JP5655256B2 - Leaky wave antenna device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a non-reciprocal transmission line having a non-reciprocal phase characteristic in which a forward propagation constant and a reverse propagation constant are different from each other, or a novel leaky wave antenna device using a leaky wave from a reversible transmission line, The present invention relates to a microwave resonator using a nonreciprocal phase-shifting transmission line having reversible phase characteristics and an antenna device using the microwave resonator. In this specification, the microwave refers to, for example, a microwave, a millimeter wave, a quasi-millimeter wave, or a terahertz wave having a frequency band of UHF (Ultra High Frequency) or higher. Hereinafter, the “irreversible right-handed and left-handed transmission lines” will be referred to as “irreversible right-handed / left-handed transmission lines”.

  Recently, research on a left-handed transmission (LHT) line in which the arrangement of inductance and capacitance of a conventional distributed constant line is exchanged has been activated (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 1-3). In the left-handed transmission line circuit, the unique characteristics such as backward wave characteristics and lens action also appear, so there are high expectations for new microwave circuit elements.

  For example, in Non-Patent Document 1, a circuit of a left-handed transmission line is configured in a ferrite microstrip line, and the irreversible propagation characteristics of the edge guide mode are numerically and experimentally measured in a frequency band where the permeability is negative. To clarify. Specifically, it has been clarified that the edge guide mode propagates in a band where the permeability is negative with irreversibility of isolation of 20 dB or more. An antenna device that radiates leakage waves from a transmission line is disclosed in, for example, Patent Documents 1-3.

  However, an application to an antenna device using the nonreciprocal left-handed transmission line circuit has not yet been announced. In particular, the nonreciprocal left-handed transmission line is intended to transmit a high-frequency signal, and there is almost no leakage wave from the nonreciprocal left-handed transmission line. In the left-handed transmission line, if the direction of the power of the high-frequency signal propagating through the nonreciprocal transmission line is reversed, the left-handed transmission line can operate as a right-handed transmission line.

  Also, a nonreciprocal transmission line in which one of the forward direction and the reverse direction is a left-handed transmission line and the other is a right-handed transmission line, and a transmission line type microwave circuit using the same (for example, a phase shifter) Antenna devices, resonators, filters, power dividers, oscillators, etc.) have not been devised. In particular, a microwave resonator and a microwave circuit using the same have a problem in that the device configuration is increased depending on the resonance frequency because the resonance frequency is determined depending on the line length.

  In order to solve the above problems, the present inventors have proposed in Patent Document 4 a transmission line type microwave circuit that can be significantly reduced in size as compared with the prior art and has a specific effect.

  Next, the background art of the transmission line type microwave resonator will be described below. To date, transmission line type microwave resonators have been developed, and are actually used in a wide range of structures in microwave technology and millimeter wave technology (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 9). A typical microwave resonator is a half-wavelength transmission line resonator due to its simple structure and easy circuit design method. Recently, a zero-order resonator (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 10) based on a right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line (CRLHTL) (for example, see Non-Patent Document 11) is used as a new type of transmission line resonator. Proposed and developed. In general, the resonance frequency of the transmission line type microwave resonator according to the prior art is determined by the line length, but that of the zero-order resonator is not determined by the length itself but by the structure of the unit cell. As an additional attractive feature, the zero-order resonator has an electromagnetic field distribution that is spatially uniform in phase and amplitude along the length of the line, thereby allowing microwave filters, power dividers, etc. It can be used for applications to antennas, oscillators, etc. (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 11).

  Based on the concept of a composite right / left handed transmission line, one of the inventors has developed a microwave consisting of a microstrip line on a vertically magnetized ferrite substrate that periodically loads a series capacitance and a parallel branch inductance. A new type of irreversible device such as an edge guide mode isolator has also been proposed (for example, see Non-Patent Document 12). Recently, for non-reciprocal leaky wave antennas (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 13) and applications for higher gain, the main right-handed (RH) mode in unidirectional transmission power and the main left-hand in the opposite direction. Another type of irreversible phase-shifting transmission line that supports system (LH) mode was proposed. On the other hand, nonreciprocal traveling wave resonators using ferrite materials have been discussed in many papers. However, these are configured by ring resonators having a resonance frequency that depends on the overall size of the resonator (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 14).

JP-A-5-183329. JP-A-2005-124038. Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2005-160009. International Publication WO2008 / 111460.

Tsutsumi Makoto et al., “Non-reversible characteristics of ferrite substrate microstrip left-handed lines”, IEICE Transactions C, Vol. J87-C, No. 2, pp. 274-275, February 2004. M. Tsutsumi et al., "Nonreciprocal Left-Handed Microstrip Lines", 2004 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, TU5C-3, pp.249-252, June 2004. Tetsuya Ueda, et al., "Left-Handed Transmission Characteristics of Ferrite Microstrip Lines without Series Capacitive Loading", IEICE Transactions on Electron, Vol. E89-C, No. 9, pp.1318-1323, September 2006. Tetsuya Ueda, et al., "Left-Handed Transmission Characteristics of Rectangular Waveguides Periodically Loaded With Ferrite", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 3532-3537, October 2005. Shuang Zhang et al., "Experimental Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Metamaterials", Physical Review Letters, The American Physical Society, PRL-95, pp.137404-1-13704-4, September 23, 2005. Gunnar Dolling et al., "Low-loss negative-index metamaterial at telecommunication wavelengths", Optics Letters, Vol.31, No.12, pp.1800-1802, June 15, 2006. D. R. Smith et al., "Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity", Physical Review Letters, The American Physical Society, Vol.84, No. 18, pp. 4184-4187, May 1, 2000. R. Marques et al., "Left-Handed-Media Simulation and Transmission of EM Waves in Subwavelength Split-Ring-Resonator-Loaded Metallic Waveguides", Physical Review Letters, The American Physical Society, Vol.89, No. 18, pp .183901-1-183901-4, October 28, 2002. S. B. Cohn, "Parallel-coupled transmission-line-resonator filters", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 223-231, April 1958. A. Sanada et al., "Zeroth-order resonance in composite right / left handed transmission line resonators", Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2003, pp. 1588-1592, November 2003. C. Caloz et al., "Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications", New Jersey, Wiley, 2006. T. Ueda et al., "Nonreciprocal left-handed transmission characteristics of microstrip lines on the ferrite substrate", IET Proceedings of Microwave Antennas and Propagation., Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 349-354, April 2007. T. Ueda et al., "Nonreciprocal phase-shift composite right / left handed transmission lines and their application to leaky wave antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 1995-2005, July 2009 . M. Muraguchi et al., "A new type of isolator for millimeter-wave integrated circuits using a nonreciprocal traveling wave resonator", IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory Technology, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 1867-1873, November 1982 . Tetsuya Ueda, “Transmission line type resonator using nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission lines”, Proceedings of the IEICE General Conference, Electronics, C-2-79, March 2008. T. Ueda et al., "Nonreciprocal phase-shift composite right / left handed transmission lines using ferrite-rod-embedded substrate", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 4203-4206, October 2009.

  However, when the above transmission line microwave circuit is applied to an antenna device, a leakage wave from a transmission line such as a left-handed or right-handed transmission line is used to form a main beam and control the main beam direction. Although the wave antenna device can be realized, there is a problem that the radiation gain is relatively small. On the other hand, in order to obtain a large radiation gain, there is a problem that a relatively long line length is required.

  The first object of the present invention is to provide a leaky wave antenna device that solves the above-mentioned problems and has a large radiation gain compared to the prior art, and can be reduced in size if it has the same radiation gain. It is in.

  A second object of the present invention is to provide a leaky wave antenna apparatus capable of changing the radiation direction of the leaky wave in addition to the first object.

  Furthermore, a third object of the present invention is to provide a leaky wave antenna apparatus capable of changing the polarization characteristics of the leaky wave in addition to the first object or the second object.

  A fourth object of the present invention is to provide a microwave resonator capable of freely changing the device size without depending on the operating wavelength, for example, reducing the device size.

  A fifth object of the present invention is to provide an antenna device using the microwave resonator, which can easily change the radiation direction using the microwave resonator.

  Furthermore, a sixth object of the present invention is to provide an antenna device using the microwave resonator, which can easily change the polarization using the microwave resonator.

A leaky wave antenna device according to a first aspect of the present invention is a series branch circuit equivalently including a capacitive element, a parallel branch circuit equivalently including an inductive element, and a nonreciprocal transmission line portion or a reversible transmission line portion. A leaky wave antenna device comprising a microwave transmission line configured by cascading at least one unit cell having at least one transmission line portion that is between the first and second ports,
The transmission line portion is made of a material magnetized in a different magnetization direction with respect to the microwave propagation direction and magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field so as to have gyro anisotropy, and the propagation direction and the above Configured to have an asymmetric structure with respect to the plane formed by the magnetization direction,
Each of the unit cells of the microwave transmission line is configured such that the microwave transmission line has a dispersion curve indicating a relationship between an operating frequency of a microwave signal input to the microwave transmission line and a propagation constant of the microwave transmission line. The circuit is configured to have a predetermined propagation constant,
The microwave transmission line has a first port and a second port;
The leaky wave antenna device is connected to the second port of the microwave transmission line, and the impedance of the reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially zero or infinite at a predetermined operating frequency. Further comprising a reflective impedance circuit that operates as follows:
At the operating frequency, when the microwave signal is input from the first port and propagates toward the second port along the microwave transmission line, the microwave signal is radiated as the first leakage wave, The microwave signal other than the first leaky wave is reflected by the reflection impedance circuit, and the second leaky wave by the reflected microwave signal is substantially the same as the radiation direction of the first leaky wave. It is characterized by being emitted in the direction.

  In the leaky wave antenna device, each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has a right-handed microwave signal in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. The microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by left-handed transmission in the direction from the second port to the first port. The circuit is configured to have a constant.

  Further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has the microwave signal in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. Is transmitted in the left-handed transmission and in the direction from the second port to the first port, the microwave transmission line is predetermined in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted in the right-handed transmission. The circuit configuration is such that the propagation constant is as follows.

  Furthermore, in the leaky wave antenna device, each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has a direction from the first port toward the second port and the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. The circuit configuration is such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted in both directions from the port to the first port with the phase constant being zero. It is characterized by that.

  Furthermore, in the leaky wave antenna device, in the microwave transmission line, the capacitive element is a microwave element having a negative effective permeability in an electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line, and the inductive element is the The microwave device is characterized in that the effective dielectric constant of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line is negative.

In the leaky wave antenna device, the microwave transmission line is
A substrate magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field and having a ground conductor on the back surface;
A microstrip line formed on the substrate;
Dividing the microstrip line into a plurality of line parts, a plurality of capacitors connecting the line parts adjacent to each other among the divided line parts,
And a plurality of short-circuit stub conductors for connecting each of the line portions to a ground conductor.

Further, in the leaky wave antenna device, the substrate includes a magnetic substrate and a dielectric substrate, and the magnetic substrate and the dielectric substrate are combined at a boundary portion between their side surfaces, and grounded on the back surface. It has a conductor.

  Further, in the leaky wave antenna device, the substrate further includes a ferrite rod provided immediately below the microstrip line and applied with an external magnetic field.

  Still further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, the leaky wave antenna apparatus radiates from the leaky wave antenna apparatus by generating a magnetic field for the microwave transmission line and changing at least one of the intensity and direction of the magnetic field. It further comprises magnetic field generating means for changing the radiation direction of the leaked wave.

  Still further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, the reflection impedance circuit includes a first circuit in which an impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero; A second circuit that is infinite, and switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit, and switching the polarization of the leaky wave radiated from the leaky wave antenna device. Features.

A microwave resonator according to a second aspect of the invention includes a series branch circuit equivalently including a capacitive element, a parallel branch circuit equivalently including an inductive element, and a nonreciprocal transmission line portion or a reversible transmission line portion. A microwave resonator comprising a microwave transmission line configured by cascading at least one unit cell having at least one transmission line portion between the first and second ports,
The transmission line portion is made of a material magnetized in a different magnetization direction with respect to the microwave propagation direction and magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field so as to have gyro anisotropy, and the propagation direction and the above Configured to have an asymmetric structure with respect to the plane formed by the magnetization direction,
Each of the unit cells of the microwave transmission line is configured such that the microwave transmission line has a dispersion curve indicating a relationship between an operating frequency of a microwave signal input to the microwave transmission line and a propagation constant of the microwave transmission line. The circuit is configured to have a predetermined propagation constant,
The microwave transmission line has a first port and a second port;
The microwave resonator is
Connected to the first port of the microwave transmission line and operates so that the impedance when the first reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the first port is substantially zero or infinite at a predetermined operating frequency. A first reflecting impedance circuit that
It is connected to the second port of the microwave transmission line and operates so that the impedance of the second reflection impedance circuit viewed from the first port is substantially zero or infinite at the operating frequency. A second impedance circuit for reflection,
(1) The first reflection impedance circuit operates so that the impedance when the first reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the first port is substantially zero at the operating frequency, and the second The first and second reflection impedance circuits operate so that the impedance of the second reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially zero at the operating frequency. Set impedance circuit for
(2) The first reflection impedance circuit operates so that the impedance when the first reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the first port at the operating frequency is substantially infinite, and The first and second reflection impedance circuits operate so that the impedance of the second reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially infinite at the operating frequency. The second reflection impedance circuit is set.

  In the microwave resonator, each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has a right-handed microwave signal in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. In the dispersion curve, the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation so that the microwave signal is transmitted by left-handed transmission in the direction from the second port to the first port. The circuit is configured to have a constant.

  Further, in the microwave resonator, each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has the microwave signal in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. Is transmitted in the left-handed transmission and in the direction from the second port to the first port, the microwave transmission line is predetermined in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted in the right-handed transmission. The circuit configuration is such that the propagation constant is as follows.

  Furthermore, in the microwave resonator, each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has a direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line and the second port at the operating frequency. The circuit configuration is such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted in both directions from the port to the first port with the phase constant being zero. It is characterized by that.

  Still further, in the microwave resonator, in the microwave transmission line, the capacitive element is a microwave element having a negative effective permeability of an electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line, and the inductive element is The microwave device is characterized in that the effective dielectric constant of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line is negative.

In the microwave resonator, the microwave transmission line is
A substrate magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field and having a ground conductor on the back surface;
A microstrip line formed on the substrate;
Dividing the microstrip line into a plurality of line parts, a plurality of capacitors connecting the line parts adjacent to each other among the divided line parts,
And a plurality of inductive stub conductors each connecting the line portions to a ground conductor.

Further, in the microwave resonator, the substrate includes a magnetic substrate and a dielectric substrate, and the magnetic substrate and the dielectric substrate are combined at a boundary portion between their side surfaces, and grounded on the back surface. It has a conductor.

  Still further, in the above microwave resonator, the substrate further includes a ferrite rod provided immediately below the microstrip line and applied with an external magnetic field.

An antenna device according to a third aspect of the invention is an antenna device using the microwave resonator,
A power supply circuit connected to the first reflection impedance circuit or the second reflection impedance circuit and supplying a microwave signal to the microwave resonator is further provided.

  The antenna device includes a magnetic field generating means for generating a magnetic field for the microwave transmission line and changing a radiation direction of a leakage wave radiated from the antenna device by changing at least one of a strength and a direction of the magnetic field. It is further provided with a feature.

  In the antenna device, the first reflection impedance circuit and the second reflection impedance circuit each have a first impedance in which the reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially zero. , A second circuit whose impedance is substantially infinite, and switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit, and leakage radiated from the antenna device It is characterized by switching the wave polarization.

  According to the leaky wave antenna device of the present invention, when the microwave signal is input from the first port and propagates toward the second port along the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency, The wave signal is radiated as the first leakage wave, the microwave signal other than the first leakage wave is reflected by the reflection impedance circuit, and the second leakage wave by the reflected microwave signal is the first leakage wave. Are emitted in substantially the same direction as the radiation direction of the leakage wave. Therefore, it is possible to provide a leaky wave antenna device that has a large radiation gain compared to the prior art and can be reduced in size as long as the radiation gain is the same.

  Further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, the leaky wave antenna apparatus generates a magnetic field with respect to the microwave transmission line and radiates from the leaky wave antenna apparatus by changing the intensity and / or direction of the magnetic field. Magnetic field generating means for changing the radiation direction of the leaky wave is further provided. Therefore, the radiation direction of the leaky wave can be changed.

  Still further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, the reflection impedance circuit includes a first circuit in which an impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero; A second circuit that is infinite and switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit are provided, and the polarization of the leaky wave radiated from the leaky wave antenna device is switched. Therefore, the polarization of the leaky wave can be changed.

  According to the microwave resonator according to the present invention, since the first and second reflection impedance circuits are provided, the device size can be freely changed without depending on the operating wavelength. The size can be reduced.

  In addition, according to the antenna device using the microwave resonator according to the present invention, by generating a magnetic field for the microwave transmission line and changing the intensity or direction of the magnetic field or both, the antenna device Since the magnetic field generating means for changing the radiation direction of the leaked wave is further provided, the radiation direction of the leaky wave can be changed.

  Still further, in the antenna device, each of the first and second reflection impedance circuits includes a first circuit in which an impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero; A second circuit whose impedance is substantially infinite, and switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit, and a bias of the leakage wave radiated from the leakage wave antenna device. Switch waves. Therefore, the polarization of the leaky wave can be changed.

It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell 60A of the 1st example of the ladder type nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line which is a basic transmission line used in embodiment of this invention. It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell 60B of the 2nd example of the ladder type nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line which is the said basic transmission line. It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell 60C of the 3rd example of the ladder type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line. It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell 60D of the 4th example of the ladder type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (The characteristic of angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the case of a non-equilibrium state in the reversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line which concerns on a prior art. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (The characteristic of angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the case of an equilibrium state in the reversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line which concerns on a prior art. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (The characteristic of the angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the case of a non-equilibrium state in the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (characteristic of angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the state of equilibrium in the irreversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70A according to the first embodiment configured by connecting a plurality of unit cells 60A in the example of FIG. 1 in cascade. FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70B according to the first embodiment configured by connecting a plurality of unit cells 60B in the example of FIG. 2 in cascade. FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70C according to the first embodiment configured by connecting a plurality of unit cells 60C in the example of FIG. 3 in cascade. FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70D according to the first embodiment configured by connecting a plurality of unit cells 60D of the example of FIG. 4 in cascade. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the 1st example of the nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line which has the ferrite substrate 10F which is the said basic transmission line circuit. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the 2nd example of the nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line which has the magnetic body board | substrate 10M which is the said basic transmission line circuit. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the 3rd example of the nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line which has the semiconductor substrate 10S which is the said basic transmission line circuit. It is a graph which shows the frequency characteristic of the S parameter in the case of a balanced state in the nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line circuit. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (The characteristic of angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the state of equilibrium in the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line circuit. It is a circuit diagram which shows the equivalent circuit model of the unit cell which comprises the reversible right-hand / left-handed transmission line based on a prior art. It is a circuit diagram which shows the equivalent circuit model of the unit cell which comprises the nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line which concerns on embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the leaky wave antenna apparatus formed by connecting the impedance element for reflection 75 to the port P2 of the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line according to the first embodiment of the present invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the leaky wave antenna apparatus formed by connecting the impedance element for reflection 75 to the port P1 of the nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line based on the 2nd Embodiment of this invention. The block which shows the structure of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which connects the termination | terminus open right-handed transmission line 76 which is a reflective impedance element to the port P2 of the irreversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line based on the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. FIG. The block which shows the structure of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which connects the termination | terminus short circuit right-handed transmission line 77 which is a reflective impedance element to the port P2 of the irreversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line based on the 4th Embodiment of this invention. FIG. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which comprises the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 20 by a microstrip line. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which comprises the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 21 by a microstrip line. It is a graph which shows the reflective frequency characteristic of each input port P1, P2 of the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG.24 and FIG.25. It is a graph which shows the radiation characteristic (when a radio signal is inputted into port P1) of the leaky wave from the irreversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line of FIG. It is a graph which shows the radiation characteristic (when a radio signal is inputted into port P2) of the leaky wave from the irreversible right-handed / left-handed transmission line of FIG. Radiation characteristics of leaky wave from leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 24 (when a radio signal is input to port P1 and a 9 mm terminated open right-handed transmission line with a length of about ¼ wavelength is connected to port P2 ). Radiation characteristics of leaky waves from leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 25 (when a radio signal is input to port P2 and a 9 mm terminated open right-handed transmission line having a length of about ¼ wavelength is connected to port P1 ). Radiation characteristics of leaky wave from leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 24 (when a radio signal is input to port P1 and a 15 mm terminated open-handed right-handed transmission line having a length of about ½ wavelength is connected to port P2 ). Radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the leaky wave antenna device of FIG. 25 (when a 15 mm terminated open right-handed transmission line having a length of about one-half wavelength when a radio signal is input to the port P2 is connected to the port P1. ). FIG. 25 is a graph showing a first comparison result of (in between) radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIGS. 13 and 24. FIG. 25 is a graph showing a second comparison result of (in between) radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIGS. 13 and 24. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the polarization direction switching leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 5th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the polarization direction switching leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 6th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the beam direction scanning type leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 7th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the beam direction scanning leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 8th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 9th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 10th Embodiment of this invention. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 11th Embodiment of this invention. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the leaky wave antenna apparatus which concerns on the 12th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the microwave resonator using a nonreciprocal transmission line based on the 13th Embodiment of this invention. (A) is a graph showing the amplitude distribution of the voltage wave or current wave with respect to the position of the microwave resonator of FIG. 43, and (b) is the phase distribution of the voltage wave or current wave with respect to the position of the microwave resonator of FIG. It is a graph which shows. It is a perspective view which shows the external appearance of the microwave resonator of FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. FIG. 45B is a graph showing frequency characteristics (simulated values and measured values) of normalized phase constants of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. 45B is a graph showing frequency characteristics (simulation values) of transmission coefficients S ₂₁ and S ₁₂ of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. Is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a transmission coefficient _{S 21, S 12} of the microwave resonator (measured value) of FIG. 45A. (A) is a figure which shows the normalized amplitude distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P1 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A, and (b) is from the port P1 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the phase distribution of the electric field when a microwave signal is input. (A) is a figure which shows the normalized amplitude distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P2 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A, and (b) is from the port P2 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the phase distribution of the electric field when a microwave signal is input. 45A is a graph showing a relative power distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P2 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A, and FIG. 45B is a graph showing a relative power distribution from the port P2 of the microwave resonator of FIG. It is a graph which shows phase distribution of an electric field when a wave signal is inputted. FIG. 45A is a perspective view showing the external appearance of the antenna device when a terminal-open microstrip line (line length l _r2 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to the port P2 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. It is. Is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the when the input microwave signal from the port P1 of the nonreciprocal phase shift right / left handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. Microwave from port P2 in the antenna device when an open-terminated microstrip line (line length l _r1 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to port P1 of irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. it is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a reflection coefficient S ₂₂ when the input signal. Microwave from port P1 in the antenna device when an open-termination microstrip line (line length l _r2 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to port P2 of irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a signal is input. Microwave from port P2 in the antenna device when an open-terminated microstrip line (line length l _r1 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to port P1 of irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a signal is input. Microwave from port P1 in the antenna device when an open-terminated microstrip line (line length l _r2 = λg / 2 = 17.3 mm) is connected to port P2 of irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a signal is input. Microwave from port P2 in the antenna device when an open-terminated microstrip line (line length l _r1 = λg / 2 = 17.3 mm) is connected to port P1 of irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a signal is input. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of Example 1 of the antenna apparatus using the microwave resonator which concerns on the 14th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of Example 2 of the antenna apparatus using the microwave resonator which concerns on the 14th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of Example 3 of the antenna apparatus using the microwave resonator which concerns on the 14th Embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of Example 4 of the antenna apparatus using the microwave resonator which concerns on the 14th Embodiment of this invention. FIG. 61 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a device including a power feeding circuit for the antenna device of FIG. 60. FIG. 62 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a device including a power feeding circuit for the antenna device of FIG. 61. FIG. 59 is a perspective view showing an appearance of the antenna device of FIG. 58. FIG. 60 is a perspective view illustrating an appearance of the antenna device of FIG. 59. FIG. 65 is a perspective view showing an appearance of a device provided with a signal input port on the port P2 side in the antenna device of FIG. 64. FIG. 66 is a perspective view showing an appearance of a device provided with a signal input port on the port P2 side in the antenna device of FIG. 65. FIG. 67 is a perspective view showing an external appearance of the antenna device of FIG. 66 when the line length of the terminal-open microstrip line is set to a half wavelength. 66 is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the reflection coefficient at the input end of the antenna apparatus of FIG. 66 in which a feeder line is connected to the reflection transmission line on the port P1 side instead of the port P2 side. Reflection coefficient _{S 11} is a graph showing a radiation pattern on the x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.76GHz in the graph of FIG. 69. And the radiation gain of the main polarization and cross-polarization in the operating band of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ is an antenna device as a less -10dB in the graph of FIG. 69 is a graph showing the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. It is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a reflection coefficient S ₂₂ at the input in the antenna device of FIG. 66. The reflection coefficient _{S 22} is a graph showing a radiation pattern on the x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.78GHz in the graph of FIG. 72. In the graph of FIG. 72, it is a graph which shows the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time with the maximum gain of the main polarization | polarized-light and cross polarization in the operating band as an antenna from which a reflection coefficient becomes -10 dB or less. It is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the input end of the apparatus connected to the feed line to the transmission line for reflecting the port P1 side and not the port P2 side in the antenna device of FIG. 68. Reflection coefficient _{S 11} is a graph showing a radiation pattern on the x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.83GHz in the graph of FIG. 75. 75 is a graph showing the maximum gain of the main polarization and cross polarization in the operating band of the antenna device having a reflection coefficient of −10 dB or less in the graph of FIG. 75, and the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. It is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a reflection coefficient S ₂₂ at the input in the antenna device of FIG. 68. The reflection coefficient _{S 22} is a graph showing a radiation pattern on the x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.74GHz in the graph of FIG. 77. The main polarized wave and the maximum gain of the cross-polarization in the operating band of the antenna device reflection coefficient S ₂₂ is equal to or less than -10dB in the graph of FIG. 77 is a graph showing the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the structure of the antenna apparatus which concerns on the 1st modification of 14th Embodiment. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the structure of the antenna apparatus which concerns on the 2nd modification of 14th Embodiment. Externally applied magnetic field in the antenna device of FIG. 66 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the input end when the 0. FIG. 84 is a graph showing a radiation pattern on the xz plane at a frequency of 5.44 GHz at which the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ is lowest in the graph of FIG. 83. The main polarized wave and the maximum gain of the cross-polarization in the operating band of the antenna reflection coefficient S ₁₁ is equal to or less than -10dB in the graph of FIG. 83 is a graph showing the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the structure of the antenna apparatus which concerns on the 3rd modification of 14th Embodiment. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the structure of the antenna apparatus which concerns on the 4th modification of 14th Embodiment.

  Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In addition, in each following embodiment, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected about the same component.

  First, a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line which is a basic microwave transmission line (hereinafter referred to as a basic transmission line) used in an embodiment of the present invention will be described below.

  FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a unit cell 60A of a first example of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line that is a basic transmission line used in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell 60B of the 2nd example of the ladder type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line which is. FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a unit cell 60C of the third example of the ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line that is the basic transmission line, and FIG. 4 is a ladder type that is the basic transmission line. It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of the unit cell 60D of the 4th example of a nonreciprocal right / left hand type | system | group transmission line.

  First, the basic configuration of the nonreciprocal transmission line, which is the basic transmission line, will be described below with reference to FIGS.

  The ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line, which is the basic transmission line, has, for example, a ladder-type transmission line including at least one unit cell 60A to 60D as shown in FIGS. It is a configuration. Here, the configuration of the unit cell includes a transmission line portion having a nonreciprocal phase transition phenomenon having different propagation constants in the forward direction and the reverse direction, and a capacitive element is provided in the series branch circuit and an inductive element is provided in the parallel branch circuit. The structure is equivalently inserted (see FIGS. 1 to 4). Circuits or devices targeted as the above transmission line configurations include printed circuit boards, waveguides, dielectrics used in microwaves, millimeter waves, quasi-millimeter waves, terahertz waves, such as strip lines, microstrip lines, slot lines, and coplanar lines. This includes not only body lines but also all configurations that support guided modes or attenuation modes including plasmons, polaritons, magnons, etc., or combinations thereof, and free space that can be described as an equivalent circuit.

  The transmission line having the irreversible phase transition phenomenon includes a material having gyro anisotropy in part or in whole in the transmission line configuration shown above, and a magnetization direction (different from the propagation direction of electromagnetic waves) More preferably, the transmission line is composed of a transmission line that is magnetized in a direction orthogonal to the propagation direction and has an asymmetry with respect to a plane formed by the propagation direction and the magnetization direction. As the transmission line having the nonreciprocal phase transition phenomenon, in addition to the transmission line, a lumped constant element having an equivalent nonreciprocal phase transition function and sufficiently smaller than the wavelength is also targeted. As the material having the above gyro anisotropy, a dielectric constant tensor or a magnetic permeability tensor representing the characteristics of the material by spontaneous magnetization, magnetization induced by a direct-current or low-frequency magnetic field applied from the outside, or circular motion of free charge, or Both include all cases expressed as states having gyro anisotropy. Specific examples include ferrimagnetic materials such as ferrite used in microwaves and millimeter waves, ferromagnetic materials, solid plasmas (semiconductor materials, etc.) and liquids, gas plasma media, and microfabrication. Examples include magnetic artificial media that are configured.

  Capacitive elements inserted in the above-mentioned series branch circuit include not only distributed constant type capacitive elements used in capacitors, microwaves, millimeter wave circuits, etc. often used in electric circuits, but equivalently, in transmission lines It may be a circuit or a circuit element in which the effective permeability of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the channel has a negative value. Specific examples of negative effective permeability include a split ring resonator made of metal, a spatial arrangement including at least one magnetic resonator such as a spiral configuration, or a dielectric resonator in a magnetic resonance state All microwave circuits operating in the waveguide mode or attenuation mode with negative effective magnetic permeability, such as the edge mode propagating along the ferrite substrate microstrip line, as an equivalent circuit It can be used because the circuit is described as a line that operates predominantly as a capacitive element. In addition to the above, the capacitive element inserted into the series branch circuit may be a series connection, a parallel connection, or a combination of a capacitive element and an inductive element. The element or circuit of the part to be inserted may be capacitive as a whole.

  As an inductive element inserted into the above-mentioned parallel branch circuit, only a lumped constant type element such as a coil used in an electric circuit or a distributed constant type inductive element such as a short-circuit stub used in a microwave or millimeter wave circuit is used. Alternatively, a circuit or element having a negative effective dielectric constant of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line can be used. Specifically, a spatial arrangement including at least one electric resonator such as a thin metal wire or a metal sphere, or a spatial arrangement of a dielectric resonator in an electric resonance state as well as a metal, or a TE mode is cut off. Transmission in which the parallel branch is dominantly operated as an inductive element as an equivalent circuit for all microwave circuits operating in the waveguide mode or attenuation mode having a negative effective dielectric constant, such as waveguides and parallel plate lines in the region It can be used because it is described as a track. In addition to the above, the inductive element inserted into the parallel branch circuit may be a series connection, a parallel connection, or a combination of a capacitive element and an inductive element. The part to be inserted may be a circuit or an element that exhibits inductivity as a whole.

  In the nonreciprocal phase shift transmission line, when the effective permeability of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating in the transmission line is negative, it can be a damping mode, but the negative effective permeability is when a capacitive element is inserted in the series branch. Therefore, the equivalent circuit of the line includes both a nonreciprocal phase transition portion and a series capacitance element portion.

  In the transmission line having the irreversible phase transition phenomenon, when the effective dielectric constant of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating in the transmission line is negative, it can be an attenuation mode, but the negative effective dielectric constant is inductive in the parallel branch circuit. Therefore, the equivalent circuit of the same line includes both a nonreciprocal phase transition portion and a parallel inductive element portion.

  Next, the basic operation and configuration of the nonreciprocal transmission line, which is the basic transmission line, will be described below with reference to FIGS.

  As shown in FIGS. 9 to 12, the entire nonreciprocal transmission line handled in the present invention includes at least one unit cell 60A to 60D shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 and is connected in cascade. Even when a plurality of unit cells 60A to 60D are connected in cascade, the unit cells 60A to 60D are not necessarily composed of the same type. 1 and 2 show cases where the unit cells 60A and 60B have an asymmetric T-type structure and an asymmetric π-type structure, respectively. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 show cases where a symmetric T-type structure and a symmetric π-type structure are provided as simpler cases. In the following, since it is assumed that the line length (that is, the period length p = p1 + p2) of the unit cells 60A to 60D is sufficiently smaller than the wavelength, the unit in the right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line according to the prior art is assumed. Similar to cell handling, essentially the same results are obtained for T-type, π-type or L-type. In fact, the L type is included in the case of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 by parameter operation. On the other hand, it is emphasized that the line length of the unit cells 60A to 60D with respect to the wavelength does not restrict the basic operation described here.

The line structure shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 is simple and has two line lengths (line length p / 2 in FIGS. 3 and 4 and line lengths p1 and p2 in FIGS. 1 and 2). A capacitive element or a network showing capacitance is inserted in a series branch circuit of the nonreciprocal transmission line including the transmission line portions 61 and 62, and an inductive element or an inductive network is inserted in the parallel branch circuit. Has been inserted. In order to simply show these elements in an effective size (line length), a capacitor Ci (i = 1, 2) and an inductor L are inserted in FIG. Similarly, in FIG. 2, a capacitor C and an inductor Li (i = 1, 2) are inserted. As parameters representing the characteristics of the nonreciprocal transmission line portion, the propagation constant and characteristic impedance in the forward direction (referred to as the direction from the port P11 to the port P12) are β _p and Z _p , respectively, and the reverse direction (from the port P12 to the port P11) These are β _m and Z _m , respectively. As a specific example, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a transmission line portion 61 having a propagation constant β _p1 , a characteristic impedance Z _p1 and a line length p ₁ , a propagation constant β _p2 , a characteristic impedance Z _p2 and a line length p _2. In the case of a symmetric transmission line as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 (p ₁ = p ₂ = p / 2, β _p1 = β _p2 = β _p, β _m1 = β _m2 = β _m , Z _p1 = Z _p2 = Z _p , Z _m1 = Z _m2 = Z _m , especially C1 = C2 = 2C for T type, L1 = L2 = 2L for π type )), When a periodic boundary condition is imposed on both ends of the unit cells 60A to 60D, the following equation is obtained. In this specification, the number number of the black brackets in which the mathematical formula is imaged and the formula number of the square brackets in which the mathematical formula is input are used in combination. The formula number is assigned to the last part of the formula using the formula (1) as the formula number (there is also a formula that is not given).

は次式で表される。Where Δβ and

Is expressed by the following equation.

  ω and β represent the propagation constant of the electromagnetic wave propagating along the operating angular frequency and the periodic structure, respectively. Since Expression (1) represents the relationship between the operating angular frequency ω and the propagation constant β, it becomes a dispersion relational expression (ω-β diagram).

Assuming reversibility (β _p = β _m and Z _p = Z _m ) in equation (1), it is the same as the reversible composite right / left handed transmission line according to the prior art, and equation (1) is Simplified to formula.

  However, the admittance Y and the impedance Z in the equation (4) are set as Y = 1 / jωL and Z = 1 / jωC, respectively.

  FIG. 5 is a graph showing a dispersion curve (characteristic of angular frequency ω with respect to normalized propagation constant βp / π) in a non-equilibrium state in a reversible right / left-handed transmission line according to the prior art, and FIG. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (The characteristic of angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the state of equilibrium in the reversible right-hand / left-handed transmission line.

In the case of a right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line according to the prior art represented by the equation (4), a typical dispersion curve is represented as shown in FIG. 5, and generally a right-handed (RH) transmission characteristic and a left-handed system ( LH) A forbidden band appears between bands indicating transmission characteristics. The upper limit frequency of the left-handed transmission band and the lower limit frequency of the right-handed transmission band can be obtained as a solution of a quadratic equation related to the angular frequency ω ² by imposing the condition of the propagation constant β = 0 in the equation (4). As a result, the following two solutions are obtained.

Here, ε _p and μ _p represent the effective dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the transmission line portions 61 and 62 in the unit cells 60A to 60D. Therefore, in order for the cutoff frequency to satisfy ω ₁ = ω ₂ so that the forbidden band becomes zero, it is sufficient that Equation (4) has a multiple solution with respect to the condition of the propagation constant β = 0. As follows:

が、挿入されるべき伝送線路部分６１，６２の特性インピーダンスＺ_ｐと同じであれば、ギャップが生じないというものであり、一種のインピーダンス整合条件となっている。その場合の分散曲線を図６に示す。As is well known, the result of the equation (7) is that a capacitor C that is a capacitive element to be inserted into a series branch circuit and an inductor that is an inductive element to be inserted into a parallel branch circuit. Impedance formed by L

But if the same as the characteristic impedance Z _p of the transmission line sections 61 and 62 to be inserted are those that no gap, which is a kind of impedance matching condition. The dispersion curve in that case is shown in FIG.

だけ正の方向にシフトした構造となっていることが式（１）の左辺を見ると容易にわかる。従って、図５に対応して、図７を得る。The dispersion curve in the case of the nonreciprocal transmission line given by Expression (1) will be described. In the case of the expression (4) in the case of the reversible transmission line, the structure is symmetrical with respect to the axis of the propagation constant β = 0 (that is, the ω axis), whereas the expression (1) of the nonreciprocal transmission line is If the axis of symmetry of the dispersion curve is β relative to the axis of β = 0

It can be easily seen from the left side of Equation (1) that the structure is shifted in the positive direction. Accordingly, FIG. 7 is obtained corresponding to FIG.

  FIG. 7 is a graph showing a dispersion curve (characteristic of the angular frequency ω with respect to the normalized propagation constant βp / π) in a non-equilibrium state in the nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line as the basic transmission line. It is a graph which shows the dispersion | distribution curve (The characteristic of angular frequency (omega) with respect to normalized propagation constant (beta) p / (pi)) in the state of equilibrium in the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line which is the said basic transmission line.

Thus, the right / left-handed composite transmission line using a nonreciprocal transmission line is greatly different from the case using a reversible transmission line because the symmetry axis of the dispersion curve coincides with the ω axis in the case of a reversible line. On the other hand, in the case of a nonreciprocal line, the symmetry axis is shifted along the axis of the propagation constant β, which means that the propagation constant in the forward direction and the reverse direction is β _p ≠ β _m , that is, the nonreciprocal phase transition. Depending on the effect. As a result, it can be classified into the following five types of transmission bands (A) to (E).

(A) Left-handed transmission for both forward and backward propagation. However, the propagation constants are different from each other.
(B) The forward direction is left-handed transmission, and the backward direction has a propagation constant of zero and an in-tube wavelength of infinity.
(C) Left-handed transmission in the forward direction and right-handed transmission in the reverse direction.
(D) Right-handed transmission is in the forward direction, and the propagation constant is zero and the guide wavelength is infinite in the reverse direction.
(E) Right-handed transmission for both forward and backward propagation. However, the propagation constants are different from each other.

  However, generally, in the transmission band (C), a stop band (forbidden band) appears in the center as can be seen from FIG. Here, the transmission bands (B) to (D) are the use of new transmission bands, and in particular, the use of the transmission band indicated by RH / LH in FIGS. Even if a microwave signal is input in both directions (forward and reverse directions), the phase flow is directed in the same predetermined direction (left-handed transmission and right-handed transmission).

For comparison, when considering the case of a reversible transmission line according to the prior art, two identical modes in which the direction of power transmission is positive and negative are obtained when the matching condition of Equation (7) is satisfied, that is, As shown in FIG. 6, the two modes intersect at the point of propagation constant β = 0 without being coupled. Similarly, when β = Δβ / 2 on the symmetry axis of the dispersion curve given by Equation (1), Equation (1) becomes a quadratic equation relating to the angular frequency ω ² , and the condition of multiple solutions is set so as not to generate a band gap. When imposed, we get

もしくは

Or

However, (epsilon) _p and (micro | micron | mu) _p represent the effective dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the nonreciprocal transmission line parts 61 and 62 in unit cell 60A-60D in a forward direction, respectively, and (epsilon) _m and (micro | micron | mu) _m represent those in the case of a reverse direction. . From Equation (10), the condition for preventing a gap from occurring near the intersection of the two modes is an impedance matching condition similar to the case of Equation (7) for the reversible transmission line. In addition, the inductor L and the capacitor C may be inserted so that matching can be performed in either the forward direction or the reverse direction, and the impedance matching condition is more gradual than in the case of the reversible transmission line. Can be mentioned.

A more general case where there is no symmetry as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. Even in such an asymmetric case, the operation is basically the same as in FIGS. The position of the symmetry axis is corrected to the position of the following expression on the normalized propagation constant β _p / π on the horizontal axis of FIGS.

であり、図２の場合、

である。When the two non-reciprocal transmission line portions 61 and 62 have the same propagation characteristics, the matching condition that does not generate a band gap is the same as that in the equation (4). However, in the case of FIG.

In the case of FIG.

It is.

  As can be seen from FIG. 8, the largest difference between the conventional reversible right / left handed composite transmission line and the irreversible phase-shifting right / left handed composite transmission line according to the present invention is that the propagation direction of the microwave is different. It is composed of a material magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field so as to have a gyro anisotropy magnetized in different magnetization directions, and is asymmetric with respect to the plane formed by the propagation direction and the magnetization direction. This is realized by Δβ shown in the equation (2) generated from the non-reciprocal transmission line portion configured to have a structure. By changing at least one of the magnitude and direction of the magnetization in the material having the above gyro anisotropy, or the magnitude and direction of the internal magnetic field applied to the material, continuously or discretely, this is achieved. It is possible to change the value of Δβ continuously or discretely.

  By changing at least one of the magnitude and direction of magnetization in the material having gyro anisotropy, or the magnitude and direction of the internal magnetic field applied to the material, Δβ, which is a nonreciprocal phase characteristic, is almost zero. The same characteristics as the conventional reversible right / left handed composite transmission line. Thus, the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line of the present invention provides more general transmission line operations including the characteristics of the conventional reversible right / left-handed composite transmission line. To do.

の方向を向く。但し、放射角θは線路に対してブロードサイド方向（伝搬方向に対して垂直方向）を基準としてゼロとおき、位相定数βが正となる向きの方向に傾いた場合を表す。なお、線路長が波長に比べて充分小さい場合、つまり線路長が小さくなると、漏洩波の放射方向と上記式（１４）の方向からの逸脱が大きくなる。Leaky wave radiation from the transmission line occurs when β <β ₀ for the phase constant β in the line and the wavelength β ₀ = ω / c in free space. However, c represents the magnitude of the speed of light in vacuum. In this case, the direction of the radiation beam formed by the leakage wave is almost the same when the length of the line constituting the antenna is equal to or longer than the wavelength.

Turn to the direction. However, the radiation angle θ is set to zero with respect to the broadside direction (perpendicular to the propagation direction) with respect to the line, and represents a case where the radiation angle θ is inclined in a direction in which the phase constant β is positive. When the line length is sufficiently smaller than the wavelength, that is, when the line length is small, the deviation from the leakage wave radiation direction and the direction of the above equation (14) increases.

の方向を向く。上述の放射条件を満足する下で、非可逆位相特性であるΔβの値を変化させることにより、線路内の伝送電力の向きに関係なく、本発明に係る非可逆移相右手／左手系複合伝送線路からの漏れ波放射の放射方向を同一にし、かつその放射ビーム方向を変化させることが可能であることを式（１５）は示している。As shown in FIG. 8, the phase constant β of the electromagnetic wave propagating along the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line is equal regardless of the direction of the transmission power in the line. This is the case where the angular frequency is ω = ω ₀ , and at this time, the phase constant is β = Δβ / 2. When this operating point also satisfies the above radiation conditions, the radiation beam direction θ due to leakage waves is almost independent of the direction of the transmission power in the line.

Turn to the direction. Irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission according to the present invention regardless of the direction of transmission power in the line by changing the value of Δβ, which is a nonreciprocal phase characteristic, under the above-described radiation conditions Equation (15) shows that the radiation direction of leakage wave radiation from the line can be made the same and the radiation beam direction can be changed.

  FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line 70A, which is the basic transmission line configured by cascading a plurality of unit cells 60A in the example of FIG. In FIG. 9, a plurality of unit cells 60A are connected in cascade between a port P1 and a port P2, thereby forming a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70A.

  FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70B, which is the basic transmission line configured by cascading a plurality of unit cells 60B in the example of FIG. In FIG. 10, a plurality of unit cells 60B are connected in cascade between a port P1 and a port P2, thereby forming a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70B.

  Further, FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line 70C, which is the basic transmission line configured by cascading a plurality of unit cells 60C in the example of FIG. In FIG. 11, a plurality of unit cells 60C are connected in cascade between a port P1 and a port P2, thereby forming a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70C.

  FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70D, which is the basic transmission line constructed by cascading a plurality of unit cells 60D in the example of FIG. In FIG. 12, a plurality of unit cells 60D are connected in cascade between a port P1 and a port P2, thereby forming a ladder-type nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line 70D.

  Although the same unit cell is used in each of the configuration examples in FIGS. 9 to 12, the present invention is not limited to this, and a combination of different unit cells may be used.

  Next, a specific configuration example of the irreversible right / left-handed line configuration will be described below with reference to FIGS. 13 to 15.

  FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a first example of the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line having the ferrite substrate 10F, which is the basic transmission line. In FIG. 13, an edge mode propagating along a microstrip line 12A formed on a vertically magnetized ferrite substrate 10F having an asymmetric structure is used as a transmission line having a nonreciprocal phase transition phenomenon constituting a unit cell. A nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line is shown. Here, a capacitor C having a gap 14 as a lumped constant capacitance element is formed in the serial branch of the transmission line, and a short-circuit stub conductor 13 as an inductive element is placed adjacent to the ferrite substrate 10F in the parallel branch. 10 is formed.

In FIG. 13, the transmission line is
(A) A ferrite substrate 10F having a magnetization Ms generated by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface and a dielectric substrate 10 such as a glass epoxy resin, for example, at the boundary portion between the side surfaces A combined substrate having a ground conductor 11 on the back surface;
(B) a microstrip line 12A formed on the boundary portion of the substrate;
(C) The microstrip line 12A is divided into a plurality of strip conductors 12 which are line portions having a width w by forming gaps 14 respectively, and the strip conductors 12 adjacent to each other among the plurality of strip conductors 12 are connected. A plurality of capacitors C,
(D) The strip conductors 12 are each provided with a plurality of short-circuit stub conductors 13 that connect the ground conductors 11 to each other.

In the transmission line of FIG. 13, a five-period distributed constant circuit type transmission line is formed by loading six capacitors C and forming five short-circuited stub conductors 13. Each strip conductor 12 sandwiching the magnetic substrate 10F and the dielectric substrate 10, the strip conductors 12P1 and 12P2 (width w _port ) at the line end, and the ground conductor 11 constitute a microstrip line 12A. Furthermore, depending on the frequency of the input high-frequency signal, the capacitor C may connect a substantial capacitor between adjacent strip conductors 12, or only the stray capacitance of each gap 14 as shown in FIG. A capacitor C may be configured or a series capacitor composed of a stray capacitor of each gap 14 and a capacitor connected in parallel. The formation interval of the short-circuit stub conductors 13 having the stub length l _stub and the stub width w _stub is the same as the unit cell period p [mm].

  FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a second example of the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line having the magnetic substrate 10M, which is the basic transmission line. In FIG. 14, the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line of this example is characterized in that a magnetic substrate 10M is used instead of the ferrite substrate 10F, as compared to the example of FIG. That is, the transmission propagates along the microstrip line 12A having an asymmetrical configuration using the magnetic substrate 10M made of a magnetic metal fine wire structure with perpendicular magnetization Ms as the transmission line having the irreversible phase transition phenomenon constituting the unit cell. The nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line using the edge mode is shown. Here, a capacitor C having a gap 14 as a lumped constant capacitance element is formed in a serial branch of the transmission line, and a short-circuit stub conductor 13 is placed adjacent to the magnetic substrate 10M as an inductive element in a parallel branch. It is formed on the substrate 10.

  FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing the appearance of a third example of the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line having the semiconductor substrate 10S, which is the basic transmission line. In FIG. 15, the nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line of this example is different from the example of FIG. 13 in that a semiconductor substrate 10S is used instead of the ferrite substrate 10F, and a DC magnetic field is generated by applying a vertical DC magnetic field thereto. It is characterized by using the vessel 30. That is, the propagation along the microstrip line 12A having an asymmetric configuration using the semiconductor substrate 10S magnetized by the perpendicular magnetic field Ho by the DC magnetic field generator 30 as the transmission line having the irreversible phase transition phenomenon constituting the unit cell. The nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line using the edge mode is shown. Here, a capacitor C having a gap 14 as a lumped constant capacitance element is formed in a serial branch of the transmission line, and a short-circuit stub conductor 13 is placed adjacent to the semiconductor substrate 10S as an inductive element in a parallel branch. 10 is formed.

  Next, the electrical characteristics of the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line which is the basic transmission line circuit will be described below. The electrical characteristics in the following drawings are all simulation results.

FIG. 16 is a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the S parameter when the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line which is the basic transmission line circuit is in a balanced state. FIG. 17 is a graph showing a dispersion curve (characteristic of the angular frequency ω with respect to the normalized propagation constant βp / π) in a balanced state in the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line which is the basic transmission line circuit. In the transmission line, a polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet having a thickness of 0.8 mm, a dielectric constant of 15, a saturation magnetization μ ₀ Ms = 175 mT, an internal DC magnetic field 50 mT, and a magnetic loss μ ₀ ΔH = 5 mT was used as the ferrite substrate 10F. The width of the strip conductor 12 on the ferrite substrate 10F was set to 0.5 mm so that the specific impedance in a state where no DC magnetic field was applied was 50Ω. The length of the unit cell is p = 3 mm, and the series capacitance 14C to be inserted is 0.4 pF. When a DC magnetic field is applied to the ferrite substrate at a right angle, the edge guide mode propagates along the ferrite microstrip line and exhibits an irreversible transmission characteristic of an asymmetric structure. A balanced nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed transmission line under a 50 mT DC magnetic field was designed by appropriately selecting the values of series branch capacitance and shunt branch inductance to be inserted.

The transmission characteristics of a transmission line designed with a DC magnetic field of 50 mT are shown in FIGS. FIG. 16 shows the magnitudes of the transmission coefficient and the reflection coefficient, and FIG. 17 shows a dispersion curve of the main mode estimated from the transmission coefficients S ₂₁ and S ₁₂ . FIG. 16 shows that the transmission line has almost no irreversibility in the magnitude of the transmission coefficient in the frequency region f> 5 GHz far above the negative effective permeability of the main edge guide mode. As can be seen, the line still has significant irreversible phase characteristics. The irreversible phase characteristics of the proposed right / left-handed composite transmission line can be explained in relation to a predetermined equivalent circuit model. From FIG. 17, in the case of the transmission coefficient S ₂₁ , the left-handed (LH) mode is mainstream at frequencies below 5.85 GHz, and the right-handed (RH) mode is mainstream at frequencies above 5.85 GHz. I understand. For transmission coefficient _{S 12,} it can be seen that the frequency of the phase constant zero is 6.7 GHz, which is higher than the transmission coefficient _{S 2.} As a result of the frequency difference between the transmission coefficients S ₂₁ and S _{12 at} zero phase constant, in the frequency range from 5.85 GHz to 6.7 GHz, the main RH mode of the transmission coefficient S ₂₁ and another main LH of the transmission coefficient S ₁₂ Mode exists. It should be noted that in the absence of coupling between the modes, the normalized propagation constants of both transmission coefficients S ₂₁ and S ₁₂ have the same value 0.055 at 6.3 GHz.

  Next, unit cells constituting a reversible right / left-handed transmission line, which is a transmission line circuit of the prior art, will be described below.

FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram showing an equivalent circuit model of a unit cell constituting a reversible right / left-handed transmission line which is a basic transmission line circuit of the above-described conventional technology. As shown in FIG. 18, the unit cell, to the distributed constant line having a series inductor L _R and a parallel capacitor C _R, and a capacitor C _L and the inductor L _L parallel branch is inserted structures serial branch Yes. As indicated by a broken line in FIG. 18, the unit cell has a structure in which a series resonance circuit 71 is inserted in the series branch and a parallel resonance circuit 72 is inserted in the parallel branch. The series and parallel resonance frequencies correspond to frequencies at which the effective permeability and dielectric constant of the structure become zero, respectively. In the case of a balanced right / left-handed composite transmission line, the resonance frequency of both is the same, that is, at the same frequency, series resonance and parallel resonance can occur simultaneously. In the structure according to the embodiment to be described in detail later with reference to FIGS. 20 and 21, as a method of inserting a reflection element at one end of the transmission line, the impedance Z having an equivalent size of 0 or infinity is used. Connect. When the magnitude of the termination impedance Z is 0, a large current flows from the transmission line to Z, so that the series resonance operation in which the impedance of the series branch of each unit cell is 0 becomes dominant. On the contrary, when Z is infinite, the current is zero and the voltage is maximum at the connection point between the line and Z, and therefore, the parallel resonance operation in which the impedance of the parallel branch is almost infinite is dominant. As described above, the resonance state that governs the characteristics of the balanced right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line is greatly changed by the change in the termination impedance. As a result, the main polarization direction of the leaky wave radiated from the line changes due to the change in the termination impedance. In the case of a right / left-handed composite transmission line with an inductive stub inserted in the microstrip line, if a short-circuit condition is imposed on the termination, series resonance becomes dominant, a large current flows on the central microstrip line, and leakage waves The main polarization direction of radiation is the ZX in-plane direction (θ direction) including the same line. On the other hand, when an open condition is imposed on the termination, parallel resonance is dominant in each unit cell. As a result, a large current flows on the inductive stub that forms the parallel resonance circuit, and the same direction is the main component of leakage wave radiation. Determine the polarization direction. When the inductive stub is inserted so as to be perpendicular to the central microstrip line, the main polarization of leakage wave radiation is in the Y-axis direction (φ direction). These examples will be described in detail later.

FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram showing an equivalent circuit model of a unit cell constituting the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line according to the embodiment of the present invention. Unlike the reversible right / left-handed transmission line that is the basic transmission line of the prior art as shown in FIG. 13, in the structure according to the present embodiment, the non-reciprocal transmission line part, the capacitance C _{L in the} series branch, and the parallel branch In this structure, an inductance L _L is inserted. Although the nonreciprocal line part provides irreversibility to the phase of the propagating wave, the series branch is an inductive element and the parallel branch is capacitive as in the case of the reversible right / left handed composite transmission line according to the prior art. It plays a role as an element. In the structure according to the embodiment to be described in detail later with reference to FIGS. 20 and 21, as a method of inserting a reflection element at one end of the transmission line, the impedance Z having an equivalent size of 0 or infinity is used. Connect. Even in this structure, the operation of the transmission line varies greatly depending on the state of the termination impedance. When the magnitude of the termination impedance Z is 0, a large current flows from the transmission line to Z, so that the series resonance operation in which the impedance of the series branch in each unit cell becomes 0 becomes dominant. On the other hand, when Z is infinite, the current is zero and the voltage is maximum at the connection point between the line and Z, so the parallel resonance operation in which the impedance of the parallel branch is infinite is dominant. As described above, the resonance state that governs the characteristics of the balanced right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line is greatly changed by the change in the termination impedance. As a result, the main polarization direction of the leaky wave radiated from the line changes due to the change in the termination impedance. In the case of a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line with an inductive stub inserted in the microstrip line, if a short-circuit condition is imposed on the termination, series resonance becomes dominant, and a large current is generated on the central microstrip line. The main polarization direction of the flow and leakage wave radiation is the ZX in-plane direction (θ direction) including the same line. On the other hand, when an open condition is imposed on the termination, parallel resonance is dominant in each unit cell. As a result, a large current flows on the inductive stub that forms the parallel resonance circuit, and the same direction is the main component of leakage wave radiation. Determine the polarization direction. When the inductive stub is inserted so as to be perpendicular to the central microstrip line, the main polarization of leakage wave radiation is in the Y-axis direction (φ direction).

First embodiment.
FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a leaky wave antenna device in which a reflection impedance element 75 is connected to the port P2 of the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line according to the first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 20, the leaky wave antenna apparatus includes a reflection impedance element 75 having a predetermined impedance Z (the reflection impedance) that is connected to one port P2 of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line that is a basic transmission line. As described in detail below, the element 75 may be an element or a circuit. The example of FIG. 20 shows a case where a reflection impedance element 75 having an impedance Z is connected to the port P2, and the port P1 is used as an input port for radio signals. As shown in FIG. 20, a radio signal having a predetermined frequency incident from the port P1 propagates in the right-handed mode toward the port P2. At this time, leakage wave radiation occurs in the endfire direction (forward radiation). The wave propagated from the port P1 is reflected at the port P2 under a predetermined phase condition determined by the impedance Z, and propagates toward the port P1 in the left-handed mode. At this time, leakage wave radiation occurs in the backfire direction (backward radiation). Here, compared to the structure of a basic transmission line (hereinafter referred to as a comparative example) that uses the strengthening of radiated waves in the same direction generated by incident waves and reflected waves and does not use a reflection impedance element 75 at the end. A leakage wave antenna device having a reflection type structure is proposed in which the radiation gain is improved.

Second embodiment.
FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a leaky wave antenna device in which a reflection impedance element 75 is connected to a port P1 of a nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line according to a second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 21, the leaky wave antenna apparatus has terminated one port P <b> 1 of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line, which is a basic transmission line, with a reflecting impedance element 75 having a predetermined impedance Z. It is a feature. In the example of FIG. 21, a case where a reflection impedance element 75 having an impedance Z is connected to the port P1 and the port P2 is used as a radio signal input port is shown. As shown in FIG. 21, a radio signal having a predetermined frequency incident from the port P2 is propagated to the port P1 in the left-handed mode. At this time, leakage wave radiation occurs in the backfire direction (backward radiation). The wave propagated from the port P2 is reflected at the port P1 under a predetermined phase condition determined by the impedance Z, and propagates toward the port P2 in the right-handed mode. At this time, leakage wave radiation occurs in the endfire direction (forward radiation). Here, the enhancement of the radiation gain is achieved compared to the structure of the basic transmission line according to the comparative example that does not use a reflecting element at the end by utilizing the strengthening of radiation waves in the same direction generated by incident waves and reflected waves. This is the proposed leaky wave antenna device having a reflective structure.

Third embodiment.
FIG. 22 shows a configuration of a leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the third embodiment of the present invention, in which a terminal-open right-handed transmission line 76 as a reflection impedance element is connected to a port P2 of a nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line. FIG. In FIG. 22, the leaky wave antenna apparatus has a radio signal input / output port P1 at one end of a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line as a basic transmission line, and a predetermined port P2 provided at the other end. A right-handed transmission line 76 having impedance is connected. In the example of FIG. 22, a right-handed transmission line 76 having an electrical length θ1 (open port P3) as the impedance to be connected is employed. By adjusting the electrical length θ1 of the right-handed transmission line 76 so that the impedance viewed from the connection point P2 of the right-handed transmission line 76 is 0 or infinite, each of the basic transmission lines according to the comparative example The radiation gain in the θ component or φ component of the electric field is improved.

Fourth embodiment.
FIG. 23 shows a configuration of a leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, in which a terminal short-circuited right-handed transmission line 77 as a reflection impedance element is connected to a port P2 of a nonreciprocal right / left-handed transmission line. FIG. In FIG. 23, the leaky wave antenna apparatus includes a signal input / output port P1 at one end of a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line as a basic transmission line, and a predetermined impedance at a port P2 provided at the other end. It is characterized by connecting a right-handed transmission line 77 having In the example of FIG. 23, a right-handed transmission line 77 having an electrical length θ2 (port 3 is a short-circuited end) is employed as the impedance to be connected. By adjusting the electrical length θ2 of the right-handed transmission line 77 so that the impedance viewed from the connection point P2 of the right-handed transmission line 77 becomes 0 or infinite, each of the basic transmission lines according to the comparative example The radiation gain in the θ component or φ component of the electric field is improved.

FIG. 24 is a perspective view showing an external appearance of a leaky wave antenna apparatus in which the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 20 is configured by a microstrip line. As shown in FIG. 24, in the basic transmission line of FIG. 13, a dielectric substrate 10 having a ground conductor 11 formed on the back surface is extended on the port P2 side, and a strip conductor is formed on the dielectric substrate 10 at one end. 12 or the strip conductor 76s to which the gap 14 is connected is formed, and the other end is an open end. The strip conductor 76s sandwiching the dielectric substrate 10 and the ground conductor 11 constitute a microstrip line, and the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 having an electrical length θ1 in FIG. Note that the input port is P1, and the externally applied DC magnetic field of the ferrite substrate 10F is indicated by μ ₀ H _ex .

  In the embodiment of FIG. 24, the transmission line of FIG. 13 is used, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the transmission line of FIG. 14 or 15 may be used. The same applies to the following embodiments. Further, the gap 14 in FIG. 24 may be replaced by a chip capacitor. Furthermore, at the ends of the ports P1 and P2, it may start with the gap 14 or may start with the strip conductor 13. The same applies to the following embodiments.

FIG. 25 is a perspective view showing an external appearance of a leaky wave antenna apparatus in which the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 21 is configured by a microstrip line. As shown in FIG. 25, in the basic transmission line of FIG. 13, a dielectric substrate 10 having a ground conductor 11 formed on the back surface is extended on the port P1 side, and a strip conductor is formed on one end of the dielectric substrate 10. 12 or the strip conductor 76s to which the gap 14 is connected is formed, and the other end is an open end. The strip conductor 76s sandwiching the dielectric substrate 10 and the ground conductor 11 constitute a microstrip line, and the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 having an electrical length θ1 in FIG. Note that the input port is P2, and the externally applied DC magnetic field of the ferrite substrate 10F is denoted by μ ₀ H _ex .

FIG. 26 is a graph showing the reflection frequency characteristics of the input ports P1 and P2 of the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIGS. In Figure 26, the reflection coefficient _{S 11} is in the case of FIG. 24, the reflection coefficient _{S 22} is a case of FIG. 25. In either case, the reflection characteristics are almost the same, and are -4 dB. The magnitude of this reflection is almost as expected since the insertion loss in one-way propagation is about 2 dB from the comparative example of FIG.

  FIG. 27 is a graph showing radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the irreversible right / left handed transmission line of FIG. 13 (when a radio signal is input to the port P1). In FIG. 27, the solid line and the broken line are the θ direction component and the φ direction component of the electric field, respectively. As is apparent from FIG. 27, it can be seen that the main beam is directed in the direction in which the elevation angle θ is positive, that is, in the endfire direction (forward radiation), in both the θ direction component and the φ direction component of the electric field.

  FIG. 28 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the nonreciprocal right / left handed transmission line of FIG. 13 (when a radio signal is inputted to the port P2). In FIG. 28, the solid line and the broken line are the θ direction component and the φ direction component of the electric field, respectively. As can be seen from FIG. 28, it can be seen that both the θ direction component and the φ direction component of the electric field are directed to the main beam in the direction in which θ is positive and in the backfire direction (backward emission).

  FIG. 29 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of the leaky wave from the leaky wave antenna device of FIG. 24 (when a radio signal is input to the port P1 and a 9 mm long open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P2). It is. FIG. 29 shows a case where a 9 mm-length open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P2 in order to improve the radiation gain of the electric field of the θ direction component. The length of the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 substantially corresponds to a quarter wavelength, and is substantially short-circuited at the connection point P2 between the line 76 and the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2 (port). The condition is such that the impedance when the right-handed transmission line 76 is viewed from P2 is substantially zero). The radio signal is input from the port P1. As shown by the solid line in FIG. 29, it can be seen that the radiation of the θ direction component of the electric field is more conspicuous than the broken line.

  FIG. 30 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of the leaky wave from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 25 (when a radio signal is input to the port P2 and a 9 mm long open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P1). It is. FIG. 30 shows a case where a 9 mm-length open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P1 in order to improve the radiation gain of the electric field of the θ direction component. The length of the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 substantially corresponds to a quarter wavelength, and a substantially short-circuit condition (port The condition is such that the impedance when the right-handed transmission line 76 is viewed from P1 is substantially zero). The radio signal is input from port P2. As shown by the solid line in FIG. 30, it can be seen that the radiation of the θ direction component of the electric field is more conspicuous than the broken line.

  FIG. 31 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of the leaky wave from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 24 (when a radio signal is input to the port P1 and a 15 mm long open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P2). It is. FIG. 31 shows a case where a 15 mm-length open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P2 in order to improve the radiation gain of the electric field in the φ direction component. The length of the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is substantially equivalent to a half wavelength, and is substantially open at the connection point P2 between the line 76 and the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed combined transmission line 2 (from the port P2 to the right hand). The conditions are such that the impedance when the transmission line 76 is viewed is substantially infinite. The radio signal is input from the port P1. As indicated by the broken line in FIG. 31, it can be seen that the radiation of the φ direction component of the electric field is more conspicuous than the solid line.

  FIG. 32 is a graph showing the radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 25 (when a radio signal is input to the port P2 and a 15 mm long open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is connected to the port P1). It is. FIG. 32 shows a case where a terminal-open right-handed transmission line 76 having a length of 15 mm is connected to the port P1 in order to improve the radiation gain of the electric field of the φ direction component. The length of the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 is substantially equivalent to a half wavelength, and is substantially open at the connection point P2 between the line 76 and the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed combined transmission line 2 (from the port P1 to the right hand). The conditions are such that the impedance when the transmission line 76 is viewed is substantially infinite. The radio signal is input from port P2. As shown by the broken line in FIG. 32, it can be seen that the radiation of the φ direction component of the electric field is more conspicuous than the solid line.

  FIG. 33 is a graph showing a first comparison result between the radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIGS. 13 and 24. Here, the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 13 is a leaky wave antenna apparatus using the basic transmission line according to the comparative example, and the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 24 is intended to improve the radiation gain of the electric field in the θ direction component. Furthermore, a substantially short-circuit condition (impedance when the right-handed transmission line 76 is viewed from the port P2 is substantially reduced at the connection point P2 between the open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 and the irreversible phase-shifting right-handed / left-handed composite transmission line 2. In other words, a 9 mm-long open-termination right-handed transmission line 76 corresponding to a quarter wavelength is connected to the port P2 so that the condition becomes zero. The radio signal is input from the port P1. 33 are both the θ direction components of the electric field, the dotted line is the comparative example (FIG. 13), and the solid line is the characteristic of the first embodiment (FIG. 24). As is clear from FIG. 33, it was confirmed that the radiation gain was improved by 3.9 dB by employing the reflective structure according to the first embodiment (FIG. 24).

  FIG. 34 is a graph showing a second comparison result between the radiation characteristics of leaky waves from the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIGS. 13 and 24. Here, the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 13 is a leaky wave antenna apparatus using the basic transmission line according to the comparative example, and the leaky wave antenna apparatus of FIG. 24 is intended to improve the radiation gain of the electric field in the φ direction component. In addition, at the connection point P2 between the terminal open right-handed transmission line 76 and the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2, the impedance is substantially equal when the right-handed transmission line 76 is viewed from the port P2. In other words, an open-ended right-handed transmission line 76 having a length of 15 mm corresponding to a half wavelength is connected to the port P2 so as to be infinite. The radio signal is input from the port P1. 34 are both the φ direction components of the electric field, the dotted line is the comparative example (FIG. 13), and the solid line is the characteristic of the first embodiment (FIG. 24). As apparent from FIG. 34, it was confirmed that the radiation gain was improved by 1.9 dB by employing the reflective structure according to the first embodiment (FIG. 24).

Fifth embodiment.
FIG. 35 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a polarization direction switching leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 35, a signal input / output port P1 is provided at one end of a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2, which is a basic transmission line, and a right-handed transmission line having a predetermined impedance at a port P2 provided at the other end. 78 is connected. In the example of FIG. 35, an open-ended right-handed transmission line 78 having an electrical length θ3 is employed as the impedance to be connected. The electric length θ3 of the right-handed transmission line 78 is adjusted so that the impedance viewed from the connection point P2 of the line 78 becomes 0 or infinity, so that the electric field θ is respectively applied to the basic transmission line according to the comparative example. The radiation gain in the component or φ component is improved. In the example of FIG. 35, in addition to this, a right-handed transmission line 79 of another electrical length θ4 (opening the port P4) is further connected to the port P3 at the tip of the right-handed transmission line 78 via the switch SW1. The structure can be arbitrarily connected and opened. Here, by selectively switching SW1 to the contact a side or b side, a structure in which the electrical length of the transmission line portion including the right-handed lines 78 and 79 can be realized. That is, the polarization direction is selected and radiated by adjusting the electrical lengths θ3 and θ4 so that the impedance viewed from the connection point P2 between the nonreciprocal transmission line 2 and the right-handed transmission lines 78 and 79 is 0 or infinite. It is possible to improve the gain. For example, when the length of the right-handed transmission line 78 is 9 mm, the length of the right-handed transmission line 79 is 6 mm, and SW1 is switched to the contact a side, only the right-handed transmission line 78 is obtained and the radiation component in the θ direction is It becomes larger than the radiation component in the φ direction (see, for example, FIG. 29). On the other hand, when SW1 is switched to the contact point b side, the right-handed transmission lines 78 and 79 are combined, and the radiation component in the φ direction is larger than the radiation component in the θ direction (see, for example, FIG. 31). Therefore, the main polarization direction can be selectively switched to the θ direction or the φ direction.

Sixth embodiment.
FIG. 36 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a polarization direction switching type leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention. 36, a signal input / output port P1 is provided at one end of a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2 that is a basic transmission line, and a right-handed transmission line having a predetermined impedance at a port P2 provided at the other end 81 is connected. In the example of FIG. 36, a terminal short-circuited right-handed transmission line 81 having an electrical length θ5 is employed as the impedance to be connected. The electric length θ5 of the right-handed transmission line 81 is adjusted so that the impedance viewed from the connection point P2 of the line 81 is 0 or infinity, so that the electric field θ is respectively reduced with respect to the basic transmission line according to the comparative example. The radiation gain in the component or φ component is improved. In the example of FIG. 36, in addition to this, a right-handed transmission line 82 of another electrical length θ6 (with the port P4 short-circuited) is further connected to the port P3 at the tip of the right-handed transmission line 81 via the switch SW2. The structure can be arbitrarily connected and opened. Here, a structure in which the electrical length of the transmission line portion including the right-handed lines 81 and 82 is variable can be realized by selectively switching the SW2 to the contact a side or b side. That is, the polarization direction is selected and radiated by adjusting the electrical lengths θ5 and θ6 so that the impedance viewed from the connection point P2 between the nonreciprocal transmission line 2 and the right-handed transmission lines 81 and 82 is 0 or infinite. It is possible to improve the gain. For example, the length of the right-handed transmission line 81 is 9 mm, and the length of the right-handed transmission line 82 is 6 mm. When SW1 is switched to the contact a side, only the right-handed transmission line 81 and the short-circuited termination are present, and the impedance when the right-handed transmission line 81 is viewed from the port P2 is opposite to that in FIG. Become. Therefore, the radiation component in the φ direction is larger than the radiation component in the θ direction (see, for example, FIG. 31). On the other hand, when SW1 is switched to the contact b side, the right-handed transmission lines 81 and 82 are combined, and the impedance when the right-handed transmission line 81 is viewed from the port P2 is opposite to that in FIG. (Short circuit state). Accordingly, the radiation component in the θ direction is larger than the radiation component in the φ direction (see, for example, FIG. 29). As described above, the main polarization direction can be selectively switched between the θ direction and the φ direction.

  22, 23, 24, 25, 35, and 36, a right-handed transmission line is used as a method of configuring a reflection termination impedance connected to a port opposite to the input port. However, it is also possible to configure using a left-handed transmission line. For example, the right-handed transmission line 76 in FIG. 22 has an electrical length θ1, but can be configured using a left-handed transmission line to obtain the same electrical length. The same applies to FIG. 23, FIG. 35 and FIG.

Seventh embodiment.
FIG. 37 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a beam direction scanning leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 37, the leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the first embodiment is characterized in that an external DC magnetic field μ ₀ H _ex is applied to the plane of the ferrite substrate 10F from the bottom using a permanent magnet 30. Then, the distance between the permanent magnet 30 and the ferrite substrate 10F of the transmission line 2 is changed by using a movement mechanism 30M having both a movement mechanism in the movement direction 30d and a rotation mechanism having a rotation axis of the permanent magnet in a direction parallel to the transmission line. , By physically changing at least one of the moving mechanism and the rotating mechanism, the intensity and / or direction of the magnetic field applied to the transmission line 2 is changed. The scan 92 can be performed by changing the elevation angle θ.

Eighth embodiment.
FIG. 38 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a beam direction scanning leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention. 38, the leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the first embodiment is characterized in that an external DC magnetic field μ ₀ H _ex is applied to the plane of the ferrite substrate 10F from the bottom using the electromagnet 31. The electromagnet 31 is formed by winding a coil 33 around an iron core 32 a plurality of times, and a variable voltage source 34 is connected to both ends of the coil 33. Then, by changing the voltage of the variable voltage source 34, the strength and / or direction of the magnetic field applied to the transmission line 2 is changed, and thereby the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite that is the basic transmission line. The irreversible magnitude Δβ of the transmission line changes, and the scanning 92 can be performed by changing the elevation angle θ in the radiation direction 91 of the leaky wave.

  The applied DC magnetic field for the nonreciprocal right / left-handed composite transmission line has the same magnitude, and the transmission characteristics can be reversed by reversing the direction. That is, the scattering parameters S21 and S12 and S11 and S22 can be interchanged.

  In particular, when soft magnetic ferrite is used as a material having gyro anisotropy, if the externally applied magnetic field is continuously changed, not only saturation magnetization but also non-reversible phase characteristics including the unsaturated state are expressed. It is possible to continuously change the value of Δβ. This includes the case where Δβ = 0 when no external magnetic field is applied. Thus, by changing the value of Δβ representing the degree of irreversible phase characteristics, it is possible to scan the direction of the radiation beam leaking from the line as shown in Equation (15). The reflected wave can improve the radiation gain and directivity of the leaky wave. Further, it is possible to switch the polarization characteristics of the radiated wave by switching the value of the termination impedance Z.

  In particular, when soft magnetic ferrite is used as a material having gyro anisotropy and the applied magnetic field is 0, the material operates substantially the same as a dielectric, so the basic transmission line is reversible. It operates as a right / left-handed composite transmission line. In this case, Δβ = 0 because it is a reversible line. In this case, the expression (15) is satisfied when the phase constant β is zero regardless of the direction of transmission power, and the radiation direction is broadside (vertical direction θ = 0). Even in this case, the radiation gain / directivity of the leaky wave can be improved by the reflected wave from the terminal impedance. Further, it is possible to switch the polarization characteristics of the radiated wave by switching the value of the termination impedance Z.

  When a dielectric is used instead of a material having gyro anisotropy, the basic transmission line operates as a reversible right / left handed composite transmission line. Even in this case, if the phase constant of the propagating signal is zero regardless of the direction of the transmission power, the reflected wave from the termination impedance can improve the radiation gain and directivity of the leakage wave, and the radiation direction is , Broadside direction (vertical direction θ = 0). Even in this case, it is possible to switch the polarization characteristics of the radiated wave by switching the value of the termination impedance Z.

Ninth embodiment.
FIG. 39 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 39, a lumped constant element is connected as an impedance element for reflection of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2. Here, the inductor 93 and the capacitor 94 are connected to the port P2 at one end of the transmission line 2. Note that the series resonance frequency of the two lumped constant elements is set to be substantially the same as the frequency at which leakage wave radiation is generated. The resonance circuit inserted in the terminal port P2 has a series resonance state at the operating frequency, that is, the impedance is 0. Therefore, the impedance when the resonance circuit side is viewed from the transmission line 2 is 0. In this manner, by inserting a lumped constant element at the end of the transmission line 2, it is possible to generate a reflected wave under a predetermined phase condition. In an actual structure, a variable capacitor is used as the capacitor 94 as shown in FIG. 39, for example, as shown in FIG. 39, in order to cancel the parasitic elements existing around the connection portion between the transmission line 2 and each component.

Tenth embodiment.
FIG. 40 is a perspective view showing an appearance of a leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 40, a lumped constant element is connected as an impedance element for reflection of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2. Here, a parallel circuit of an inductor 95 and a capacitor 96 is connected to the port P2 at one end of the transmission line 2. At this time, the parallel resonance frequency by the two elements 95 and 96 is set to be substantially the same as the frequency at which leakage wave radiation is generated. Since the resonance circuit inserted at the terminal end is in a parallel resonance state at the operating frequency, that is, the impedance is infinite, the impedance when the resonance circuit side is viewed from the transmission line 2 is infinite. In this manner, by inserting a lumped constant element at the end of the transmission line 2, it is possible to generate a reflected wave under a predetermined phase condition. In an actual structure, a variable capacitor is used as a capacitor 96 as necessary, for example, as shown in FIG. 40, in order to cancel out parasitic elements existing around the connection portion between the transmission line 2 and each component.

  In the above embodiment, the reflection impedance element 75 is inserted into one end of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2 to improve the antenna directivity and gain, and to offset the leakage wave radiation. As a specific example, a structure composed of a microstrip line that is easy to create is mainly shown in which the wave direction is controlled. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and a short-circuit termination and an open termination are also configured for a non-reciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line composed of a coplanar line, a waveguide structure, and other different waveguide structures. This is possible because it is possible. In other words, by inserting a reflection impedance element or a corresponding structure into one end of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 2 having an arbitrary waveguide structure, and controlling this, the antenna directivity In addition to improving the performance and gain, it is possible to control the polarization direction of leakage wave radiation. On the other hand, beam scanning of leakage wave radiation can be performed by changing the irreversible characteristics of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line.

Eleventh embodiment.
FIG. 41 is a perspective view showing an appearance of a leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 41, instead of the ferrite substrate 10F of FIG. 24, rectangular pillar-shaped ferrite rods 10R to which a DC magnetic field is applied are inserted below the strip conductors 12, and the dielectric substrate 10 is adjacent to both sides thereof. It is characterized by the use of a composite substrate placed on the surface. In the present embodiment, the effect of the ferrite substrate 10F is realized by the ferrite rod 10R.

Twelfth embodiment.
FIG. 42 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a leaky wave antenna apparatus according to the twelfth embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 42, instead of the ferrite substrate 10F of FIG. 25, a rectangular rod-shaped ferrite rod 10R is inserted below each strip conductor 12. The portion of the ferrite substrate 10F is the dielectric substrate 10 except for the ferrite rod 10R. In the present embodiment, the effect of the ferrite substrate 10F is realized by the ferrite rod 10R.

Thirteenth embodiment.
In a thirteenth embodiment according to the present invention, a novel transmission line type microwave resonator is proposed. This is composed of a non-reciprocal phase-shifting right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line 100 having a finite length in a straight line shape, and ports P1 and P2 that are both terminal ends are open ends or short-circuited. Unlike the transmission line type resonator or traveling wave resonator according to the prior art, the resonance frequency does not depend on the overall size of the resonator but depends on the structure of the unit cell. Furthermore, the electromagnetic field distribution on the microwave resonator is similar to that of the traveling wave resonator, ie, the amplitude distribution of the electromagnetic field is uniform along the microwave resonator and the phase distribution is spatially linear. To change. The spatial gradient of the phase distribution is determined by the irreversible phase constant of the transmission line. Specifically, the proposed microwave resonator is characterized by being configured using a microstrip line having a vertically magnetized ferrite rod 10R. This will be described in detail below.

  First, the basic concept of the proposed microwave resonator will be described below.

FIG. 43 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a microwave resonator using the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention. First, the outline of the resonance conditions of the transmission line type microwave resonator according to the prior art will be described. The transmission line type microwave resonator is a irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite with a linear shape of finite length l = Np. A transmission line (CRLHTL) 100 (consisting of a plurality of N basic cells, the length of one basic cell is p), a load impedance Z _{L1 at the} port P1, and a load impedance Z _{L2 at the} port P2. Configured. In general, irreversible phase shift transmission can be assumed along the transmission line 100. In FIG. 43, parameters β ₊ and Δφ ₊ indicate the phase constant and phase delay of the line related to power transmission from the port P1 to the port P2, respectively, and parameters β ₋ and Δφ ₋ indicate lines related to the power transmission from the port P2 to the port P1, respectively. The phase constant and the phase delay are shown. Moreover, the phase shift due to the reflection at port P1 and P2, respectively [Delta] [phi ₁ and [Delta] [phi _2. In this case, the resonance condition is satisfied when the following phase relation is satisfied.

Δφ = Δφ ₊ + Δφ ₋ + Δφ ₁ + Δφ ₂ = 2mπ (16)

Here, Δφ ₊ = β ₊ l, and Δφ _- = β _- a l, m are integers. If both ports P1 and P2 are open ends or short-circuited, Δφ ₁ + Δφ ₂ = 2π or 0. Therefore, the relational expression (5) is expressed by the following expression.

Δφ = Δφ ₊ + Δφ ₋ = (β ₊ + β ₋ ) l = 2mπ (17)

Under the conditions of the reversible transmission line, the parameters β ₊ and β ₋ are exactly the same. Therefore, the resonance condition regarding the propagation constant of the line is determined by the length of the resonator and is expressed by the following equation.

_{β = β + = β - =} mπ / l (18)

In equation (7), when m = 1, the line length l = λ _g / 2. This condition defines the operation of the half-wave resonator. In Equation (7), if m = 0, the resonance condition is independent of the line length and β = 0. A phase constant of zero means an infinite wavelength, and the operation of a zero-order resonator whose resonance frequency does not depend on the size of the resonator (for example, see Non-Patent Document 10). On the other hand, consider a case where the transmission line is irreversible and satisfies the following relational expression (for example, see Non-Patent Document 15).

β ₊ + β ₋ = 0 (19)

  In this case, the equation (17) of the resonance condition is automatically established without imposing any requirement on the length of the resonator where m = 0. Equation (8) of the irreversible resonance condition indicates that the transmission line supports a major right-handed mode in one direction of transmitted power and a major left-handed in the opposite direction to achieve irreversible resonance. This means that system mode must be supported. In addition, these two bimodal phase constants must both have the same absolute value. Such irreversible transmission characteristics can be achieved by using the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 13).

Voltage waves and current waves (along the x-axis) along the microwave resonator using the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 can be described by nonreciprocal intrinsic impedances Z ₊ and Z _−. And the following equation is obtained.

V = V ₊ exp (−jβ ₊ x) + V ₋ exp (jβ ₋ x)
_{= Z + I + exp (-jβ} + x) + Z - I - exp (jβ - x) (20)
I = I ₊ exp (−jβ ₊ x) −I ₋ exp (jβ ₋ x) (21)

However, the parameters I ₊ and I ₋ in the equations (20) and (21) represent the amplitudes of the current waves propagating from the port P1 to the port P2 and vice versa, respectively. When Expression (19) holds, Expression (20) and Expression (21) are expressed by the following expressions.

_{V = (V + + V -} ) exp (-jβ + x)
_{= (Z + I + + Z} - I -) exp (-jβ - x) (22)
_{I = (I + -I -)} exp (-jβ + x) (23)

  In this case, the ratio V / I as a function of the position x takes a constant value as shown in the following equation.

If both ports P1 and P2 of the resonator are short-circuited and Z _L1 = Z _L2 = 0, the current wave becomes dominant, and V ₊ + V ₋ = 0 and Z _0N = 0 in equation (24) In the equations (22) and (23), the amplitude of the voltage wave takes a minimum value. If both ports P1, P2 are open ends and Z _L1 = Z _L2 = + ∞, the voltage wave becomes dominant, and in equation (13), I ₊ = I ₋ and Z _0N = + ∞. The amplitude of the current wave takes a minimum value. From the equations (22) and (23), the proposed transmission line type microwave resonator has a uniform size and a phase coefficient on the resonator regardless of which of the current wave and voltage wave is dominant. It can be seen that exp (−jβ ₊ x) provides a spatially linearly varying electromagnetic field distribution.

  44A is a graph showing the amplitude distribution of the voltage wave or current wave with respect to the position of the microwave resonator of FIG. 43, and FIG. 44B is a voltage wave or current with respect to the position of the microwave resonator of FIG. It is a graph which shows phase distribution of a wave. That is, FIG. 44 shows the electromagnetic field distribution on the proposed microwave resonator. Therefore, the electromagnetic field distribution is similar to that of a traveling wave resonator according to the prior art such as a ring resonator. The difference between the proposed microwave resonator and ring resonator depends on whether the resonance frequency depends on the overall size of the resonator. Compared to a zero-order resonator according to the prior art, the proposed microwave resonator differs significantly from these in that there is a spatial phase flow along the transmission line 100 of the resonator. In this sense, the proposed microwave resonator further provides continuous phase control for the zero-order resonator according to the prior art. In fact, as the irreversibility in the phase characteristics decreases, the electric field profile approaches the zeroth order resonator.

  Next, the structure and transmission characteristics of the microwave resonator will be described below.

  45A is a perspective view showing an appearance of the microwave resonator of FIG. 43, and FIG. 45B is a longitudinal sectional view of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. 45A and 45B, the basic structure is the same as in FIGS. 13 to 15, but a ferrite rod 10R magnetized in the vertical direction (may be another magnetic material) is used as the dielectric substrate 10. This is characterized by being inserted directly below a microstrip line in which a plurality of strip conductors 12 are connected in cascade. The reason for choosing this structure is that the insertion loss is relatively low and the irreversibility in the magnitude of the transmission coefficient is minimal, while the irreversible phase characteristic is still significant.

A series branch capacitor 14 and a parallel branch short-circuit stub 13 are periodically inserted into the microstrip line. Various configuration parameters of the right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 used for the numerical simulation and those of the prototype circuit are the same as follows. The saturation magnetization and magnetic loss of the ferrite rod 10R are μ ₀ M _s = 175 mT and μ ₀ ΔH = 5 mT, respectively. The dielectric constants of the ferrite rod 10R and the dielectric substrate 10 are ε _f = 15 and ε _d = 2.6. The thickness of both the ferrite rod 10R and the dielectric substrate 10 is d = 0.8 mm, and the width and length of the ferrite rod 10R are w = 0.8 mm and l = 30 mm, respectively. The length of the unit cell is p = 3 mm, and the total number of cells in the line is N = 10 (l = Np). The width and length of each short-circuit stub 13 are 1 mm and 4 mm. Each series lumped capacitor 14 has a capacitance of C = 0.5 pF. The internal DC magnetic field used in the numerical simulation is μ ₀ H ₀ = 60 mT, but the measured value of the external DC magnetic field applied to the prototyped right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is B _ex at the center microstrip line. = Μ ₀ H _ex = 150 mT. The Bloch impedance of the right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line 100 was approximately 50Ω in both the calculation model and the prototype circuit.

FIG. 46 is a graph showing frequency characteristics (simulated values and measured values) of the normalized phase constant of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. That is, FIG. 46 is a plot of a dispersion diagram obtained by simulation and measurement, which is estimated from the phase characteristics of parameters with many variations. As is clear from FIG. 46, the intersection of two branches of the main mode propagating in two different directions is found in the numerical simulation at βp / π = 0.025, 6.3 GHz, whereas in the measurement The corresponding frequency is 5.92 GHz. It is noted that the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 at these frequencies satisfies equation (19) with β ₊ p / π = −β ₋ p / π = 0.025. Hereinafter, the proposed pseudo traveling wave resonator was designed and manufactured using the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 operating around these frequencies.

  Next, the resonance characteristics of the microwave resonator and its electromagnetic field distribution will be described below.

  In order to demonstrate the proposed microwave resonator, a lumped element capacitor having a capacitance 2C inserted at the boundary between the section of the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 and both ports P1, P2 for impedance matching is shown in FIG. The right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line 100 was removed from the prototype circuit and the simulation model, and a weak capacitive coupling was generated between them. This modified structure can be viewed almost as a non-reciprocal transmission line type resonator with an open termination.

Figure 47A is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a transmission coefficient _{S 21, S 12} of the microwave resonator in FIG. 45A (simulation values), Fig. 47B is a transmission coefficient _{S 21, S 12} of the microwave resonator of Figure 45A It is a graph which shows a frequency characteristic (measured value). Each peak in FIGS. 47A and 47B corresponds to resonance. From FIG. 47A, simulated resonant frequencies are found at 5.3 GHz, 6.13 GHz and 7.45 GHz in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 8 GHz. The resonances at 5.3 GHz and 7.45 GHz correspond to half-wave resonance because a null point in the electric field scale is seen at the center of the resonator in the longitudinal direction.

  FIG. 48A is a diagram showing the normalized amplitude distribution of the electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P1 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A, and FIG. 48B is the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the phase distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P1. 49A shows a normalized amplitude distribution of the electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P2 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A, and FIG. 49B shows the microwave of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the phase distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is input from port P2 of a resonator. Here, FIG. 48 and FIG. 49 show the electric field distribution on the ground conductor surface at 6.13 GHz obtained by numerical calculation.

  As can be seen from FIGS. 48 (a) and 49 (a), in the amplitude distribution, the amplitude on the resonator is substantially uniform regardless of the selection of the input port. In FIG. 48 (b), the phase is delayed as the observation point moves from the input port P1 toward the port P2, whereas in FIG. 49 (b), the observation point is in the input port P2. It can be confirmed that the phase advances as it moves from port to port P1. From the above, it can be seen that the microwave resonator having the characteristics of FIGS. 48 and 49 has an electromagnetic field distribution similar to that of the traveling wave resonator. Furthermore, regardless of the selection of the input port, it can be confirmed that the orientation and the size of the slope of the phase distribution are the same. As already shown in FIG. 43, this gradient is determined by the magnitude of the irreversible characteristic found in the phase constant of the line.

  FIG. 50A is a graph showing a relative power distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is input from the port P2 of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A, and FIG. 50B is a graph of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A. It is a graph which shows phase distribution of an electric field when a microwave signal is inputted from port P2. The operation of the microwave resonator of FIG. 45A was directly confirmed by measuring the electromagnetic field distribution along the resonator, as shown in FIG. Here, FIG. 50 shows the size and phase distribution on the resonator measured at 5.77 GHz. The distance on the horizontal axis in FIG. 50 indicates the distance between the input port and the observation position. In FIG. 50B, for comparison, the calculated values of the phase distribution having the gradient estimated from the normalized phase constant βp / π = 0.025 in FIG. 46 are plotted. From FIG. 50A, it can be seen that the size on the resonator is almost uniform at the resonance. Further, as can be seen from FIG. 50B, the phase changes linearly when the observation position is moved along the resonator. From FIG. 47, the simulation value of load Q was 47, while the measured value was 41. Therefore, the measurement results are in good agreement with the numerical simulation, and demonstrate the proposed pseudo traveling wave resonator.

  As described above, according to the present embodiment, the microwave is composed of the finite-length linear irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, and both ends are open ends or short-circuited microwaves. A resonator was proposed. Here, the electromagnetic field distribution on the microwave resonator is similar to that of the traveling wave resonator according to the prior art, that is, the amplitude distribution of the electric field is uniform along the longitudinal direction of the resonator, and The phase distribution changed linearly spatially. The basic operation of the proposed microwave resonator is demonstrated. It is emphasized that the gradient of the phase distribution can be continuously controlled by changing the irreversibility of the line, ie by changing the magnitude of the DC magnetic field applied to the microstrip line having the ferrite rod 10R. Should. Moreover, according to the microwave resonator according to the present embodiment, the device size can be freely changed without depending on the operating wavelength. For example, a microwave resonator capable of reducing the device size can be provided. Thus, the proposed microwave resonator is expected to open up new applications for microwave tunable filters, power dividers and beam steering antennas.

Fifteenth embodiment.
In the fifteenth embodiment, an additional embodiment relating to a leaky wave antenna device in which a reflective element is connected to one port of a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right-handed left-handed composite transmission line 100 will be described below.

FIG. 51 shows a leakage wave antenna device when an open-ended microstrip line (line length l _r2 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to the port P2 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. It is a perspective view which shows an external appearance. In FIG. 51, a leaky wave antenna apparatus using a nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line inputs a microwave signal from one port P1 of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, and The port P2 is characterized in that a microstrip line having an open end is connected as a reflection element (reflector). The microstrip line of the reflector is formed by connecting a strip conductor 12P2 wider than the strip conductor 12 to the port P2 on the dielectric substrate 10 having the ground conductor 11 on the back surface. FIG. 51 shows a case where a signal is input from the port P1 and a reflector is connected to the port P2 side as a specific example. However, the port P2 is an input port, and a microstrip line of the reflector is connected to the port P1. You may connect.

In FIG. 51, a port P2 is connected to a terminal-open microstrip line (configured of a strip conductor 12P2) having a line length l _r2 formed on the dielectric substrate 10 as a reflector. In order for the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 to be 0 (termination short circuit condition), the line length l _r2 is ¼ of the guide wavelength λg at the operating frequency. It is necessary to set the electrical length (phase difference) θ _r2 = 90 degrees. On the other hand, in order for the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the irreversible phase-shifting right / left handed composite transmission line 100 to be infinite (termination open condition), the line length l _r2 is 2 of the guide wavelength λg at the operating frequency. It is necessary to set the electrical length (phase difference) θ _r2 = about 180 degrees.

In FIG. 51, a case where a terminal short-circuited microstrip line is connected to the port P2 instead of a terminal open microstrip line as a reflector is also considered as one of the configuration methods. In this case, in order for the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 to be infinite (termination open condition), the line length l _r2 is equal to the _guide wavelength λg. It is necessary to set the electrical length (phase difference) θ _r2 = 90 degrees or so to about a quarter. On the other hand, in order for the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 to be 0 (terminating short circuit condition), the line length l _r2 is equal to two of the guide wavelength λg. It is necessary to set the electrical length (phase difference) θ _r2 = 180 degrees.

Figure 52 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the when the input microwave signal from the port P1 of the nonreciprocal phase shift right / left handed composite line 100 in FIG. 45A. FIG. 52 shows a reflection coefficient viewed from the input port P1 when a terminal-open microstrip line having a line length l _r2 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm is connected to the port P2 as a reflector. In this case, the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is 0 (terminating short circuit condition). In the following S parameter notation, port P1 is represented as 1, and port P2 is represented as 2.

FIG. 53 shows a port P2 in the antenna device when an open-terminated microstrip line (line length l _r1 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to the port P1 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. from a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a reflection coefficient S ₂₂ when the input microwave signal. As is clear from FIG. 53, in this case, the load impedance of the port P1 viewed from the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is 0 (terminating short circuit condition).

FIG. 54 shows a leaky wave antenna apparatus when an open-ended microstrip line (line length l _r2 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to the port P2 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a microwave signal is input from port P1. Here, the method of taking the coordinate system is the same as in FIG. In this case, the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is 0 (terminating short circuit condition). Accordingly, the impedance of the series branch portion constituting the right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 becomes very small, and it becomes close to a series resonance state. In fact, from the radiation pattern of FIG. 54, it is confirmed that the main polarization is an _Eθ component and a component parallel to the central microstrip line. From this, it can be confirmed that the contribution of the serial branch portion to the radiation is large.

Here, the radiation beam formation will be described in more detail. First, as the signal propagates from the port P1 toward the port P2, a first radiation beam is formed by the leaky wave. At this time, when the signal that has not contributed to the radiation reaches the port P2, the signal propagates in the opposite direction again from the port P2 toward the port P1 due to reflection at the terminal end. A leaky wave due to this reverse signal propagation forms a second radiation beam. Since the first radiation beam and the second radiation beam are directed in substantially the same direction, as a result of the superposition, the whole radiation beam is directed in a single direction. At the short-circuit termination, the voltage wave amplitude on the line becomes almost zero due to the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave of the signal propagating along the line, so that the current wave becomes dominant and Since the contribution becomes large, the _Eθ component becomes the main polarization as a result of strengthening, and the _Eφ component becomes the weakening cross polarization.

FIG. 55 shows a leaky wave antenna apparatus when a microstrip line having an open termination (line length l _r1 = λg / 4 = 8.6 mm) is connected to the port P1 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a microwave signal is input from the port P2. The only difference in configuration method from the leaky wave antenna of FIG. 54 is that the input port and the load termination are replaced. As is clear from the radiation pattern of FIG. 55, it is confirmed that the main polarization is the _Eθ component as in FIG. 54, and the main component is parallel to the central microstrip line. 55, although the gain is reduced as compared with FIG. 54, the radiation direction is substantially the same as FIG. 54, and the radiation beam direction is determined regardless of the selection of the input port. I can confirm that.

FIG. 56 shows a port P1 in the antenna device when an open-terminated microstrip line (line length l _r2 = λg / 2 = 17.3 mm) is connected to the port P2 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a microwave signal is input from. In FIG. 56, the load impedance of the port P2 viewed from the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is infinite (termination open condition). Accordingly, the admittance of the parallel branch portion constituting the right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 becomes very small and becomes close to a parallel resonance state. Actually, it is confirmed from the radiation pattern of FIG. 54 that the main polarization is the _Eφ component, and the component parallel to the parallel branch induction stub 13 related to the parallel resonance circuit is mainly used. From this, it can be confirmed that the contribution of the parallel branch portion to the radiation is large.

In this case, the radiation beam formation will be described in a little more detail. Also in the case of FIG. 56, as in the case of FIG. 54, the first radiation beam is formed by the leaky wave as the signal propagates from the port P1 to the port P2, and the terminal reflection from the port P2 causes the port P2. The signal propagates in the opposite direction again from port P1. A leaky wave due to this reverse signal propagation forms a second radiation beam. Since the first radiation beam and the second radiation beam are directed in substantially the same direction, as a result of the superposition, the entire radiation beam is also directed in a single direction. At the open end, the amplitude of the current wave on the line becomes almost zero due to the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave of the signal propagating along the line, so the voltage wave becomes dominant and the parallel branch part of the radiation As the contribution increases, the _Eφ component parallel to the short-circuit stub strengthens, resulting in the main polarization and the _Eθ component weakening cross-polarization.

FIG. 57 shows a leaky wave antenna apparatus when an open-ended microstrip line (line length l _r1 = λg / 2 = 17.3 mm) is connected to the port P1 of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left handed composite line 100 of FIG. 45A. It is a figure which shows the radiation pattern in xz plane when a microwave signal is input from the port P2. In FIG. 57, the difference between the leaky wave antenna of FIG. 56 and the configuration method is that the input port and the load termination are replaced. As is apparent from the radiation pattern of FIG. 57, it is confirmed that the main polarization is the _Eφ component as in FIG. 56, and the component parallel to the parallel branch induction stub 13 related to the parallel resonance circuit is mainly used. . Compared with FIG. 56, although the gain is reduced, the radiation direction is substantially the same as FIG. 56, and it can be confirmed that the radiation beam direction can be determined regardless of the selection of the input port. .

Sixteenth embodiment.
In the sixteenth embodiment, a resonator structure in which reflecting elements are connected to both ports P1 and P2 of the irreversible phase-shifting right-handed left-handed composite transmission line 100, a configuration method of an antenna device including the resonator, and an example thereof will be described below. Explained. In FIG. 43 showing the microwave resonator according to the present embodiment, the conditions imposed on the load impedances Z _L1 and Z _L2 at both ends as resonance conditions are as follows:
1 / Z _L1 = 1 / Z _L2 = 0 (25)
Or Z _L1 = Z _L2 = 0 (26)
Is either As a specific method for realizing the both-end open-circuit or both-end short-circuit conditions, a configuration using a finite-length transmission line will be considered below.

FIG. 58 is a block diagram showing a configuration of Example 1 of the microwave resonator according to the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention. The microwave resonator of FIG. 58 has a line length l _r1 that is substantially the same as a quarter wavelength (electric length θ _r1 = 90 degrees) in order to satisfy the resonance condition of the both-end short-circuited resonator. The open transmission line 101 is connected to the port P1 (AA ′) of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, while the line length l _r2 is substantially the same as the quarter wavelength. The terminal open transmission line 102 (electrical length θ _r2 = 90 degrees) is connected to the port P2 (BB ′). In this case, since the load impedance when the left transmission line 101 is viewed from the port P1 and the load impedance when the right transmission line 102 is viewed from the port P2 are both 0, the irreversible phase shift in FIG. Short circuit conditions are satisfied for both ends of the right-hand / left-handed composite transmission line 100.

FIG. 59 is a block diagram showing the configuration of Example 2 of the microwave resonator according to the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention. The microwave resonator shown in FIG. 59 has a line length l _r1 that is substantially the same as a quarter wavelength (electric length θ _r1 = 90 degrees) in order to satisfy the resonance condition of the open-ended resonator. The short-circuit transmission line 101 is connected to the port P1 (AA ′) of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, while the line length l _r2 is substantially the same length as the quarter wavelength. The terminal short-circuit transmission line 102 (electrical length θ _r2 = 90 degrees) is connected to the port P2 (BB ′). In this case, both the load impedance when viewing the left transmission line 101 from the port P1 and the load impedance when viewing the right transmission line 102 from the port P2 are infinite. The open condition is satisfied for both ports P1, P2 of the phase-right / left-handed composite transmission line 100.

FIG. 60 is a block diagram showing a configuration of Example 3 of the microwave resonator according to the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention. In the microwave resonator of FIG. 60, in order to satisfy the resonance condition as a both-end short-circuited resonator or a both-end open resonator, the line length l _r1 is | m ₁ | times the quarter wavelength (where m ₁ is The terminal-open transmission line 101A having substantially the same length (electrical length θ _r1 ≈m ₁ × 90 degrees) as the port P1 (A of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100) -A ′), while the line length l _r2 is substantially the same length (electrical length θ) as | m ₂ | times the quarter wavelength (where m ₂ is an integer). open termination transmission line 102A of _r2 ≒ _{m 2} × 90 °), is characterized in that connected to the port P2 (B-B '). In this case, it is necessary to set the condition of both ends short-circuited or both ends opened, which corresponds to whether the integer m ₁ and the integer m ₂ are both odd or even. When the integer m _i (i = 1, 2) takes a value of 0, it is treated as an even number. As the sign of the integer m _i, in terms of phase delay / advance of the transmission line, and to obtain also take negative values. Here, the integer m _i to take a negative value, the transmission lines 101A or 102A constituting a reflector is intended to refer to when operating as a left-handed transmission line.

FIG. 61 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a fourth example of the microwave resonator according to the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention. In the microwave resonator of FIG. 61, in order to satisfy the resonance condition as a both-end short-circuited resonator or an open-ended resonator, the line length l _r1 is | m ₁ | times the quarter wavelength (where m ₁ is A terminal short-circuit transmission line 101A having substantially the same length (electrical length θ _r1 ≈m ₁ × 90 degrees) as the non-reciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 port. P1 (AA ′), while the line length θ _r2 is substantially the same length as | m ₂ | times the quarter wavelength (where m ₂ is an integer) ( A terminal short-circuit transmission line 102A having an electrical length θ _r2 ≈m ₂ × 90 degrees) is connected to the port P2 (BB ′). In this case, it is necessary to set the condition of both ends short-circuited or both ends open, which corresponds to whether the integer m ₁ and the integer m ₂ are both even or odd. When the integer m _i (i = 1, 2) takes a value of 0, it is treated as an even number. As the sign of the integer m _i, in terms of phase delay / advance of the transmission line, and to obtain also take negative values. Here, the integer m _i to take a negative value, the transmission lines 101A or 102A constituting a reflector is intended to refer to when operating as a left-handed transmission line.

  The finite-length transmission line structure that realizes the short-circuit termination and the open termination shown in FIGS. 58 to 61 not only serves as a terminal reflection element, but at the same time, the voltage-to-current ratio starts from 0 along the transmission line structure. Since it changes to infinity, it also serves as an impedance matching circuit for feeding a signal.

FIG. 62 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an antenna apparatus provided with a feeding circuit for the microwave resonator of FIG. The antenna device of FIG. 62 shows an example of a method for feeding power to the microwave resonator of FIG. As positions for connecting the feeder lines, the open end line 101 (FIG. 60) connected to the port P1 side (AA ′) as a reflector and the open end connected to the port P2 side (BB ′) are used. Either of the lines 102 (FIG. 60) can be selected. In the antenna device of FIG. 62, as an example, it is connected to the transmission line of the reflector on the port P1 side, and the port P1 is connected to the port P21 via the transmission lines 112 and 111. A transmission line 101 (FIG. 60) having a length θ _r1 = m ₁ × 90 degrees is configured. The power supply circuit includes a microwave signal generator 120 having an output resistance Ro and a power supply line 125. However, the integer m ₁ must be non-zero in order to compensate the position where the impedance matching with the characteristic impedance Z ₀₂ of the feed line 125 in the feed circuit can be obtained. In this case, on the transmission line 101 (111, 112) used for the reflector to be inserted with the feeding line 125, the voltage / current ratio varies from 0 to infinity along the transmission line 101. There is always a position where impedance matching with the feeder line 125 can be obtained. The position is shown as port P3 (CC ') in FIG.

FIG. 63 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an antenna device provided with a feeding circuit for the microwave resonator of FIG. The antenna device of FIG. 63 shows an example of a method for feeding power to the microwave resonator of FIG. As positions for connecting the feeder lines, the open end line 101 (FIG. 61) connected to the port P1 side (AA ′) as a reflector and the open end connected to the port P2 side (BB ′) are used. Either of the tracks 102 (FIG. 61) can be selected. In FIG. 63, the feeder line 125 of the feeder circuit is connected to the reflector on the port P1 side as an example. However, in order to compensate for the position can take the characteristic impedance Z ₀₂ and the impedance matching of the feed line, an integer m ₁ must be non-zero. In this case, on the transmission line 101 (111, 112) used for the reflector to which the feed line is to be inserted, the voltage / current ratio varies from 0 to infinity along the transmission line. There is always a position where impedance matching can be achieved. The position is represented as P3 (CC ') in FIG.

  64 is a perspective view showing the appearance of the microwave resonator of FIG. The microwave resonator of FIG. 64 has a finite length with open termination at both ends of the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 including the ferrite rod 10R magnetized in the vertical direction shown in FIGS. 45A and 45B. A microstrip line (each of which is composed of strip conductors 12P1 and 12P2 and a grounding conductor 11 sandwiching the dielectric substrate 10) is connected. Here, at the operating frequency, the line length of the reflector is set to ¼ of the guide wavelength. As a result, the short-circuit termination condition is satisfied at both ends of the nonreciprocal right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, and at resonance, the series branches in the nonreciprocal right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, that is, current waves Becomes dominant and shows an electromagnetic field distribution similar to that of a traveling wave resonator.

  FIG. 65 is a perspective view showing the appearance of the microwave resonator of FIG. The microwave resonator of FIG. 65 has a finite length with a termination short circuit at both ends of the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 including the ferrite rod 10R magnetized in the vertical direction shown in FIGS. 45A and 45B. A microstrip line (each of which is composed of strip conductors 12P1 and 12P2 and a grounding conductor 11 sandwiching the dielectric substrate 10) is connected. Here, at the operating frequency, the line length of the reflector is set to ¼ of the guide wavelength. As a result, both ends of the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100 satisfy the conditions of open termination, and at the time of resonance, parallel resonance of parallel branches, that is, voltage waves in the nonreciprocal right / left handed composite transmission line 100. Becomes dominant and shows an electromagnetic field distribution similar to that of a traveling wave resonator.

FIG. 66 is a perspective view showing the appearance of an antenna device having a signal input port on the port P2 side in the microwave resonator of FIG. That is, the antenna device of FIG. 66 specifically realizes a both-end short-circuited resonator when m ₁ = m ₂ = 1 in the microwave resonator of FIG. However, in FIG. 62, the feed line 125 is inserted into the transmission lines 111 and 112 of the reflector on the port P1 side, whereas in FIG. 66, the feed line (dielectric) is connected to the transmission line of the reflector on the port P2 side. This is a case where a feeding line formed by forming a microstrip line with the strip conductor 12P2A and the ground conductor 11 sandwiching the body substrate 10 is inserted.

FIG. 67 is a perspective view showing the appearance of an antenna device having a signal input port on the port P2 side in the microwave resonator of FIG. That is, the antenna device of FIG. 67 specifically realizes a double-ended open resonator when m ₁ = m ₂ = 1 in the microwave resonator of FIG. However, in FIG. 63, the feed line 125 is inserted into the transmission lines 111 and 112 of the reflector on the port P1 side, whereas in FIG. 67, the feed line (dielectric) is connected to the transmission line of the reflector on the port P2 side. This is a case where a feeding line formed by forming a microstrip line with the strip conductor 12P2A and the ground conductor 11 sandwiching the body substrate 10 is inserted.

FIG. 68 is a perspective view showing the external appearance of the antenna device of FIG. 66 when the length of the open-ended microstrip line is set to a half wavelength. The antenna device of FIG. 68 is a specific implementation of a double-ended open resonator when m ₁ = m ₂ = 2 in the antenna device of FIG.

  In the following, in order to show an embodiment in which a specific microwave resonator structure is operated as an antenna device, the double-sided short-circuited resonator structure in the structure of FIGS. 62 and 66 is not the port P2 side but the port P1. The case where the feed line 125 is inserted into the transmission lines 111 and 112 of the reflector on the side is handled. Further, as the both-end short-circuited resonator structure, the case of the antenna device of FIG. 68 and the case where the feed line 125 is inserted into the transmission lines 111 and 112 of the reflector on the port P1 side instead of the port P2 side are handled.

Figure 69 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the input end of the apparatus connected to the feed line to the reflection transmission line port P1 side and not the port P2 side in the antenna device of FIG. 66. As apparent from FIG. 69, the operating band of the reflection coefficient _{S 11} is equal to or less than -10dB is in the range from 5.70GHz to 5.82GHz, bandwidth ratio (value bandwidth divided by the center frequency of the band Was 2.1%.

Figure 70 is a graph showing a radiation pattern on x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.76GHz reflection coefficient _{S 11} in the graph of FIG. 69. As is apparent from FIG. 70, the radiation direction of the main polarization E _θ is 332 degrees, the direction radiation gain is 6.2 dBi, the half width of the radiation beam is 54 degrees, and the radiation efficiency is 79%.

71 is a graph showing the radiation gains of the main polarization and cross polarization in the operating band of the antenna device having the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of −10 dB or less in the graph of FIG. 69, and the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. It is. As is clear from FIG. 71, it was confirmed that the radiation gain and beam direction of the antenna were kept almost constant within the operating band.

Figure 72 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a reflection coefficient S ₂₂ at the input in the antenna device of FIG. 66. As apparent from FIG. 72, the operating band of the reflection coefficient _{S 22} is equal to or less than -10dB is in the range from 5.71GHz to 5.84GHz, a fractional bandwidth of 2.3%.

Figure 73 is a graph showing a radiation pattern on x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.78GHz reflection coefficient _{S 22} in the graph of FIG. 72. As is clear from FIG. 73, the radiation direction of the main polarization E _θ is 332 degrees, the radiation gain is 5.7 dBi, the half width of the radiation beam is 54 degrees, and the radiation efficiency is 67%.

  FIG. 74 is a graph showing the maximum gain of the main polarization and the cross polarization in the operating band as an antenna having a reflection coefficient of −10 dB or less in the graph of FIG. 72, and the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. As is clear from FIG. 74, it was confirmed that the radiation gain and beam direction of the antenna were kept almost constant within the operating band.

Figure 75 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the input end of the apparatus connected to the feed line to the reflection transmission line port P1 side and not the port P2 side in the antenna device of FIG. 68. As apparent from FIG. 75, the operating band of the reflection coefficient _{S 11} is equal to or less than -10dB is in the range from 5.80GHz to 5.87GHz, a fractional bandwidth of 1.2%.

Figure 76 is a graph showing a radiation pattern on x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.83GHz reflection coefficient _{S 11} in the graph of FIG. 75. As is apparent from FIG. 76, the radiation direction of the main polarization E _θ is 343 degrees, the radiation gain is 5.1 dBi, the half width of the radiation beam is 49 degrees, and the radiation efficiency is 73%.

  FIG. 77 is a graph showing the maximum gain of the main polarization and the cross polarization in the operating band of the antenna device having a reflection coefficient of −10 dB or less in the graph of FIG. 75, and the frequency dependence of the radiation direction at that time. As is clear from FIG. 77, it was confirmed that the radiation gain and beam direction of the antenna were kept almost constant within the operating band.

Figure 78 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of a reflection coefficient S ₂₂ at the input in the antenna device of FIG. 68. As apparent from FIG. 78, the operating band of the reflection coefficient _{S 22} is equal to or less than -10dB is in the range from 5.71GHz to 5.77GHz, the fractional bandwidth is 1.0%.

Figure 79 is a graph showing a radiation pattern on x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.74GHz reflection coefficient _{S 22} in the graph of FIG. 77. As is clear from FIG. 79, the radiation direction of the main polarization E _θ is 342 degrees, the radiation gain is 5.7 dBi, the radiation beam half width is 51 degrees, and the radiation efficiency is 60%.

Figure 80 is a graph showing the maximum gain, the frequency dependence of the radiation direction of the time of main polarization and cross-polarization in the operating band of the reflection coefficient S ₂₂ is an antenna device as a less -10dB in the graph of FIG. 77 is there. As can be seen from FIG. 80, it was confirmed that the radiation gain and beam direction of the antenna were kept substantially constant within the operating band.

  So far, the irreversible phase-shifting right-handed left-handed composite transmission line 100 configured on the dielectric substrate 10 having the ferrite rod 10R magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or externally applied magnetic field has been described. The operation was described as something that did not change. Hereinafter, a structure having a function of changing transmission characteristics of a line with time by changing the magnitude and direction of an externally applied magnetic field continuously or discretely as a time function will be described below.

  FIG. 81 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a configuration of a microwave resonator and an antenna device according to a first modification of the fourteenth embodiment, and shows an example of a configuration method for changing the magnitude of an externally applied magnetic field. In order to apply an external DC magnetic field to the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, a permanent magnet 30 is attached below the ground conductor 11, and the positional relationship between the permanent magnet 30 and the line is changed. Thus, for example, a structure that mechanically translates and / or rotates in the vertical direction 30d or both is provided by the motor 30M. Due to the mechanical movement of the permanent magnet 30, the magnitude and / or direction of the DC magnetic field applied to the transmission line 100 to which the magnetic field is applied change, and the magnetization vector and the internal DC magnetic field inside the ferrite rod 10R change. The size and / or orientation will change. Due to the change of the direct current magnetization and the internal magnetic field, the irreversible phase shift characteristic appearing in the propagation characteristic of the transmission line 100 changes. As a result, the spatial gradient of the phase distribution when operating as a traveling wave type microwave resonator can be changed continuously or discretely as a time function. Therefore, when this traveling wave type microwave resonator is applied to an antenna device, the direction of the beam emitted from the resonator can be changed by changing the magnitude and / or direction of the applied DC magnetic field. That is, the antenna device operates as a beam scanning antenna.

  FIG. 82 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a configuration of a microwave resonator and an antenna device according to a second modification of the fourteenth embodiment, and shows an example of a configuration method for changing the magnitude of an externally applied magnetic field. In order to apply an external DC magnetic field to the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100, an electromagnet 31 formed by winding a coil 33 connected to a variable voltage source 34 around an iron core 32 is below the ground conductor 11. And a structure capable of changing the magnitude and / or direction of the DC magnetic field applied to the transmission line 100 is provided. By changing the voltage applied to the coil 33 constituting the electromagnet 31, the magnitude and / or direction of the DC magnetic field applied to the transmission line 100 to which the magnetic field is applied change, and the magnetization inside the ferrite rod 10R changes. The magnitude and / or direction of the vector and the internal DC magnetic field vary. Due to the change of the direct current magnetization and the internal magnetic field, the irreversible phase shift characteristic shown in the propagation characteristic of the line changes. As a result, the spatial gradient of the phase distribution when operating as a traveling wave type microwave resonator can be changed continuously or discretely as a time function. Therefore, when this traveling wave type microwave resonator is applied to an antenna device, the direction of the beam emitted from the microwave resonator can be changed by changing the magnitude and / or direction of the applied DC magnetic field. That is, the antenna device operates as a beam scanning antenna.

  In particular, in the case of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 including the ferrite rod 10R that is a soft magnetic material, the ferrite rod 10R plays the same role as the dielectric unless an external magnetic field is applied. In this case, the traveling wave resonator operates as a zero-order resonator, and the phase distribution is uniform on the resonator. At this time, when the resonator is applied as an antenna device, the radiation direction faces the broadside direction.

Figure 83 is a graph showing a frequency characteristic of the reflection coefficient S ₁₁ of the input end when the externally applied magnetic field is zero in the antenna device of FIG. 66. As is clear from FIG. 83, the operating band where the reflection coefficient S11 is −10 dB or less is in the range from 5.40 GHz to 5.49 GHz, and the specific band is 1.7%.

Figure 84 is a graph showing a radiation pattern on x-z plane in the lowest becomes frequency 5.44GHz reflection coefficient _{S 11} in the graph of FIG. 83. As apparent from FIG. 84, the beam direction of the main polarized wave E _theta is oriented substantially broadside direction three times, was radiation gain 7.3DBi.

Figure 85 is a graph showing the maximum gain, the frequency dependence of the radiation direction of the time of main polarization and cross-polarization in the operating band of the antenna reflection coefficient S ₁₁ is equal to or less than -10dB in the graph of FIG. 83 . As is clear from FIG. 85, it was confirmed that the radiation gain and beam direction of the antenna were kept almost constant within the operating band.

  The termination condition of the traveling wave type microwave resonator is equivalently switched from short-circuited to open-circuited at both ends, so that it is possible to switch from a resonance form in which the serial branch part is dominant to a resonance form in which the parallel branch part is dominant. On the contrary, by switching from open both ends to short-circuit both ends, it is possible to switch from a resonance mode in which the parallel branch portion is dominant to a resonance mode in which the series branch portion is dominant. The traveling wave type microwave resonator is used as an antenna device, and the polarization condition of the radiated wave can be switched by switching the termination condition of the resonator by a method that combines mechanical and / or electrical. Do.

  As a reflector at both ends of the microwave resonator, it is considered to change the transmission line length constituting the reflector as a method of changing the characteristic equivalently from the terminal short-circuit to the terminal open or changing the characteristic in the opposite direction. For this purpose, a switch for switching the line length is inserted.

FIG. 86 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a configuration of an antenna apparatus according to a third modification of the fourteenth embodiment. The antenna device of FIG. 86 is the same as the antenna device of FIG. 62, but the port P1 is connected to the port P21 via the transmission lines 121 and 122, the switch SW11 and the transmission line 123, and the port P2 is the transmission line 131, the switch SW12 and the transmission line. It is connected to port P22 via 132. Here, the total electrical length θ _r1 of the transmission lines 121 and 122 is 90 degrees, the electrical length θ _r1S of the transmission line 123 is 90 degrees, and the electrical length θ _r2 of the transmission line 123 is 90 degrees. The electrical length θ _r2S of the line 132 is 90 degrees. More generally, the electrical lengths θ _r1 , θ _r2 , θ _r1S , and θ _r2S are respectively the electrical length θ _{r1 ≈m 1} × 90 degrees (m ₁ is an integer) and the electrical length θ _{r2 ≈m 2.} × 90 degrees (m ₂ is an integer), electrical length θ _{r1S ≈m 3} × 90 degrees (m ₃ is an odd number), electrical length θ _{r2S ≈m 4} × 90 degrees (m ₄ is an odd number) .). However, m ₁ and m ₂ are both odd numbers or even numbers. When both m ₁ and m ₂ are odd numbers, the operation is the same as in FIG. 86. However, when both m ₁ and m ₂ are even numbers, the switches SW11 and SW12 are turned on as compared with the case of FIG. The off state is switched. Further, when _mi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is a negative integer, it indicates that the transmission line is a left-handed line.

In the antenna device of FIG. 86 configured as described above, when SW11 and SW12 are turned off, both ends of the transmission line 100 are substantially short-circuited, and the resonance state is dominated by the series branch portion. In this case, as shown in FIG. 70, the radiated wave has an _Eθ component parallel to the central microstrip line which is a serial branch portion as the main polarization. On the other hand, when the switches SW11 and SW12 are turned on, both ends of the transmission line 100 are substantially open, and the parallel branch portion is dominant in the resonance state. In this case, as shown in FIG. 76, the radiation wave (a component perpendicular to the E _theta.) E _phi component parallel to the short stub is parallel branch section is the main polarization. From the above, the direction of the main polarization can be switched in the radiation from the antenna device by switching the switches SW11 and SW12 in the reflector.

FIG. 87 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a configuration of an antenna apparatus according to a fourth modification of the fourteenth embodiment. The antenna device of FIG. 87 is the same as the antenna device of FIG. 63, but the port P1 is connected to the port P21 via the transmission lines 121 and 122, the common terminal and contact a of the switch SW21, and the transmission line 123, and the port P2 is the transmission line 131. The switch SW22 is connected to the port P22 via the common terminal, the contact a, and the transmission line 132. Each contact b of the switches SW21 and SW22 is grounded. Here, the total electrical length θ _r1 of the transmission lines 121 and 122 is 90 degrees, the electrical length θ _r1s of the transmission line 123 is 90 degrees, and the electrical length θ _r2 of the transmission line 131 is 90 degrees. The electrical length θ _r2s of the line 132 is 90 degrees. More generally, the electrical lengths θ _r1 , θ _r2 , θ _r1S , and θ _r2S are respectively the electrical length θ _{r1 ≈m 1} × 90 degrees (m ₁ is an integer) and the electrical length θ _{r2 ≈m 2.} × 90 degrees (m ₂ is an integer), electrical length θ _{r1S ≈m 3} × 90 degrees (m ₃ is an odd number), electrical length θ _{r2S ≈m 4} × 90 degrees (m ₄ is an odd number) .). However, m ₁ and m ₂ are both odd numbers or even numbers. When both m ₁ and m ₂ are odd numbers, the same operation as in FIG. 87 is performed. However, when both m ₁ and m ₂ are even numbers, the state of the contact a of the switches SW21 and SW22 is compared with the case of FIG. And the state of the contact b are switched. In the case _m i (i = 1,2,3,4) is a negative integer, indicating that the transmission line is a left-handed transmission line.

In the antenna device of FIG. 87 configured as described above, when the switches SW21 and SW22 are respectively switched to the contact a side, both ends of the transmission line 100 are substantially short-circuited, and the resonance state is that the series branch portion is Become dominant. In this case, as shown in FIG. 70, the radiated wave has an _Eθ component parallel to the central microstrip line which is a serial branch portion as the main polarization. On the other hand, when the switches SW21 and SW22 are respectively switched to the contact point b side, both ends of the transmission line 100 are substantially open, and the parallel branch portion is dominant in the resonance state. In this case, as shown in FIG. 76, in the radiated wave, the _Eφ component parallel to the short-circuited stub 13 which is a parallel branch portion becomes the main polarization. From the above, the direction of the main polarization can be switched in the radiation from the antenna device by switching the switches SW21 and SW22 in the reflector.

  In each of the above embodiments, the transmission line structure is adopted as the reflector attached to both ends of the traveling wave type microwave resonator. However, the terminal short circuit and the terminal opening are equivalently realized by the lumped constant circuit. Is also possible. Further, a structure in which switches are inserted to switch their states is also possible.

  In the antenna device according to the fourteenth embodiment, the electromagnetic wave is radiated in the resonance state of the microwave resonator. However, by changing the setting conditions, the electromagnetic wave is partially leaked and the leaky wave antenna device. You may comprise as.

  The basic structure used in the microwave resonator according to the thirteenth embodiment and the antenna device according to the fourteenth embodiment is shown in FIGS. 45A and 45B, but the present invention is not limited to this. The basic structures disclosed in the first to twelfth embodiments may be used. That is, each unit cell can be operated under the above-described various conditions disclosed in the first to twelfth embodiments, does not include the ferrite rod 10R, and may apply an external magnetic field, The dielectric substrate may be combined at the boundary portion between the side surfaces. That is, it is as follows.

(1) Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line, which is the transmission line 100, transmits power by the right-handed transmission in the direction from the port P1 to the port P2 in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. The circuit may be configured so that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by left-handed transmission in the direction from the port P2 to the port P1.
(2) Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line transmits power by the left-handed transmission in the direction from the port P1 to the port P2 in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency and from the port P2. The circuit may be configured such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by right-handed transmission in the direction toward the port P1.
(3) Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has the phase of the microwave signal in the direction from the port P1 to the port P2 and the direction from the port P2 to the port P1 in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. The circuit may be configured so that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that power is transmitted with the constant being zero.
(4) In the microwave transmission line, the capacitive element is a microwave element having a negative effective permeability of the electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line, and the inductive element is an effective electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line. A microwave device having a negative dielectric constant.
(5) The magnetic substrate 20 and the dielectric substrate 10 may be combined at the boundary portion between the side surfaces thereof, and the ground conductor 11 may be provided on the back surface.

Supplement on operating frequency using dispersion diagram.
In general, the dispersion curve of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is expressed as shown in FIG. Since the description of FIG. 7 has been described above, the detailed description thereof is omitted here. In FIG. 7, it is defined by the following equation.

ω _cU = max (ω _se , ω _sh ) (27)
ω _cL = min (ω _se , ω _sh ) (28)
ω _cU ≠ ω _cL (29)

が、各伝搬モードの伝送電力の方向を表すことに注意すると、動作点の接線が右肩上がりの正の勾配をもち、かつ位相定数βが正の値を持つ曲線部分は、伝送電力と波数ベクトルの向き（等位相面の流れる向き）が同じ方向を向く右手系モード伝搬であり、動作点の接線が左肩上がりの負の勾配をもち、かつ位相定数βが正の値を持つ曲線部分は、伝送電力と波数ベクトルの向きとが逆方向を向く左手系モード伝搬を示している。従って、両端にポートＰ１及び２をもつ有限長さの線路でポートＰ１からポートＰ２に向かって正の方向と設定すると、
ω_β０Ｌ＜ω＜ω_β０Ｕ
の帯域内で、ポートＰ１から入力した場合、右手系モードとして伝搬し、逆にポートＰ２から信号を入力した場合、左手系モードとして伝搬する。In FIG. 7, the band of interest is ω _β0L <ω <ω _β0U.
Is the slope of the tangent to the dispersion curve

However, if the tangent line of the operating point has a positive slope that rises to the right and the phase constant β has a positive value, The right-handed mode propagation in which the vector direction (flow direction of the equiphase surface) is the same direction, the tangent line of the operating point has a negative slope that rises to the left, and the curve part with a positive phase constant β is The left-handed mode propagation in which the transmission power and the direction of the wave vector are opposite to each other is shown. Therefore, when a finite length line having ports P1 and 2 at both ends is set as a positive direction from the port P1 to the port P2,
ω _β0L <ω <ω _β0U
When the signal is input from the port P1, the right-handed mode is propagated. On the other hand, when the signal is input from the port P2, the left-handed mode is propagated.

In particular, at the operating frequencies of ω = ω _cL and ω = ω _cU , the phase constants of the right-handed mode when the signal is input from the port P1 and the left-handed mode when the signal is input from the port P2 are the same. ing. Therefore, the equiphase surface flows in the positive direction regardless of the direction of the transmission power.

As described above, the traveling wave type microwave resonator can be configured by imposing boundary conditions on both ends of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100. Can be considered. When both ends are short-circuited, the impedance of the serial branch portion of the irreversible phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is in a series resonance state in which the impedance is almost zero, and the current wave becomes dominant. The operating frequency of this case put the ω _se. On the other hand, when both ends are open, the parallel branch portion of the nonreciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed composite transmission line 100 is in a parallel resonance state in which the admittance of the parallel branch portion is substantially zero, and the voltage wave becomes dominant. The operating frequency in this case is set to ω _sh . In general, the resonance frequency is different between the case where both ends are open and the case where both ends are short-circuited, and this appears in the difference between the lower cutoff frequency ω _cL and the upper cutoff frequency ω _cU of the stop band in FIG. In fact, of the two resonance frequencies ω _se and ω _sh , the larger value is ω _cU and the smaller value is ω _cL .

In FIG. 8, in particular, ω _cL = ω _cU = ω _{0 in} FIG.
The stop band seen in FIG. 2 has disappeared. In other words, the two operating frequencies of the open-ended traveling wave type resonance and the both-end short-circuited resonance that can be operated by the boundary conditions at both ends of the line are accompanied by a condition in which the two operating frequencies are degenerated.

  Most of the embodiments described so far correspond to the special case of FIG. 8, but even when the two types of resonance states as shown in FIG. Operation as a container is possible. In this case, of course, the operating frequencies of both-end open resonance and both-end short-circuit resonance are different.

  As described above in detail, according to the leaky wave antenna device of the present invention, the microwave signal is input from the first port along the microwave transmission line toward the second port at the operating frequency. The microwave signal is radiated as the first leakage wave, the microwave signal other than the first leakage wave is reflected by the reflection impedance circuit, and the second microwave signal is reflected by the reflected microwave signal. The leaky wave is emitted in substantially the same direction as the radiation direction of the first leaky wave. Therefore, it is possible to provide a leaky wave antenna device that has a large radiation gain compared to the prior art and can be reduced in size as long as the radiation gain is the same.

  Further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, the leaky wave antenna apparatus generates a magnetic field with respect to the microwave transmission line and radiates from the leaky wave antenna apparatus by changing the intensity and / or direction of the magnetic field. Magnetic field generating means for changing the radiation direction of the leaky wave is further provided. Therefore, the radiation direction of the leaky wave can be changed.

  Still further, in the leaky wave antenna apparatus, the reflection impedance circuit includes a first circuit in which an impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero; A second circuit that is infinite and switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit are provided, and the polarization of the leaky wave radiated from the leaky wave antenna device is switched. Therefore, the polarization of the leaky wave can be changed.

  According to the microwave resonator according to the present invention, since the first and second reflection impedance circuits are provided, the device size can be freely changed without depending on the operating wavelength. The size can be reduced.

  In addition, according to the antenna device using the microwave resonator according to the present invention, by generating a magnetic field for the microwave transmission line and changing the intensity or direction of the magnetic field or both, the antenna device Since the magnetic field generating means for changing the radiation direction of the leaked wave is further provided, the radiation direction of the leaky wave can be changed.

  Still further, in the antenna device, each of the first and second reflection impedance circuits includes a first circuit in which an impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero; A second circuit whose impedance is substantially infinite, and switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit, and a bias of the leakage wave radiated from the leakage wave antenna device. Switch waves. Therefore, the polarization of the leaky wave can be changed.

  The present invention is not limited to a transmission / reception antenna for information communication in the microwave region, and can also be used as an antenna for wireless power transmission, for example.

1 ... transmission line antenna device,
2 ... transmission line,
10 ... dielectric substrate,
10F ... ferrite substrate,
10M ... Magnetic substrate,
10R ... Ferrite rod,
10S: Semiconductor substrate,
10a ... boundary part,
11: Ground conductor,
12, 12P1, 12P2, 12S, 12P1A, 12P2A ... strip conductors,
12A ... microstrip line,
12S1, 12S2 ... Terminal shorting via conductor,
13 ... Short-circuit stub conductor,
14 ... Gap,
20: Magnetic substrate,
30 ... Permanent magnet,
30d ... moving direction 30M ... moving mechanism,
31 ... electromagnet,
32 ... Iron core,
33 ... Coil,
34 ... Variable voltage source,
60A, 60B, 60C, 60D, 60A-1 to 60A-M... Transmission line unit cells,
61, 62 ... transmission line part,
70, 70A, 70B, 70C, 70D ... transmission line device,
71 ... Series resonance circuit,
72 ... Parallel resonant circuit,
73 ... Series inductance,
74: Shunt capacitance,
75: Impedance element for reflection,
76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82 ... right-handed transmission line,
76s ... Strip conductor,
93, 95 ... inductor,
94, 96 ... variable capacitors,
100: Non-reciprocal phase-shifting right / left-handed transmission line,
101-112, 121, 131-132 ... transmission line,
120 ... Signal generator,
125 ... feed line,
151, 152 ... load impedance,
C, C1, C2 ... capacitors,
L, L1, L2 ... inductors,
P1 to P22: Port,
SW1 to SW22 ... switches.

Claims (21)

A series branch circuit equivalently including a capacitive element; a parallel branch circuit equivalently including an inductive element; and at least one transmission line portion that is a nonreciprocal transmission line portion or a reversible transmission line portion. A leaky wave antenna device comprising a microwave transmission line configured by cascading one unit cell between a first port and a second port,
The transmission line portion is made of a material magnetized in a different magnetization direction with respect to the microwave propagation direction and magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field so as to have gyro anisotropy, and the propagation direction and the above Configured to have an asymmetric structure with respect to the plane formed by the magnetization direction,
Each of the unit cells of the microwave transmission line is configured such that the microwave transmission line has a dispersion curve indicating a relationship between an operating frequency of a microwave signal input to the microwave transmission line and a propagation constant of the microwave transmission line. The circuit is configured to have a predetermined propagation constant,
The microwave transmission line has a first port and a second port;
The leaky wave antenna device is connected to the second port of the microwave transmission line, and the impedance of the reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially zero or infinite at a predetermined operating frequency. Further comprising a reflective impedance circuit that operates as follows:
At the operating frequency, when the microwave signal is input from the first port and propagates toward the second port along the microwave transmission line, the microwave signal is radiated as the first leakage wave, The microwave signal other than the first leaky wave is reflected by the reflection impedance circuit, and the second leaky wave by the reflected microwave signal is substantially the same as the radiation direction of the first leaky wave. Leaky wave antenna device characterized by being radiated in a direction.   Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line transmits power by the right-handed transmission in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency, and The circuit configuration is such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by left-handed transmission in the direction from the second port to the first port. The leaky wave antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the leaky wave antenna device is provided.   Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line transmits power by the left-handed transmission in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency, and A circuit configuration so that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by right-handed transmission in the direction from the second port to the first port. The leaky wave antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the leaky wave antenna device is provided.   Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has a direction from the first port to the second port and a direction from the second port to the first port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. The circuit configuration is such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted in both directions with a phase constant of zero. The leaky wave antenna device according to 1.   In the microwave transmission line, the capacitive element is a microwave element having a negative effective permeability of an electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line, and the inductive element is an effective dielectric of an electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line. 5. The leaky wave antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the leaky wave antenna device is a microwave element having a negative rate. The microwave transmission line is
A substrate magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field and having a ground conductor on the back surface;
A microstrip line formed on the substrate;
Dividing the microstrip line into a plurality of line parts, a plurality of capacitors connecting the line parts adjacent to each other among the divided line parts,
6. The leaky wave antenna apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of inductive stub conductors that connect the respective line portions to ground conductors. The substrate includes a magnetic substrate and a dielectric substrate, wherein the magnetic substrate and the dielectric substrate are combined at a boundary portion between their side surfaces, and a ground conductor is provided on the back surface. Item 9. The leaky wave antenna device according to Item 6.   7. The leaky wave antenna device according to claim 6, wherein the substrate further includes a ferrite rod provided immediately below the microstrip line and applied with an external magnetic field.   The leaky wave antenna device changes a radiation direction of a leaky wave radiated from the leaky wave antenna device by generating a magnetic field for the microwave transmission line and changing at least one of the strength and direction of the magnetic field. The leaky wave antenna device according to claim 1, further comprising a magnetic field generation unit.   The reflection impedance circuit includes: a first circuit in which the impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero; a second circuit in which the impedance is substantially infinite; 10. A switch means for selectively switching between the first circuit and the second circuit, wherein the polarization of the leaky wave radiated from the leaky wave antenna device is switched. The leaky wave antenna device according to any one of the above. A series branch circuit equivalently including a capacitive element; a parallel branch circuit equivalently including an inductive element; and at least one transmission line portion that is a nonreciprocal transmission line portion or a reversible transmission line portion. A microwave resonator including a microwave transmission line configured by cascading one unit cell between a first port and a second port,
The transmission line portion is made of a material magnetized in a different magnetization direction with respect to the microwave propagation direction and magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field so as to have gyro anisotropy, and the propagation direction and the above Configured to have an asymmetric structure with respect to the plane formed by the magnetization direction,
Each of the unit cells of the microwave transmission line is configured such that the microwave transmission line has a dispersion curve indicating a relationship between an operating frequency of a microwave signal input to the microwave transmission line and a propagation constant of the microwave transmission line. The circuit is configured to have a predetermined propagation constant,
The microwave transmission line has a first port and a second port;
The microwave resonator is
Connected to the first port of the microwave transmission line and operates so that the impedance when the first reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the first port is substantially zero or infinite at a predetermined operating frequency. A first reflecting impedance circuit that
It is connected to the second port of the microwave transmission line and operates so that the impedance of the second reflection impedance circuit viewed from the first port is substantially zero or infinite at the operating frequency. A second impedance circuit for reflection,
(1) The first reflection impedance circuit operates so that the impedance when the first reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the first port is substantially zero at the operating frequency, and the second The first and second reflection impedance circuits operate so that the impedance of the second reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially zero at the operating frequency. Set impedance circuit for
(2) The first reflection impedance circuit operates so that the impedance when the first reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the first port at the operating frequency is substantially infinite, and The first and second reflection impedance circuits operate so that the impedance of the second reflection impedance circuit viewed from the second port is substantially infinite at the operating frequency. A microwave resonator in which an impedance circuit for reflection is set.   Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line transmits power by the right-handed transmission in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency, and The circuit configuration is such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by left-handed transmission in the direction from the second port to the first port. The microwave resonator according to claim 11, wherein the microwave resonator is provided.   Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line transmits power by the left-handed transmission in the direction from the first port to the second port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency, and A circuit configuration so that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted by right-handed transmission in the direction from the second port to the first port. The microwave resonator according to claim 11, wherein the microwave resonator is provided.   Each unit cell of the microwave transmission line has a direction from the first port to the second port and a direction from the second port to the first port in the microwave transmission line at the operating frequency. The circuit configuration is such that the microwave transmission line has a predetermined propagation constant in the dispersion curve so that the microwave signal is transmitted in both directions with a phase constant of zero. 11. The microwave resonator according to 11.   In the microwave transmission line, the capacitive element is a microwave element having a negative effective permeability of an electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line, and the inductive element is an effective dielectric of an electromagnetic wave mode propagating through the transmission line. The microwave resonator according to claim 11, wherein the microwave resonator has a negative rate. The microwave transmission line is
A substrate magnetized by spontaneous magnetization or an external magnetic field and having a ground conductor on the back surface;
A microstrip line formed on the substrate;
Dividing the microstrip line into a plurality of line parts, a plurality of capacitors connecting the line parts adjacent to each other among the divided line parts,
The microwave resonator according to any one of claims 11 to 15, further comprising a plurality of inductive stub conductors respectively connecting the line portions to ground conductors. The substrate includes a magnetic substrate and a dielectric substrate, wherein the magnetic substrate and the dielectric substrate are combined at a boundary portion between their side surfaces, and a ground conductor is provided on the back surface. Item 17. The microwave resonator according to Item 16.   The microwave resonator according to claim 16, wherein the substrate further includes a ferrite rod provided immediately below the microstrip line and applied with an external magnetic field. An antenna device using the microwave resonator according to any one of claims 11 to 18,
An antenna apparatus, further comprising a power supply circuit connected to the first reflection impedance circuit or the second reflection impedance circuit, and configured to supply a microwave signal to the microwave resonator. The antenna device includes a magnetic field generating means for generating a magnetic field for the microwave transmission line and changing a radiation direction of a leakage wave radiated from the antenna device by changing at least one of a strength and a direction of the magnetic field. The antenna device according to claim 19, further comprising: Each of the first reflection impedance circuit and the second reflection impedance circuit includes a first circuit in which the impedance when the reflection impedance circuit is viewed from the second port is substantially zero, and the impedance is A second circuit that is substantially infinite; and switch means that selectively switches between the first circuit and the second circuit, and switches polarization of a leaky wave radiated from the antenna device. 21. The antenna device according to claim 19 or 20, wherein

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