JP5825008B2 - Gas separation membrane module - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a gas separation membrane module that performs gas separation using a hollow fiber membrane, and in particular, in a bore feed type module, prevents leakage of gas from a gap between a film end and a tube plate. The present invention relates to a gas separation membrane module that can perform gas separation more efficiently.

  Conventionally, as a separation membrane module for performing gas separation (for example, oxygen separation, nitrogen separation, hydrogen separation, water vapor separation, carbon dioxide separation, organic vapor separation, etc.) using a separation membrane having selective permeability, plates and frames are used. Types, tubular types, hollow fiber types, and the like. Among them, the hollow fiber type gas separation membrane module not only has the advantage that the membrane area per unit volume is the largest, but also is excellent in terms of pressure resistance and self-supporting properties, so it is industrially advantageous. It is widely used.

  A hollow fiber type gas separation membrane module generally includes a hollow fiber element having a hollow fiber bundle composed of a number of hollow fiber membranes having selective permeability, and a hollow casing for accommodating the hollow fiber element. One end or both ends of the hollow fiber bundle of the hollow fiber element are fixed by a cured resin plate (tube plate). The casing is provided with a mixed gas inlet, a permeate gas outlet, a non-permeate gas outlet, and the like.

  For the purpose of efficient gas separation, for example, in Patent Document 1, in a so-called bore-feed type module in which a mixed gas is supplied into a hollow fiber membrane, a part of a hollow fiber bundle is covered with a film member, and a carrier gas A gas separation membrane module is disclosed in which the flow of the gas and the flow of the mixed gas are counterflows with the hollow fiber membrane interposed therebetween.

JP2000-262838

  In the gas separation membrane module of Patent Document 1 described above, it is possible to improve the efficiency of gas separation by regulating the flow direction of the carrier gas. However, the efficiency of gas separation can be achieved even when the carrier gas (purge gas) is not used. It is important to improve. On the other hand, in order to further improve the efficiency of gas separation regardless of whether or not purge gas is used, gas is prevented from leaking from the gap (details will be described later) between the film end and the tube plate. It is effective to do.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and its purpose is to prevent gas from leaking from the gap between the film end and the tube plate in the bore-feed type module. The object is to provide a gas separation membrane module that can be implemented more efficiently.

The gas separation membrane module of the present invention for achieving the above object is as follows:
1. A hollow fiber bundle in which a large number of hollow fiber membranes having gas separation performance are focused,
A casing having a mixed gas inlet, a permeate gas outlet, and a non-permeate gas outlet, in which the hollow fiber bundle is disposed;
Two tube plates for fixing both ends of the hollow fiber bundle,
A gas-impermeable (including substantially gas-impermeable) film member wound around the outer peripheral surface of the hollow fiber bundle, one end of which is the downstream side of the mixed gas supply direction A film member arranged close to the plate and having the other end separated from the tube plate on the upstream side in the mixed gas supply direction;
A sealing structure for sealing a gap between the one end of the film member and the tube sheet;
A gas separation membrane module.

2. The sealing structure is
A sealing strip wound on the inner side or the outer side in the radial direction of the film member at the one end of the film member, extending from the end toward the tube plate side, and a part of the extension is the 1. having a sealing strip embedded in the tube sheet. A gas separation membrane module according to claim 1.

3. As the sealing band,
A liquid resin material made of a material that can penetrate, a first sealing band wound on the outside in the radial direction of the film member;
A liquid resin material made of a material that can permeate, and a second sealing band wound on the radially inner side of the film member;
Having the above 2. A gas separation membrane module according to claim 1.

  The present invention provides a gas separation membrane module capable of performing gas separation more efficiently by preventing gas leakage from a gap between a film end and a tube plate in a bore feed type module. be able to.

It is sectional drawing which shows typically the basic composition of the gas separation membrane module of this embodiment. (A) is the elements on larger scale of FIG. 1, (B) is an enlarged view which shows the one part further. (A) It is sectional drawing which shows the gas separation membrane module of other embodiment, (B) is the elements on larger scale. It is sectional drawing which shows the gas separation membrane module of other embodiment. It is sectional drawing which shows the gas separation membrane module of another embodiment.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In addition, in FIG. 2, the shape of the casing (detailed below) is shown more specifically as an example.

  A gas separation membrane module (hereinafter also simply referred to as a module) 801 shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. Tube plates 821 and 822 provided at both ends of each. This module 801 is a so-called bore feed type, and a mixed gas (raw material gas) is supplied to the inside of the hollow fiber membrane 814.

  A conventionally known hollow fiber membrane 814 can be used, and any material can be used as long as it has gas separation performance. As an example, polymer materials, particularly those made of glassy polymer materials at room temperature (23 ° C.) such as polyimide, polysulfone, polyetherimide, polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, etc. are preferable because of good gas separation performance. .

  The hollow fiber bundle 815 is obtained by focusing about 100 to 1,000,000 hollow fiber membranes 814, for example. Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular in the shape of the bundled hollow fiber bundle 815, A cylindrical shape is preferable as an example from a viewpoint of the ease of manufacture and the pressure resistance of a casing. Although FIG. 1 illustrates a form in which the hollow fiber membranes 814 are arranged substantially in parallel, a form in which the hollow fiber membranes are arranged in a crossing manner may be used.

  The mixed gas separated by the hollow fiber membrane 814 is not particularly limited. For example, a gas containing a gas having a high permeability and a gas having a low permeability having a permeation rate ratio of 2 or more with respect to the separation membrane. It may be a mixture. The gas separation membrane module 801 of this embodiment can be used to separate a specific gas component from a mixed gas in various modes. For example, dehumidification of various gases, humidification of various gases, nitrogen enrichment, or oxygen enrichment may be performed.

  The tube plates 821 and 822 are provided in a substantially disc shape corresponding to the shape of the casing 810, and fix the ends of the hollow fiber bundles 815 in a state where the openings of the hollow fiber membranes 814 are held. . The tube plates 821 and 822 may be a thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, or a thermosetting resin made of an epoxy resin or a urethane resin. The tube plates 821 and 822 play a role of fixing a large number of hollow fiber membranes 814 together. Further, it plays a role of sealing between the hollow fiber membranes 814 and between the hollow fiber bundle 815 and the inner surface of the casing 810. As shown in FIG. 1, a casing 810 and two tube plates 821 and 822 form one sealed space 818 (having a permeated gas discharge port 810c as described later), and a hollow fiber is formed in the sealed space 818. A permeated gas that has passed through the membrane 814 is introduced. Further, the mixed gas space 819 a is formed by the casing 810 and the tube plate 821, and the non-permeated gas space 819 b is formed by the casing 810 and the tube plate 822. Note that other sealing means may be provided for sealing between the tube plates 821 and 822 and the inner surface of the casing 810.

  As the epoxy resin for the tube plates 821 and 822, for example, in the case of a nitrogen membrane module, the one described in JP-B-2-36287 can be used, and the organic vapor separation module can be used. In this case, those described in WO2009 / 0444711 can be used.

  The casing 810 is provided in a substantially cylindrical shape as a whole as shown in FIG. The casing 810 has a mixed gas inlet 810a for introducing the mixed gas into the casing 810 on the upstream side (left side in the figure), an unpermeated gas outlet 810b on the downstream side (right side in the figure), and a side wall portion. Has a permeate gas outlet 810c. The number of permeate gas outlets 810c may be one or plural. A plurality of permeate gas outlets 810 c may be arranged at equal intervals along the side wall of the casing 810. In this example, the permeate gas outlet 810c is formed at a position close to the upstream tube sheet 821 (specifically, a position of an exposed portion A1 of a hollow fiber bundle 815 where a film member 831 described later does not exist).

  The mixed gas introduced from the mixed gas inlet 810a enters the hollow fiber membranes 814 from the end face of the tube plate 821, and flows through the inside toward the downstream side. At this time, a part of the mixed gas becomes a permeated gas that has permeated out of the hollow fiber membrane 814, the permeated gas is sent into the sealed space 818, and then discharged out of the casing through the permeated gas outlet 810c. The On the other hand, the non-permeated gas that has not permeated through the hollow fiber membrane flows directly through the hollow fiber membrane 814 toward the downstream side, and is sent out of the membrane from the downstream end face, and then through the non-permeated gas outlet 810b. It is discharged out of the casing.

  The mixed gas inlet 810a and / or the non-permeated gas outlet 810b may be arranged such that the central axis thereof is aligned with the central axis of the casing 810 (that is, the central axis of the hollow fiber bundle 815). Moreover, the casing 810 may have a cylindrical member 811 and tube plate holding members 813 (one is not shown) attached to both ends thereof as in the example of FIG. The connection portion between the tubular member 811 and the tube sheet holding member 813 may be welded. As an example, the inner peripheral surface of the tube plate holding member 813 includes a straight portion 813a having a constant diameter, a large diameter portion 813b having a larger diameter than the straight portion 813a, and a tapered portion 813c having a gradually decreasing diameter. Is included. As shown in FIG. 2A, the tube sheet 822 has a hollow fiber membrane embedded portion 822a where the hollow fiber membrane 814 exists, and a solid portion 822b around which the hollow fiber membrane 814 does not exist. ing.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the gas separation membrane module 801 of this embodiment, a film member 831 is wound around the outer peripheral surface of the hollow fiber bundle 815. The film member 831 is disposed such that one end portion 831a (also simply referred to as a film end portion 831a) is close to the tube plate 822 and the other end portion 831b is separated from the tube plate 821 by a predetermined distance. . In FIG. 1, the region of the hollow fiber bundle 815 that is not covered by the film member 831 is indicated by reference numeral A1 (exposed portion). The film member 831 may be configured to cover 50% to 95%, preferably 70% to 92%, of the outer surface of the hollow fiber bundle. Further, the film member 831 is configured such that both ends thereof are close to the respective tube plates and cover the entire outer surface of the hollow fiber bundle, and one or more holes are formed in the film member 831 in the vicinity of the tube plate 821. It may be.

  The film member 831 may be any material as long as it is a substantially gas-impermeable material. Note that “substantially gas impervious” means that the gas permeation of the film member is sufficiently small and the gas flow path can be regulated. For example, a plastic film such as polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, or polyester may be used. Among these, polyimide is preferable in terms of heat resistance, solvent resistance, and processability. In addition to the plastic film, a metal foil such as aluminum or stainless steel may be used. The thickness of the film may be in the range of several tens of μm to several mm.

  The film member 831 may be formed in a cylindrical shape by fixing side edges of one film, or a seamless cylindrical member may be used. As means for fixing the side edges of the film, for example, an adhesive, a tape, or the like can be used.

  For example, when the tube plate is an epoxy resin, if the film end is in the tube plate (for example, when the film end is embedded in the tube plate material and cured), the tube starts from that portion. There is a risk that the plate will be broken or damaged. Therefore, in this embodiment, it is comprised so that a film edge part may not be embedded in a tube sheet. On the other hand, in such a configuration, there is a possibility that a gap A31 is formed between the film end 831a and the tube sheet 822 as shown in FIG. 2 (for the sake of explanation, the gap A31 has a size thereof). Is exaggerated).

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in this embodiment, a sealing structure 850 that seals the gap A <b> 31 between the film end 831 a and the tube sheet 822 is provided. In this example, the sealing structure 850 is disposed on both surfaces of the film so as to sandwich the film 831a, and two sealing bands 851 and 853 formed in a cylindrical shape so as to surround the hollow fiber bundle 815 (see FIG. 2). )have.

  Each of the sealing bands 851 and 853 is made of a material that can penetrate a liquid resin material (for example, epoxy), in other words, a material having a predetermined capillary force. The sealing bands 851 and 853 may be any material as long as it has such a function. For example, the sealing bands 851 and 853 are mesh materials (for example, cloth-like or net-like) made by weaving fibers. May be. The fibers may be, for example, chemical fibers or natural fibers, and may use glass fibers or carbon fibers.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the first sealing band 851 is disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the film member 831, and the second sealing band 853 is disposed on the inner peripheral surface of the film member 831. Each of the sealing bands 851 and 853 is disposed so as to extend from the film end 831a to the tube plate 822 side. The extended portions of the sealing bands 851 and 853 are embedded in the solid portion 822b in the tube sheet 822.

  As shown in FIG. 2A, a fixing tape 855 for fixing the sealing band 851 to the film member 831 is attached to the first sealing band 851. As an example, the fixing tape 855 may be attached so as to go around the outer peripheral portion of the hollow fiber bundle 815. The fixing tape 855 may be wound over two or more times, or the fixing tape 855 may be attached to only a part of the outer peripheral portion.

  As shown in FIG. 2B, the overlapping portion of the two sealing bands 851 and 853 may be fixed by a fixing tool 857. As an example, the fixing tool 857 may be a means for mechanically fixing both members, or may be a stapler needle, for example. In addition, for example, a thread or a wire may be used.

  The sealing bands 851 and 853 have a function of preventing leakage of permeated gas from the gap A31 as will be described later. In order to prevent leakage more effectively, at least a region facing the gap A31 in the sealing bands 851 and 853 is in a state where the resin material has permeated and hardened. As a result, the sealing bands 851 and 853 are rendered gas impermeable, and as a result, gas leakage is further prevented. Note that the processing as described above may be performed on only one of the two sealing bands 851 and 853.

  The film member 831 and the sealing structure 850 can be manufactured as follows, for example. The following steps are merely examples, and the present invention is not limited by the order of the steps.

  First, a hollow fiber bundle 815 and a casing (for example, those shown in FIG. 2) are prepared. In addition, one film member 831 formed in a predetermined size is prepared, and the sealing bands 851 and 853 are overlapped on both surfaces of the film so as to sandwich the vicinity of the end 831a, and the overlapping part of the sealing bands 851 and 853 is formed. Secure with a stapler (example).

  Next, the film member 831 in this state is wound around the hollow fiber bundle 815 and fixed, for example, with a tape (not shown). Thereafter, the hollow fiber bundle 815 is disposed at a predetermined position in the casing 810, and tube plates 821 and 822 are formed at both ends of the hollow fiber bundle 815. The tube plates 821 and 822 can be formed by filling an epoxy material at the end of the hollow fiber bundle 815 and curing it.

  This will be specifically described with reference to the example of FIG. For example, the epoxy material is filled in a state where the casing 810 containing the hollow fiber bundle 815 is held in the vertical direction and a mold (not shown) is attached to the lower end of the casing. At this time, as shown in FIG. 2 (A), the liquid surface of the epoxy material to be filled is positioned such that the ends of the sealing bands 851 and 853 are embedded in the tube plate 822 but the end 831a is not embedded. Set to. When the end portions of the sealing bands 851 and 853 are immersed in the epoxy material, the epoxy material penetrates into the sealing bands 851 and 853 (regions including at least a portion facing the gap A31) by capillary force.

  Then, the hollow fiber membrane 814 is opened by cutting the cured tube plate 822 at a predetermined position, which hardens the tube plate material. Subsequently, if necessary, an assembly process similar to the conventional one (for example, a process for completing the casing 810) is performed to complete the module.

  The film member 831 and the sealing bands 851 and 853 may be arranged in the following order: First, the second sealing band 853 is wound around the hollow fiber bundle 815, and then the film member 831 is wound. Thereafter, the first sealing band 851 is wound.

  An example of a method for using the separation membrane module of the present embodiment configured as described above will be described below. In addition, the usage method of the module of this embodiment is not limited to the following.

  First, the mixed gas is introduced into the mixed gas space 819a in the casing 810 from the mixed gas inlet 810a. The introduced mixed gas enters the hollow fiber membranes 814 from the end face of the tube plate 821 and moves through the inside toward the downstream side. At this time, it is preferable that the pressure in the hollow fiber membrane 814 is higher than the pressure in the sealed space 818. For example, a mixed gas is supplied at a pressure of 0.01 MPaG to 10 MPaG, and the sealed space 818 is in a reduced pressure state. Is preferred. At this time, part of the mixed gas selectively permeates through the hollow fiber membrane 814 and is sent out to the sealed space 818 outside the hollow fiber membrane 814. On the other hand, the non-permeate gas flows in the hollow fiber membrane 814 as it is toward the downstream side, and is discharged from the downstream end face to the non-permeate gas space 819b outside the hollow fiber membrane 814.

  If the film member 831 is not disposed, the traveling direction of the permeated gas from the hollow fiber membrane 814 is the cross flow direction (that is, the direction intersecting the hollow fiber membrane 814) as shown by an arrow f3 in FIG. It becomes. Or as shown to f4, the advancing direction of a permeation | transmission gas turns into a parallel flow direction which becomes a flow contrary to f2, and turns into a flow which becomes f3. On the other hand, when the film member 831 is wound around the hollow fiber bundle 815 as in the present embodiment, dissipation of the permeated gas is prevented, and the permeated gas flows in a counterflow with respect to the mixed gas supply direction f1. As a result, the efficiency of gas separation can be improved. In particular, in this embodiment, the sealing structure 850 that seals the gap A31 is provided, and the permeated gas is prevented from leaking outside through the gap A31. Accordingly, dissipation of the permeated gas can be prevented more reliably, and the efficiency of gas separation can be improved.

  Prevention of leakage of the permeating gas can also be realized by adopting a structure in which the film end portion 831a is directly embedded in the tube plate 822. In this case, as described above, the vicinity of the film end portion 831a is used as a starting point. There is a risk that the tube sheet 822 may be cracked or damaged. On the other hand, in the present embodiment, since the sealing bands 851 and 853 which are members different from the film member 831 are embedded, the tube plate 822 can be formed by appropriately selecting the material of the sealing band. Generation of cracks and damage can be prevented.

  Even if the sealing bands 851 and 853 are mesh materials as described above, the leakage of the permeated gas can be suppressed as compared with the case where no sealing band is provided. However, in this embodiment, since the resin material penetrates into the sealing bands 851 and 853 and is cured there, leakage of the permeated gas can be prevented more reliably.

(Other embodiments)
As mentioned above, although one form of this invention was demonstrated, this invention is not limited to said content, A various change is possible.

  For example, only one of the first and second sealing bands 851 and 853 may be provided. Further, the fixing tape 855 for fixing the first sealing band 851 to the film member 831 may be omitted. Further, the fixture 857 (see FIG. 2B) for fixing the overlapping portion of the two sealing bands 851 and 853 may be omitted.

  FIG. 3 shows another seal ring structure, FIG. 3 (A) is a schematic sectional view of the entire module, and FIG. 3 (B) is a partially enlarged view thereof. In this example, the sealing structure is exemplified by a filler 891 disposed so as to fill a gap A31 between the film member 831 and the tube plate 822. As an example, the filler 891 may be a resin material (such as heat-resistant silicone) injected so as to surround the film member 831. Such a filler 891 can also prevent leakage of the permeated gas from the gap A31. As a result, a module capable of performing efficient gas separation can be obtained. The filler 891 may be formed, for example, by forming one or a plurality of holes in the side wall of the casing after the tube plate 822 is formed in the casing, and then injecting and curing the filler 891 therefrom.

  The place where such a filler 891 is provided is not limited to the position shown in FIG. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, a filler 893 may be disposed at a position between the film member 831 and the casing 810 and separated from the gap A31 by a predetermined distance. The filler 893 may be disposed at one place in the longitudinal direction of the film member 831 as shown in FIG. Such a filler 893 is arranged so as to go around the outer periphery of the film member 831 so that the gas flow can be blocked, and the width thereof is about 3 mm to 5 mm as an example (for example, 0 on the outer surface of the film). .5%) or more.

  Alternatively, the filler that goes around the outer periphery of the film member 831 may be filled over a wider (longer) range so as to fill the gap between the film member 831 and the casing 810, for example, 10 on the outer surface of the film member. It may occupy a range covering more than%.

  Further, the gas separation membrane module of the present invention may have a structure for flowing a purge gas as shown in FIG. This gas separation membrane module includes a hollow fiber bundle 915, a casing 910, two tube plates 921 and 922 that fix both ends of the hollow fiber bundle 915, and a gas impermeability wound around the outer peripheral surface of the hollow fiber bundle. Film member 931, and a sealing structure 950 that seals a gap between the end of the film member 931 and the tube plate 922. The gas separation membrane module further includes a core tube 971 for sending purge gas.

  As in the module of FIG. 1, the casing 910 has a mixed gas inlet 910a on the upstream side (left side in the figure) and a permeated gas outlet 910c on the side wall. The structure on the downstream side of the tube plate 922 is slightly different from that of the module of FIG.

  The core tube 971 is a member in which one of both ends is closed and the other is opened, and the opening is arranged in a direction that becomes the downstream side (tube plate 922 side). The core tube 971 extends through the tube plate 922, and the distal end portion thereof is embedded in the upstream tube plate 921. The core tube 971 has a hole 971a in a region between the two tube plates 921 and 922.

  The module configured in this manner has the same basic gas separation principle as that of FIG. Purge gas is supplied from the opening (purge gas inlet 910d) of the core tube 971, and the purge gas is discharged into the sealed space 918 in the casing 910 through the hole 971a. This purge gas flows between the hollow fiber membranes 914 in the f2 direction (direction opposite to the mixed gas supply direction) and pushes the permeated gas released into the space toward the permeate gas outlet 910c, thereby The discharge of permeate gas is promoted.

  Even in a module that uses such a purge gas, it is preferable to provide a sealing structure 950 that seals the gap between the film member 931 and the tube plate 922. The sealing structure 950 may use any of the various structures described above. Accordingly, leakage of the permeated gas and the purge gas from the gap portion is prevented, and the permeated gas and the purge gas can flow favorably in the f2 direction. As a result, further efficiency of gas separation can be achieved.

801 Gas separation membrane module 810, 910 Casing 810a, 910a Mixed gas inlet 810b, 910b Unpermeated gas outlet 810c, 910c Permeated gas outlet 910d Purge gas inlet 811 Tubular member 813 Tube plate holding member 813a Straight part 813b Large diameter part 813c Taper part 814, 914 Hollow fiber membranes 815, 915 Hollow fiber bundles 818, 918 Sealed space 819a Mixed gas space 819b Non-permeate gas spaces 821, 822, 921, 922 Tube plate 822a Hollow fiber membrane embedded portion 822b Tube plate solid portion 831 Film member 831a , 831b End portions 850, 950 Sealing structures 851, 853 Sealing band 855 Fixing tape 857 Fixing tool 891, 893 Filling material 971 Core tube 971a Hole A1 Exposed portion A31 Gap

Claims (8)

A hollow fiber bundle in which a large number of hollow fiber membranes having gas separation performance are focused,
A casing having a mixed gas inlet, a permeate gas outlet, and a non-permeate gas outlet, in which the hollow fiber bundle is disposed;
Two tube plates for fixing both ends of the hollow fiber bundle, the tube plate formed of a thermosetting resin, and configured so that the end of the hollow fiber membrane is open to the outer end surface of the tube plate;
A gas-impermeable film member wound around the outer peripheral surface of the hollow fiber bundle, one end of which is adjacent without entering the tube plate on the downstream side in the mixed gas supply direction, and the other end is mixed A film member disposed so as to be separated from the tube plate on the upstream side in the gas supply direction;
A sealing structure that seals a gap between the one end of the film member and the tube sheet,
The sealing structure is
A sealing strip wound on the inner side or the outer side in the radial direction of the film member at the one end of the film member, extending from the end toward the tube plate side, and a part of the extension is the A countercurrent gas separation membrane module having a sealing band embedded in a tube sheet. As the sealing band,
A liquid resin material made of a material that can penetrate, a first sealing band wound on the outside in the radial direction of the film member;
A liquid resin material made of a material that can permeate, and a second sealing band wound on the radially inner side of the film member;
The gas separation membrane module according to claim 1, comprising:   The gas separation membrane module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the sealing band is a mesh material. The gas separation membrane according to claim 2 or 3, wherein a resin material permeates and hardens at least in a region facing the gap portion of the sealing band, thereby sealing the gap portion. module. The sealing structure further comprises:
The gas separation membrane module according to claim 2, further comprising a fixing tape that fixes the first sealing band to the film member. The sealing structure further comprises:
An extension part of the first sealing strip extending from the one end of the film member;
The gas separation membrane module according to claim 2, further comprising a fixture for fixing the extended portion of the second sealing band extending from the one end portion of the film member. The sealing structure is
The gas separation membrane module according to claim 1, further comprising a filler disposed so as to fill the gap between the one end of the film member and the tube plate. The gas separation membrane module according to any one of claims 1 to 7 , wherein a material of the film member is polyimide.

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