JP6040023B2 - Method for producing toner for developing electrostatic image - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for producing an electrostatic charge image developing toner and an electrostatic charge image developing toner obtained thereby.

In the field of electrophotography, with the development of an electrophotographic system, development of a toner for developing an electrostatic image corresponding to high image quality and high speed is required.
Corresponding to high image quality, a method of obtaining a toner having a narrow particle size distribution and a small particle size is obtained by aggregating and fusing fine resin particles in an aqueous medium to obtain a toner. A toner is manufactured by an aggregation method or an aggregation fusion method. In particular, attempts have been made to use a mixture of a plurality of resins in order to improve thermal characteristics such as low-temperature fixability and offset resistance.

For example, Patent Document 1 discloses an amorphous polyester having 2.0 to 12.0 mol% of a structural unit derived from a trivalent or higher carboxylic acid and crystallinity for the purpose of improving low-temperature fixability and hot offset resistance. A step of emulsifying a raw material polyester containing polyester in an aqueous medium, or after mixing the raw material polyester with an organic solvent, an aqueous medium is added and emulsified to obtain a polyester particle dispersion, and the polyester particle dispersion is obtained. An electrophotographic toner obtained by aggregation and coalescence is disclosed.
Patent Document 2 discloses a toner formed by agglomerating resin particles in a liquid medium for the purpose of improving fixing strength, offset resistance, and heat-resistant storage stability. The toner includes a radical polymer resin, a colorant, and the like. And a toner inner layer containing a release agent, and a toner outer layer containing a grafted polyester resin formed by graft polymerization of a radical polymerizable monomer on a polyester having an unsaturated bond in the main chain at the outer edge of the toner inner layer. Toner is disclosed.
Patent Document 3 discloses that a polyhydric alcohol and an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid are condensed in order to eliminate offset and excessive gloss and to obtain a toner that does not have toner peeling at the crease portion, that is, insufficient fixing strength. A step of dispersing a polyester resin in an aqueous medium to prepare a polyester resin particle dispersion, and after adding a vinyl polymerizable monomer and a radical polymerization initiator to the polyester resin particle dispersion, a radical polymerization reaction is performed, and a polyester is obtained. A step of preparing a dispersion of resin particles made of a resin in which a vinyl polymerizable monomer is reacted with a resin, a resin particle made of a resin in which a vinyl polymerizable monomer is reacted with the polyester resin, and a dispersion of colorant particles And a step of agglomerating the resin particles and the colorant particles to form toner particles. .

International Publication No. 2010/27071 JP 2006-215312 A JP 2011-95736 A

  The toner for developing an electrostatic image is desired to have a thermal characteristic (low temperature fixability) for fixing at a low temperature. If the toner is fixed at a low temperature, the power consumption of the printing press can be reduced, and further high-speed printing is possible. As a technique for this purpose, by using crystalline polyester or a release agent in the toner, the fixing temperature of the obtained toner can be lowered due to its melting characteristics. However, a toner containing crystalline polyester or a release agent also has a problem that heat resistant storage stability, which is stability at high temperature storage, is lowered. In order to satisfy these compatibility and other performances at the same time, mixing with different resins causes variations in the composition of the particles, resulting in a deterioration in the fluidity, which is the basic performance of the toner, and the scattering of the toner. The problem of (toner cloud) also arises, and there arises a problem that heat resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability cannot be compatible. Furthermore, if the toner charge amount distribution is broad, the developability of the toner is lowered, and therefore the toner for developing an electrostatic image is required to have excellent charge stability. In addition, from the viewpoint of high-speed printing in recent years, color stability immediately after turning on the power of the printing press is also required, and a toner excellent in charge rising property is desired.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image that has both good low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability, can suppress toner scattering, and is excellent in charge stability and charge rising property, and its production method. It is an object to provide a toner for developing an electrostatic image obtained.

  The present inventors consider that the factors affecting the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, toner scattering, charge stability and charge riseability are the surface layer resin and the internal resin constituting the toner, and their relationship. And examined. As a result, in the production of toner in the cohesive fusion method, the crystalline polyester and the release agent are the core portion, and the graft polymer composed of the main chain segment made of polyester resin and the side chain segment made of addition polymerization resin is shelled. By producing toner with the core part held at a specific temperature, the electrostatic charge is excellent in charge stability and charge riseability, which can achieve both good low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability, suppress toner scattering It has been found that a toner for image development can be obtained.

That is, the present invention relates to the following method for producing an electrostatic charge image developing toner and the electrostatic image development toner obtained by the production method.
[1] A method for producing a core-shell type electrostatic image developing toner, comprising the following steps (1) to (5).
Step (1): Step of mixing resin particles (A) containing crystalline polyester (a) and release agent particles containing release agent Step (2): To the mixture obtained in step (1) Step of dropping the flocculant at a temperature of 0 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) by 7 ° C. Step (3): The mixture in which the flocculant is dropped is added to the crystalline polyester (a). Step of obtaining aggregated particles (1) by maintaining the temperature at a temperature 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the polyester and at a temperature not higher than 7 ° C. higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) Step (4): In the aggregated particles (1) Adding resin particles (C) composed of a graft polymer composed of a main chain segment (A1) composed of a polyester resin and side chain segments (A2) composed of an addition polymerization resin to obtain aggregated particles (2) Step (5): Agglomerated particles Step of obtaining core-shell particles by fusing the core (2) [2] A toner for developing an electrostatic image obtained by the production method described in [1] above.

  According to the present invention, a method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic image having both good low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability, suppressing toner scattering, and having excellent charge stability and charge rise property, and method for producing the same Can provide a toner for developing an electrostatic image.

  In the method for producing a core-shell type electrostatic charge image developing toner of the present invention, a flocculant is added to the resin particles (A) containing the crystalline polyester (a) and the release agent particles containing the release agent. The obtained mixture is maintained at a specific temperature to obtain aggregated particles (1), and the aggregated particles (1) are divided into a main chain segment (A1) made of a polyester resin and a side chain segment (A2) made of an addition polymerization resin. The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image obtained by the production method of the present invention is characterized in that resin particles (C) composed of a graft polymer composed of Both low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability are achieved, toner scattering is suppressed, and charging stability and charging start-up property are excellent.

The reason why the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image obtained by the production method of the present invention has such an effect is not clear, but is considered as follows.
By maintaining the mixture containing the crystalline polyester and the release agent for improving the low-temperature fixability at a specific temperature, the sphericity is improved while the crystalline state of the crystalline polyester is maintained, and the BET surface area is small. Aggregated particles (1) having a smooth surface, that is, core particles are obtained.
Moreover, the main chain part which is a polyester resin is crystalline by using the graft polymer comprised from the main chain segment (A1) which consists of polyester resins, and the side chain segment (A2) which consists of addition polymerization resin for a shell layer. It has a high affinity with the core layer containing polyester and is fused firmly, and the side chain portion, which is an addition polymerization resin, is oriented on the toner surface to form the outermost layer.
Since the core layer has improved sphericity and a smooth particle surface, it is possible to form a uniform and thin shell layer, and a graft polymer with a main chain having a high affinity with the core layer makes the core layer more complete. It can coat | cover firmly. As a result, it is possible to achieve both low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability at a higher level, suppress toner scattering, and improve charging stability and charge rising property.
Hereinafter, each component and process used in the present invention will be described.

[Resin particles (A)]
The resin particles (A) of the present invention contain a crystalline polyester (a) from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the obtained toner.
[Crystalline polyester (a)]
In the present invention, the crystalline polyester is defined by the ratio between the softening point and the maximum endothermic peak temperature by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), (softening point (° C.)) / (Maximum endothermic peak temperature (° C.)). The crystallinity index is 0.6 or more and 1.4 or less. The crystallinity index is preferably 0.8 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, and preferably 1.3 or less, more preferably 1.2 or less, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner. More preferably, it is 1.1 or less.
The crystalline polyester (a) preferably has an acid group at the molecular end from the viewpoint of facilitating emulsification of the resin particle dispersion and enhancing the dispersion stability. Examples of the acid group include a carboxy group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, and a sulfinic acid. Among these, a carboxy group is preferable from the viewpoint of achieving both the dispersion stability of the resin and the heat-resistant storage stability of the obtained toner.

The melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) is preferably 60 ° C. or higher, more preferably 65 ° C. or higher, more preferably from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. Is preferably 70 ° C. or higher, and preferably 95 ° C. or lower, more preferably 90 ° C. or lower, still more preferably 85 ° C. or lower, still more preferably 80 ° C. or lower, more preferably from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner. 75 ° C or lower.
From the same viewpoint, the softening point of the crystalline polyester (a) is preferably 60 ° C. or higher, more preferably 65 ° C. or higher, still more preferably 70 ° C. or higher, further preferably 75 ° C. or higher, and preferably 95 ° C. ° C or lower, more preferably 90 ° C or lower, still more preferably 85 ° C or lower, still more preferably 80 ° C or lower.
The number average molecular weight of the crystalline polyester (a) is preferably 1,500 or more, more preferably 2,000 or more, from the viewpoint of improving toner heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property and suppressing toner scattering. More preferably, it is 3,000 or more, and from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is preferably 50,000 or less, more preferably 10,000 or less, still more preferably 5,000 or less, still more preferably. 4,000 or less.
The acid value of the crystalline polyester (a) is preferably 5 mgKOH / g or more, more preferably 10 mgKOH / g or more, from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particle dispersion of the toner and the low-temperature fixability of the toner. Further, from the viewpoint of improving the heat resistant storage stability of the toner, it is preferably 30 mgKOH / g or less, more preferably 25 mgKOH / g or less.
In addition, crystalline polyester (a) can be used individually or in combination of 2 or more types.
In the present invention, the melting point, softening point and number average molecular weight of the crystalline polyester (a) are determined by the methods described in the examples. When two or more kinds are used in combination, the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) having the largest mass ratio in the crystalline polyester (a) contained in the obtained toner is the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) in the present invention. The melting point. When all have the same ratio, the lowest value is set. A softening point and a number average molecular weight are calculated | required by the method as described in an Example using the mixture mixed by the ratio which uses all the crystalline polyester (a).

The crystalline polyester (a) can be produced by subjecting an acid component and an alcohol component to a polycondensation reaction. A catalyst can be preferably used in the polycondensation reaction.
Examples of the acid component include aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, and trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acids. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rise property of the toner, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are preferred.
The acid component includes not only a free acid but also an anhydride that decomposes during the reaction to produce an acid, and an alkyl ester having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
The number of carbon atoms of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 8 or more, and preferably 18 or less, from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. More preferably, it is 12 or less.
Examples of the aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2 to 18 carbon atoms include oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid. An acid, azelaic acid, n-dodecyl succinic acid, n-dodecenyl succinic acid, etc. are mentioned. Succinic acid, sebacic acid, and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid are preferred from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. Of these, sebacic acid and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid are more preferable, and sebacic acid is still more preferable from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering.
Examples of the alicyclic dicarboxylic acid include cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid.
Examples of the aromatic dicarboxylic acid include phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and the like.
Examples of the trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acid include trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid.
These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Examples of the alcohol component include aliphatic diols, aromatic diols, hydrogenated products of bisphenol A, and trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohols. From the viewpoint of promoting the crystallization of polyester and improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, an aliphatic diol is preferable, and an α, ω-alkanediol is more preferable.
The number of carbon atoms of the α, ω-alkanediol is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and still more preferably 6 or more, from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. Also, it is preferably 18 or less, more preferably 12 or less.
Examples of the α, ω-alkanediol having 2 to 18 carbon atoms include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, , 6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol and the like. 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, and 1,12-dodecanediol are preferable from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, and 1,9-nonanediol. Is more preferable.
The α, ω-alkanediol having 2 to 18 carbon atoms can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Examples of the aromatic diol include alkylene of bisphenol A (2 to 3 carbon atoms) oxide adduct (average number of added moles of 1 to 16).
Examples of the trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohol include glycerin and pentaerythritol.

  The alcohol component can be used alone or in combination of two or more. From the viewpoint of promoting the crystallization of the polyester and improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, the alcohol component has 2 to 18 carbon atoms. The α, ω-alkanediol is preferably 80 mol% or more and 100 mol% or less, more preferably 90 mol% or more and 100 mol% or less.

  The combination of the acid component and the alcohol component is preferably a combination of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic diol from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. A combination of an α, ω-alkanediol having 18 or less and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferable.

From the viewpoint of improving the efficiency of the condensation polymerization reaction, the catalyst is preferably a tin compound or a titanium compound, and more preferably a tin compound.
As the tin compound, di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin and dibutyltin oxide are preferable.
Examples of the titanium compound include titanium diisopropylate bistriethanolamate.
The amount of the catalyst used is preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the acid component and the alcohol component. In addition, it is preferably 1 part by mass or less, more preferably 0.8 part by mass or less, and still more preferably 0.6 part by mass or less.

  The polycondensation reaction is preferably carried out by placing an acid component and an alcohol component in a reaction vessel and maintaining them at 130 to 200 ° C. for 5 to 15 hours. Further, after that, the catalyst is added and the reaction is allowed to proceed at 140 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower and maintained for 1 hour or longer and 5 hours or shorter. preferable.

[Amorphous polyester (b)]
The resin particles (A) improve the adhesion to the shell portion of the obtained toner, improve the heat resistant storage stability, and suppress toner scattering, in addition to the crystalline polyester (a), the amorphous polyester (b ) Is preferably contained. In the present invention, the amorphous polyester is a resin having a crystallinity index of more than 1.4 or less than 0.6.
The total amount of the crystalline polyester (a) and the amorphous polyester (b) in the resin particles (A) is preferably 50% in the resin constituting the resin particles (A) from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner. % To 100% by mass, more preferably 80% to 100% by mass, still more preferably 90% to 100% by mass, and still more preferably 100% by mass.
The mass ratio ((a) / (b)) between the crystalline polyester (a) and the amorphous polyester (b) in the resin particles (A) improves the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner, and causes toner scattering. From the viewpoint of suppressing, preferably 5/95 to 50/50, more preferably 5/95 to 30/70, still more preferably 10/90 to 25/75, and still more preferably 10/90 to 20/80. is there.

The amorphous polyester (b) can be produced by polycondensation reaction between an acid component and an alcohol component.
Examples of the acid component include a dicarboxylic acid and a trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acid. A dicarboxylic acid is preferable, and a dicarboxylic acid and a trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acid are more preferably used in combination.
As the dicarboxylic acid, an alkyl succinic acid having a branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and / or a carbon atom having 9 to 14 carbon atoms is used from the viewpoint of enhancing the affinity with the crystalline polyester and enhancing the low-temperature fixability of the toner. An alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid are preferable, an alkyl succinic acid having a branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and / or an alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms It is more preferable to use an aromatic dicarboxylic acid in combination. As the dicarboxylic acid, unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as fumaric acid and maleic acid can also be used.

Among alkyl succinic acid having a branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and / or alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms, the affinity with the crystalline polyester is increased, and thus the low temperature of the toner. From the viewpoint of enhancing the fixability, alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms is preferred.
Further, from the viewpoint of increasing the affinity with the crystalline polyester and thus improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, the carbon number of the branched alkyl group or branched alkenyl group is preferably 10 or more and 14 or less, more preferably 12 or more and 14 or less. is there.
Specific examples of the alkyl succinic acid having a branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and / or the alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms include dodecyl succinic acid, dodecenyl succinic acid, and octenyl succinic acid. In view of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, dodecenyl succinic acid is preferable.
The branched structure may exist in any part of the alkyl group and the alkenyl group, but a mixture having a plurality of branched structures is preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the compatibility with the crystalline polyester.
The content of the alkyl succinic acid having a branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and / or the alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms increases the affinity with the crystalline polyester, and consequently the toner. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, the acid component is preferably 5 mol% or more, more preferably 30 mol% or more, still more preferably 35 mol% or more, and preferably 60 mol% or less, more preferably It is 50 mol% or less, More preferably, it is 40 mol% or less.
As the aromatic dicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability and charging stability of the toner.

Examples of the trivalent to pentavalent aromatic carboxylic acid include trimellitic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, pyromellitic acid and the like, which improve the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppress toner scattering. From the viewpoint, trimellitic acid is preferable.
The content of the aromatic carboxylic acid having a valence of 3 or more and 5 or less is preferably 5 mol% or more, more preferably 7 mol% in the acid component from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. More preferably, it is 9 mol% or more, preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 20 mol% or less, still more preferably 15 mol% or less, and still more preferably 11 mol% or less.

  Preferred alcohol components include aromatic diols from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability and charge stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, and bisphenol A alkylene (2 to 3 carbon atoms) oxide adduct (average) The number of added moles is preferably from 1 to 16,

The glass transition temperature of the amorphous polyester (b) is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 55 ° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. The temperature is preferably 70 ° C. or lower, more preferably 65 ° C. or lower.
The softening point of the amorphous polyester (b) is preferably 70 ° C. or higher, more preferably 90 ° C. or higher, and still more preferably 100 from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. It is preferably 165 ° C or lower, more preferably 165 ° C or lower, more preferably 140 ° C or lower, and still more preferably 130 ° C or lower.
In addition, when using 2 or more types of amorphous polyesters (b) in mixture, the glass transition temperature and the softening point are as described in the examples as a mixture of 2 or more types of amorphous polyesters (b). The value obtained by the method.

The number average molecular weight of the amorphous polyester (b) is preferably 1,000 or more, more preferably 1,500 or more, and further preferably 2,000 or more, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner. Moreover, it is preferably 50,000 or less, more preferably 10,000 or less, still more preferably 8,000 or less, and still more preferably 4,000 or less.
The acid value of the amorphous polyester (b) is preferably 6 mgKOH / g or more, more preferably 10 mgKOH / g or more, from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles and the low-temperature fixability of the toner. Preferably it is 15 mgKOH / g or more, Preferably it is 35 mgKOH / g or less, More preferably, it is 30 mgKOH / g or less, More preferably, it is 25 mgKOH / g or less.
Amorphous polyester (b) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[Colorant]
The resin particles (A) may be particles composed only of a resin, or may be colorant-containing resin particles containing a colorant. The resin particles (A) preferably contain a colorant from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner, suppressing toner scattering, and obtaining a high-quality image, and a colorant-containing resin containing a colorant Particles are preferred.
When the resin particles (A) are colorant-containing resin particles, the content of the colorant is selected from the viewpoint of improving the image density of the printed matter obtained using the toner and improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner. It is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 3 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 5 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting (A). Therefore, it is preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or less, and still more preferably 10 parts by mass or less.

Examples of the colorant used in the present invention include pigments and dyes, and pigments are preferable from the viewpoint of improving the image density of the obtained printed matter.
Examples of the pigment include a cyan pigment, a yellow pigment, a magenta pigment, and a black pigment.
The cyan pigment is preferably a phthalocyanine pigment, and more preferably copper phthalocyanine. The yellow pigment is preferably a monoazo pigment, isoindoline pigment, or benzimidazolone pigment, and the magenta pigment is preferably a soluble azo pigment such as a quinacridone pigment or a BONA lake pigment, or an insoluble azo pigment such as a naphthol AS pigment. The black pigment is preferably carbon black.
Examples of the dye include acridine dyes, azo dyes, benzoquinone dyes, azine dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aniline black dyes, and the like.
A coloring agent can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.

[Production of resin particles (A)]
The resin particles (A) are a resin containing a crystalline polyester (a), preferably a resin containing a crystalline polyester (a) and an amorphous polyester (b), and a colorant from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner. It is preferable to manufacture by the method of disperse | distributing arbitrary components, such as in an aqueous medium, and obtaining as a dispersion liquid containing a resin particle (A).
Examples of a method for obtaining a dispersion include a method in which a resin or the like is added to an aqueous medium and dispersed using a disperser, a phase inversion emulsification method in which an aqueous medium is gradually added to a resin and emulsified, and the like. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, the phase inversion emulsification method is preferable. Hereinafter, the phase inversion emulsification method will be described.

First, the resin containing the crystalline polyester (a), the alkaline aqueous solution, and the optional components such as the colorant are melted and mixed to obtain a resin mixture.
When the resin containing the crystalline polyester (a) contains other resins, a mixture of the crystalline polyester (a) and other resins may be used in advance. It may be obtained by adding at the same time when adding, melting and mixing. For example, when the resin containing the crystalline polyester (a) contains the amorphous polyester (b), from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, the crystalline polyester (a) and the amorphous polyester ( It is preferred to obtain a resin mixture by melting and mixing b) the aqueous alkali solution and the above optional components.
In mixing, it is preferable to add a surfactant from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles.

  The alkali in the alkaline aqueous solution is preferably an alkali metal hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide or ammonia, and more preferably potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles. . Further, the concentration of alkali in the aqueous alkali solution is preferably 1.0% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, and further preferably 2.0% by mass from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles. Further, it is preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or less, and still more preferably 20% by mass or less.

Examples of the surfactant include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and cationic surfactants. From the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles, nonionic surfactants are preferred, and nonionic surfactants are preferable. It is more preferable to use a surfactant in combination with an anionic surfactant or a cationic surfactant, and it is even more preferable to use a nonionic surfactant in combination with an anionic surfactant.
When a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant are used in combination, the mass ratio of the nonionic surfactant to the anionic surfactant (nonionic surfactant / anionic surfactant) From the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability, it is preferably 0.1 or more, more preferably 0.3 or more, still more preferably 0.5 or more, and preferably 10 or less, more preferably 5 or less, still more preferably. 2 or less.

Examples of nonionic surfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl ethers, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, oxyethylene / oxypropylene block copolymers, and the like, which improve the dispersion stability of resin particles. From the viewpoint, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether is preferable.
Examples of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ether include polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.
Examples of the polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl ether include polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether.
Examples of the polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester include polyethylene glycol monolaurate, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyethylene glycol monooleate and the like.

Examples of anionic surfactants include alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates and the like. From the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of resin particles, alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkyl ether sulfates are used. preferable.
As the alkyl benzene sulfonate, an alkali metal salt of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid is preferable, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate is more preferable. As the alkyl sulfate, an alkali metal salt of dodecyl sulfate is preferable, and sodium dodecyl sulfate is more preferable. As the alkyl ether sulfate, an alkali metal salt of dodecyl ether sulfate is preferable, and sodium dodecyl ether sulfate is more preferable.

  Examples of the cationic surfactant include alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, dialkyldimethylammonium chloride and the like.

  The content of the surfactant is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A). 5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 1 part by mass or more, preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or less, and further preferably 10 parts by mass or less.

As a method for obtaining a resin mixture, a resin containing crystalline polyester (a), an aqueous alkali solution, and the above optional components, preferably a surfactant, are placed in a container, and the resin is melted uniformly while stirring with a stirrer. It is preferable to mix them.
The temperature at which the resin is melted and mixed is preferably equal to or higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) from the viewpoint of obtaining homogeneous resin particles, and the resin containing the crystalline polyester (a) is an amorphous polyester (b). When it contains, the glass transition temperature or higher is preferable.

Next, an aqueous medium is added to the resin mixture and phase inversion is performed to obtain a dispersion containing resin particles (A).
As the aqueous medium, those containing water as a main component are preferable. From the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles, the content of water in the aqueous medium is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 95% by mass or more, and still more preferably substantially 100% by mass. The water is preferably deionized water or distilled water.
Components other than water include aliphatic alcohols having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as ethanol and isopropanol; dialkyl ketones having 1 to 3 carbon atoms such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; A solvent is used.

The temperature at which the aqueous medium is added is preferably equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the amorphous polyester (b) when the resin containing the crystalline polyester (a) contains the amorphous polyester (b). From the viewpoint of obtaining resin particles, the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) is more preferable.
From the viewpoint of obtaining resin particles having a small particle diameter, the addition rate of the aqueous medium is preferably 0.1 parts by mass / 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A) until the phase inversion is completed. Min. Or more, more preferably 1 part by mass / min. Or more, further preferably 3 parts by mass / min. Or more, preferably 50 parts by mass / min. Or less, more preferably 30 parts by mass / min. It is 8 parts by mass / min or less, more preferably 8 parts by mass / min or less. There is no restriction | limiting in the addition rate of the aqueous medium after phase inversion.
The use amount of the aqueous medium is from the viewpoint of improving the productivity of the toner and from the viewpoint of obtaining aggregated particles having a sharp particle size distribution in the subsequent aggregation process, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A). Preferably it is 50 parts by mass or more, more preferably 100 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 150 parts by mass or more, preferably 2000 parts by mass or less, more preferably 1000 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 500 parts by mass or less. is there.
The solid content concentration of the dispersion containing the resin particles (A) is preferably 7% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass from the viewpoint of improving the productivity of the toner and the dispersion stability of the resin particles. More preferably, it is 20% by mass or more, more preferably 25% by mass or more, preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, and further preferably 35% by mass or less. In addition, solid content is the total amount of non-volatile components, such as resin and surfactant.

The volume median particle size of the resin particles (A) in the dispersion containing the resin particles (A) is from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner, suppressing toner scattering, and obtaining a high-quality image. Preferably it is 0.02 μm or more, more preferably 0.05 μm or more, further preferably 0.10 μm or more, preferably 2 μm or less, more preferably 1.5 μm or less, still more preferably 1 μm or less, and still more preferably 0.5 μm or less. Here, the volume-median particle size is a particle size at which the cumulative volume frequency calculated by the volume fraction is 50% when calculated from the smaller particle size, and is obtained by the method described in the examples.
The coefficient of variation (CV value) (%) of the particle size distribution of the resin particles (A) is 40% from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner and suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. Or less, more preferably 35% or less, still more preferably 30% or less, still more preferably 28% or less, which improves the productivity of the resin particle (A) dispersion. From the viewpoint, it is preferably 5% or more, more preferably 10% or more, and further preferably 15% or more. In addition, CV value is a value represented by the following formula, and is calculated | required by the method as described in an Example.
CV value (%) = [standard deviation of particle size distribution (μm) / volume median particle size (μm)] × 100

In addition, the resin particles (A) may be particles composed only of a resin, but from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner, suppressing toner scattering, and obtaining a high-quality image, as described above. It is preferably obtained from a mixed resin containing a colorant, that is, preferably contains a colorant, and is preferably colorant-containing resin particles containing a colorant.
When the resin particles (A) are colorant-containing resin particles, the content of the colorant is 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A) from the viewpoint of improving the image density of the printed matter obtained using the toner. Is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 3 parts by mass or more, further preferably 5 parts by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, preferably 20 parts by mass or less. Preferably it is 15 mass parts or less, More preferably, it is 10 mass parts.

The resin particles (A) are preferably crosslinked from the polyester resin contained in the resin particles (A) from the viewpoint of improving the heat resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability of the toner, and more preferably crosslinked by a compound having an oxazoline group. preferable.
The compound having an oxazoline group preferably contains a plurality of oxazoline groups in the molecule, and more preferably a polymer containing an oxazoline group. The weight average molecular weight of the polymer containing an oxazoline group is preferably 500 or more, more preferably 1,000 or more, and preferably 2,000,000 or less, from the viewpoint of increasing the reactivity with the polyester resin. Preferably it is 1,000,000 or less.
Commercially available polymers containing oxazoline groups include “Epocross WS Series” (water-soluble type, main chain acrylic), “K Series” (emulsion type, main chain styrene / acrylic) manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Can be mentioned.
The content or addition amount of the compound having an oxazoline group is preferably as a solid content with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin in the resin dispersion from the viewpoint of improving the crosslinking reactivity with the resin and improving the productivity. 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more, further preferably 1.0 parts by mass or more, and preferably 30 parts by mass or less, more preferably 20 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 10 parts by mass. It is below mass parts.

  By adding and mixing a compound having an oxazoline group, the polyester resin contained in the resin particles (A) dispersed in the resin dispersion is crosslinked. The temperature during mixing is preferably 60 ° C. or higher, more preferably 70 ° C. or higher, and preferably 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably 98 ° C. or lower. The presence of the crosslink can be confirmed by the amide group.

[Releasing agent particles]
In producing the release agent particles, it is preferable to contain a surfactant from the viewpoint of suppressing aggregation of the release agent particles. The content in the case of using the surfactant is preferably 0.01 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the release agent from the viewpoint of suppressing aggregation of the release agent particles and improving the chargeability of the toner. As mentioned above, More preferably, it is 0.1 mass part or more, Preferably it is 10 mass parts or less, More preferably, it is 5 mass parts or less.
The volume median particle size of the release agent particles is preferably 0.1 μm or more, more preferably 0.2 μm or more, and preferably 1 μm or less from the viewpoint of improving the chargeability and high temperature offset resistance of the toner. More preferably, it is 0.7 μm or less, and still more preferably 0.5 μm or less.
The CV value of the release agent particles is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 40% or less, and still more preferably 35% or less, from the viewpoint of improving the chargeability of the toner and improving the productivity of the toner. Moreover, from a viewpoint of improving productivity, Preferably it is 15% or more, More preferably, it is 20% or more, More preferably, it is 25% or more.

〔Release agent〕
As release agents, low molecular weight polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutene; silicone waxes; fatty acid amides such as oleic amides and stearic amides; plant waxes; animal waxes such as beeswax; mineral or petroleum waxes; Examples include synthetic waxes such as ester waxes.
Examples of plant waxes include carnauba wax, rice wax, and candelilla wax. Carnauba wax is preferred from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner.
Examples of the mineral-based or petroleum-based wax include montan wax, paraffin wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax. Paraffin wax is preferable from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability of the toner.
These release agents can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and it is preferable to use in combination of two or more. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is preferable to use a plant-based wax and a mineral-based or petroleum-based wax in combination, and it is more preferable to use a carnauba wax and a paraffin wax in combination.
The melting point of the release agent is preferably 60 ° C. or higher, more preferably 70 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 75 ° C. or higher from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner, and also improves the low-temperature fixability of the toner. From the viewpoint, it is preferably 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably 90 ° C. or lower, and still more preferably 85 ° C. or lower. When two or more types are used in combination, the melting point is preferably 60 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner.
In the present invention, the melting point of the release agent is determined by the method described in the examples. When two or more kinds are used in combination, the melting point of the release agent having the largest mass ratio among the release agents contained in the obtained toner is the melting point of the release agent in the present invention. When all have the same ratio, the lowest value is set.
The amount of the release agent used is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 2 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin in the toner, from the viewpoint of improving the releasability and low-temperature fixability of the toner. The amount is preferably 5 parts by mass or more, and preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or less from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner.

[Surfactant]
As the surfactant, an anionic surfactant is preferable, and a polycarboxylate is more preferable.
Examples of polycarboxylates include polyacrylates, acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer salts, polymaleic acid salts, and the like, from the viewpoint of enhancing cohesiveness during toner preparation, and acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymers. The salt is preferably an alkali metal salt, and a sodium salt is preferable.
The polycarboxylate is preferably sodium polyacrylate, sodium salt of acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer, sodium polymaleate, etc. from the viewpoint of enhancing the cohesiveness at the time of toner preparation. Sodium salt is more preferred.

[Manufacture of release agent particles]
The release agent particles are preferably obtained as a dispersion of release agent particles by dispersing the release agent in an aqueous medium.
The dispersion of the release agent particles is preferably obtained by dispersing the release agent and the aqueous medium using a disperser in the presence of a surfactant at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the release agent. As the disperser to be used, a homogenizer, an ultrasonic disperser or the like is preferable.
The preferred embodiment of the aqueous medium used in the production is the same as that of the resin particle (A) dispersion.
The solid content concentration of the release agent particle dispersion is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of improving the productivity of the toner and the dispersion stability of the resin particle dispersion. More preferably, it is 15% by mass or more, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, and still more preferably 25% by mass or less. In addition, solid content is the total amount of non-volatile components, such as a mold release agent and surfactant.

[Resin particles (C)]
In the present invention, the resin particles (C) are used in the step (4), and the main chain made of a polyester resin is used from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. It consists of a graft polymer composed of a segment (A1) and a side chain segment (A2) made of an addition polymerization resin.

(Main chain segment (A1) made of polyester resin)
The segment (A1) constituting the graft polymer is a main chain in the graft polymer, a segment made of a polyester resin, and a segment made of a polyester resin obtained by condensation polymerization of an alcohol component and a carboxylic acid component. . The raw material monomer from which the structural unit of segment (A1) is derived (hereinafter also simply referred to as “raw material monomer of segment (A1)”) is an alcohol component and a carboxylic acid component.

  The alcohol component that is a raw material monomer of the segment (A1) includes an alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, and both ends thereof. Addition of alkylene oxide of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane from the viewpoint of improving heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner, and suppressing toner scattering It is preferable to use a product.

Specifically, the alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane is preferably a compound represented by the following general formula (I).

In general formula (I), R ¹ O and R ² O are both oxyalkylene groups, preferably each independently an oxyalkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably an oxyethylene group or oxypropylene. It is a group.
x and y correspond to the added mole number of alkylene oxide, and are positive numbers. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of increasing the reactivity with the carboxylic acid component, the average value of the sum of x and y is preferably 2 or more and 7 or less, more preferably 2 or more and 5 or less, and still more preferably 2 or more and 3 or less.
Further, x R ¹ O or y R ² O may be the same or different from each other, but may be the same from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner. Preferably, it is an oxypropylene group. The alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  From the viewpoint of improving the heat resistant storage stability of the toner, the content of the oxypropylene group in the oxyalkylene group is preferably 50 mol% or more and 100 mol% or less, more preferably 60 mol% or more and 100 mol% or less, and further Preferably they are 70 mol% or more and 100 mol% or less, More preferably, it is substantially 100 mol%. The other oxyalkylene group is preferably an oxyethylene group or an oxytrimethylene group, and more preferably an oxyethylene group, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner.

  The alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane is contained in the alcohol component in an amount of 60 mol% or more, preferably 70 mol%, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner. More preferably, it is 90 mol% or more, and still more preferably substantially 100 mol%. In the present invention, the alkylene oxide adduct means the whole structure in which an oxyalkylene group is added to 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane.

As a diol having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and having hydroxyl groups at both ends thereof, for example, an alcohol component containing an unsaturated aliphatic diol is preferably used. The portion of the carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in the unsaturated aliphatic diol can be a bonding portion with the segment (A2) in the graft polymer, and in this case, the unsaturated bond becomes a saturated bond. .
Other alcohol components include, for example, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), glycerin, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, hydrogenated bisphenol A, sorbitol, allyl alcohol, or those having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. And an alkylene oxide adduct (average added mole number of 1 to 16). You may use the said alcohol component individually or in combination of 2 or more types.

  The carboxylic acid component which is a raw material monomer of the segment (A1) includes a dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and having a carboxy group at both ends thereof, such as an unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and / or It is preferable to contain unsaturated alicyclic dicarboxylic acid. The carbon-carbon unsaturated bond portion is preferably a bond portion with the segment (A2) in the graft polymer. In this case, the unsaturated bond is a saturated bond. A carbon-carbon unsaturated bond can be introduced into the main chain of the polyester obtained by using a dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and having a carboxy group at both ends thereof.

  Dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and having carboxy groups at both ends thereof, that is, unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, unsaturated alicyclic dicarboxylic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, etc. An unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid; an unsaturated alicyclic dicarboxylic acid such as tetrahydrophthalic acid. From the viewpoint of reactivity, fumaric acid, maleic acid and tetrahydrophthalic acid are preferable, and fumaric acid is more preferable.

  In the carboxylic acid component, the content of the dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and having a carboxy group at both ends improves the heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rise property of the toner. From the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably at least 2 mol%, more preferably at least 5 mol%, even more preferably at least 15 mol%, even more preferably at least 25 mol%, and preferably at least 70 mol%. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 65 mol% or less, further preferably 55 mol% or less, and still more preferably 45 mol% or less.

Examples of other carboxylic acids include aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid; adipic acid, succinic acid, alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and / or alkenyl having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid having a group; cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids, alicyclic dicarboxylic acids such as decalin dicarboxylic acids; trivalent or higher polyvalent carboxylic acids such as trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid, and acids thereof Examples thereof include anhydrides and alkyl esters having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Aromatic dicarboxylic acids are preferred and terephthalic acid is more preferred from the viewpoints of improving the heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rise of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. The said carboxylic acid component may be individual or 2 or more types may be contained.
Among the raw material monomers derived from the structural unit of the main chain segment (A1) made of polyester resin, as the raw material monomer having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, unsaturated fat One or more selected from cyclic dicarboxylic acids and unsaturated aliphatic diols may be included, but from the viewpoint of reactivity, it is preferable to include unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and / or unsaturated cyclic dicarboxylic acids. More preferably, it is only saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid.

The glass transition temperature of the segment (A1) is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 ° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. 80 ° C. or lower, more preferably 70 ° C. or lower.
The softening point of the segment (A1) is preferably 70 ° C. or higher, more preferably 90 ° C. or higher, and still more preferably 100 ° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. Further, it is preferably 165 ° C. or lower, more preferably 140 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 130 ° C. or lower.
The acid value of the segment (A1) is preferably 5 mgKOH / from the viewpoint of enhancing the dispersion stability of the resin particles (C), improving the heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner, and suppressing toner scattering. g or more, more preferably 10 mgKOH / g or more, further preferably 15 mgKOH / g or more, preferably 40 mgKOH / g or less, more preferably 30 mgKOH / g or less, still more preferably 25 mgKOH / g or less.
The number average molecular weight of the segment (A1) is preferably 1,000 or more, more preferably 1,500 or more, and further preferably 2,000 or more, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability of the toner. In addition, it is preferably 10,000 or less, more preferably 8,000 or less, and still more preferably 4,000 or less.
In the present invention, as the acid group contained in the segment (A1), from the viewpoint of achieving both the dispersion stability of the resin and the heat resistant storage stability of the obtained toner, the carboxy group is 90 mol% or more of the acid group. It is preferable that it is substantially 100 mol%.

(Side chain segment (A2) made of addition polymerization resin)
The segment (A2) constituting the graft polymer is a segment made of an addition polymerization resin composed of a structural unit derived from an addition polymerizable monomer (c2) (hereinafter also referred to as “monomer (c2)”). The segment (A2) is a side chain in the graft polymer.
Examples of the addition polymerizable monomer (c2) that can be used in the present invention include styrenes such as styrene, methylstyrene, α-methylstyrene, β-methylstyrene, and t-butylstyrene; alkyl (meth) acrylate (having 1 carbon atom). 18 or less), (meth) acrylic esters such as benzyl (meth) acrylate; olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butadiene; halovinyls such as vinyl chloride; vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate; Vinyl ethers; vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride; N-vinyl compounds such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, and the like.
Among these, styrenes and (meth) acrylic acid esters are preferable from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rising property of the toner, and suppressing toner scattering. More preferred are addition-polymerizable monomers having a group, styrene, methylstyrene, benzyl methacrylate and benzyl acrylate are more preferred from the viewpoint of the raw material price of the monomer, and improve the heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rise of the toner, Styrene is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering.
The content of the structural unit derived from the addition-polymerizable monomer having an aromatic group is a segment from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner, and suppressing toner scattering. In (A2), it is preferably 85% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, further preferably 95% by mass or more, and further preferably substantially 100% by mass.

The mass ratio [main chain segment (A1) / side chain segment (A2)] of the main chain segment (A1) and side chain segment (A2) constituting the graft polymer is preferably 55/45 to 99/1. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is preferably 75/25 to 99/1, more preferably 85/15 to 98/2, and still more preferably 90/10 to 98/2. Further, from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 55/45 to 98/2, more preferably 60/40 to 96/4, Preferably it is 65 / 35-90 / 10, More preferably, it is 65 / 35-85 / 15. Further, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 85/15 to 98/2, more preferably 90/10 to 96. / 4.
Since there are more main chain segments (A1) than side chain segments (A2), the addition polymerization resin can be present in the outermost layer while maintaining the adhesion to the core, and the low-temperature fixability of the toner can be reduced. It is considered that both heat-resistant storage stability can be achieved and toner scattering can also be suppressed.
The softening point of the graft polymer is preferably 80 ° C. or higher and 165 ° C. or lower from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering.

[Production Method of Resin Particle (C)]
As a method for producing the resin particles (C) comprising the graft polymer used in the present invention, non-aromatic carbon is obtained by polycondensing an alcohol component and a carboxylic acid component from the viewpoint of productivity of the resin particles (C). -A method in which a polyester resin (c1) having a carbon unsaturated bond (hereinafter also referred to as resin (c1)) is prepared, and addition polymerization of the addition polymerizable monomer (c2) in the presence of the polyester resin (c1) is preferred. .

(Polyester resin (c1))
The polyester resin (c1) is a polyester resin having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in the main chain, and is preferable for constituting the main chain segment (A1) made of the polyester resin. The “non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond” is derived from one or more selected from the above-mentioned unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, unsaturated alicyclic dicarboxylic acid and unsaturated aliphatic diol. It is. The resin (c1) is preferably an amorphous resin.

The polyester resin (c1) is an alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane as a raw material component from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability and charging stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. It is preferably obtained using an alcohol component containing 60 mol% or more.
Here, the alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane is the same as the segment (A1), and the preferred structure and the preferred content are also the same.

As an alcohol component which is a raw material component of the polyester resin (c1), an alcohol component other than this can be used together with an alkylene oxide adduct of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane. The polyester resin (c1) has a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in the main chain, has a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, and has a diol having hydroxyl groups at both ends. Can be used.
Other alcohols are the same as those in the segment (A1). You may use alcohol individually or in combination of 2 or more types.

The polyester resin (c1) has a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, has a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond as a carboxylic acid component as a raw material component of the polyester, A dicarboxylic acid having a carboxy group at both ends can be preferably used.
The dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and having a carboxy group at both ends thereof is the same as in the case of the segment (A1), and the preferred structure and preferred content are also the same. And fumaric acid is more preferred.
The content of the dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in the carboxylic acid component is preferably 2 mol% or more, more preferably 5 mol% or more, still more preferably 15 mol% or more, and even more. Preferably, it is 25 mol% or more, preferably 70 mol% or less, more preferably 65 mol% or less, still more preferably 55 mol% or less, and still more preferably 45 mol% or less. In addition, when the polyester resin (c1) contains a plurality of polyesters, the content of the dicarboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond satisfies the above range in the carboxylic acid components of all the polyesters. It is preferable.
The other carboxylic acid is the same as in the case of the segment (A1), and the preferred structure and the preferred content are the same. An aromatic dicarboxylic acid is preferred, and terephthalic acid is more preferred. Carboxylic acids may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The polyester resin (c1) is obtained, for example, by subjecting the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component to condensation polymerization at a temperature of 180 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower using an esterification catalyst as necessary in an inert gas atmosphere. Can be manufactured.
From the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and improving the heat resistant storage stability of the toner, it is preferable to perform condensation polymerization using a catalyst. Examples of the catalyst include a tin catalyst and a titanium catalyst. From the viewpoint of increasing the reaction efficiency of the esterification reaction in the synthesis of polyester, a tin catalyst is preferable, and dibutyltin oxide and di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin are preferable.
In the present invention, since a carboxylic acid having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond is used, it is preferable to use a radical polymerization inhibitor. The radical polymerization inhibitor is preferably 4-t-butylcatechol.

The suitable range of the softening point, glass transition temperature, acid value, and number average molecular weight of the polyester resin (c1) is the same as in the case of the segment (A1).
The glass transition temperature, softening point, acid value, and number average molecular weight can all be obtained by appropriately adjusting the type of monomer used, the blending ratio, the condensation polymerization temperature, and the reaction time.

(Addition polymerizable monomer (c2))
The addition polymerizable monomer (c2) used in the present invention is preferably the same as that described as the raw material monomer for the segment (A2) comprising the above addition polymerization resin, and the heat resistant storage stability and charging stability of the toner. In addition, from the viewpoint of improving charge rising property and suppressing toner scattering, the addition polymerizable monomer having an aromatic group is preferably 85% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, still more preferably 95% by mass or more, and further Preferably it contains 100 mass% substantially. The addition polymerizable monomer having an aromatic group is preferably a styrene monomer and / or (meth) acrylic acid ester, and more preferably styrene, benzyl methacrylate, or benzyl acrylate. Among these, styrene is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the raw material price of the monomer, the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner, the charging stability and the charge rising property, and suppressing toner scattering.

(Production of resin particles (C))
As a method for producing the resin particles (C) comprising the graft polymer used in the present invention, from the viewpoint of the productivity of the resin particles (C), as described above, the alcohol component and the carboxylic acid component are subjected to polycondensation. A method of preparing a polyester resin (c1) having an aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and subjecting the addition polymerizable monomer (c2) to addition polymerization in the presence of the polyester resin (c1) is preferred. Specifically, a method in which the polyester resin (c1) and the monomer (c2) are directly mixed and polymerized, a method in which the polyester resin (c1) and the monomer (c2) are dissolved in an organic solvent, and the like are exemplified. . In particular, the graft polymer used in the present invention is prepared by preparing a polyester resin (c1) having a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond and mixing the polyester resin (c1) with an aqueous medium. A step of obtaining an aqueous dispersion of (c1), and a step of adding an addition polymerizable monomer (c2) to the aqueous dispersion and polymerizing to obtain an aqueous dispersion of resin particles (C) comprising a graft polymer. Preferably obtained by a method.

A step of mixing the polyester resin (c1) with an aqueous medium to obtain an aqueous dispersion of the polyester resin (c1) will be described.
As with the resin particles (A), the dispersion is obtained by adding a resin or the like to an aqueous medium and dispersing using a disperser, or by gradually adding the aqueous medium to the resin or the like and emulsifying the emulsion. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, the phase inversion emulsification method is preferable. Hereinafter, the phase inversion emulsification method will be described.

First, a resin containing a polyester resin (c1), an alkaline aqueous solution, and the like are melted and mixed to obtain a resin mixture. During mixing, it is preferable to add a surfactant from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the resin particles.
The preferable aspect of the alkali and alkali concentration in aqueous alkali solution is the same as that of the case of manufacture of the resin particle (A).
A preferable embodiment of the type and content of the surfactant is the same as that in the production of the resin particles (A).

As a method for obtaining the resin mixture, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, the polyester resin (c1), an alkaline aqueous solution, preferably a surfactant is placed in a container, and the resin is melted while stirring with a stirrer. A method of uniformly mixing is preferable.
The temperature at which the resin is melted and mixed is preferably equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin (c1).

Next, an aqueous medium is added to the resin mixture and phase inversion is performed to obtain a dispersion containing resin particles (C).
About the kind and content of an aqueous medium, it is the same as that of the case of manufacture of a resin particle (A).

The temperature at which the aqueous medium is added is preferably equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin (c1) from the viewpoint of obtaining resin particles having a sharp particle size distribution.
From the viewpoint of obtaining resin particles having a small particle size, the addition rate of the aqueous medium is preferably 0.1 parts by mass / min or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyester resin (c1) until the phase inversion is completed. Preferably it is 1 part by weight or more, more preferably 3 parts by weight or more, preferably 50 parts by weight or less, more preferably 30 parts by weight or less, and even more preferably 15 parts by weight / minute. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 8 parts by mass / min or less. There is no restriction | limiting in the addition rate of the aqueous medium after phase inversion.
The amount of the aqueous medium used is preferably 50 parts by mass or more, more preferably 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyester resin (c1) from the viewpoint of obtaining aggregated particles having a sharp particle size distribution in the subsequent aggregation process. As mentioned above, More preferably, it is 150 mass parts or more, Preferably it is 2000 mass parts or less, More preferably, it is 1000 mass parts or less, More preferably, it is 500 mass parts or less.
The solid content concentration of the dispersion containing the polyester resin (c1) particles is preferably 7% by mass or more, more preferably from the viewpoint of improving the productivity of the toner and the dispersion stability of the resin particle dispersion. It is 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, still more preferably 25% by mass or more, preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, and further preferably 35% by mass or less. . In addition, solid content is the total amount of non-volatile components, such as resin and surfactant.

The volume median particle size of the polyester resin (c1) particles is preferably 0.02 μm or more, more preferably 0, from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner and suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. 0.05 μm or more, more preferably 0.10 μm or more, preferably 1 μm or less, more preferably 0.8 μm or less, and further preferably 0.5 μm or less.
Further, the coefficient of variation (CV value) (%) of the particle size distribution of the polyester resin (c1) particles is preferably from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner and suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high quality image. Is 40% or less, more preferably 35% or less, still more preferably 30% or less, and still more preferably 28% or less.

Next, the addition polymerizable monomer (c2) is added to the obtained aqueous dispersion and polymerized to obtain an aqueous dispersion of resin particles (C) made of a graft polymer.
Addition polymerizable monomer (c2) is added to the aqueous dispersion of polyester resin (c1). The addition amount is a mass ratio of the polyester resin (c1) and the addition polymerizable monomer (c2) [polyester resin (c1) / addition polymerizable monomer (c2)], and is preferably 55/45 to 99/1. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is preferably 75/25 to 99/1, more preferably 85/15 to 98/2, and still more preferably 90/10 to 98/2. Further, from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 55/45 to 98/2, more preferably 60/40 to 96/4, Preferably it is 65 / 35-90 / 10, More preferably, it is 65 / 35-85 / 15. Further, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 85/15 to 98/2, more preferably 90/10 to 96. / 4.
Moreover, you may add water etc. further from the point of the efficiency of stirring.

Further, the addition polymerizable monomer (c2) is polymerized in the presence of the polyester resin (c1).
Arbitrary radical polymerization initiators, crosslinking agents and the like are added to the polymerization as necessary. As the radical polymerization initiator, a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator is preferably used, and a persulfate is more preferably used.
The polymerization reaction is advanced by heating the mixed solution containing the polyester resin (c1) and the addition polymerizable monomer (c2). The polymerization temperature depends on the type of polymerization initiator used. For example, when sodium persulfate is used, it is preferably 60 ° C. or higher, more preferably 70 ° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of efficiently performing the polymerization reaction. In addition, it is preferably 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably 90 ° C. or lower.

The glass transition temperature of the graft polymer in the aqueous dispersion of the resin particles (C) obtained as described above improves the toner's low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability, and charge rising property, and causes toner scattering. From the viewpoint of suppressing, it is preferably 40 ° C. or higher, more preferably 50 ° C. or higher, still more preferably 55 ° C. or higher, preferably 80 ° C. or lower, more preferably 75 ° C. or lower, still more preferably 70 ° C. or lower. is there.
The softening point of the graft polymer is preferably 70 ° C. or higher, more preferably 90 ° C., from the viewpoint of improving low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. More preferably, the temperature is 100 ° C. or higher, preferably 165 ° C. or lower, more preferably 140 ° C. or lower, and still more preferably 130 ° C. or lower.
The solid content concentration of the aqueous dispersion of the resin particles (C) is preferably 7% by mass or more, more preferably 10% from the viewpoint of improving the productivity of the toner and the dispersion stability of the resin particle dispersion. % Or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, and still more preferably 30% by mass or less. When used in step (4) of the present invention, it is preferably adjusted to the above concentration and used as an aqueous dispersion.
The pH of the aqueous dispersion of resin particles (C) at 25 ° C. is preferably 5 or more, more preferably 6 or more, from the viewpoint of improving the dispersion stability of the aqueous dispersion of resin particles (C). Moreover, Preferably it is 10 or less, More preferably, it is 8 or less, More preferably, it is 7 or less.

The volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the resin particles in the aqueous dispersion of the resin particles (C) is from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner, suppressing toner scattering, and obtaining a high-quality image. The thickness is preferably 0.02 μm or more, more preferably 0.05 μm or more, further preferably 0.10 μm or more, preferably 1 μm or less, more preferably 0.8 μm or less, and still more preferably 0.5 μm or less.
The coefficient of variation (CV value) (%) of the particle size distribution of the resin particles (C) is preferably from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner and suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high quality image. 40% or less, more preferably 35% or less, still more preferably 30% or less, and still more preferably 28% or less. From the viewpoint of improving the productivity of the resin particle (C) dispersion, preferably 5% or more, More preferably, it is 10% or more, and further preferably 15% or more.

[Method for producing toner for developing electrostatic image]
The method for producing a core-shell type electrostatic image developing toner of the present invention includes the following steps (1) to (5).
Step (1): Step of mixing resin particles (A) containing crystalline polyester (a) and release agent particles containing release agent Step (2): To the mixture obtained in step (1) Step of dropping the flocculant at a temperature of 0 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) by 7 ° C. Step (3): The mixture in which the flocculant is dropped is added to the crystalline polyester (a). Step of obtaining aggregated particles (1) by maintaining the temperature at a temperature 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the polyester and at a temperature not higher than 7 ° C. higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) Step (4): In the aggregated particles (1) Adding resin particles (C) composed of a graft polymer composed of a main chain segment (A1) composed of a polyester resin and side chain segments (A2) composed of an addition polymerization resin to obtain aggregated particles (2) Step (5): Agglomerated particles The process of obtaining core-shell particles by fusing the child (2)

[Step (1)]
Step (1) is a step of mixing the resin particles (A) containing the crystalline polyester (a) and the release agent particles containing the release agent.
In this step, the resin particles (A) and the release agent particles are mixed in an aqueous medium to obtain a mixed dispersion.
In addition, although it is preferable to mix a colorant as an arbitrary component, the colorant may be mixed as a separate particle by itself, or may be contained in the resin particle (A), but controls aggregation. From the viewpoint of obtaining agglomerated particles having a desired particle size, the resin particles (A) are preferably contained.
There is no restriction | limiting in order of mixing, You may add any in order and may add simultaneously.

The content of the resin particles (A) in the mixed dispersion is preferably 10 parts by mass or more, more preferably 20 parts by mass or more, from the viewpoint of controlling aggregation and obtaining aggregated particles having a target particle size. The amount is preferably 40 parts by mass or less, more preferably 30 parts by mass or less. From the same viewpoint, the content of the aqueous medium in the mixed dispersion is preferably 60 parts by mass or more, more preferably 70 parts by mass or more, and preferably 90 parts by mass or less, more preferably 80 parts by mass or less. It is. If necessary, it is preferable to mix the aqueous medium and adjust to this range.
Further, the content of the colorant is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 100 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A), from the viewpoint of improving the image density of the printed matter obtained using the toner. Is 3 parts by mass or more, more preferably 5 parts by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or less, and still more preferably 10 parts by mass. It is as follows.
The content of the release agent particles is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 100 parts by mass or more with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the resin and the colorant from the viewpoint of improving the releasability of the toner and improving the low-temperature fixability. Is 2 parts by mass or more, more preferably 5 parts by mass or more, and preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or less from the viewpoint of improving the heat resistant storage stability of the toner.
The mixing temperature is preferably 0 ° C. or higher, more preferably 10 ° C. or higher from the viewpoint of improving toner productivity, and preferably 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) from the same viewpoint. Below the temperature, more preferably below 10 ° C. below the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), more preferably below 20 ° C. below the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), more preferably below the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a). The temperature is 30 ° C. or lower than the melting point, more preferably 40 ° C. or lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a). Specifically, 10 ° C. or higher and 30 ° C. or lower is preferable.

[Step (2)]
Step (2) is a step in which the flocculant is added dropwise to the mixture obtained in step (1) at a temperature that is 0 ° C. or higher and less than 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a).
The flocculant is preferably an electrolyte, and more preferably a salt, from the viewpoint of obtaining a toner having a target particle size while preventing excessive aggregation.
As the aggregating agent, a quaternary salt cationic surfactant, an organic aggregating agent such as polyethyleneimine, and an inorganic aggregating agent such as an inorganic metal salt, an inorganic ammonium salt, or a bivalent or higher metal complex are used. From the viewpoint of improving the charging stability and charge rising property of the toner, inorganic flocculants are preferred, inorganic metal salts and inorganic ammonium salts are more preferred, and inorganic ammonium salts are even more preferred.
The valence of the cation of the inorganic coagulant is preferably 1 or more and 5 or less, more preferably 1 or more and 2 or less, and still more preferably, from the viewpoint of obtaining a toner having a target particle size while preventing excessive aggregation. Is monovalent.
Examples of the monovalent cation of the inorganic flocculant include sodium, potassium, and ammonium. Ammonium is preferred from the viewpoint of improving the charging stability and charge rising property of the toner.
Examples of the inorganic metal salt include metal salts such as sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium nitrate, and inorganic metal salt polymers such as polyaluminum chloride and polyaluminum hydroxide.
Examples of inorganic ammonium salts include ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate.
As the flocculant, ammonium sulfate is more preferable.
The amount of the flocculant used is preferably 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A), from the viewpoint of improving the charging stability and charge rising property of the toner. Part or less, more preferably 30 parts by weight or less. Further, from the viewpoint of controlling the aggregation of the resin particles to obtain a target particle size, the resin particles (A) are preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 5 parts by mass or more, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin. More preferably, it is 10 parts by mass or more. Taking these viewpoints together, the amount of the flocculant used is preferably 1 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 5 to 40 parts by mass, and still more preferably 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the resin particles (A). 10 to 30 parts by mass.

The flocculant is added dropwise to the mixture obtained in step (1). The flocculant may be added at one time, or may be added intermittently or continuously, but from the viewpoint of obtaining the desired particle size by controlling the aggregation of the resin particles, It is preferable to perform sufficient stirring.
The flocculant is preferably added dropwise as an aqueous solution from the viewpoint of controlling the aggregation of the resin particles to obtain the desired particle size. The concentration of the aqueous solution of the flocculant is preferably 3% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and even more preferably 7% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of controlling the aggregation of the resin particles to obtain the desired particle size. Further, it is preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, and still more preferably 15% by mass or less.
The dropping time of the flocculant is preferably 1 minute or more, more preferably 2 minutes or more, and further preferably 3 minutes or more from the viewpoint of controlling aggregation and obtaining a desired particle size. From the viewpoint of improvement, it is preferably 120 minutes or less, more preferably 60 minutes or less, still more preferably 30 minutes or less, and even more preferably 10 minutes or less.
Further, the temperature at which the flocculant is dropped is 0 ° C. or more and less than 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a). From the viewpoint of controlling agglomeration and obtaining the desired particle size, it is preferably at most 10 ° C. below the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), more preferably at most 20 ° C. below the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), The temperature is preferably 30 ° C. or lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), more preferably 40 ° C. or lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a). Specifically, 10 ° C. or higher and 30 ° C. or lower is preferable.

[Step (3)]
In the step (3), the mixture in which the flocculant is dropped is maintained at a temperature not lower than a temperature 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) and not higher than a temperature 7 ° C. higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a). In this step, the aggregated particles (1) are obtained.
From the viewpoint of obtaining agglomerated particles having a target particle size and particle size distribution, the mixture in which the aggregating agent is dropped after adding the aggregating agent is at least 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) and is crystalline. The temperature is maintained at a temperature not higher than 7 ° C. higher than the melting point of the polyester (a). By maintaining in this temperature range, it is possible to obtain agglomerated particles (1) having a high sphericity, a small BET surface area, and a smooth surface while maintaining the crystalline state of the crystalline polyester, and the low-temperature fixability of the toner. In addition, it is possible to improve heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property and suppress toner scattering.
The temperature to be maintained is preferably a temperature that is 5 ° C. lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. More preferably, it is at least 3 ° C lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), more preferably at least 2 ° C lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), and preferably the crystalline polyester (a). 5 ° C. or higher, more preferably 3 ° C. higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a), more preferably 2 ° C. higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a).

The volume median particle size of the agglomerated particles (1) is preferably 1 μm or more, more preferably 2 μm or more, further preferably 3 μm or more, from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. The thickness is preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 8 μm or less, and still more preferably 6 μm or less.
The CV value is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 28% or less, and still more preferably 25% or less from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner and suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. It is.

  The degree of circularity of the agglomerated particles (1) is preferably 0.925 or more, more preferably 0 from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge riseability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. 930 or more, more preferably 0.935 μm or more, still more preferably 0.940 or more, and from the viewpoint of improving the heat resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, preferably 0.955 or less. Preferably it is 0.953 or less, More preferably, it is 0.950 or less.

The BET specific surface area of the agglomerated particles (1) is preferably 4.0 m ² / g or less from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. more preferably 3.0 m ² / g or less, more preferably 2.5 m ² / g or less, even more preferably 2.1 m ² / g or less, even more preferably not more than 1.8 m ² / g, also, From the viewpoint of improving the heat resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 1.0 m ² / g or more, more preferably 1.3 m ² / g or more, and still more preferably 1.5 m ² / g or more. .

[Step (4)]
In step (4), the aggregated particles (1) obtained in step (3) are combined with a main chain segment (A1) made of a polyester resin and a side chain segment (A2) made of an addition polymerization resin. This is a step of adding the resin particles (C) made of to obtain aggregated particles (2).
In this step, the dispersion of resin particles (C) made of the graft polymer is added to the dispersion of aggregated particles (1) obtained in step (3), and resin particles are further added to the aggregated particles (1). It is preferable to attach (C) to obtain aggregated particles (2).

Before adding the dispersion liquid (resin particle (C) dispersion liquid) containing the resin particles (C) to the dispersion liquid (aggregated particle (1) dispersion liquid) containing the aggregated particles (1), the aggregated particle (1) An aqueous medium may be added to the dispersion for dilution, and an aqueous medium is preferably added. By adding an aqueous medium to obtain a predetermined coagulant concentration, the resin particles (C) can be more uniformly adhered to the aggregated particles (1).
When the resin particle (C) dispersion is added to the aggregated particle (1) dispersion, the aggregating agent may be used in order to efficiently attach the resin particle (C) to the aggregated particle (1).
As a preferable addition method in the case of adding the resin particle (C) dispersion to the aggregated particle (1) dispersion, a method of simultaneously adding the coagulant and the resin particle (C) dispersion, the coagulant and the resin particle (C ) A method of alternately adding the dispersion liquid, and a method of adding the resin particle (C) dispersion liquid while gradually raising the temperature of the aggregated particle (1) dispersion liquid. By doing in this way, the cohesiveness fall of the coagulated particle (1) and the resin particle (C) by the coagulant | flocculant density | concentration fall can be prevented. From the viewpoint of toner productivity and manufacturing simplicity, it is preferable to add the resin particle (C) dispersion while gradually raising the temperature of the aggregated particle (1) dispersion.

  The temperature in the system in this step is a crystalline polyester contained in the resin particles (A) from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge riseability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. It is preferably 5 ° C or more lower than the melting point of (a), and preferably 3 ° C or more lower than the glass transition temperature of the polyester (c), more preferably 5 ° C or more lower. When the agglomerated particles (2) are produced within the temperature range, the toner has improved low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rise property, and toner scattering is suppressed. The reason is not clear, but because the fusion of the aggregated particles (2) does not occur, the generation of coarse particles is suppressed, and the crystallinity of the crystalline polyester (a) is maintained. it is conceivable that.

The addition amount of the resin particles (C) improves the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability, and charge rising property of the toner, and suppresses the scattering of the toner, so that the resin particles (C) and the resin particles (A ) (Resin particles (C) / resin particles (A)) is preferably 0.05 or more, more preferably 0.10 or more, still more preferably 0.15 or more, and still more preferably 0.20. The amount is preferably 0.90 or less, more preferably 0.50 or less, still more preferably 0.40 or less, and still more preferably 0.30 or less.
Compared with the resin particles (A), by adding a small amount of the resin particles (C), the effect of the core portion of the toner of the present invention in which the crystalline polyester (a) and the amorphous polyester (b) are mixed is sufficiently obtained. Can be expressed.

  The resin particle (C) dispersion may be added continuously over a certain period of time, may be added at a time, or may be added in a plurality of divided portions. It is preferable to add them continuously or in several divided portions. By adding as described above, the resin particles (C) are likely to selectively adhere to the aggregated particles (1). Among these, it is preferable to add continuously over a certain time from the viewpoint of promoting selective adhesion and efficient production. The time for continuous addition is preferably 30 minutes or more, more preferably 1 hour or more, and still more preferably 2 from the viewpoint of obtaining aggregated particles (2) having a sharp particle size distribution and shortening the production time. It is more than time, Preferably it is 10 hours or less, More preferably, it is 7 hours or less, More preferably, it is 5 hours or less.

The total amount of the resin particles (C) is added, and the aggregation is stopped when the toner particles grow to an appropriate particle size.
As the particle size for stopping the aggregation, the volume median particle size of the aggregated particles (2) is preferably 2 μm or more, more preferably 3 μm or more, from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. More preferably, it is 4 micrometers or more, Preferably it is 10 micrometers or less, More preferably, it is 8 micrometers or less, More preferably, it is 6 micrometers or less.
Examples of the method for stopping the aggregation include a method of cooling the dispersion, a method of adding an aggregation stopper, and a method of diluting the dispersion. From the viewpoint of reliably preventing unnecessary aggregation, the aggregation stopper A method of stopping the aggregation by adding is preferable.
As the aggregation terminator, a surfactant is preferable, and an anionic surfactant is more preferable. Examples of the anionic surfactant include alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. The aggregation terminators can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
The addition amount of the aggregation stopper is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 1 part by mass or more, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the resin in the system, from the viewpoint of surely preventing unnecessary aggregation. More preferably, it is 2 parts by mass or more, and preferably from 15 parts by mass or less, more preferably 10 parts by mass or less, from the viewpoint of reducing the residual to the toner and improving the charging stability and charge rising property of the toner. More preferably, it is 6 parts by mass or less. The aggregation terminator is preferably added as an aqueous solution from the viewpoint of improving productivity.

The volume median particle size of the aggregated particles (2) obtained in the step (4) is preferably 2 μm or more, more preferably 3 μm or more, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. Is 4 μm or more, preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 8 μm or less, and still more preferably 6 μm or less.
The circularity of the core-shell agglomerated particles is preferably 0.945 or more, more preferably 0.948, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. From the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 0.970 or less, more preferably 0.968 or less, and still more preferably 0. .966 or less.

[Step (5)]
Step (5) is a step of obtaining core-shell particles by fusing the aggregated particles (2) obtained in step (4).
The agglomerated particles (2), which are mainly physically attached to each other, are fused and united to form core-shell particles.

From the viewpoint of promoting fusing and improving toner productivity, in this step, the temperature is preferably 10 ° C. lower than the glass transition temperature of the graft polymer, more preferably the glass transition temperature or higher, and still more preferably the glass transition temperature. Hold at a temperature of 5 ° C. or higher. From the viewpoint of maintaining the core-shell state of the toner particles, improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge riseability of the toner, and suppressing toner scattering, this step is preferably a glass transition of the graft polymer. The temperature is maintained at a temperature not higher than 30 ° C., more preferably not higher than 20 ° C., and still more preferably not higher than 15 ° C.
That is, assuming that the glass transition temperature of the graft polymer is Tg and the holding temperature is T, T ≧ Tg−10 ° C., more preferably T ≧ Tg, more preferably T ≧ Tg + 5 ° C., and preferably T ≦ Tg + 30 ° C., more preferably T ≦ Tg + 20 ° C., and further preferably T ≦ Tg + 15 ° C.
Further, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, in this step, the temperature is preferably maintained at a temperature not higher than 5 ° C., more preferably not higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a).
Further, from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, in this step, it is preferably maintained at a temperature not higher than the melting point of the release agent, more preferably not higher than 3 ° C., more preferably not higher than 5 ° C.
In this step, from the viewpoint of promoting fusion and improving the productivity of the toner, the temperature is preferably 55 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 65 ° C. or higher. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering, it is preferably 85 ° C. or less, more preferably 80 ° C., and even more preferably 75 ° C. Hold on.
The holding time in this step is preferably 0.5 from the viewpoint of maintaining the core-shell state of the toner particles, improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charge stability and charge riseability of the toner, and suppressing toner scattering. From the viewpoint of improving toner productivity, it is preferably 24 hours or less, more preferably 12 hours or less, still more preferably 6 hours or more, more preferably 1 hour or more, and even more preferably 1.5 hours or more. The time is less than or equal to 4 hours or less.

The volume-median particle size of the core-shell particles obtained in this step is preferably 2 μm or more, more preferably 3 μm or more, and still more preferably 4 μm or more from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. Moreover, it is preferably 10 μm or less, more preferably 8 μm or less, and still more preferably 6 μm or less.
The average particle size of the fused core-shell particles obtained in this step is preferably equal to or less than the average particle size of the aggregated particles (2). That is, in this step, it is preferable that the core shell particles do not aggregate and fuse.

[Post-processing process]
In the present invention, a post-treatment step may be performed after step (5), and it is preferable to obtain toner particles by isolating the core-shell particles.
Since the core-shell particles obtained in the step (5) are present in the aqueous medium, it is preferable to first perform solid-liquid separation. For solid-liquid separation, a suction filtration method or the like is preferably used.
It is preferable to perform washing after the solid-liquid separation. When a nonionic surfactant is used in the production of the resin particles (A) and (C), it is preferable to remove the added nonionic surfactant, so that it is aqueous below the cloud point of the nonionic surfactant. Washing with a solution is preferred. The washing is preferably performed a plurality of times.
Next, it is preferable to perform drying. From the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability of the toner, it is preferable that the temperature of the core-shell particles themselves be 5 ° C. or more lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester. More preferably, the temperature is lowered by 10 ° C. or more. As a drying method, it is preferable to use a vibration type fluidized drying method, a spray drying method, a freeze drying method, a flash jet method, or the like. The water content after drying is preferably adjusted to 1.5% by mass or less, and preferably adjusted to 1.0% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and improving the charging stability and the charge rising property. It is more preferable.

[Toner for electrostatic image development]
(toner)
Although the toner particles obtained by drying or the like can be used as they are as the toner of the present invention, it is preferable to use toner particles whose surfaces have been treated as described below as electrostatic charge image developing toner.
The volume median particle size of the toner is preferably 2 μm or more, more preferably 3 μm or more, still more preferably 4 μm or more, and preferably 10 μm from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. Hereinafter, it is more preferably 8 μm or less, and further preferably 6 μm or less.
The CV value of the toner is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 27% or less, still more preferably 25% or less, from the viewpoint of sharpening the particle size distribution of the toner and suppressing toner scattering and obtaining a high-quality image. More preferably, it is 23% or less.
The degree of circularity of the toner is preferably 0.950 or more, more preferably 0.955 or more, from the viewpoint of improving toner low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property, and suppressing toner scattering. Further, it is preferably 0.960 μm or more, and preferably 0.990 or less, more preferably 0.985 or less, and still more preferably 0.980 from the viewpoint of improving the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. It is as follows.
The BET specific surface area of the toner is preferably 3.0 m ² / g or less, more preferably ² from the viewpoint of improving the low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, charging stability and charge rising property of the toner and suppressing toner scattering. .5m ² / g or less, further preferably 2.2 m ² / g or less, and to improve heat-resistant storage stability of the toner, from the viewpoint of suppressing toner scattering, preferably 1.0 m ² / g or more, more Preferably it is 1.2 m < ² > / g or more, More preferably, it is 1.4 m < ² > / g or more.

(External additive)
In the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of the present invention, the toner particles can be used as the toner as they are, but it is preferable to use a toner obtained by adding a fluidizing agent or the like to the toner particle surface as an external additive.
Examples of the external additive include hydrophobic silica, titanium oxide fine particles, alumina fine particles, cerium oxide fine particles, inorganic fine particles such as carbon black, and polymer fine particles such as polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, and silicone resin. Among these, hydrophobic Silica is preferred.
When the surface treatment of the toner particles is performed using an external additive, the amount of the external additive added is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 2 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles. , Preferably 5 parts by mass or less, more preferably 4 parts by mass or less.

  The electrostatic image developing toner obtained by the present invention can be used as a one-component developer or mixed with a carrier and used as a two-component developer.

  Each property value of polyester, resin particles, toner, etc. was measured and evaluated by the following method.

[Acid value of polyester]
It measured according to JIS K0070. However, the measurement solvent was chloroform.

[Polyester softening point, crystallinity index, melting point and glass transition temperature]
(1) Softening point Using a flow tester “CFT-500D” (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), while heating a 1 g sample at a heating rate of 6 ° C./min, the plunger was used and the plunger was 1.96 MPa. A load was applied and extruded from a nozzle having a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 1 mm. A flow tester drop amount of the flow tester was plotted against the temperature, and the temperature at which half of the sample flowed out was defined as the softening point.

(2) Melting point and glass transition temperature Using a differential scanning calorimeter “Q100” (manufactured by TA Instruments Japan), 0.01 to 0.02 g of a sample was weighed into an aluminum pan and raised to 200 ° C. Then, the temperature was cooled to 0 ° C. at a rate of temperature decrease of 10 ° C./min. Next, the sample was heated at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min and measured. Among the observed endothermic peaks, the temperature of the peak having the maximum peak area was defined as the maximum endothermic temperature (2). In the case of crystalline polyester, the peak temperature was taken as the melting point. In the case of an amorphous polyester, when an endothermic peak is observed, the temperature of the peak is measured, and when a step is observed without a peak being observed, the tangent indicating the maximum slope of the curve of the step and the step The temperature of the intersection with the extended line of the base line on the high temperature side was taken as the glass transition temperature.

(3) Crystallinity index Using a differential scanning calorimeter “Q100” (manufactured by TA Instruments Japan), 0.01 to 0.02 g of a sample is weighed into an aluminum pan, and from room temperature (20 ° C.) The temperature was lowered to 0 ° C. at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min, and left still for 1 minute. Next, the sample was heated to 180 ° C. at a temperature increase rate of 10 ° C./min. Of the observed peaks, the peak temperature with the maximum peak area is defined as the endothermic maximum peak temperature (1), and the crystallinity by (softening point (° C)) / (maximum endothermic peak temperature (1) (° C)). The index was determined.

[Number average molecular weight of polyester]
The molecular weight distribution was measured by gel permeation chromatography and the number average molecular weight was calculated by the following method.
(1) Preparation of sample solution Polyester was dissolved in chloroform so that the concentration was 0.5 g / 100 ml. Subsequently, this solution was filtered using a fluororesin filter “FP-200” (manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.) having a pore size of 2 μm to remove insoluble components to obtain a sample solution.
(2) Molecular weight distribution measurement Chloroform was allowed to flow as a lysis solution at a flow rate of 1 ml / min, and the column was stabilized in a constant temperature bath at 40 ° C. 200 μl of the sample solution was injected there for measurement. The molecular weight of the sample was calculated based on a calibration curve prepared in advance. In the calibration curve at this time, several types of monodisperse polystyrene (monodisperse polystyrene manufactured by Tosoh Corporation); molecular weights 1.11 × 10 ⁶ , 3.97 × 10 ⁵ , 1.89 × 10 ⁵ , 9.89 × 10 ⁴ , 1.71 × 10 ⁴ , 9.49 × 10 ³ , 5.87 × 10 ³ , 1.01 × 10 ³ , 5.00 × 10 ² ) were used as standard samples.
Measuring apparatus: “HPLC LC-9130NEXT” (manufactured by Nippon Analytical Industries, Ltd.)
Analytical columns: “JAIGEL-2.5-HA” and “JAIGEL-MH-A” (manufactured by Nippon Analytical Industries, Ltd.)

[Glass transition temperature of resin particles]
When measuring the glass transition temperature of the resin particles, the solvent was removed from the resin particle dispersion by freeze-drying, and the obtained solid was measured by the same method as the glass transition temperature of the polyester.
The lyophilization of the resin particle dispersion was performed using a freeze dryer “FDU-2100” and “DRC-1000” (manufactured by Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.) with 30 g of the resin particle dispersion at −25 ° C. for 1 hour. It vacuum-dried at -10 degreeC for 10 hours and 25 degreeC for 4 hours, and was dried until it became the water content 1 mass% or less. The moisture content was measured using an infrared moisture meter “FD-230” (manufactured by Ketto Scientific Laboratory), a 5 g sample after drying, a drying temperature of 150 ° C. and a measurement mode 96 (monitoring time 2.5 minutes / variation). Width 0.05%).

[Melting point of release agent]
Using a differential scanning calorimeter “Q-20” (manufactured by TA Instruments Japan Co., Ltd.), the temperature was raised to 200 ° C., and the sample cooled to 0 ° C. at a temperature lowering rate of 10 ° C./min was raised. The temperature was raised at a temperature rate of 10 ° C./min, and the maximum peak temperature of heat of fusion was taken as the melting point.

[Volume Median Particle Size (D ₅₀ ) and Particle Size Distribution of Aggregated Particles]
The volume median particle size of the aggregated particles was measured as follows.
・ Measuring machine: "Coulter Multisizer III" (Beckman Coulter, Inc.)
・ Aperture diameter: 50μm
-Analysis software: "Multisizer III version 3.51" manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.-Electrolyte: "Iston II" manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.-Measurement conditions: By adding a sample dispersion containing aggregated particles to 100 mL of the electrolyte After adjusting the particle size of 30,000 particles to a concentration that can be measured in 20 seconds, 30,000 particles were measured, and the volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) was determined from the particle size distribution.
Moreover, CV value (%) was calculated according to the following formula as particle size distribution.
CV value (%) = (standard deviation of particle size distribution / volume median particle size (D ₅₀ )) × 100

[Volume Median Particle Size (D ₅₀ ) and Particle Size Distribution of Toner (Particles)]
The volume median particle size of the toner (particles) was measured as follows.
The measuring instrument, aperture diameter, analysis software, and electrolyte solution were the same as the volume median particle diameter of the aggregated particles.
-Dispersion: Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether "Emulgen 109P" (manufactured by Kao Corporation, HLB: 13.6) was dissolved in the electrolytic solution to obtain a dispersion having a concentration of 5% by mass.
-Dispersion condition: 10 mg of a toner measurement sample is added to 5 mL of the dispersion, and dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser, and then 25 mL of electrolyte is added, and further dispersed for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser. A sample dispersion was prepared.
Measurement conditions: The particle dispersion of 30,000 particles was adjusted to a concentration that can be measured in 20 seconds by adding the sample dispersion to 100 mL of the electrolytic solution, and then 30,000 particles were measured. The volume-median particle size (D ₅₀ ) was determined from the distribution.
The CV value (%) was calculated according to the following formula.
CV value (%) = (standard deviation of particle size distribution / volume median particle size (D ₅₀ )) × 100

[Volume Median Particle Size (D ₅₀ ) and Particle Size Distribution of Resin Particles, Release Agent Particles]
(1) Measuring apparatus: Laser diffraction particle size measuring instrument “LA-920” (manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.)
(2) Measurement conditions: Distilled water was added to the measurement cell, and the volume-median particle size (D ₅₀ ) was measured at a concentration at which the absorbance was in an appropriate range. The CV value was calculated according to the following formula.
CV value (%) = (standard deviation of particle size distribution / volume median particle size) × 100

[Solid content concentration of resin particle dispersion and release agent particle dispersion]
Using an infrared moisture meter “FD-230” (manufactured by Kett Scientific Laboratory), 5 g of a measurement sample is set at a drying temperature of 150 ° C. and in a measurement mode 96 (monitoring time 2.5 minutes / variation width 0.05%). The moisture percentage was measured. The solid content concentration was calculated according to the following formula.
Solid content concentration (% by mass) = 100-M
M: moisture (%) = [(W−W ₀ ) / W] × 100
W: Sample mass before measurement (initial sample mass)
W ₀ : Mass of sample after measurement (absolute dry mass)

[Circularity of aggregated particles and toner]
-Preparation of dispersion liquid: In the dispersion liquid of aggregated particles (1) and aggregated particles (2), the solid content concentration of aggregated particles (1) and aggregated particles (2) is 0.001 to 0.05 mass%. And diluted with deionized water. The toner dispersion was prepared by adding 50 mg of toner to 5 ml of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether “Emulgen 109P” (manufactured by Kao Corporation), and dispersing for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser. Distilled water (20 ml) was added, and the mixture was further dispersed for 1 minute using an ultrasonic disperser.
Measurement device: Flow type particle image analyzer “FPIA-3000” (manufactured by Sysmex Corporation)
・ Measurement mode: HPF measurement mode

[BET specific surface area of aggregated particles (1) and toner particles]
The BET specific surface area was measured under the following conditions using a flow type specific surface area automatic measuring apparatus “Micromeritics FlowSorbIII” (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Further, the BET specific surface area of the core particles was measured by filtering and drying the core particle dispersion.
Toner sample amount: 0.09 to 0.11 g
・ Deaeration condition: 40 ° C., 10 minutes ・ Adsorption gas: Nitrogen gas

[Evaluation of low-temperature fixability of toner]
Using a commercially available printer “Microline 5400” (manufactured by Oki Data Co., Ltd.) on high-quality paper “J paper A4 size” (manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.), the toner adhesion amount on the paper is 0.42 to 0.48 mg / A solid image of cm ² was output without being fixed at a length of 50 mm, leaving a margin of 5 mm from the top edge of the A4 paper.
Next, the same printer with a variable temperature fixing device was prepared, the fixing device temperature was set to 90 ° C., and fixing was performed at a speed of 1.2 seconds per sheet in the A4 longitudinal direction to obtain a printed matter.
In the same manner, the temperature of the fixing device was increased by 5 ° C., and the fixing was performed to obtain a printed matter.
In a margin at the upper end of the printed image, a mending tape “Scotch Mending Tape 810” (manufactured by 3M, width 18 mm) cut to a length of 50 mm is lightly affixed, and then a 500 g weight is placed on it. One reciprocal pressing was performed at a speed of 10 mm / sec. Thereafter, the affixed tape was peeled off from the lower end side at a peeling angle of 180 degrees and a speed of 10 mm / second to obtain a printed matter after the tape was peeled off. Thirty sheets of “Excellent White Paper A4 Size” (manufactured by Oki Data Co., Ltd.) are placed under the printed material before and after the tape is applied, and the reflected image density of the fixed image portion before and after the tape is applied to each printed material. Was measured using a colorimeter “SpectroEye” (manufactured by GretagMacbeth, Inc., light emission conditions: standard light source D ₅₀ , observation field of view 2 °, density reference DINNB, absolute white reference), and the fixing ratio was calculated by the following formula: .
Fixing rate = (reflected image density after peeling tape / reflected image density before applying tape) × 100
The temperature at which the fixing rate was 90% or more was defined as the minimum fixing temperature. The lower the minimum fixing temperature, the better the low-temperature fixing property.

[Evaluation of heat-resistant storage stability of toner]
20 g of toner was put in a wide-mouth polyethylene bottle having an internal volume of 100 ml, sealed, and allowed to stand in an environment of 55 ° C. for 48 hours. Thereafter, it was allowed to stand for 12 hours or more while being sealed at a temperature of 25 ° C. and cooled. Next, a 250 μm mesh sieve is set on a vibrating table of a powder characteristic evaluation device “Powder Tester” (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Co., Ltd.), and 20 g of the toner is placed on the sieve and vibrated for 30 seconds. The toner mass was measured. The smaller the value, the better the heat resistant storage stability of the toner.

[Toner scattering evaluation]
The following operations were all performed in an environment of room temperature of 25 ° C. and relative humidity of 50%. First, 0.7 g of toner and 9.3 g of a silicone ferrite carrier (manufactured by Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., average particle size: 40 μm) are placed in a cylindrical polypropylene bottle (Nikko Co., Ltd.) having an internal volume of 20 ml. And shaken 10 times each. Then, it stirred for 10 minutes with the ball mill.
An external developing roller apparatus in which a developing roller (diameter 42 mm) mounted on a commercially available printer “Microline 5400” (manufactured by Oki Data Co., Ltd.) was taken out and remodeled to be rotatable was used. The developing roller of the external developing roller device was rotated at a speed of 10 revolutions / minute, and the developer was deposited on the developing roller. After uniformly attaching, the rotation was once stopped. The rotation number of the developing roller was changed to 45 rotations / minute, and the number of scattered toner particles when rotated for 1 minute was measured with a digital dust meter “P-5” (manufactured by Shibata Kagaku Co., Ltd.).
The toner scattering property was evaluated from the number of scattered toner particles. The scattering property indicates that the smaller the toner scattering particle number, the better.

[Evaluation of toner charge distribution]
0.6 g of toner and 19.4 g of ferrite carrier are placed in a 50 ml polypropylene bottle “PP sampler bottle wide mouth” (manufactured by Sampratec Co., Ltd.), stirred for 20 minutes in a ball building, and then a charge measuring device “q-test” The charge amount distribution was measured by (Epping).
The measurement conditions are
Toner Flow (ml / min): 160
Electrode Voltage (V): 4000
Deposition Time (s): 2
And the charge amount distribution was measured. A graph of the charge amount distribution was created by connecting the obtained results q / d to −0.4 to 0.4 (fc / 10 μm) with a straight line.
The charge amount distribution was evaluated based on the half-value width of the maximum peak of the charge amount distribution. If the distribution is sharp, the full width at half maximum is small. Conversely, if the distribution is broad, the full width at half maximum is large.

[Evaluation of toner charge rising property]
At 25 ° C. and 50% RH, 2.1 g of toner and 27.9 g of a silicone ferrite carrier (manufactured by Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd., average particle size: 40 μm) and a 50 ml cylindrical polypropylene bottle (manufactured by Nikko Corporation) ), Shaken 10 times vertically and horizontally, and then mixed using a tumbler mixer. The charge amount at the mixing time of 1 minute and 10 minutes was measured using a q / m meter (manufactured by EPPING) to obtain the respective charge amount. From the 1 min value of the charge amount (charge amount at a mixing time of 1 minute) and the 10 min value of charge amount (charge amount at a mixing time of 10 minutes), the charge rising property was measured. The closer to (1 min value of charge amount) / (10 min value of charge amount), the shorter the mixing time, the shorter the mixing time, the charge amount at 1 minute and the charge amount at 10 minutes are expressed in q / m meter ( (Epping) to obtain the respective charge amounts. The rising property of the charge was measured from the 1 min value of the charge amount and the 10 min value of the charge amount. The closer the value of (1 min value of charge amount) / (10 min value of charge amount) is to 1, the better the rising property of charge.
Measurement equipment, settings, etc. are as follows.
Measuring instrument: “q / m-meter” (manufactured by EPPING)
Setting: Mesh size: 635 mesh (aperture: 24 μm, made of stainless steel)
Soft blow: Blow pressure (600V)
Suction time: 90 seconds Charge amount (μC / g) = Total amount of electricity after 90 seconds (μC) / Amount of toner sucked (g)

[Production of polyester]
Production Example 1
(Production of crystalline polyester X1)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 3,936 g of 1,9-nonanediol as an alcohol component and 4848 g of sebacic acid as an acid component were placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature was raised to 135 ° C. while stirring. After reacting at 135 ° C. for 3 hours, the temperature was raised from 135 ° C. to 200 ° C. over 10 hours. Then, after adding 50 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin and further reacting at 200 ° C. for 1 hour, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.3 kPa and reacted for 1 hour to obtain crystalline polyester X1. . Table 1 shows the physical properties of the crystalline polyester X1.

Production Example 2
(Production of crystalline polyester X2)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 2419 g of 1,6-hexanediol and 4957 g of 1,12-dodecanedioic acid were added. The temperature was raised to 140 ° C. while stirring. After making it react at 140 degreeC for 3 hours, it heated up from 140 degreeC to 200 degreeC over 10 hours. Thereafter, 30 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin was added, and the mixture was further reacted at 200 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.3 kPa and reacted for 3 hours to obtain crystalline polyester X2. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the crystalline polyester X2.

Production Example 3
(Production of crystalline polyester X3)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introducing tube, a dehydrating tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was purged with nitrogen, and 5333 g of 1,9-nonanediol as an alcohol component and 3933 g of succinic acid as an acid component were added. While stirring, the temperature was raised to 135 ° C., maintained at 135 ° C. for 3 hours, and then heated from 135 ° C. to 200 ° C. over 10 hours. Thereafter, 44 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin was added, and the mixture was further maintained at 200 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, the pressure in the flask was lowered and maintained at 8.3 kPa for 1 hour to obtain crystalline polyester X3. . The physical properties are shown in Table 1.

Production Example 4
(Production of crystalline polyester X4)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was purged with nitrogen, and 1971 g of 1,12-dodecanediol and 2029 g of sebacic acid were added. While stirring, the temperature was raised to 140 ° C., maintained at 140 ° C. for 3 hours, and then heated from 140 ° C. to 200 ° C. over 10 hours. Thereafter, 12 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin was added, and the mixture was further maintained at 200 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, the pressure in the flask was lowered and maintained at 8.3 kPa for 1 hour to obtain crystalline polyester X4. . The physical properties are shown in Table 1.

Production Example 5
(Production of amorphous polyester Y1)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 3528 g of polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, Put 1404 g of polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 1248 g of terephthalic acid, 1541 g of dodecenyl succinic anhydride, and 40 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin under a nitrogen atmosphere. While stirring, the temperature was raised to 230 ° C. and reacted at 230 ° C. for 6 hours. Furthermore, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.3 kPa and reacted for 1 hour. Then, after cooling to 215 degreeC and returning to atmospheric pressure, 300 g of trimellitic anhydride was put. After reacting at 215 ° C. for 1 hour, the pressure in the flask was further lowered to 8.3 kPa and reacted for 3 hours to obtain amorphous polyester Y1. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the amorphous polyester Y1.

Production Example 6
(Production of amorphous polyester Y2)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 3322 g of polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, Polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (31 g), terephthalic acid (662 g) and di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin (25 g) were added and stirred at 230 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated to 230 ° C. for 5 hours. Furthermore, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 1 hour. After returning to atmospheric pressure, the mixture was cooled to 190 ° C., 685 g of fumaric acid and 2.4 g of tert-butylcatechol (polymerization inhibitor) were added, reacted at 190 ° C. for 1 hour, and then raised to 210 ° C. over 2 hours. Warm up. Further, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 4 hours to obtain amorphous polyester Y2. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the amorphous polyester Y2.

Production Example 7
(Production of amorphous polyester Y3)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 1750 g of polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, Polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane 1625 g, terephthalic acid 1145 g, dodecenyl succinic anhydride 161 g, trimellitic anhydride 480 g, and di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin 25 g was added and the temperature was raised to 220 ° C. with stirring in a nitrogen atmosphere. After making it react at 220 degreeC for 5 hours, it was made to react until the softening point measured according to ASTM D36-86 reached 120 degreeC, and amorphous polyester Y3 was obtained. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the amorphous polyester Y3.

Production Example 8
(Production of amorphous polyester Y4)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 5670 g of polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 585 g of polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2390 g of terephthalic acid, and 45 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin were added and stirred while being stirred in a nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature was raised to 0 ° C. and reacted at 235 ° C. for 5 hours. Furthermore, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 1 hour. After returning to atmospheric pressure, the mixture was cooled to 180 ° C., and 104 g of fumaric acid and 207 g of trimellitic acid were added. After making it react at 180 degreeC for 1 hour, it heated up to 195 degreeC over 2 hours. Further, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 4 hours to obtain amorphous polyester Y4. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the amorphous polyester Y4.

Production Example 9
(Production of amorphous polyester Y5)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 5670 g of polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 585 g of polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2450 g of terephthalic acid, and 44 g of di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin were added and stirred while being stirred in a nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature was raised to 0 ° C. and reacted for 5 hours. Furthermore, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 1 hour. After returning to atmospheric pressure, the mixture was cooled to 190 ° C., and 42 g of fumaric acid and 207 g of trimellitic acid were added. After reacting at 190 ° C. for 2 hours, the temperature was raised to 200 ° C. over 2 hours. Further, the pressure in the flask was lowered to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 4 hours to obtain amorphous polyester Y5. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the amorphous polyester Y5.

Production Example 10
(Production of amorphous polyester Y6)
The inside of a four-necked flask equipped with a nitrogen introduction tube, a dehydration tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple was replaced with nitrogen, and 32 g of polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, Polyoxyethylene (2.0) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (2896 g), terephthalic acid (1524 g), glycerin (83 g), and di (2-ethylhexanoic acid) tin (25 g) were added and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere. The temperature was raised to 230 ° C. After reacting at 230 ° C. for 4 hours, the pressure in the flask was further reduced to 8.0 kPa and reacted for 1 hour to obtain amorphous polyester Y6. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the amorphous polyester Y6.

[Production of resin particle dispersion]
Production Example 11
(Production of resin particle dispersion A-1)
In a flask equipped with a stirrer, 90 g of crystalline polyester X1, 510 g of amorphous polyester Y1, copper phthalocyanine pigment “ECB301” (manufactured by Dainichi Seika Kogyo Co., Ltd.), polyoxyethylene alkyl ether “Emulgen 150” (Kao) 8.5 g, 15% by mass sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate aqueous solution “Neopelex G-15” (manufactured by Kao Corporation, anionic surfactant) 80 g, 5% by mass 225 g of an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution was added, and the mixture was heated to 98 ° C. with melting and melted, and mixed at 98 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a resin mixture.
Next, 1118 g of deionized water was added dropwise at a rate of 6 g / min while stirring to obtain an emulsion. Next, the obtained emulsion was cooled to 25 ° C. and stirred at 25 ° C., while stirring the oxazoline group-containing polymer aqueous solution “Epocross WS-700” (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., nonvolatile content 25% by mass, acrylic main chain) ) 28g was added, and then the temperature was raised to 95 ° C and reacted at 95 ° C for 1 hour. Next, the mixture was cooled to 25 ° C., and the obtained emulsion was passed through a 200 mesh (mesh opening 105 μm) wire mesh to obtain a resin particle dispersion A-1. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 12
(Production of resin particle dispersion A-2)
A resin particle dispersion A-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 11 except that the crystalline polyester X1 was changed to X2. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 13
(Production of resin particle dispersion A-3)
Emulsification was carried out in the same manner as in Production Example 11 except that 510 g of amorphous polyester Y1 was changed to 300 g of amorphous polyester Y2 and 210 g of amorphous polyester Y3 to obtain resin particle dispersion A-3.

Production Example 14
(Production of resin particle dispersion A-4)
A resin particle dispersion A-4 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 11 except that the crystalline polyester X1 was changed to X3. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 15
(Production of resin particle dispersion A-5)
A resin particle dispersion A-5 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 11 except that the crystalline polyester X1 was changed to X4. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 16
(Production of resin particle dispersion B-1)
In a flask having an internal volume of 5 liters, 390 g of amorphous polyester Y2, 210 g of amorphous polyester Y3, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether “Emulgen 430” (manufactured by Kao Corporation, nonionic surfactant) 6 g, 15% by mass Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate aqueous solution “Neopelex G-15” (manufactured by Kao Corporation, anionic surfactant) 40 g and 268 g of 5 mass% potassium hydroxide were added, and the mixture was heated to 95 ° C. and melted with stirring. The mixture was mixed at 95 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a resin mixture.
Next, 1145 g of deionized water was added dropwise at a rate of 6 g / min while stirring to obtain an emulsion. Next, the obtained emulsion was cooled to 25 ° C., passed through a 200-mesh wire mesh, deionized water was added, the solid content was adjusted to 28.0% by mass, and resin particle dispersion B-1 was obtained. Obtained. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 17
(Production of resin particle dispersion B-2)
Resin particle dispersion B-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 16 except that 390 g of amorphous polyester Y2 and 210 g of amorphous polyester Y3 were changed to 600 g of amorphous polyester Y4. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 18
(Production of resin particle dispersion B-3)
Resin particle dispersion B-3 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 16, except that 390 g of amorphous polyester Y2 and 210 g of amorphous polyester Y3 were changed to 600 g of amorphous polyester Y5. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 19
(Production of resin particle dispersion B-4)
In Production Example 16, emulsification was performed in the same manner except that 390 g of amorphous polyester Y2 and 210 g of amorphous polyester Y3 were changed to 600 g of amorphous polyester Y6 to obtain resin particle dispersion B-4. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.

Production Example 20
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-1)
679 g of resin particle dispersion B-1 was added to a 4-liter flask with an internal volume of 2 liters equipped with a condenser, a stirrer, and a thermocouple, and stirred at 200 r / min (63 m / min) at 25 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred and mixed. Thereafter, 6.9 g of styrene was added and further mixed for 30 minutes. Next, the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. with stirring for 1 hour, and 3.9 g of a 1% by mass ammonium persulfate aqueous solution was added as an initiator for polymerization for 3 hours. Thereafter, 3.9 g of 1% by mass aqueous ammonium persulfate solution was further added and mixed for 3 hours, then cooled to 25 ° C., passed through a 200-mesh wire mesh, deionized water was added, and the solid content was adjusted to 23.5% by mass. Thus, a resin particle dispersion C-1 was obtained. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 21
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-2)
A resin particle dispersion C-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-2. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 22
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-3)
A resin particle dispersion C-3 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-3. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 23
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-4)
A resin particle dispersion C-4 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-3 and the addition amount of styrene was changed to 10 g. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 24
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-5)
A resin particle dispersion C-5 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-3 and the addition amount of styrene was changed to 47.5 g. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 25
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-6)
Resin particle dispersion C-6 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-3 and the addition amount of styrene was changed to 81.4 g. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 26
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-7)
A resin particle dispersion C-7 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-3 and the addition amount of styrene was changed to 1.9 g. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

Production Example 27
(Production of resin particle dispersion C-8)
A resin particle dispersion C-8 was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 20, except that the resin particle dispersion B-1 was changed to B-4. Table 3 shows the physical properties.

[Manufacture of release agent particles]
Production Example 28
(Production of release agent particle dispersion)
In a 1 liter beaker, sodium acrylate-sodium maleate copolymer aqueous solution “Pois 521” (manufactured by Kao Corporation) as a sodium polycarboxylate aqueous solution (polycarboxylic acid type polymer surfactant) in 200 g of deionized water And 3.8 g of effective concentration 40% by mass), 5 g of carnauba wax “Carnauba Wax No. 1” (manufactured by Hiroyuki Kato, melting point 83 ° C.) and paraffin wax “HNP-9” ( 45 g of Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd., melting point 75 ° C.) was added, and the mixture was melted with stirring while maintaining the temperature at 90 to 95 ° C., and a molten mixture of carnauba wax and paraffin wax was melted together. Obtained.
The aqueous solution containing the obtained molten mixture was further subjected to a dispersion treatment for 30 minutes with an ultrasonic homogenizer “US-600T” (manufactured by Nippon Seiki Seisakusho) while maintaining the temperature at 90 to 95 ° C. and then to room temperature. It cooled, ion-exchange water was added here, and it adjusted to mold release agent solid content 20 mass%, and obtained the mold release agent particle dispersion. The volume median particle size (D ₅₀ ) of the release agent particles in the release agent particle dispersion was 0.45 μm, and the CV value was 30%.

[Production of toner]
Example 1
(Manufacture of toner 1)
In a three-liter four-necked flask equipped with a dehydrating tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple, 250 g of resin particle dispersion A-1, 75 g of deionized water, and 43 g of release agent particle dispersion were added at a temperature of 25 ° C. Mixed (step (1)). Next, while stirring the mixture, an aqueous solution in which 15 g of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in 130 g of deionized water was added dropwise at 25 ° C. over 5 minutes (step (2)). The mixture in which ammonium sulfate was dropped was heated to 70 ° C. and held at 70 ° C. until the volume-median particle size of the aggregated particles reached 4.6 μm, and the aggregated particles (1) dispersion (core particle dispersion) was obtained. Obtained (step (3)). Table 4 shows the physical properties of the aggregated particles (1).
After the temperature of the aggregated particle (1) dispersion was lowered to 53 ° C., an aqueous solution in which 6.4 g of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in 58 g of deionized water was added. Next, 81 g of resin particle dispersion C-1 was dropped at a rate of 0.5 ml / min while raising the temperature of the dispersion at 53 ° C. at a rate of 2 ° C. per hour, and the aggregated particles (2) dispersion (core-shell aggregated particles) Dispersion liquid) was obtained (step (4)). Table 4 shows the physical properties of the agglomerated particles (2). Moreover, the temperature of the dispersion liquid after completion | finish of dripping was 58 degreeC.
An aqueous solution obtained by mixing 16.5 g of an anionic surfactant “Emar E-27C” (manufactured by Kao Corporation, effective concentration: 27 mass%) and 1302 g of deionized water was added to the aggregated particle (2) dispersion. The temperature was raised to 70 ° C. and held at 70 ° C. for 2 hours to fuse the particles to obtain a core-shell particle dispersion (step (5)).
The obtained core-shell particle dispersion was cooled to 25 ° C., the solid content of the dispersion was separated by suction filtration, washed with deionized water, and dried at 33 ° C. to obtain toner particles. 100 parts by mass of the toner particles, 2.5 parts by mass of hydrophobic silica “RY50” (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., average particle size: 0.04 μm), and hydrophobic silica “Caboseal TS720” (manufactured by Cabot, average particle) 1.0 part by mass (diameter: 0.012 μm) was put in a Henschel mixer, stirred, and passed through a 150-mesh sieve to obtain toner 1. Table 4 shows the physical properties and evaluation results of Toner 1.

Examples 2-11, Examples 13-19, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Examples 4-9, Comparative Example 11
(Manufacture of toners 2-11, 13-19, 21, 23-28, 30)
Toners 2 to 11, 13 to 19, 21, 23 to 28, and 30 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resin particle dispersion used and the temperature of step (1) were changed as shown in Table 4. It was. Table 4 shows the physical properties and evaluation results of the obtained toner.

Comparative Example 1 (Production of Toner 11)
250 g of resin particle dispersion A-1, 64.8 g of deionized water, and 42 g of release agent particle dispersion are placed at a temperature of 25 ° C. in a three-liter four-necked flask equipped with a dehydrating tube, a stirrer, and a thermocouple. Mixed under (step (1)). Next, while stirring the mixture, an aqueous solution in which 23 g of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in 194 g of deionized water was added dropwise at 25 ° C. over 5 minutes (step (2)). The mixture in which ammonium sulfate was dropped was heated to 63 ° C. and held at 63 ° C. until the volume-median particle size of the aggregated particles reached 4.6 μm to obtain an aggregated particle (core particle) dispersion (1). (Step (3)). Table 4 shows the physical properties of the core particles. In Comparative Example 1, since the temperature maintained in the step (3) is lower than that in Example 1, aggregation is unlikely to occur. Therefore, the amount of ammonium sulfate used as a flocculant is increased compared to that in Example 1 in order to obtain the same particle size as that of the agglomerated particles obtained in Example 1.
33 g of deionized water was added to the aggregated particle dispersion (1) (total amount), and the temperature of the dispersion was cooled to 53 ° C. Next, 81 g of the resin particle dispersion C-1 was dropped at a rate of 0.5 ml / min while raising the temperature of the dispersion at 53 ° C. at a rate of 2 ° C. per hour, and the aggregated particle (core-shell aggregated particle) dispersion (2 (Step (4)). Table 4 shows the physical properties of the aggregated particle dispersion (2). Moreover, the temperature of the dispersion liquid after completion | finish of dripping was 58 degreeC.
An aqueous solution obtained by mixing 16.5 g of an anionic surfactant “Emar E-27C” (manufactured by Kao Corporation, effective concentration: 27 mass%) and 1302 g of deionized water was added to the aggregated particle dispersion (2). The temperature was raised to 70 ° C. and held at 70 ° C. for 2 hours to fuse the particles to obtain a core-shell particle dispersion (step (5)).
The obtained core-shell particle dispersion was cooled to 25 ° C., the solid content of the dispersion was separated by suction filtration, washed with deionized water, and dried at 33 ° C. to obtain toner particles. 100 parts by mass of the toner particles, 2.5 parts by mass of hydrophobic silica “RY50” (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., average particle size: 0.04 μm), and hydrophobic silica “Caboseal TS720” (manufactured by Cabot, average particle) 1.0 part by mass (diameter: 0.012 μm) was placed in a Henschel mixer, stirred, and passed through a 150-mesh sieve to obtain toner 11. Table 4 shows the physical properties and evaluation results of the toner 11.

Example 12, Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 10 (Production of Toners 12, 22, and 29)
Toners 12, 22, and 29 were obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the resin particle dispersion used and the temperature of step (3) were changed as shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the physical properties and evaluation results of the obtained toner.

  From Table 4, the toner for developing an electrostatic image of the example has both excellent low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability as compared with the toner for developing an electrostatic image of the comparative example, can suppress toner scattering, and is charged. It turns out that it is excellent also in stability and charge rising property.

  The electrostatic image developing toner obtained by the production method of the present invention has both good low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant storage stability, is excellent in charging stability and charge rising property, and can suppress toner scattering. It can be suitably used as a toner used in the development method. According to the method of the present invention, a toner having such characteristics can be produced efficiently.

Claims (13)

A method for producing a core-shell type electrostatic image developing toner, comprising the following steps (1) to (5).
Step (1): Step of mixing resin particles (A) containing crystalline polyester (a) and release agent particles containing release agent Step (2): To the mixture obtained in step (1) Step of dropping the flocculant at a temperature of 0 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) by 7 ° C. Step (3): The mixture in which the flocculant is dropped is added to the crystalline polyester (a). Step of obtaining aggregated particles (1) by maintaining the temperature at a temperature 7 ° C. lower than the melting point of the polyester and at a temperature not higher than 7 ° C. higher than the melting point of the crystalline polyester (a) Step (4): In the aggregated particles (1) Adding resin particles (C) composed of a graft polymer composed of a main chain segment (A1) composed of a polyester resin and side chain segments (A2) composed of an addition polymerization resin to obtain aggregated particles (2) Step (5): Agglomerated particles The process of obtaining core-shell particles by fusing the child (2)   A polyester resin (c1) in which the graft polymer has a non-aromatic carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in the main chain is prepared, the polyester resin (c1) is mixed with an aqueous medium, and the polyester resin (c1) Obtained by adding an addition polymerizable monomer (c2) to the aqueous dispersion and polymerizing to obtain an aqueous dispersion of resin particles (C) comprising a graft polymer. The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic image according to claim 1.   The electrostatic charge image according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mass ratio [segment (A1) / segment (A2)] of the main chain segment (A1) and the side chain segment (A2) is 55/45 to 99/1. A method for producing a developing toner.   The raw material monomer from which the structural unit of the main chain segment (A1) is derived contains at least one selected from unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated alicyclic dicarboxylic acids, and unsaturated aliphatic diols. 4. A method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of 3 above.   The unsaturated monomeric dicarboxylic acid and / or unsaturated alicyclic dicarboxylic acid is contained as the raw material monomer in the carboxylic acid component of the main chain segment (A1) in an amount of 2 mol% to 70 mol%. A method for producing a toner for developing electrostatic images.   The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the addition polymerizable monomer derived from the structural unit of the addition polymerization resin comprises a styrene monomer and / or a (meth) acrylic acid ester. Production method. The volume median particle size of the aggregated particles (1) obtained in the step (3) is 1 µm or more and 10 µm or less, and the BET specific surface area is 1.0 m ² / g or more and 4.0 m ² / g or less. A method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of -6.   The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the circularity of the aggregated particles (1) obtained in the step (3) is 0.930 or more.   The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the mixing temperature in the step (1) is from 0C to 50C.   The crystalline polyester (a) is a crystalline polyester obtained by condensation polymerization of an α, ω-alkanediol having 4 to 12 carbon atoms and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 12 carbon atoms. A method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of.   The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the resin particles (A) contain an amorphous polyester (b).   The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 11, wherein the mass ratio [(a) / (b)] of the crystalline polyester (a) to the amorphous polyester (b) is 5/95 to 30/70. Manufacturing method.   An acid component and an alcohol component in which the amorphous polyester (b) contains an alkyl succinic acid having a branched alkyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms and / or an alkenyl succinic acid having a branched alkenyl group having 9 to 14 carbon atoms. The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 11, wherein the toner is an amorphous polyester obtained by condensation polymerization.