JP5947557B2 - Anti-vibration and seismic hanger and ceiling base structure - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger and a ceiling foundation structure. More specifically, the present invention relates to a vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger that connects a suspension material hanging from a ceiling slab and a ceiling base material that supports the ceiling material, and a ceiling base structure using the same.

  Conventionally, as an anti-vibration hanger, for example, the one shown in Patent Document 1 (FIG. 6) is known. In this anti-vibration hanger, considering the anti-vibration performance, it is necessary to install the brace material above the hanger (on the ceiling slab side). However, when a horizontal load is generated on the ceiling due to an earthquake or the like, the load concentrates on the suspension material and deforms, and it may be difficult to ensure sufficient seismic performance.

  Further, for example, as shown in Patent Document 2, a brace material using a vibration isolating member is also known. However, since this brace material is provided with an anti-vibration member in the middle of the brace material, when a horizontal load is generated on the ceiling, the anti-vibration member is likely to buckle and it may be difficult to ensure sufficient seismic performance. It was.

  Furthermore, in the ceiling brace connection structure shown in Patent Document 3, the connection portion (second bracket) between the brace material and the ceiling base material is provided with an insertion hole having a diameter larger than that of the insertion member and an elastic member. Seismic performance is secured. However, it has to be provided separately from the hanger, and the structure is complicated.

JP 2002-174296 A JP 2009-2435 A JP 2010-24625 A

  In view of such a conventional situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger and a ceiling base structure that can achieve both vibration and vibration resistance while having a simple structure.

  In order to achieve the above object, the vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to the present invention is characterized in that the ceiling base material is attached and fixed in a configuration in which a suspension material hanging from the ceiling slab and a ceiling base material that supports the ceiling material are connected. A hanger member; and a coupling member coupled to the hanger member at the top and coupled to the hanger member at the bottom, and provided with a vibration isolating member below the coupling member, the coupling positioned above the vibration isolating member A fixing portion for fixing one end of the brace material is provided on the side portion of the member.

  According to the above configuration, the anti-vibration performance is ensured by the anti-vibration member provided at the lower portion of the connecting member. And since the fixing part for fixing one end of the brace material is provided on the side of the connecting member located above the vibration isolating member, the seismic performance by the brace material is provided without impairing the anti-vibration performance. Can be ensured, and both vibration and earthquake resistance can be achieved.

  The vibration isolating member includes a first vibration isolating member through which a connecting member connected to the hanger member passes between an upper surface of the hanger member and a lower outer surface of the connecting member, and the lower inner surface of the connecting member and the connection. It is good to consist of the 2nd vibration isolating member which the said connection member penetrates between the clamping members of a member. The first vibration isolation member ensures insulation between the hanger member and the connecting member, and absorbs vibration between the hanger member and the connecting member. Moreover, since the insulation between the connecting member and the connecting member is ensured by the second vibration isolating member and vibration is absorbed between the connecting member and the connecting member, the vibration isolating performance can be further improved.

  Furthermore, it is good to provide the 3rd vibration isolating member which the said suspension material penetrates to the upper part of the said connection member. Thereby, the insulation with a suspension material and a connection member is ensured, a vibration can be absorbed between a suspension material and a connection member, and also vibration-proof performance can be improved.

  A pair of the fixing portions may be provided so as to be symmetrical with respect to a central axis extending vertically on both side portions of the connecting member. Thereby, a pair of brace material can be made to adjoin, the horizontal load by an earthquake etc. can be efficiently transmitted between brace materials, and a seismic performance is further improved.

  The fixing part and the connecting member may be formed integrally. In this case, the connecting member may be formed of a plate-like material, and the fixing portion may be formed by bending a side portion of the connecting member at a substantially right angle. A simple structure can be achieved, and both vibration and earthquake resistance can be achieved.

  On the other hand, the fixing part and the connecting member may be separate bodies, and the fixing part may have an accommodating part that accommodates the connecting member. Even in this configuration, the construction is easy and the vibration and earthquake resistance can be compatible with a simple structure. In this case, the fixing part may be attached to the connecting member via an attaching member, and the fixing part may have a holding part for holding the connecting member in the housing part.

  The fixing portion may include a plate member that is fitted to the connecting member at at least one of an upper portion, a lower portion, and an opening portion of the housing portion. Furthermore, the fixing part is attached to the connection member via the connecting member and a first attachment part attached to the connection member via the suspension member at the upper part of the accommodation part. You may have at least any one of an attachment part. Any of the embodiments described above can be combined as appropriate.

In order to achieve the above object, the ceiling foundation structure according to the present invention is characterized in that a suspension material hanging from a ceiling slab, a ceiling foundation material that supports the ceiling material, and a barrier that connects the suspension material and the ceiling foundation material. In a configuration including a vibration and earthquake-resistant hanger and a brace material that is inclined from the suspension member to the ceiling base material, the vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger includes a hanger member that attaches and fixes the ceiling base material, A connecting member that is connected to the suspension member at the upper portion and connected to the hanger member at the lower portion, and is provided with a vibration isolating member at a lower portion of the connecting member, and a side portion of the connecting member that is positioned above the vibration isolating member. And a fixing portion for fixing one end of the brace material.

  According to the characteristics of the vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger and the ceiling base structure according to the present invention, it is possible to achieve both the vibration-proof and the improvement of the earthquake-proof performance while having a simple structure.

  Other objects, configurations, and effects of the present invention will become apparent from the following embodiments of the present invention.

It is a figure which shows the foundation structure of the ceiling which concerns on this invention. It is a front view which shows an example of the vibration proof earthquake proof hanger which concerns on this invention. It is a perspective view which shows an example of a hanger member. It is a perspective view which shows an example of a connection member. It is a perspective view which shows an example of a 1st vibration isolator. It is a perspective view which shows an example of a 2nd vibration isolator. It is a figure which shows the 1st modification of a fixing | fixed part, (a) is a top view of a fixing member and a connection member, (b) is a top view which shows an attachment state, (c) is a top view which shows another attachment state, (D) is a top view which shows another attachment state. It is a figure which shows the 2nd modification of a fixing | fixed part, (a) is a top view, (b) is a perspective view which shows the holding state of (a), (c) is a perspective view of the fixing member of (a), d) is a plan view of another modified example, and (d) is a perspective view showing the mounting relationship between the fixing member and the plate member in (e). It is a figure which shows the 3rd modification of a fixing | fixed part, (a) is a top view, (b) is a perspective view which shows the attachment relationship of the fixing member and plate member in (a), (c) is another modification. (D) is a perspective view showing the attachment relationship between the fixing member and the plate member in (c). It is a figure which shows the 4th modification of a fixing | fixed part. It is a figure which shows an example of other embodiment of a vibration proof earthquake proof hanger.

Next, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to FIGS.
[Ceiling foundation structure]
As shown in FIG. 1, a ceiling foundation structure 1 according to the present invention includes a suspension bolt 3 as a suspension material suspended from a ceiling slab 2, a ceiling foundation material 5 that supports the ceiling material 4, and a suspension bolt 3. A hanger 6 and a vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger 10 that connect the ceiling base material 5 and a brace material 7 that is slanted between the suspension bolt 3 and the ceiling base material 5 are provided. A field edge 5b for attaching and fixing the ceiling material 4 is provided on the lower surface side of the field edge receiver 5a. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the hanger 6 and the vibration-proof and earthquake-proof hanger 10 are alternately provided in the longitudinal direction of the field receiver 5 a and horizontally support the ceiling material 4 and the ceiling base material. In addition, the well-known anti-vibration connection member 9 is provided in the upper part of the hanger 6, and the anti-vibration function of the ceiling base 1 is ensured also in the said connection part.

[Vibration-proof / seismic hanger configuration]
Here, as shown in FIG. 1, a vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger 10 according to the present invention is a ceiling base composed of a suspension bolt 3 suspended from a ceiling slab 2 and a field edge 5a and a field edge 5b that support the ceiling material 4. While connecting with the material 5, the one end 7a of the brace material 7 is attached and fixed. For example, a channel material is used for the brace material 7, and the other end 7 b is attached to the vicinity of the ceiling slab 2 of the suspension bolt 3 via a mounting bracket 8.

  In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger 10 is generally connected to the hanger member 20 for attaching and fixing the field edge receiver 5 a of the ceiling base material 5 and the suspension bolt 3 at the upper part 31 and the lower part. 32, a connecting member 30 connected to the hanger member 20 and a vibration isolating member 40 composed of a plurality of vibration isolating members are provided.

[Hanger parts]
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the hanger member 20 generally includes a hanger body 21 that holds the field receiver 5 a, a bent portion 22 formed by bending the upper end of the hanger body 21 substantially vertically, and a connecting member 30. And a bolt 23 as a connecting member to be connected. The hanger body 21 includes a receiving portion 24 that receives the field receiver 5a, and a mounting hole 26 for attaching a fixing member 25 such as a bolt that fixes the field receiver 5a. The bent portion 22 is formed with a through hole 27 through which the bolt 23 passes.

[Connecting member]
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the connecting member 30 is generally symmetrical with respect to the upper and lower portions 31 and 32 that are parallel to each other, the side portion 33 that is substantially orthogonal thereto, and the central axis C that extends vertically along the side portions 33 and 33. And a fixing portion 34 that is suspended so as to be. Thereby, the brace material 7 can be arranged symmetrically with respect to the connecting member 30, and the one ends 7a of the brace material 7 can be arranged close to each other. By arranging them close to each other, a horizontal load due to an earthquake or the like is efficiently transmitted between the brace members 7 and 7, and the seismic performance is further improved.

  In the present embodiment, a pair of the connecting members 30 is produced by bending a plate-like material, and the upper portion 31 and the lower portion 32 are overlapped with each other facing each other and fixed by welding or the like. Therefore, in this embodiment, the connection member 30 and the fixing portion 34 are integral. An attachment hole 31c for attaching the third vibration isolation member 43 is provided in the upper part 31, and an attachment hole 32c for attaching the second vibration isolation member 42 is provided in the lower part 32.

  One end 7a of the brace material 7 is attached and fixed to the fixing portion 34 with a screw 35 as a fixing member. Here, the connecting member 30 and the hanger member 20 are edge-cut (insulated) by vibration isolating members 41 and 42 described later. The fixing portion 34 is suspended from the side portion 33 located above the virtual surface S including the lower outer surface 32a of the connecting member 30. Thereby, it becomes possible to make both vibration proof and earthquake resistance compatible.

  For example, as shown by a two-dot chain line in FIG. 2, a pair of through holes 39 are provided symmetrically with respect to the central axis C in the fixing portions 34 and 34, and the brace material 7 is fixed to the fixing portion 34 with bolt nuts not shown. It doesn't matter. However, the screw hole and the through hole 39 are not essential. For example, the brace material 7 can be fixed by a tap screw or welding without providing the screw hole or the through hole 39 in the fixing portion 34. The fixing portion 34 can take various forms within the range as long as the brace material 7 can be firmly attached, and various modifications can be made according to the form. It is not limited.

[Vibration isolation member]
As shown in FIGS. 2, 5, and 6, in this embodiment, the vibration isolation member 40 includes first to third vibration isolation members 41, 42, and 43 made of a rubber material. The first vibration isolation member 41 has a substantially rectangular shape, and is provided in close contact between the upper surface 22 a of the bent portion 22 of the hanger member 20 and the lower outer surface 32 a of the connecting member 30. As shown in FIG. 5, a central portion of the first vibration isolation member 41 has a hole 41 a into which a protrusion 42 e of a second vibration isolation member 42 described later is inserted, and a second vibration isolation member around the hole 41 a. A recess 41b for receiving 42 annular projections 42d is formed. As shown in FIG. 2, the first vibration isolation member 41 insulates the hanger member 20 and the connecting member 30, absorbs vibration, and suppresses vibration propagation therebetween.

  The second vibration isolating member 42 has a substantially cylindrical shape, and is provided between the lower inner surface 32 b of the connecting member 30 and the nut 29 as a tightening member screwed into the bolt 23. As shown in FIG. 6, a through hole 42 a through which the bolt 23 passes is formed at the center of the first vibration isolation member 41. Further, a groove 42b that fits into a through hole 31c provided in the lower portion 32 of the connecting member 30 is formed between the columnar base portion 42b and the annular protrusion 42d. As shown in FIG. 2, the second vibration isolation member 42 insulates the bolt 23 and the connecting member 30, absorbs vibration, and suppresses propagation therebetween.

  In the present embodiment, the third vibration isolation member 43 has substantially the same shape as the second vibration isolation member 42, and is provided by penetrating the suspension bolt 3 in the upper portion 31 of the connecting member 30. As shown in FIG. 2, the third vibration isolation member 43 is fitted into the through hole 31c of the upper portion 31 of the connecting member 30, and is fixed by the nut 3a of the suspension bolt 3 with the base portion 43b contacting the upper inner surface 31b. ing. The third vibration isolation member 43 insulates the suspension bolt 3 and the connecting member 30 and absorbs vibration to suppress propagation therebetween.

  Thus, in this embodiment, since three types of vibration isolating members 41, 42, and 43 are provided, each connection portion between the connecting member 30 and another member absorbs vibrations and ensures vibration isolation. Yes. Moreover, since the fixing portion 34 for mounting and fixing the brace material 7 is provided on the side portion 33 located above the lowermost first vibration isolation member 41, the lower outer surface 32a of the connecting member 30 is included as shown in FIG. Above the virtual plane S, it is possible to achieve both earthquake resistance and vibration isolation performance.

[Fixing member]
Next, with reference to FIGS. 7 to 10, modified examples of the fixing unit of the present embodiment will be described. In the above embodiment, the fixing portion 34 is formed integrally with the connecting member 30. However, the present invention is not limited to the integral formation, and the fixing portion can be formed separately from the connecting member 30 as the fixing member 50.

  As shown in FIG. 7A, the fixing member 50 includes an accommodating portion 51 that receives and accommodates the connecting member 30, and a fixing portion 52 that attaches and fixes one end 7 a of the brace material 7 to both sides of the accommodating portion 51. A pair of fixing portions 52 are provided so as to be line symmetric with respect to the central axis C of the connecting member 30 as in the above embodiment.

  In the first modified example shown in FIG. 7, the fixing member 50 </ b> A has a substantially U-shape in plan view formed by bending a plate-like material. The connecting member 30 is directly fixed in the accommodating portion 51 by mounting members 54 such as screws 54a shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C and bolts 54b shown in FIG. The number, the mounting position, the type, and the like of the mounting member 54 are not limited to the above example.

  In the first modified example, the fixing member 50A is directly attached to the connecting member 30 via the attachment member 54, but the attachment mode is not limited to the above. For example, in the second modification shown in FIG. 8, the fixing member 50 </ b> B has a holding portion 55 that holds the connecting member 30 in the housing portion 51. In the example shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C, a plurality of claws 55 a that protrude toward the inside of the accommodating part 51 are provided as the holding part 55 in the vicinity of the opening 51 c, and the connecting member 30 is accommodated in the accommodating part 51 by these claws 55 a. Hold on. In the example shown in FIGS. 8D and 8E, a pair of locking pieces 55 b that lock the connecting member 30 as the holding portion 55 is provided in the lower portion 51 b of the receiving portion 51, and the connecting member 30 is held in the receiving portion 51. To do. The number, position, shape, and the like of the holding unit 51 are not limited to the above example.

  Furthermore, in the third modified example shown in FIG. 9, the fixing member 50 </ b> C includes a plate member 56 that is fitted to the connecting member 30. The plate member 56 is formed with a through hole 56a that penetrates the mounting member 54, the suspension bolt 3, the bolt 22, and the like. For example, as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the plate member 56 is fitted to the connecting member 30 from the opening 51c side of the accommodating portion 51 and fixed by the bolt 54b. Further, as shown in FIGS. 9C and 9D, the plate members 56 and 56 are fitted to the connecting member 30 from the upper part 51a and lower part 51b sides of the accommodating part 51 and fixed by the suspension bolt 3 and the bolt 23, respectively. It is also possible. Thus, the plate member 56 may be fitted to the connecting member 30 at at least one of the upper part 51a, the lower part 51b, and the opening part 51c of the accommodating part 51. 8E and 9C, the fixing member 50 is connected by combining the plate member 56 and the locking piece 55b provided on the lower 51b side from the upper part 51a side of the accommodating part 51. It is also possible to attach to the member 30.

  In the fourth modified example shown in FIG. 10, the fixing member 50 </ b> D includes a first attachment portion 57 a that is attached to the upper portion 51 a of the housing portion 51 via the suspension bolt 3 and the lower portion 51 b of the housing portion 51. And a second attachment portion 57b attached to the lower portion 32 of the connecting member 30 via the connection bolt 23. The first attachment portion 57a and the second attachment portion 57b are fastened together with the connecting member 30 and fixed. In addition, as shown by a two-dot chain line in the figure, the fixing portion 52 may be provided with a plurality of screw holes 53 and through holes 59 through which bolts and nuts pass. However, the screw hole 53 and the through hole 59 are not essential. Similarly to the above-described embodiment, the fixing portion 52 can take various forms within the range as long as the brace material 7 can be firmly attached thereto, and various modifications can be made according to the form.

  In addition, each said modification shown in FIGS. 7-10 is only an example, and it is possible to implement each individually or in combination, and if it is an aspect which can ensure both vibration proof and earthquake resistance, The combination is not particularly limited. Further, when the fixing member 50 is a separate body, it can be retrofitted to a conventional vibration-proof hanger. Therefore, for example, it is possible to impart seismic resistance to the installed vibration-proof hanger without impairing the vibration-proof property.

Finally, reference is made to the possibilities of other embodiments of the invention. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the member similar to the above-mentioned embodiment.
The dimension, shape, and the like of the connecting member 30 are not limited to the example of the above embodiment. It suffices that the suspension material 3 and the ceiling base material 5 are connected at least and the brace material 6 can be fixed. Further, the dimensions and shapes of the fixing portion 34 and the fixing member 50 are not limited to the above embodiments and modifications.

  Further, the positional relationship between the connecting member 30 and the hanger member 20 is not limited to the above embodiment. For example, as shown in FIG. 11, the hanger member 20 and the vibration isolation members 41 and 42 may be connected so as to be positioned inside the connecting member 30 ′.

  In the present invention, the fixing portions 34 and 52 only need to be capable of firmly attaching and fixing the brace material 7, and can take various forms within the range, and various modifications can be made depending on the form. It is. Moreover, the attachment means and attachment position of the brace material 7 are not limited to the above embodiments and modifications, and screw holes and through holes are not essential. By providing the fixing portions 34 and 52 for mounting and fixing the brace material 7 on the side portion 33 located above the virtual surface S including the lower portion of the linking member 30, the vibration resistance is not hindered. Can be secured.

  In the said embodiment, three types, the 1st-3rd vibration isolator 41-43, were used as a vibration isolator. However, the number of anti-vibration members 40 can be set as appropriate. For example, the third anti-vibration member 43 can be omitted. A vibration isolating member that ensures at least vibration isolation between the connecting member 30 and the hanger member 20 may be provided in the lower portion 32 of the connecting member 30. In addition, when providing a some vibration isolating member, what is necessary is just to select a rubber material suitably according to the assumed vibration frequency, and it does not matter even if it uses the same thing.

  The present invention can be used, for example, when building a ceiling foundation structure such as a lightweight steel ceiling foundation.

1: Ceiling base structure, 2: Ceiling slab, 3: Suspension material (suspending bolt), 3a: Tightening member (nut), 4: Ceiling material, 5: Ceiling base material, 5a: Field edge receiver, 5b: Field edge 6: Hanger, 7: Brace, 7a: One end, 7b: The other end, 8: Mounting bracket, 9: Anti-vibration connecting member, 10, 10 ': Anti-vibration and earthquake-resistant hanger, 20: Hanger member, 21: Hanger body, 22: bent portion, upper surface, 22a: upper surface, 23: connecting member (bolt), 24: receiving portion, 25: fixing member, 26: mounting hole, 27: through hole, 29: tightening member (nut), 30 : Connecting member, 31: upper part, 31a: upper outer surface, 31b: upper inner surface, 31c: mounting hole, 32, 32 ': lower part, 32a, 32a': lower outer surface, 32b, 32b ': lower inner surface, 31c: mounting hole , 33, 33 ′: side part, 34: fixing part, 35: screw (fixing member), 39: Through hole, 40: anti-vibration member, 41: first anti-vibration member, 41a: hole, 41b: recess, 42: second anti-vibration member, 42a: through hole, 42b: base, 42c: groove, 42d: annular protrusion 42e: protrusion, 43: third vibration isolation member, 43a: through hole, 43b: base, 43c: groove, 43d: annular protrusion, 43e: protrusion, 50: fixing member (fixing part), 51: accommodating part 51a: upper part, 51b: lower part, 51c: opening, 51d: through hole, 52: fixing part, 53: screw hole, 54: mounting member, 54a: screw, 54b: bolt, 55: holding part, 55a: claw 55b: locking piece, 56: plate member, 56a: through hole, 57: first mounting portion, 57a: through hole, 58: second mounting portion, 58a: through hole, 59: through hole, C: central axis , S: Virtual plane

Claims (12)

An anti-vibration and earthquake-resistant hanger that connects the suspension material hanging from the ceiling slab and the ceiling base material that supports the ceiling material,
A hanger member for attaching and fixing the ceiling base material;
A connecting member that is connected to the hanger at the top and connected to the hanger member at the bottom;
A vibration-proof member is provided at the bottom of the connecting member,
A vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger provided with a fixing portion for fixing one end of a brace material on a side portion of the connecting member positioned above the vibration-proof member. The vibration isolating member includes a first vibration isolating member through which a connecting member connected to the hanger member passes between an upper surface of the hanger member and a lower outer surface of the connecting member, and the lower inner surface of the connecting member and the connection. 2. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to claim 1, comprising a second vibration-proof member through which the connecting member passes between the member and the fastening member. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a third vibration-proof member through which the suspension member penetrates is provided at an upper portion of the connecting member. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a pair of the fixed portions are vertically provided on both side portions of the connecting member so as to be symmetrical with respect to a central axis extending vertically. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fixing portion and the connecting member are integrally formed. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to claim 5, wherein the connecting member is made of a plate-like material, and the fixing portion is formed by bending a side portion of the connecting member at a substantially right angle. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fixed portion and the connecting member are separate bodies, and the fixed portion includes a storage portion that stores the connecting member. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to claim 7, wherein the fixing portion is attached to the connecting member via an attachment member. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the fixing portion includes a holding portion that holds the connecting member in the housing portion. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the fixing portion includes a plate member that is fitted to the connecting member at at least one of an upper portion, a lower portion, and an opening portion of the housing portion. The fixing portion is connected to the connection member via a first attachment portion attached to the connection member via the suspension member at an upper portion of the storage portion and a connection member connected to the hanger member at a lower portion of the storage portion. The vibration-proof and earthquake-resistant hanger according to any one of claims 7 to 10, which has at least one of the second attachment portions to be attached. Hanging material suspended from the ceiling slab, ceiling material supporting the ceiling material, anti-vibration anti-seismic hanger connecting the suspension material and the ceiling material, and inclined from the suspension material to the ceiling material A ceiling foundation structure with brace material spanned over,
The vibration-proof and earthquake-proof hanger is
A hanger member for attaching and fixing the ceiling base material;
A connecting member that is connected to the hanger at the top and connected to the hanger member at the bottom;
A vibration-proof member is provided at the bottom of the connecting member,
A ceiling foundation structure in which a fixing portion for fixing one end of the brace material is provided on a side portion of the connecting member located above the vibration isolation member.

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