σ (A / F) r of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor. Next, in step S22, it is determined whether or not a predetermined time t2 shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 has elapsed. When the predetermined time t2 has not elapsed, the processing cycle is completed. On the other hand, when the predetermined time t2 has elapsed, the process proceeds to step S23, and the integrated value Σ (A / F) r of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor is divided by the predetermined time t2 to be within the predetermined time t2. An average value AF1 of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor at is calculated.

  Next, in step S24, the difference between the average value AF1 of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor within a certain time t2 and the average value AF0 of the output air-fuel ratio of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor within a certain time t1 (AF1-AF0). ) Is larger than a predetermined value ΔAF (for example, 1.0 as an air-fuel ratio difference). When the difference (AF1−AF0) between the average value AF1 of the output air-fuel ratio and the average value AF0 of the output air-fuel ratio is smaller than a predetermined value ΔAF, it is determined that the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 has not caused element cracking. In step S25, the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is determined to be normal. Next, the process proceeds to step S27. On the other hand, when the difference (AF1-AF0) between the average value AF1 of the output air-fuel ratio and the average value AF0 of the output air-fuel ratio is larger than a predetermined value ΔAF in step S24, the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is It is determined that an element crack has occurred, and the process proceeds to step S26, where it is determined that the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is abnormal. Next, the process proceeds to step S27. In step S27, the active control is terminated. That is, in step S27, the applied voltage V to the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is returned from the second applied voltage V2 to the first applied voltage V1, and the target air-fuel ratio is returned to the original rich air-fuel ratio AFrich.

  Note that the case where the abnormality diagnosis of the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 is performed as an example has been described with reference to FIGS. 15 and 16, but the abnormality diagnosis of the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 40 is also illustrated in FIGS. It can be performed by a method similar to the method described with reference.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Engine body 5 Combustion chamber 7 Intake port 9 Exhaust port 19 Exhaust manifold 20 Upstream exhaust purification catalyst 24 Downstream exhaust purification catalyst 31 ECU
40 upstream air-fuel ratio sensor 41 downstream air-fuel ratio sensor

Claims (7)

An abnormality diagnosis device for a limit current type air-fuel ratio sensor arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine and generating a limit current according to the air-fuel ratio, a current detection unit for detecting an output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor, and an air-fuel ratio sensor An applied voltage control device for controlling the applied voltage V to the air-fuel ratio , when an air-fuel ratio sensor is cracked, when the air-fuel ratio is made rich, and when the air-fuel ratio sensor is normal, When the applied voltage V is changed within a range where the limit current is generated, the output current I changes with the change pattern of the applied voltage V at a voltage higher than 0.9 V when the air-fuel ratio sensor is normal. When the current I changes and the air-fuel ratio is made rich so as to diagnose the abnormality of the air-fuel ratio sensor, the applied voltage control device is within a range in which a limit current corresponding to the air-fuel ratio is generated when the air-fuel ratio sensor is normal. Applied power at Changing the V, determined element crack of the air-fuel ratio sensor when the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor is detected to have changed prescribed value or more in advance with a said change pattern occurs by the current detecting unit this time Abnormality diagnosis device for air-fuel ratio sensor. When the applied voltage V is the first applied voltage, when the air-fuel ratio is made rich to diagnose an abnormality of the air-fuel ratio sensor, the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor is a predetermined lean air-fuel ratio. When the current value indicates that the air-fuel ratio is leaner than that, it is temporarily determined that the air-fuel ratio sensor is abnormal, and when it is temporarily determined that the air-fuel ratio sensor is abnormal, the applied voltage V is When the first applied voltage is changed to the second applied voltage, at this time, when the current detection unit detects that the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor has changed by a predetermined value or more with the above-mentioned change pattern, it is empty. The air-fuel ratio sensor abnormality diagnosis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the determination is made that an element crack of the fuel ratio sensor has occurred. When it is temporarily determined that the air-fuel ratio sensor is abnormal, the average value of the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor when the first applied voltage is applied and the sky when the second applied voltage is applied. When the average value of the output current I of the fuel ratio sensor is calculated and the second applied voltage is applied to the average value of the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor when the first applied voltage is applied The air-fuel ratio sensor according to claim 2, wherein when the average value of the output current I of the air-fuel ratio sensor changes more than a predetermined value with the change pattern, it is determined that an element crack of the air-fuel ratio sensor has occurred. Abnormality diagnosis device for the fuel ratio sensor.   The air-fuel ratio sensor abnormality diagnosis according to claim 1, wherein when the air-fuel ratio is made rich in order to diagnose an abnormality in the air-fuel ratio sensor, the air-fuel ratio sensor abnormality diagnosis is started after a lapse of a predetermined time from when the air-fuel ratio is made rich. Abnormality diagnosis device for the fuel ratio sensor.   An exhaust purification catalyst is disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine, an upstream air-fuel ratio sensor is disposed in the exhaust passage upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst, and a downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is disposed in the exhaust passage downstream of the exhaust purification catalyst. The abnormality diagnosis device for an air-fuel ratio sensor according to claim 1, wherein the downstream air-fuel ratio sensor comprises the limit current type air-fuel ratio sensor.   An exhaust purification catalyst is disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine, an upstream air-fuel ratio sensor is disposed in the exhaust passage upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst, and a downstream air-fuel ratio sensor is disposed in the exhaust passage downstream of the exhaust purification catalyst. The abnormality diagnosis device for an air-fuel ratio sensor according to claim 1, wherein the upstream air-fuel ratio sensor comprises the limit current type air-fuel ratio sensor.   The internal combustion engine is capable of executing normal control for alternately changing the air-fuel ratio to a rich air-fuel ratio and a lean air-fuel ratio and active control for making the air-fuel ratio richer than the rich air-fuel ratio at the time of the normal control, The air-fuel ratio sensor abnormality diagnosis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein abnormality diagnosis of the air-fuel ratio sensor is performed during execution of active control.

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