JP5515437B2 - Image forming apparatus and method of manufacturing image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus using at least an electrostatic latent image forming unit, an image carrier, and a developing unit, and a method for manufacturing the image forming apparatus.

  Conventionally, in image formation by electrophotography, first, an electrostatic latent image is formed by an electrostatic charge on an image carrier provided with a photosensitive layer containing a photoconductive substance or the like, and the toner charged in the electrostatic latent image is charged. Is attached to form a visible image. The visible image is then transferred to a recording medium such as paper, and then fixed on the recording medium with heat, pressure, solvent gas, etc., and an output image is obtained.

  Such image formation includes a two-component development method that uses friction charging by stirring and mixing the toner and the carrier, and a method of charging the toner without using a carrier, by charging the toner for visualization. It is roughly divided into the one-component development system to be performed. This one-component development method is further classified into a magnetic one-component development method and a non-magnetic one-component development method depending on whether or not magnetic force is used to hold toner by the developing roller.

  In general, in copying machines that require high speed and image reproducibility, or multi-function machines based on copying machines, due to demands such as toner charging stability, start-up property, and long-term stability of image quality, Many two-component development systems are used. On the other hand, a one-component development system is often used for small printers, facsimiles, and the like, which have great demands for space saving and cost reduction.

  By the way, in any of the development methods, the colorization of output images has progressed recently, and the demand for higher image quality and stabilization of image quality has become stronger than ever. In order to improve the image quality, the average particle size of the toner is reduced, and the particle shape has a more round shape with no angular portions.

  In addition, an electrophotographic image forming apparatus generally charges a drum-shaped or belt-shaped image carrier uniformly while rotating it on the image carrier by laser light or the like, regardless of the development method. A latent image pattern is formed, the latent image pattern is visualized with toner (toner image), and transferred onto a recording medium. Then, the toner component that has not been transferred remains on the image carrier after the toner image is transferred to the recording medium. When these residuals are conveyed to the charging process as they are, the charging of the image carrier is prevented from being uniformly charged. Usually, after the transfer process, the toner remaining on the image carrier is removed by a cleaning blade or the like. Then, after the surface of the image carrier is sufficiently cleaned, the next charging is performed.

Until now, in order to develop a latent image formed on an image carrier uniformly and to make a visible image, a temporally and spatially uniform amount of toner is developed in a development area having a development gap having a constant gap as much as possible. This is done by supplying toner and developer (for example, see Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2).
In addition, if there is a large difference in the distance between the image carrier and the developer carrier, so-called development gap, a local difference in the development electric field may occur and eventually a non-uniformity in the visible image may occur.

By the way, in reality, due to demands for downsizing and cost reduction of the apparatus, the conductive support used for the image carrier tends to be short in width and thin, and the dimensional accuracy of the member is also low. It is configured with a certain width. The distance between the rotation center axis of the image carrier and the rotation center axis of the developer carrier is invariable especially when the cross section of the conductive support is not a perfect circle or the rotation center axis is deviated from the center of the perfect circle. If each member is disposed so that the development gap is changed, the development gap fluctuates while the image carrier rotates once, and periodic development unevenness corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier may occur.
Even when the conductive support of the image carrier is not a perfect circle or the rotation center is shifted, the position of the developer carrier surface relative to the image carrier surface is determined so as to be determined outside the image area. If the contact member is provided, the above-described development gap fluctuation can be avoided. However, in this case, the conductive support of the image carrier needs to have sufficient strength so as not to cause deformation due to the pressing force of the abutment, and the thickness of the conductive support of the image carrier should be reduced. It becomes difficult.

For example, Patent Document 1 proposes an improvement in the shape of the development gap defining portion against the change in the development gap caused by the developer entering the development gap defining portion during use. However, depending on such a proposal, it is necessary to ensure the rigidity of the conductive support in order to absorb the development gap fluctuation caused by the accuracy of the conductive support of the image carrier and to stabilize the image quality. There is a problem that it is difficult to realize image quality at low cost.
Further, in Patent Document 2, the developer carrying member is formed in an inverted crown shape so that the developer carrying member pushed by the supply roller is opposite to the pushed side (the side facing the image carrying member). Have proposed improvements to the image carrier so that the development gap is constant. However, according to such a proposal as well, it is necessary to ensure the rigidity of the conductive support of the image carrier, and it is difficult to realize high image quality at low cost.

On the other hand, if each member is arranged to form a development gap so that the distance between the rotation center axis of the image carrier and the rotation center axis of the developer carrier is unchanged, the thickness of the conductive support is reduced. And cost reduction can be achieved. In this case, as described above, if the cross section of the conductive support of the image carrier is substantially a perfect circle, and the rotation center axis is not deviated from the center of the true circle of the cross section, The development gap has a substantially constant value.
However, in order to increase the accuracy of the parts of the image carrier, not only an increase in cost occurs, but there are concerns that the production efficiency may be reduced because many restrictions are imposed on the handling of the image carrier in the manufacturing process. is there.

In addition to these, for example, in Patent Document 3, attention is paid to the developer carrier, and the occurrence of density unevenness is suppressed by making the shake at both ends smaller than the shake at the center of the developer carrier. Is disclosed. In Patent Document 3, when the development gap in the development region periodically varies and the shake amount is the same at the center and both ends, the image density variation at both ends is larger than that at the center (see FIG. Since the development gap at the end is larger than that at the center), in order to eliminate this, the shake amount at both ends is reduced. For this reason, Patent Document 3 proposes a technique for reducing the shake amount at both ends by making the end portion of the developer carrying member solid and making the center portion hollow. However, according to such a proposal, a solid developer carrier end portion increases the cost.
At this time, in addition to such a proposal, for example, by setting the developing gap at both ends to be narrower than the initial value, the image density fluctuation due to the shake at both ends can be made as small as the central portion. That is, if the entire development gap is narrowed with high accuracy, it is expected that fluctuations in image density will be suppressed. However, at this time, in order to set the developing gap to be narrow, it is necessary to perform an assembling operation with higher accuracy and labor, and it is impossible to solve the problem that the productivity is lowered and the cost is increased as the working efficiency is lowered.

SUMMARY An advantage of some aspects of the invention is that it provides an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining high image quality at low cost and maintaining the image quality for a long period of time. And
The present invention also provides an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining high image quality at a low cost and maintaining the image quality for a long period of time with low cost and high production efficiency. An object is to provide a manufacturing method.

  As described above, in an image forming apparatus, it is important to obtain a uniform image quality in an image area, but in general, the higher the uniformity of image quality in the axial direction, the higher the cost for that. It is.

  Therefore, as a result of continuous investigations to solve the above problems, the present inventors have developed a difference in the amount of shake with respect to the rotation center axis in the manufacturing process of the image carrier, and development occurring on the side where the shake is large. By confirming that the amount of gap variation is extremely important as an impediment to obtaining good image quality, by disposing a developer carrier so that saturation development can be performed against this variation in development gap. The inventors have found that a stable image quality can be obtained as a final image, and have completed the present invention. In general, in the case of saturation development, when other conditions are constant, the toner adheres according to the potential difference formed between the electrostatic latent image potential formed on the image carrier and the bias potential of the developing sleeve. Although the amount (development amount) is determined, there is a toner adhesion amount in which no more toner can adhere when a certain potential difference is exceeded, and development under this condition is referred to as “saturation development” (see FIG. 1).

  Usually, a plurality of layers necessary for forming an electrostatic latent image by charging and exposure are formed on the surface of the image carrier. In order to form these layers, coating methods such as a ring coat, a dip coat (dipping coat), and a spray coat are used. Above all, dip coating is widely used because of its high productivity, but in this method, the upper end when the cylindrical conductive support is set up so that the coating liquid does not enter the interior of the cylinder to be coated. The side is closed with an air chuck or the like, so that the air inside does not leak from the upper end side, and is immersed in the coating solution to a predetermined depth. That is, a desired image carrier is manufactured by repeating a plurality of coating and drying steps while the cylinder of the image carrier is held only at the upper end.

  Further, since the object to be coated moves while being held at the upper end for coating of a plurality of layers, a bending force accompanying acceleration / deceleration is applied to the holding end when starting and stopping. For this reason, the roundness is likely to deteriorate on the holding end side (upper end) compared to the open end side (lower end). In particular, this phenomenon tends to be prominent when the thickness is reduced to reduce the weight of the conductive support, or when the diameter of the image carrier is reduced to reduce the size of the apparatus.

  For the purpose of reducing the amount of shake of the image carrier, controlling the above process makes the processing process complicated and expensive, and not only the production speed decreases as the moving speed decreases, but also for each production. Since the number of management items in the process increases, it may cause a decrease in the yield rate.

  By the way, as described above, variation in the strength of the developing electric field in the developing region is one of the main causes of image unevenness that occurs when the developing gap fluctuates with the rotation of the image carrier. . In a multi-step method in which the density of an image is adjusted by the potential of an electrostatic latent image, fluctuations in the development gap are directly related to image density unevenness, but the density of the image is adjusted by the area of the latent image. In the case of so-called area gradation, if the amount of toner adhering to the developed area is substantially constant regardless of the strength of the developing electric field, it is robust and stable against fluctuations in the developing electric field. Images can be obtained.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the developing amount increases as the electric field strength increases in a region where the electric field strength is weak. However, the developing amount approaches the saturation amount at a certain electric field strength A (V / m) or more, so that the toner is removed. It becomes difficult to attract. Further, when an image developed in the vicinity of the saturation amount is fixed, an image in which the toner layers are sufficiently overlapped is obtained, and the optical density (reflection density) is stably set to a constant value. When the potential of the electrostatic latent image and the developing bias potential are constant as used in a general developing method in which a DC bias voltage is applied to the developer carrier, FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c, As shown in the model diagrams shown in FIGS. 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, and 2h, the electric field strength varies with the variation in the width of the development gap (the narrower the development gap, the larger the electric field strength). If the development amount at that time is equal to or greater than the electric field strength A (V / m), the optical density (reflection density) becomes almost constant.

  When the shake amount of the image carrier is small, the average development gap exceeds the vicinity of the electric field strength A (V / m) in order to saturate the development amount within one circumference of the image carrier. It is sufficient to set it to be wide. However, when the shake amount of the image carrier is large, a region where the electric field strength is lower than A (V / m) occurs even if the development gap is set in this way.

  If the developing gap on the side where the shake amount of the image carrier is large is set narrower and the electric field strength does not fall below A (V / m) even when the developing gap becomes the widest, the development in all areas is avoided. Uniformity is achieved, and an image with high image quality without image unevenness can be obtained.

  This also involves simplifying the configuration of the developing device and reducing the cost, and can provide an image with high image quality at a low cost. The effect is particularly significant for a small and low-cost image forming apparatus.

That is, in order to solve the above-described problems, the image forming apparatus according to the present invention specifically has the technical features described in (1) to (6) below.
(1): An image carrier having a cylindrical conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support, rotatable about a rotation axis, and electrostatically attached to the surface of the image carrier An electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms a latent image; and a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image using a developer to form a visible image, the developing unit including the developer And a developing sleeve that conveys to a position facing the image carrier, and a development gap defined as a gap is formed between the image carrier and the development sleeve. The amount of shake of the image carrier in the region where the electrostatic latent image is formed on the body is large at one end of the rotating shaft and small at the other end, and the image carrier in the development gap makes one turn. the average value of the widely shake amount is smaller side of the image bearing member, characterized in that narrowed at the larger side An image forming apparatus.
Here, the shake amount of the image carrier is an intersection where a point on the rotation axis of the image carrier and a line perpendicular to the rotation axis from a point on the rotation axis intersect the surface of the image carrier. Is a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value when the distance is measured over the entire circumference of the image carrier.

  According to the configuration (1), an image forming apparatus capable of forming an image with good image quality can be provided at a low cost, and unnecessary costs are reduced.

(2) The image forming apparatus according to (1), wherein the shake amount of the image carrier is 5 to 30 μm.

  According to the configuration (2), the image quality is particularly good.

(3): The maximum value Dmax (μm) of the development gap and the minimum value Dmin (μm) of the development gap satisfy both of the following formulas (1) and (2): ) Or (2).
10 ≦ Dmax−Dmin ≦ 30 (1)
200 ≦ Dmax ≦ 330 (2)

  According to the configuration of (3) above, the equalization of the visible image is reliably and stably realized.

(4) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the electrostatic latent image forming unit includes a charging roller that performs contact charging or proximity charging. .

(5): It further comprises a cleaning means for cleaning the surface of the image carrier.
The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the cleaning unit includes a cleaning brush.

(6) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (5), further including a protective agent applying unit that applies a protective agent for protecting the surface of the image carrier. is there.

  According to the configurations (4) to (6), high image quality can be obtained at low cost over a long period of time.

(7): A method for producing an image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the photosensitive layer is formed on the conductive support by an immersion method. And a developing gap adjusting step for adjusting the developing gap, and the amount of shake of the image carrier in the region where the electrostatic latent image is formed on the image carrier is at one end of the rotating shaft. Large and small at the other end, the developing gap adjustment step is such that the average value of the developing gap during one rotation of the image carrier is wide on the side where the shake amount of the image carrier is small and narrow on the large side. A method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus, wherein the adjustment is performed as described above.
Here, the shake amount of the image carrier is an intersection where a point on the rotation axis of the image carrier and a line perpendicular to the rotation axis from a point on the rotation axis intersect the surface of the image carrier. Is a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value when the distance is measured over the entire circumference of the image carrier.

  According to the configuration of (7), the image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (6) can be manufactured with low cost and high production efficiency.

According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an image forming apparatus that can obtain high image quality at low cost and can maintain the image quality for a long period of time.
In addition, according to the present invention, an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining high image quality at low cost and maintaining the image quality for a long period of time can be manufactured at low cost and with high production efficiency. An apparatus manufacturing method can be provided.

It is a figure which shows the relationship between an electric field strength and development amount. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating development gap fluctuation corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier. FIG. 5 is a model diagram illustrating electric field intensity fluctuation corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating development amount variation corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating optical density (reflection density) variation corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating development gap fluctuation corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier when the development gap is further narrowed. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating electric field strength fluctuations corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier when the development gap is further narrowed. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating development amount variation corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier when the development gap is further narrowed. FIG. 6 is a model diagram illustrating optical density (reflection density) fluctuations corresponding to one rotation of the image carrier when the development gap is further narrowed. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus of the present invention. It is the schematic which shows an example of a process cartridge. It is a schematic diagram which shows the development gap before adjustment. It is a schematic diagram which shows the image development gap after adjustment. It is a schematic diagram of the gap adjustment mechanism on the side where the development gap is narrow. 3 is a diagram illustrating a shake amount of an image carrier 1 in Embodiment 1. FIG.

An image forming apparatus according to the present invention includes a cylindrical conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support, the image support being rotatable about a rotation axis, and the image support An electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on a body surface; and a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image using a developer to form a visible image. And a developing sleeve that carries the developer and conveys the developer to a position facing the image carrier, and a development gap defined as a gap is formed between the image carrier and the development sleeve. The amount of shake of the image carrier in the area where the electrostatic latent image is formed in the image carrier is large at one end of the rotation shaft and small at the other end, and the image carrier in the development gap There average during one rotation is widely shake amount is smaller side of the image bearing member, narrow at the larger side And wherein the Rukoto.
Here, the shake amount of the image carrier is an intersection where a point on the rotation axis of the image carrier and a line perpendicular to the rotation axis from a point on the rotation axis intersect the surface of the image carrier. Is a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value when the distance is measured over the entire circumference of the image carrier.

Next, the image forming apparatus according to the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.
Although the embodiments described below are preferred embodiments of the present invention, various technically preferable limitations are attached thereto, but the scope of the present invention is intended to limit the present invention in the following description. Unless otherwise described, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.

(Image forming device)
The image forming apparatus of the present invention includes at least an image carrier, an electrostatic latent image forming unit, and a developing unit, and includes other units as necessary.

-Image carrier-
The image carrier is not particularly limited as long as it has a photosensitive layer on a conductive cylindrical support (conductive support) and can rotate around a rotation axis. It can be selected appropriately.

--Conductive cylindrical support--
The conductive cylindrical support is not particularly limited as long as it has a volume resistance of 1.0 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or less, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, aluminum , Nickel, chromium, nichrome, copper, gold, silver, platinum and other metals, tin oxide, indium oxide and other metal oxides coated on cylindrical plastic, tempered glass, etc. by vapor deposition or sputtering, or aluminum Examples of the pipe include aluminum alloy, nickel, stainless steel, etc., which are formed into a drum shape by a method such as extrusion and drawing, and then subjected to surface treatment such as cutting, finishing, and polishing. These are drum-shaped (cylindrical).

There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a diameter of the said electroconductive cylindrical support body, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 20 mm-150 mm are preferable, 24 mm-100 mm are more preferable, 28 mm-70 mm are especially preferable. If the diameter is less than 20 mm, it may be physically difficult to arrange the charging, exposure, development, transfer, and cleaning steps around the drum. If the diameter exceeds 150 mm, the image forming apparatus becomes large. May end up.
In particular, when the image forming apparatus is a tandem type, since it is necessary to mount a plurality of photoconductors, the diameter is preferably 70 mm or less, more preferably 60 mm or less.

--Photosensitive layer--
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said photosensitive layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably.
For example, a single layer type in which a charge generation material and a charge transport material are mixed, a forward layer type having a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material on a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material, or a charge transport layer And a reverse layer type having a charge generation layer.
In order to improve the mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, gas resistance, cleaning property, etc. of the photoreceptor, an outermost surface layer can be provided on the photosensitive layer. An undercoat layer may be provided between the photosensitive layer and the conductive support. Further, a blocking layer for more reliably performing the charge injection inhibiting function of the undercoat layer may be provided.
Moreover, an appropriate amount of a plasticizer, an antioxidant, a leveling agent or the like can be added to each layer as necessary.

The thickness of the photosensitive layer preferably satisfies the range of 20 to 50 μm.
When these relationships are satisfied, a uniform visible image can be formed over a long period of time, and a stable image forming apparatus with little temporal variation can be provided. When the thickness of the photosensitive layer is less than 20 μm or more than 50 μm, the durability and the electrostatic latent image resolution may be reduced, which is not preferable.

  Examples of the charge generation material in the photosensitive layer include monoazo pigments, bisazo pigments, trisazo pigments, tetrakisazo pigments and other azo pigments, triarylmethane dyes, thiazine dyes, oxazine dyes, xanthene dyes, Cyanine dyes, styryl dyes, pyrylium dyes, quinacridone pigments, indigo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, bisbenzimidazole pigments, indanthrone pigments, squarylium pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, etc. Organic pigments or dyes; selenium, selenium-arsenic, selenium-tellurium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, amorphous silicon, and other inorganic materials. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Examples of the charge transport material in the photosensitive layer include anthracene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, tetrazole derivatives, metallocene derivatives, phenothiazine derivatives, pyrazoline compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, styryl hydrazone compounds, enamine compounds, butadiene compounds, distyryl. Examples thereof include compounds, oxazole compounds, oxadiazole compounds, thiazole compounds, imidazole compounds, triphenylamine derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, aminostilbene derivatives, and triphenylmethane derivatives. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

The binder resin in the photosensitive layer is electrically insulating, and known thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, photocurable resins, photoconductive resins, and the like can be used.
Examples of the binder resin include polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, Polyvinyl acetal, polyester, phenoxy resin, (meth) acrylic resin, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, ABS resin and other thermoplastic resins, phenol resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, melamine resin, isocyanate Examples thereof include thermosetting resins such as resins, alkyd resins, silicone resins, thermosetting acrylic resins, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl anthracene, and polyvinyl pyrene. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the antioxidant in the photosensitive layer include phenolic compounds, paraphenylenediamines, hydroquinones, organic sulfur compounds, and organic phosphorus compounds.
Examples of the phenol compound include 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, butylated hydroxyanisole, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, stearyl-β- (3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, 2,2'-methylene-bis- (4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis- (4-ethyl- 6-t-butylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis- (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4′-butylidenebis- (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 1,1,3 -Tris- (2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy Ben ) Benzene, tetrakis- [methylene-3- (3 ′, 5′-di-t-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane, bis [3,3′-bis (4′-hydroxy-3 ′) -T-butylphenyl) butyric acid] cricol ester, tocopherols and the like.
Examples of the paraphenylenediamines include N-phenyl-N′-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-phenyl-N-sec-butyl- Examples include p-phenylenediamine, N, N′-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-di-t-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and the like.
Examples of the hydroquinones include 2,5-di-t-octyl hydroquinone, 2,6-didodecyl hydroquinone, 2-dodecyl hydroquinone, 2-dodecyl-5-chlorohydroquinone, 2-t-octyl-5-methyl. Examples include hydroquinone and 2- (2-octadecenyl) -5-methylhydroquinone.
Examples of the organic sulfur compounds include dilauryl-3,3′-thiodipropionate, distearyl-3,3′-thiodipropionate, ditetradecyl-3,3′-thiodipropionate, and the like. .
Examples of the organic phosphorus compounds include triphenylphosphine, tri (nonylphenyl) phosphine, tri (dinonylphenyl) phosphine, tricresylphosphine, tri (2,4-dibutylphenoxy) phosphine, and the like.

These compounds are known as antioxidants such as rubbers, plastics and fats and oils, and commercially available products can be easily obtained.
As addition amount of the said antioxidant, 0.01 mass%-10 mass% are preferable with respect to the total mass of the layer to add.

  As the plasticizer in the photosensitive layer, those used as plasticizers for general resins such as dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate can be used as they are, and the amount used is 0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. About 30 parts by mass is appropriate.

  Further, a leveling agent may be added to the photosensitive layer. Examples of the leveling agent include silicone oils such as dimethyl silicone oil and methylphenyl silicone oil; polymers having a perfluoroalkyl group in the chain or oligomers. The amount of the leveling agent used is preferably 0 to 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

---- Undercoat layer ----
The undercoat layer is not particularly limited and may be a single layer or a plurality of layers. For example, (1) a resin as a main component, (2) a white pigment and a resin as main components. And (3) a metal oxide film obtained by chemically or electrochemically oxidizing the surface of a conductive support. Among these, those containing a white pigment and a resin as main components are preferable.
The white pigment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include metal oxides such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and zinc oxide. Among these, the charge injection prevention property from the conductive support is excellent. Titanium oxide is particularly preferred.
The resin is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include thermoplastic resins such as polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, casein, and methyl cellulose; thermosetting resins such as acrylic, phenol, melamine, alkyd, unsaturated polyester, and epoxy. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as thickness of the said undercoat layer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, 0.1 micrometer-10 micrometers are preferable, and 1 micrometer-5 micrometers are more preferable.

The outermost surface layer is provided in order to improve the mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, gas resistance, cleaning property, etc. of the photoreceptor.
Although there is no restriction | limiting in particular as said outermost surface layer, For example, the thing with which an inorganic filler was disperse | distributed to the polymer | macromolecule higher in mechanical strength than a photosensitive layer is preferable.
The resin used for the outermost layer is not particularly limited and may be either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin, but has high mechanical strength and the ability to suppress wear due to friction with the cleaning blade. A very high thermosetting resin is preferred.
If the outermost surface layer has a small thickness, there is no problem even if it does not have the charge transport capability, but if the outermost layer without the charge transport capability is formed thick, the sensitivity of the photoreceptor is lowered and the potential after exposure is increased. Since the residual potential is likely to increase, it is preferable to include the aforementioned charge transport material in the outermost surface layer, or to use a polymer having charge transporting capability as the polymer used in the outermost surface layer.

Since the mechanical strength of the photosensitive layer and the outermost surface layer is generally greatly different, the outermost surface layer is worn away by friction with the cleaning blade, and when the outermost layer disappears, the photosensitive layer is worn away immediately. When providing a surface layer, it is important that the outermost surface layer has a sufficient thickness.
From such a viewpoint, the thickness of the outermost surface layer is preferably 0.1 μm to 12 μm, more preferably 1 μm to 10 μm, and particularly preferably 2 μm to 8 μm. If the thickness is less than 0.1 μm, the thickness is too thin. It becomes easy to disappear partially due to friction with the cleaning blade, and the abrasion of the photosensitive layer may proceed from the disappeared portion. If it exceeds 12 μm, the sensitivity decreases, the potential increases after exposure, and the residual potential increases. In particular, when a polymer having a charge transport capability is used, the cost of the polymer having a charge transport capability may be increased.

The resin used for the outermost surface layer is preferably one that is transparent to writing light at the time of image formation and excellent in insulation, mechanical strength, and adhesion. For example, ABS resin, ACS resin, olefin-vinyl monomer Copolymer, chlorinated polyether, allyl resin, phenol resin, polyacetal, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyacrylate, polyallylsulfone, polybutylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyethersulfone, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, acrylic resin , Polymethyl bentene, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polystyrene, AS resin, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, epoxy resin, etc. And the like.
These polymers are not particularly limited and may be thermoplastic resins, but in order to increase the mechanical strength of the polymer, crosslinks having a polyfunctional acryloyl group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, amino group, etc. It is preferable to crosslink with an agent to form a thermosetting resin. In this way, the mechanical strength of the outermost surface layer is increased, and wear due to friction with the cleaning blade can be greatly reduced.

The outermost layer preferably has a charge transport capability.
The method for providing the outermost surface layer with a charge transporting ability is not particularly limited, and a method of using a mixture of the polymer used for the outermost surface layer and the charge transporting substance, a polymer having a charge transporting ability being the outermost surface. Although the method used for the layer can be mentioned, the latter method is preferable because a photoreceptor with high sensitivity and little increase in potential after exposure and little increase in residual potential can be obtained.

The polymer having the charge transport layer ability is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, the group having the charge transport ability in the polymer may be represented by the following structural formula (i): Those having the group represented are preferred.

  However, in the structural formula (i), Ar1 represents an arylene group which may have a substituent. Ar2 and Ar3 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents an aryl group that may have a substituent.

Such a group having a charge transporting ability is preferably added to a side chain of a polymer having high mechanical strength such as polycarbonate resin and acrylic resin, so that the production of the monomer is easy and the coatability and curability are improved. It is more preferable to use an acrylic resin that is also excellent.
As an acrylic resin having such a charge transport capability, a surface having high mechanical strength, excellent transparency, and high charge transport capability by polymerizing an unsaturated carboxylic acid having the group of the structural formula (i). A layer can be formed.
The acrylic resin has a crosslinked structure by mixing a polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid, preferably a tri- or higher functional unsaturated carboxylic acid, with the monofunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid having the group of the structural formula (i). When formed, it becomes a thermosetting polymer, and the mechanical strength of the surface layer becomes extremely high.
The polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid may be added with the group of the structural formula (i). However, since the production cost of the monomer increases, the polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid has the structure described above. It is preferable to use a photocurable polyfunctional monomer without adding the group of the formula (i).

  Examples of the monofunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid having a group represented by the structural formula (i) include the following structural formula (ii) or structural formula (iii).

In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), R ₁ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. An aryl group optionally having a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkoxy group optionally having a substituent, -COOR ₇ (wherein R ₇ is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl optionally having a substituent) Group, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent, a carbonyl halide group, CONR ₈ R ₉ (where R ₈ and R ₉ are It may be the same or different, and has a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Represents an aryl group which may be It is.
In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), Ar1 and Ar2 may be the same as or different from each other, and represent an arylene group which may have a substituent.
In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), Ar3 and Ar4 may be the same as or different from each other, and each represents an aryl group that may have a substituent.
In the structural formulas (ii) and (iii), X has a single bond, an alkylene group which may have a substituent, a cycloalkylene group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Represents an alkylene ether group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a vinylene group which may be substituted.
In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), Z has an alkylene group which may have a substituent, an alkylene ether divalent group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Represents an optionally substituted alkyleneoxycarbonyl divalent group.
In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), m and n each represents an integer of 0 to 3.

In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), examples of the alkyl group in the substituent of R ₁ include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group.
In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), examples of the aryl group in the substituent of R ₁ include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Examples of the aralkyl group include a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, and a naphthylmethyl group.
In the structural formula (ii) and the structural formula (iii), examples of the alkoxy group in the substituent of R ₁ include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and a propoxy group.
These include halogen atoms, nitro groups, cyano groups; alkyl groups such as methyl groups and ethyl groups; alkoxy groups such as methoxy groups and ethoxy groups; aryloxy groups such as phenoxy groups; aryl groups such as phenyl groups and naphthyl groups; It may be substituted with an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group or a phenethyl group.
Of these R ₁ substituents, a hydrogen atom or a methyl group is particularly preferred.

Examples of the aryl group of Ar3 and Ar4 include a condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon group, a non-condensed cyclic hydrocarbon group, and a heterocyclic group.
As the condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon group, those having 18 or less carbon atoms forming a ring are preferable. For example, a pentanyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptaenyl group, a biphenylenyl group, an as-indacenyl group, s-indacenyl group, fluorenyl group, acenaphthylenyl group, preadenyl group, acenaphthenyl group, phenalenyl group, phenanthryl group, anthryl group, fluoranthenyl group, acephenanthrenyl group, aceanthrylenyl group, triphenylyl group, pyrenyl group, Examples include a chrycenyl group and a naphthacenyl group.
Examples of the non-condensed cyclic hydrocarbon group include monovalent groups of monocyclic hydrocarbon compounds such as benzene, diphenyl ether, polyethylene diphenyl ether, diphenyl thioether, diphenyl sulfone; biphenyl, polyphenyl, diphenylalkane, diphenylalkene, diphenylalkyne , Monovalent groups of non-condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds such as triphenylmethane, distyrylbenzene, 1,1-diphenylcycloalkane, polyphenylalkane, and polyphenylalkene; ring assembly carbonization such as 9,9-diphenylfluorene And monovalent groups of hydrogen compounds.
Examples of the heterocyclic group include monovalent groups such as carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, oxadiazole, and thiadiazole.

  As content of the said polyfunctional unsaturated carboxylic acid, 5 mass%-75 mass% of the said outermost surface layer whole are preferable, 10 mass%-70 mass% are more preferable, 20 mass%-60 mass% are especially. preferable. When the content is less than 5% by mass, the mechanical strength of the outermost surface layer is insufficient, and when it exceeds 75% by mass, cracks are likely to occur when a strong force is applied to the outermost surface layer. Degradation may also occur easily.

  When an acrylic resin is used for the outermost surface layer, after applying the unsaturated carboxylic acid to the photoreceptor, electron beam irradiation or actinic rays such as ultraviolet rays are irradiated to cause radical polymerization to form a surface layer can do. When performing radical polymerization with actinic rays, a solution obtained by dissolving a photopolymerization initiator in an unsaturated carboxylic acid is used. As the photopolymerization initiator, materials used for photocurable paints can be used.

The outermost surface layer preferably contains metal fine particles, metal oxide fine particles, and other fine particles in order to increase the mechanical strength of the outermost surface layer.
Examples of the metal oxide include titanium oxide, tin oxide, potassium titanate, TiO, TiN, zinc oxide, indium oxide, and antimony oxide. Examples of the other fine particles include fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone resins, or those obtained by dispersing inorganic materials in these resins for the purpose of improving wear resistance.

  The thickness of the photosensitive layer of the image carrier produced using these compositions can be measured using an electromagnetic or eddy current film thickness meter depending on the material of the conductive support.

--- Measuring method of shake amount of image carrier ---
The left-right difference in the shake amount of the image carrier can be generally known as follows.
First, the image bearing member whose rotation center axis (rotation axis) has been fixed up to the flange is slowly rotated around the rotation center axis, and the surface of the image bearing member is fixed with a contact or non-contact type displacement meter. Scan in the direction to get the displacement profile. The displacement data for one rotation of the image carrier is acquired from this profile, and the minimum value is subtracted from the maximum value to obtain the displacement amount. Since the distance from the rotation center axis to the displacement meter is not changed, the displacement amount coincides with the displacement amount of the distance from the rotation center axis of the image carrier to the image carrier surface, that is, the shake amount of the image carrier. More specifically, the shake amount of the image carrier is more specifically a point on the rotation axis of the image carrier and a line perpendicular to the rotation axis from the point on the rotation axis is the surface of the image carrier. This is the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value when the distance between the intersections is measured over the entire circumference of the image carrier. This is acquired at a plurality of points, preferably 10 points or more, at substantially equal intervals in the image area in the rotation axis direction, and the left-right difference of the shake amount of the image carrier and the magnitude of the shake amount are confirmed.

-Electrostatic latent image forming means-
The electrostatic latent image forming means is not particularly limited as long as it is a means for forming an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier by charging the image carrier, and is appropriately selected according to the purpose. And a charging device capable of realizing the means.

The electrostatic latent image forming means is a method in which the surface of the image carrier is uniformly charged and then exposed imagewise, and there is no particular limitation. For example, the surface of the image carrier is uniform. At least a charging means for charging the surface of the image bearing member and an exposure means for exposing the surface of the image bearing member imagewise.
The charging unit is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. However, it is preferable to have a constant current control type charging unit. Thereby, the charged potential of the image carrier is defined by the thickness of the photosensitive layer, and the visible image equalization mechanism in the present invention can be realized more reliably.

  Furthermore, the charging unit is preferably a charging unit having a charging roller that performs either contact charging or proximity charging. Thereby, the charging potential defined by the voltage applied to the charging roller and the thickness of the photosensitive layer can be secured in a relatively low applied voltage range, and thus power consumption can be suppressed.

The charging can be performed by applying a voltage to the surface of the image carrier using the following charging device.
The charging device is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, the charging device known per se provided with a conductive or semiconductive roll, brush, film, rubber blade, etc. Examples thereof include non-contact charging devices using corona discharge such as devices, corotrons, and scorotrons. Among these, for the above-mentioned reasons, a charging device having a charging roller that performs either contact charging or proximity charging on the image bearing member with a conductive or semiconductive roll is preferable. In addition, when using a charging means having a charging roller of either contact charging or proximity charging, use a soft contact charging roller or arrange a pressure member so that a large pressing force is not applied to the contact portion. It is more preferable to adopt a charging means configuration that is not provided.
The charging device preferably has voltage applying means for applying a voltage having an AC component.

The exposure can be performed, for example, by exposing the surface of the image carrier imagewise using an exposure apparatus.
The exposure apparatus is not particularly limited as long as it can expose the surface of the image carrier charged by the charging apparatus like the image to be formed, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. And various exposure apparatuses such as a copying optical system, a rod lens array system, a laser optical system, a liquid crystal shutter optical system, and an LED optical system.
In addition, you may employ | adopt the back light system which performs imagewise exposure from the back surface side of an image carrier.

-Development means-
The developing unit is a unit that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier using a developer to form a visible image, and includes a developing sleeve and a developer stirring and conveying mechanism.
The developing sleeve carries a developer and conveys the developer to a position facing the image carrier.
A developing gap defined as a gap is formed between the image carrier and the developing sleeve.
The developing gap is formed by adjusting the position of the rotation axis of the developing sleeve so that the amount of shake of the image carrier is reduced from the smaller side to the larger side.
The developing unit is not particularly limited as long as it has these configurations, and can be appropriately selected from known ones. For example, the developer is accommodated, and the developer is contained in the electrostatic latent image. Those having at least a developing device which can be applied in a contact or non-contact manner are preferable.

--Development gap--
The average value of the developing gap during one rotation of the image carrier is formed so as to become narrower from the side where the shake amount of the image carrier is small to the large side.
In other words, the shake amount of the image carrier in the region where the electrostatic latent image is formed on the image carrier (image region) is large at one end of the rotation shaft and small at the other end. The image carrier is wide on the small side and small on the large side.

  As the development gap, when the maximum value of the development gap is Dmax (μm) and the minimum value of the development gap is Dmin (μm), the difference between Dmax and Dmin, Dmax−Dmin (μm), is It is preferable to satisfy both of the relationships represented by the mathematical formulas (1) and (2).

10 ≦ Dmax−Dmin ≦ 30 (1)
200 ≦ Dmax ≦ 330 (2)

  By satisfying the above relationship, even on the side where the shake amount of the image carrier is large, the development amount can be brought close to the saturation development, so that the equalization of the visible image by the mechanism of the present invention can be realized more reliably and is high. Image quality can be provided stably.

The maximum value (Dmax) and the minimum value (Dmin) of the developing gap are determined by arranging the developing device that has cleaned the developer on the developing sleeve and the image carrier in a predetermined positional relationship. What is necessary is just to obtain | require the clearance gap of the development area | region of 8 or more points in the circumferential direction of each point by a known method about 10 or more points at equal intervals from one end to the other end in the direction along the rotation axis. Specific measurement methods include a mechanical method such as a gap gauge, and a known non-contact optical method such as a laser displacement sensor, a dimension measuring instrument, and a long focus CCD camera as appropriate. Just do it.
The development gap in the rotation direction at each point is averaged, and the average development gap at each point is compared to obtain the maximum value (Dmax) and the minimum value (Dmin) of the development gap.

--Development sleeve--
As shown in FIG. 4, the developing sleeve 50 is rotationally driven in the counterclockwise direction by a driving means (not shown). In order to form a magnetic brush made of carrier particles, the developing sleeve 50 is provided with a magnet (non-magnetic field generating means) disposed in a relative position relative to the developing device 5 by a developing sleeve magnetic pole fixing shaft 56 therein. As shown).
The developer is supplied to the surface of the developing sleeve by the rotation of the developing sleeve 50 and the developer supply screw 52 of the stirring and conveying mechanism, and a regulating member that maintains a certain gap between the tip and the outer peripheral surface of the developing sleeve 50. A prescribed amount of developer on the developing sleeve is held by 54 (doctor blade), and the image carrier 1 and the developing sleeve 50 are conveyed to a developing area facing each other.
As a material of the developing sleeve cylinder 51 for holding the developer, a nonmagnetic metal such as aluminum can be preferably used. Moreover, it is preferable that the surface has unevenness | corrugation by blasting etc.

The developing gap between the image carrier and the developing sleeve will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram showing the developing gap (before adjusting the developing gap). The developing gap 11 is defined as a gap between the image carrier 1 and the developing sleeve 50. FIG.
The image carrier 1 includes a conductive cylindrical support 10 having a photosensitive layer 12 in a body portion, and is rotatably supported via a bearing 13 by an image carrier rotation shaft 14.
Further, the developing sleeve 50 has a developing sleeve cylinder 51 in the body, is rotatably supported by the developer carrier rotating shaft 55 via the bearing 13, and is supported by the developing sleeve magnetic pole fixing shaft 56.

  FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram showing the developing gap between the image carrier and the developing sleeve when the developing gap is adjusted, and the developing sleeve magnetic pole fixing shaft 56 on one end side and the developer on the other end side. It is rotatably supported by the carrier rotating shaft 55. Here, the developing gap 11 is adjusted so as to become narrower from the side where the image carrier shake amount is small to the large side.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the developing gap adjusting mechanism. The developing sleeve magnetic pole fixed shaft 56 is urged by a pressing force via a fixed shaft pressing member 57 from the center of the image carrier rotating shaft 12 to the outside. The mechanism 58 is pressed in the direction in which the development gap widens. At the same time, the developing sleeve magnetic pole fixing shaft 56 is pushed by the developing gap adjusting member 59 from the outer side of the image carrier rotating shaft 12 toward the center, whereby the rotation axis of the image carrier and the rotation axis of the developing sleeve are set. By appropriately adjusting the support position, the width of the development gap 11 is adjusted with a left-right difference. As described above, it is preferable to determine the position of the rotation shaft on the side where the shake amount of the image carrier is small and then adjust the center position of the rotation shaft on the side where the shake amount is large. The magnitude relationship between the magnitude of the shake amount and the development gap can be easily adjusted.
Further, in FIGS. 5a and 5b, the gap width of the developing gap 11 is schematically shown to be large for understanding the present invention.

--Developer--
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said developer, According to the objective, it can select suitably, It is a two-component developer which consists of a toner and a carrier.

The toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. The average circularity, which is an average value of the circularity SR represented by the following formula (3), is 0.93 to 1.00. Is preferable, and 0.95-0.99 is more preferable.
This average circularity is an index of the degree of unevenness of toner particles, and indicates 1.00 when the toner is a perfect sphere, and the average circularity becomes smaller as the surface shape becomes more complicated.

  Circularity SR = (perimeter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of toner particles) / (perimeter of a projected image of toner particles) Formula (3)

  When the average circularity is in the range of 0.93 to 1.00, the surface of the toner particles is smooth, and the toner particles and the contact area between the toner particles and the photosensitive member are small, so that the transferability is excellent. Further, since the toner particles have no corners, the developer agitation torque in the developing device is small, and the agitation drive is stabilized, so that no abnormal image is generated. In addition, since there are no angular toner particles in the toner that forms the dots, the pressure is uniformly applied to the entire toner that forms the dots when pressed against the recording medium during transfer, and the transfer is not easily lost. Further, since the toner particles are not angular, the abrasive power of the toner particles themselves is small, and the surface of the image carrier is not damaged or worn.

The circularity SR can be measured using, for example, a flow particle image analyzer (manufactured by Toa Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., FPIA-1000).
First, 0.1 mL to 0.5 mL of a surfactant (preferably alkylbenzene sulfonate) is added as a dispersant to 100 mL to 150 mL of water from which impure solids have been previously removed, and 0.1 g of a measurement sample is further added. Add ~ 0.5g. Next, the suspension in which the sample is dispersed is subjected to a dispersion treatment with an ultrasonic disperser for about 1 to 3 minutes, and the concentration of the dispersion is set to 3,000 / μL to 10,000 / μL. Measure the particle size.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a mass mean particle diameter (D4) of the said toner, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, 3 micrometers-10 micrometers are preferable, and 4 micrometers-8 micrometers are more preferable. In this range, since the toner particles have a sufficiently small particle size with respect to the minute latent image dots, the dot reproducibility is excellent. When the mass average particle diameter (D4) is less than 3 μm, phenomena such as a decrease in transfer efficiency and a decrease in blade cleaning properties may occur, and when it exceeds 10 μm, it is difficult to suppress scattering of characters and lines. is there.

  Further, the ratio (D4 / D1) of the mass average particle diameter (D4) to the number average particle diameter (D1) in the toner is preferably 1.00 to 1.40, more preferably 1.00 to 1.30. . The closer the ratio (D4 / D1) is to 1, the sharper the particle size distribution of the toner. In the range of (D4 / D1) from 1.00 to 1.40, selective development depending on the toner particle size. Since image quality does not occur, the image quality is excellent. In addition, since the toner particle size distribution is sharp, the triboelectric charge amount distribution is also sharp and the occurrence of fog is suppressed. Further, when the toner particle diameter is uniform, the latent image dots are developed so as to be arranged densely and orderly, so that the dot reproducibility is excellent.

Here, examples of the method for measuring the mass average particle diameter (D4) and particle size distribution of the toner include a Coulter counter method.
Examples of the measuring device for the particle size distribution of the toner particles by the Coulter counter method include Coulter Counter TA-II and Coulter Multisizer II (both manufactured by Coulter).

Specifically, it can be measured as follows.
First, 0.1 mL to 5 mL of a surfactant (preferably alkyl benzene sulfonate) is added as a dispersant to 100 mL to 150 mL of the electrolytic aqueous solution. Here, the electrolytic solution is prepared by preparing an about 1% NaCl aqueous solution using primary sodium chloride, and for example, ISOTON-II (manufactured by Coulter) can be used. Here, 2 mg to 20 mg of a measurement sample is further added. The electrolytic solution in which the sample is suspended is subjected to a dispersion treatment with an ultrasonic disperser for about 1 to 3 minutes, and the volume and the number of toner particles or toner are measured with the measurement apparatus using a 100 μm aperture as the aperture. Calculate volume distribution and number distribution. From the obtained distribution, the mass average particle diameter (D4) and the number average particle diameter (D1) of the toner can be obtained.

  As a channel in the measuring apparatus, 2.00 μm to less than 2.52 μm; 2.52 μm to less than 3.17 μm; 3.17 μm to less than 4.00 μm; 4.00 μm to less than 5.04 μm; Less than 35 μm; 6.35 μm to less than 8.00 μm; 8.00 μm to less than 10.08 μm; 10.08 μm to less than 12.70 μm; 12.70 μm to less than 16.00 μm; 16.00 μm to less than 20.20 μm; Uses 13 channels of 20 μm to less than 25.40 μm; 25.40 μm to less than 32.00 μm; 32.00 μm to less than 40.30 μm, and targets particles having a particle size of 2.00 μm to less than 40.30 μm.

  As the toner having such a substantially spherical shape, a toner composition containing a polyester prepolymer having a functional group containing a nitrogen atom, a polyester, a colorant, and a release agent is crosslinked in the presence of resin fine particles in an aqueous medium. It can be prepared by an extension reaction. The toner produced by this reaction can reduce the hot offset by curing the toner surface, and can prevent the fixing device from becoming dirty and appearing on the image.

  Examples of the prepolymer made of the modified polyester resin include a polyester prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group, and examples of the compound that extends or crosslinks with the prepolymer include amines (B).

  Examples of the polyester prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group include a polycondensate of a polyol (1) and a polycarboxylic acid (2) and a polyester having an active hydrogen group, which is further reacted with a polyisocyanate (3). Is mentioned. Examples of active hydrogen groups possessed by the polyester include hydroxyl groups (alcoholic hydroxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups), amino groups, carboxyl groups, mercapto groups, and the like. Among these, alcoholic hydroxyl groups are particularly preferable.

  Examples of the polyol (1) include diol (1-1) and trivalent or higher polyol (1-2), but diol (1-1) alone or diol (1-1) and a small amount of trivalent or higher. A mixture of polyols (1-2) is preferred.

  Examples of the diol (1-1) include alkylene glycol (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, etc.); alkylene ether Glycol (diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene ether glycol, etc.); alicyclic diol (1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, hydrogenated bisphenol A, etc.); bisphenols (bisphenol) A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, etc.); alkylene oxide (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc.) addition of the above alicyclic diol ; Alkylene oxide of the bisphenols (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc.), etc. adducts. Among these, alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols are preferable, and combined use of alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols and alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms is particularly preferable.

  Examples of the trivalent or higher polyol (1-2) include 3 to 8 or higher polyhydric aliphatic alcohols (glycerin, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, etc.); (Trisphenol PA, phenol novolak, cresol novolak, etc.); alkylene oxide adducts of the above trivalent or higher polyphenols.

  Examples of the polycarboxylic acid (2) include dicarboxylic acid (2-1) and trivalent or higher polycarboxylic acid (2-2). Among these, (2-1) alone and (2-1) ) And a small amount of (2-2).

  Examples of the dicarboxylic acid (2-1) include alkylene dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, etc.); alkenylene dicarboxylic acids (maleic acid, fumaric acid, etc.); aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic acid, isophthalic acid) , Terephthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, etc.). Among these, alkenylene dicarboxylic acid having 4 to 20 carbon atoms and aromatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms are particularly preferable.

  Examples of the trivalent or higher polycarboxylic acid (2-2) include aromatic polycarboxylic acids having 9 to 20 carbon atoms (such as trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid). In addition, as polycarboxylic acid (2), you may make it react with polyol (1) using the acid anhydride or lower alkyl ester (methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, etc.) of the above-mentioned thing.

  The ratio of the polyol (1) to the polycarboxylic acid (2) is preferably 2/1 to 1/1 with respect to the equivalent ratio [OH] / [COOH] of the hydroxyl group [OH] and the carboxyl group [COOH]. 0.5 / 1 to 1/1 is more preferable, and 1.3 / 1 to 1.02 / 1 is particularly preferable.

  Examples of the polyisocyanate (3) include aliphatic polyisocyanates (tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,6-diisocyanatomethylcaproate, etc.); alicyclic polyisocyanates (isophorone diisocyanate, cyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, etc.) ); Aromatic diisocyanates (tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, etc.); araliphatic diisocyanates (α, α, α ′, α′-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, etc.); isocyanurates; And those blocked with caprolactam, etc. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  The ratio of the polyisocyanate (3) is preferably 5/1 to 1/1 in the equivalent ratio [NCO] / [OH] of the isocyanate group [NCO] and the hydroxyl group [OH] of the polyester having a hydroxyl group. / 1 to 1.2 / 1 is more preferable, and 2.5 / 1 to 1.5 / 1 is particularly preferable. If the [NCO] / [OH] exceeds 5, the low-temperature fixability may be deteriorated. If the molar ratio of [NCO] is less than 1, the urea content in the modified polyester becomes low, and hot offset resistance Sex worsens.

  The content of the polyisocyanate (3) component in the prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group at the terminal is preferably 0.5% by mass to 40% by mass, more preferably 1% by mass to 30% by mass, 2% by mass to 20% by mass is particularly preferable. When the content is less than 0.5% by mass, the hot offset resistance deteriorates, and it is disadvantageous in terms of both heat-resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability. When the content exceeds 40% by mass, low-temperature fixability is obtained. May get worse.

  As an isocyanate group contained per molecule in the prepolymer (A) having the isocyanate group, an average of 1 or more is preferable, an average of 1.5 to 3 is more preferable, and an average of 1.8 to 2. 5 is particularly preferred. When the number is less than 1 per molecule, the molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester is lowered, and the hot offset resistance may be deteriorated.

As the amines (B), the diamine (B1), trivalent or higher polyamine (B2), amino alcohol (B3), amino mercaptan (B4), amino acid (B5), and amino groups of B1 to B5 were blocked. (B6) etc. are mentioned.
Examples of the diamine (B1) include aromatic diamines (phenylenediamine, diethyltoluenediamine, 4,4′diaminodiphenylmethane, etc.); alicyclic diamines (4,4′-diamino-3,3′dimethyldicyclohexylmethane, diaminecyclohexane, Isophorone diamine etc.); and aliphatic diamines (ethylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine etc.) and the like.
Examples of the trivalent or higher polyamine (B2) include diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine.
Examples of amino alcohol (B3) include ethanolamine and hydroxyethylaniline. Examples of amino mercaptan (B4) include aminoethyl mercaptan and aminopropyl mercaptan.
Examples of the amino acid (B5) include aminopropionic acid and aminocaproic acid.
Examples of the B1-B5 amino group blocked (B6) include ketimine compounds and oxazoline compounds obtained from the B1-B5 amines and ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc.).
Among these amines (B), preferred are B1 and a mixture of B1 and a small amount of B2.

Furthermore, if necessary, the molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester can be adjusted using an elongation terminator.
Examples of the elongation terminator include monoamines (diethylamine, dibutylamine, butylamine, laurylamine, etc.), and those obtained by blocking them (ketimine compounds).

  The ratio of the amines (B) is the equivalent ratio [NCO] / [NHx of the isocyanate group [NCO] in the prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group and the amino group [NHx] in the amine (B). ] Is preferably 1/2 to 2/1, more preferably 1.5 / 1 to 1 / 1.5, and particularly preferably 1.2 / 1 to 1 / 1.2. When the [NCO] / [NHx] exceeds 2 or less than 1/2, the molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester (i) becomes low and the hot offset resistance deteriorates.

  The polyester (i) modified with the urea bond may contain a urethane bond together with the urea bond. The molar ratio between the urea bond content and the urethane bond content is preferably 100/0 to 10/90, more preferably 80/20 to 20/80, and particularly preferably 60/40 to 30/70. When the molar ratio of the urea bond is less than 10%, the hot offset resistance may be deteriorated.

  By these reactions, the modified polyester used in the toner, especially the urea-modified polyester (i) can be produced. These urea-modified polyesters (i) are produced by a one-shot method or a prepolymer method. The mass average molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester (i) is preferably 10,000 or more, more preferably 20,000 to 10,000,000, and particularly preferably 30,000 to 1,000,000. When the mass average molecular weight is less than 10,000, the hot offset resistance may be deteriorated.

  The number average molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester is not particularly limited when the unmodified polyester (ii) described later is used, and may be a number average molecular weight that can be easily obtained to obtain the mass average molecular weight. (I) When used alone, the number average molecular weight is preferably 20,000 or less, more preferably 1,000 to 10,000, and particularly preferably 2,000 to 8,000. When the number average molecular weight exceeds 20,000, low temperature fixability and glossiness when used in a full color image forming apparatus may be deteriorated.

Not only the polyester (i) modified with the urea bond can be used alone, but also the polyester (ii) not modified can be included as a binder resin component together with the (i). The combined use of (ii) improves the low-temperature fixability and gloss when used in a full-color device, and is therefore preferable to single use.
Examples of (ii) include polycondensates of polyol (1) and polycarboxylic acid (2) similar to the polyester component of (i) above, and preferred ones are also the same as (i).
(Ii) is not limited to unmodified polyester, but may be modified with a chemical bond other than a urea bond, and may be modified with a urethane bond, for example.
It is preferable that (i) and (ii) are at least partially compatible with each other in terms of low-temperature fixability and hot offset resistance.

  Accordingly, the polyester component (i) and (ii) preferably have similar compositions. In the case of containing (ii), the mass ratio of (i) and (ii) is preferably 5/95 to 80/20, more preferably 5/95 to 30/70, and further preferably 5/95 to 25/75. 7/93 to 20/80 is particularly preferable. When the mass ratio of (i) is less than 5% by mass, the hot offset resistance may be deteriorated, and it may be disadvantageous in terms of both heat-resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability.

The peak molecular weight (ii) is preferably 1,000 to 30,000, more preferably 1,500 to 10,000, and particularly preferably 2,000 to 8,000. When the peak molecular weight is less than 1,000, the heat resistant storage stability may be deteriorated, and when it exceeds 10,000, the low temperature fixability may be deteriorated.
The hydroxyl value of (ii) is preferably 5 or more, more preferably 10 to 120, and particularly preferably 20 to 80. If the hydroxyl value is less than 5, it may be disadvantageous in terms of both heat-resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability.
The acid value of (ii) is preferably 1 to 30, and more preferably 5 to 20. By having an acid value, it tends to be negatively charged.

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder resin is preferably 50 ° C to 70 ° C, more preferably 55 ° C to 65 ° C. When the glass transition temperature is less than 50 ° C., blocking of the toner during high temperature storage may be deteriorated, and when it exceeds 70 ° C., the low temperature fixability becomes insufficient. Due to the coexistence of the urea-modified polyester resin, the heat resistant storage stability tends to be good even if the glass transition point is low, as compared with known polyester toners.
As the storage elastic modulus of the binder resin, the temperature (TG ′) at which the measurement frequency is 20 Hz is 10,000 dyne / cm ² is preferably 100 ° C. or more, and more preferably 110 ° C. to 200 ° C. When the temperature (TG ′) is less than 100 ° C., the hot offset resistance may be deteriorated.

  As the viscosity of the binder resin, the temperature (Tη) at which a 1000 poise at a measurement frequency of 20 Hz is preferably 180 ° C. or less, and more preferably 90 ° C. to 160 ° C. When the temperature (Tη) exceeds 180 ° C., the low-temperature fixability deteriorates. That is, TG ′ is preferably higher than Tη from the viewpoint of achieving both low-temperature fixability and hot offset resistance. In other words, the difference between TG ′ and Tη (TG′−Tη) is preferably 0 ° C. or higher, more preferably 10 ° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 20 ° C. or higher. The upper limit of the difference is not particularly limited. Further, from the viewpoint of achieving both heat-resistant storage stability and low-temperature fixability, the difference between Tη and Tg is preferably 0 ° C to 100 ° C, more preferably 10 ° C to 90 ° C, and particularly preferably 20 ° C to 80 ° C.

The binder resin can be produced by the following method.
First, the polyol (1) and the polycarboxylic acid (2) are heated to 150 ° C. to 280 ° C. in the presence of a known esterification catalyst such as tetrabutoxytitanate or dibutyltin oxide, and the pressure is reduced as necessary. Water is distilled off to obtain a polyester having a hydroxyl group. Subsequently, this is made to react with polyisocyanate (3) at 40 to 140 degreeC, and the prepolymer (A) which has an isocyanate group is obtained. Further, (A) is reacted with amines (B) at 0 ° C. to 140 ° C. to obtain a polyester modified with a urea bond. When reacting (3) and reacting (A) and (B), a solvent may be used as necessary.

Solvents usable in the reaction include, for example, aromatic solvents (toluene, xylene, etc.); ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc.); esters (ethyl acetate, etc.); amides (dimethylformamide, dimethyl) And those inert to the isocyanate (3), such as acetamide and ethers (tetrahydrofuran).
When using polyester (ii) not modified with urea bond, (ii) is produced in the same manner as polyester having a hydroxyl group, and this is dissolved in the solution after completion of the reaction of (i). , Mix.

The toner can be manufactured by the following method, but is not limited thereto.
The toner may be formed by reacting a dispersion made of a prepolymer (A) having an isocyanate group in an aqueous medium with (B), or using a urea-modified polyester (i) produced in advance. Good. As a method for stably forming a dispersion comprising urea-modified polyester (i) or prepolymer (A) in an aqueous medium, a toner raw material comprising urea-modified polyester (i) or prepolymer (A) in an aqueous medium is used. And a method of dispersing by shearing force.

  The prepolymer (A) and other toner compositions (hereinafter sometimes referred to as toner raw materials), colorants, colorant master batches, release agents, charge control agents, unmodified polyester resins, Mixing may be performed when the dispersion is formed in the medium, but it is more preferable to mix the toner raw materials in advance and then add and disperse the mixture in the aqueous medium. In the present invention, other toner raw materials such as a colorant, a release agent, and a charge control agent do not necessarily have to be mixed when forming particles in an aqueous medium. It may be added later. For example, after forming particles not containing a colorant, the colorant can be added by a known dyeing method.

  As the aqueous medium, water alone may be used, but a solvent miscible with water may be used in combination. Examples of miscible solvents include alcohol (methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, etc.), dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, cellosolves (methyl cellosolve, etc.), lower ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.) and the like.

  The amount of the aqueous medium used relative to 100 parts by mass of the toner composition containing the urea-modified polyester (i) and the prepolymer (A) is preferably 50 parts by mass to 2,000 parts by mass, and 100 parts by mass to 1,000 parts by mass. Part is more preferred. When the amount used is less than 50 parts by mass, the toner composition is poorly dispersed, and toner particles having a predetermined particle size may not be obtained. When the amount exceeds 2,000 parts by mass, it is not economical.

  Moreover, a dispersing agent can also be used as needed. It is preferable to use a dispersant because the particle size distribution becomes sharp and the dispersion is stable.

The dispersion method is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, known equipment such as a low-speed shear method, a high-speed shear method, a friction method, a high-pressure jet method, and an ultrasonic wave can be applied. .
In order to make the particle size of the dispersion 2 μm to 20 μm, a high-speed shearing method is preferable.
When a high-speed shearing disperser is used, the rotation speed is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1,000 rpm to 30,000 rpm, and more preferably 5,000 rpm to 20,000 rpm. The dispersion time is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.1 minutes to 5 minutes in the case of a batch method. As temperature at the time of dispersion | distribution, 0 to 150 degreeC is preferable normally and 40 to 98 degreeC is more preferable. A higher temperature is preferable in that the dispersion of the urea-modified polyester (i) or the prepolymer (A) has a low viscosity and is easily dispersed.

  In the step of synthesizing the urea-modified polyester (i) from the prepolymer (A), the amine (B) may be added and reacted before the toner composition is dispersed in the aqueous medium. After dispersion, amines (B) may be added to cause a reaction from the particle interface. In this case, urea-modified polyester is preferentially produced on the surface of the manufactured toner, and a concentration gradient can be provided inside the particles.

In the reaction, it is preferable to use a dispersant as necessary.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said dispersing agent, According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, surfactant, a slightly water-soluble inorganic compound dispersing agent, a polymeric protective colloid, etc. are mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, surfactants are preferable.

  Examples of the surfactant include an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant.

  Examples of the anionic surfactant include alkylbenzene sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, phosphate esters, and the like. Among these, those having a fluoroalkyl group are preferable. Examples of the anionic surfactant having a fluoroalkyl group include a fluoroalkylcarboxylic acid having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a metal salt thereof, disodium perfluorooctanesulfonylglutamate, 3- [omega-fluoroalkyl (6 carbon atoms). -11) Oxy] -1-alkyl (carbon number 3-4) sodium sulfonate, 3- [omega-fluoroalkanoyl (carbon number 6-8) -N-ethylamino] -1-propanesulfonic acid sodium, fluoroalkyl (Carbon number 11-20) carboxylic acid or its metal salt, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (carbon number 7-13) or its metal salt, perfluoroalkyl (carbon number 4-12) sulfonic acid or its metal salt, perfluoro Octanesulfonic acid diethanolamide, N-propyl-N- (2-hydroxy Ethyl) perfluorooctanesulfonamide, perfluoroalkyl (carbon number 6-10) sulfonamidopropyltrimethylammonium salt, perfluoroalkyl (carbon number 6-10) -N-ethylsulfonylglycine salt, monoperfluoroalkyl (carbon number) 6-16) Ethyl phosphate and the like. Examples of commercially available surfactants having a fluoroalkyl group include Surflon S-111, S-112, S-113 (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.); Fluorard FC-93, FC-95, FC-98, FC- 129 (manufactured by Sumitomo 3M); Unidyne DS-101, DS-102 (manufactured by Daikin Industries); Megafac F-110, F-120, F-113, F-191, F-812, F-833 (large) Nippon Ink Chemical Co., Ltd.); Xtop EF-102, 103, 104, 105, 112, 123A, 123B, 306A, 501, 201, 204 (manufactured by Tochem Products); Neos) and the like.

  Examples of the cationic surfactant include amine salt type surfactants and quaternary ammonium salt type cationic surfactants. Examples of the amine salt type surfactant include alkylamine salts, aminoalcohol fatty acid derivatives, polyamine fatty acid derivatives, imidazolines, and the like. Examples of the quaternary ammonium salt type cationic surfactant include alkyltrimethylammonium salt, dialkyldimethylammonium salt, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium salt, pyridinium salt, alkylisoquinolinium salt, benzethonium chloride and the like. . Among the cationic surfactants, aliphatic quaternary ammonium such as aliphatic primary, secondary or tertiary amine acids having a fluoroalkyl group, perfluoroalkyl (6 to 10 carbon atoms) sulfonamidopropyltrimethylammonium salt, etc. Salts, benzalkonium salts, benzethonium chloride, pyridinium salts, imidazolinium salts, and the like. Commercially available products of the cationic surfactant include, for example, Surflon S-121 (manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.); Florard FC-135 (manufactured by Sumitomo 3M); F-824 (manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.); Xtop EF-132 (manufactured by Tochem Products);

Examples of the nonionic surfactant include fatty acid amide derivatives and polyhydric alcohol derivatives.
Examples of the amphoteric surfactant include alanine, dodecyldi (aminoethyl) glycine, di (octylaminoethyl) glycine, N-alkyl-N, N-dimethylammonium betaine, and the like.

  Examples of the poorly water-soluble inorganic compound dispersant include tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide, colloidal silica, and hydroxyapatite.

  Examples of the polymeric protective colloid include acids, (meth) acrylic monomers containing a hydroxyl group, vinyl alcohol or ethers of vinyl alcohol, esters of vinyl alcohol and a compound containing a carboxyl group, amides Examples thereof include homopolymers or copolymers such as compounds or their methylol compounds, chlorides, those having a nitrogen atom or a heterocyclic ring thereof, polyoxyethylenes, and celluloses.

Examples of the acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, α-cyanoacrylic acid, α-cyanomethacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, and the like.
Examples of the (meth) acrylic monomer containing a hydroxyl group include β-hydroxyethyl acrylate, β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, β-hydroxypropyl acrylate, β-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and γ-acrylate. -Hydroxypropyl, γ-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, diethylene glycol monoacrylate, diethylene glycol monomethacrylate, glycerol monoacrylate Glycerin monomethacrylate, N-methylol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide and the like.
Examples of the vinyl alcohol or ethers with vinyl alcohol include vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl propyl ether, and the like.
Examples of the esters of vinyl alcohol and a compound containing a carboxyl group include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl butyrate.
Examples of the amide compound or these methylol compounds include acrylamide, methacrylamide, diacetone acrylamide acid, or these methylol compounds. Examples of the chlorides include acrylic acid chloride and methacrylic acid chloride.
Examples of the homopolymer or copolymer such as those having a nitrogen atom or a heterocyclic ring thereof include vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl imidazole, and ethylene imine.
Examples of the polyoxyethylene are polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, polyoxypropylene alkylamine, polyoxyethylene alkylamide, polyoxypropylene alkylamide, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene Examples thereof include oxyethylene lauryl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl phenyl ester, and polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ester.
Examples of the celluloses include methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose.

In the preparation of the dispersion, a dispersion stabilizer can be used as necessary. Examples of the dispersion stabilizer include acids that are soluble in acids and alkalis such as calcium phosphate salts.
When the dispersion stabilizer is used, the calcium phosphate salt can be removed from the fine particles by a method of dissolving the calcium phosphate salt with an acid such as hydrochloric acid and then washing with water or a method of decomposing with an enzyme.

  In the preparation of the dispersion, a catalyst for the extension reaction or the crosslinking reaction can be used. Examples of the catalyst include dibutyltin laurate and dioctyltin laurate.

  Furthermore, in order to lower the viscosity of the toner composition, a solvent in which the urea-modified polyester (i) or the prepolymer (A) is soluble can be used. The use of a solvent is preferable in that the particle size distribution becomes sharp. The solvent is preferably volatile from the viewpoint of easy removal.

Examples of the solvent include toluene, xylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chloroform, monochlorobenzene, dichloroethylidene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, Examples thereof include methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, aromatic solvents such as toluene and xylene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are preferable, and aromatic solvents such as toluene and xylene are more preferable.
0 mass parts-300 mass parts are preferable, as for the usage-amount of the solvent with respect to 100 mass parts of said prepolymers (A), 0 mass parts-100 mass parts are more preferable, and 25 mass parts-70 mass parts are especially preferable. When a solvent is used, it is removed by heating under normal pressure or reduced pressure after the elongation and / or crosslinking reaction.

The elongation and / or cross-linking reaction time is selected depending on the reactivity of the isocyanate group structure of the prepolymer (A) and the amines (B), but is usually 10 minutes to 40 hours, preferably 2 hours to 24 hours. Time is more preferred.
The reaction temperature is preferably 0 ° C to 150 ° C, more preferably 40 ° C to 98 ° C. Furthermore, a known catalyst can be used as necessary. Specific examples include dibutyltin laurate and dioctyltin laurate.

In order to remove the organic solvent from the obtained emulsified dispersion, a method in which the temperature of the entire system is gradually raised to completely evaporate and remove the organic solvent in the droplets can be employed. It is also possible to spray the emulsified dispersion in a dry atmosphere to completely remove the water-insoluble organic solvent in the droplets to form toner fine particles, and also remove the aqueous dispersant by evaporating it. is there.
As a dry atmosphere in which the emulsified dispersion is sprayed, a gas obtained by heating air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas, combustion gas, or the like, in particular, various air streams heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the highest boiling solvent used are generally used. Sufficient quality can be obtained with a short treatment such as spray dryer, belt dryer or rotary kiln.

When the particle size distribution at the time of emulsification dispersion is wide and washing and drying processes are performed while maintaining the particle size distribution, the particle size distribution can be adjusted by classifying into a desired particle size distribution.
In the classification operation, the fine particle portion can be removed in the liquid by a cyclone, a decanter, centrifugation, or the like. Although classification operation may be performed after obtaining as powder after drying, it is preferable in terms of efficiency to be performed in a liquid. The unnecessary fine particles or coarse particles obtained can be returned to the kneading step and used for the formation of particles. At that time, unnecessary fine particles or coarse particles may be wet.
The dispersant used is preferably removed from the obtained dispersion as much as possible, but it is preferable to carry out it simultaneously with the classification operation described above.

  The resulting dried toner powder is mixed with dissimilar particles such as release agent fine particles, charge control fine particles, fluidizing agent fine particles, and colorant fine particles, or mechanical impact force is applied to the mixed powder. As a result, it is possible to prevent the dissociation of the foreign particles from the surface of the composite particle obtained by immobilizing and fusing the surface.

  As specific means, (1) a method of applying an impact force to the mixture by blades rotating at high speed, (2) the mixture is injected into a high-speed air stream, accelerated, and particles or composite particles are mixed with an appropriate collision plate. There is a method of making it collide. As equipment, Ong mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), I-type mill (manufactured by Nippon Pneumatic Co., Ltd.), with reduced pulverization air pressure, hybridization system (manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.), kryptron system ( Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.) and automatic mortar.

  As the colorant used in the toner, pigments and dyes conventionally used as toner colorants can be used. Specifically, carbon black, lamp black, iron black, ultramarine, nigrosine dye, Aniline blue, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, Hansa yellow G, rhodamine 6C lake, calco oil blue, chrome yellow, quinacridone red, benzidine yellow, rose bengal and the like can be used alone or in combination.

  Furthermore, if necessary, in order to give the toner particles magnetic properties, for example, iron oxides such as ferrite, magnetite and maghemite; metals such as iron, cobalt and nickel, or these and other metals A magnetic component such as an alloy may be contained in the toner particles alone or in combination. These components can also be used as a colorant component.

The number average particle size of the colorant in the toner is preferably 0.5 μm or less, more preferably 0.4 μm or less, and particularly preferably 0.3 μm or less. When the number average particle diameter exceeds 0.5 μm, the dispersibility of the pigment does not reach a sufficient level, and preferable transparency may not be obtained. On the other hand, the colorant having a fine particle diameter of less than 0.1 μm is sufficiently smaller than a half wavelength of visible light, and thus is considered not to adversely affect the light reflection and absorption characteristics.
Therefore, the colorant particles having a number average particle size of less than 0.1 μm contribute to good color reproducibility and transparency of the OHP sheet having a fixed image.
On the other hand, when there are many colorants having a particle size larger than 0.5 μm, the transmission of incident light is hindered or scattered, and the brightness of the projected image of the OHP sheet is reduced. There is a tendency to decrease the color.
Further, when a large amount of colorant having a particle size larger than 0.5 μm is present, the colorant is detached from the surface of the toner particles, which may cause various problems such as fogging, drum contamination, and poor cleaning.
The colorant having a particle size larger than 0.7 μm is preferably 10% by number or less, more preferably 5% by number or less of the total colorant.

  Further, by mixing the colorant together with part or all of the binder resin in advance after adding a wetting liquid, the binder resin and the colorant are initially sufficiently attached, In the subsequent toner production process, the colorant is dispersed more effectively in the toner particles, the dispersed particle diameter of the colorant is reduced, and better transparency can be obtained.

  As the binder resin used for kneading in advance, the resins exemplified as the binder resin for toner can be used as they are, but are not limited thereto.

  As a specific method for kneading the mixture of the binder resin and the colorant with the wetting liquid in advance, for example, the binder resin, the colorant and the wetting liquid are obtained after mixing with a blender such as a Henschel mixer. The obtained mixture is kneaded at a temperature lower than the melting temperature of the binder resin by a kneader such as a two-roll or three-roll to obtain a sample.

Further, as the wetting liquid, a general one can be used in consideration of the solubility of the binder resin and the paintability with the colorant, but an organic solvent such as acetone, toluene, butanone, and water are used as the colorant. It is preferable from the viewpoint of dispersibility. Among these, the use of water is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of environmental considerations and maintaining the dispersion stability of the colorant in the subsequent toner production process.
According to this manufacturing method, not only the particle diameter of the colorant particles contained in the obtained toner is reduced, but also the uniformity of the dispersion state of the particles is increased, so that the color reproducibility of the projected image by OHP is further improved. Get better.

The toner preferably contains a release agent together with the binder resin and the colorant.
The release agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known ones according to the purpose. For example, polyolefin wax (polyethylene wax, polypropylene wax, etc.); long chain hydrocarbon (paraffin) Wax, sazol wax and the like); carbonyl group-containing wax and the like. Among these, a carbonyl group-containing wax is particularly preferable.

  Examples of the carbonyl group-containing wax include polyalkanoic acid esters (carnauba wax, montan wax, trimethylolpropane tribehenate, pentaerythritol tetrabehenate, pentaerythritol diacetate dibehenate, glycerin tribehenate, 1,18-octadecanediol distearate, etc.); polyalkanol esters (tristearyl trimellitic acid, distearyl maleate, etc.); polyalkanoic acid amides (ethylenediamine dibehenyl amide, etc.); polyalkylamides (tristearyl trimellitic acid) Amide etc.); dialkyl ketone (distearyl ketone etc.) etc. are mentioned. Among these, polyalkanoic acid esters are particularly preferable.

The melting point of the release agent is preferably 40 ° C to 160 ° C, more preferably 50 ° C to 120 ° C, and particularly preferably 60 ° C to 90 ° C. If the melting point is less than 40 ° C., the heat resistant storage stability may be adversely affected, and if it exceeds 160 ° C., cold offset may easily occur during fixing at a low temperature.
The melt viscosity of the release agent is preferably 5 cps to 1,000 cps and more preferably 10 cps to 100 cps at a temperature 20 ° C. higher than the melting point. When the melt viscosity exceeds 1,000 cps, the effect of improving hot offset resistance and low-temperature fixability may be poor.
The content of the release agent in the toner is preferably 0% by mass to 40% by mass, and more preferably 3% by mass to 30% by mass.

  Further, in order to accelerate the toner charge amount and its rise, a charge control agent may be contained in the toner as necessary. Since a color change occurs when a colored material is used as the charge control agent, a colorless or nearly white material is preferable.

  The charge control agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known ones according to the purpose. For example, triphenylmethane dyes, molybdate chelate pigments, rhodamine dyes, alkoxy amines, Examples include quaternary ammonium salts (including fluorine-modified quaternary ammonium salts), alkylamides, phosphorus simple substances or compounds, tungsten simple substances or compounds, fluorine-based activators, salicylic acid metal salts, and metal salts of salicylic acid derivatives.

  As the charge control agent, a commercially available product can be used. Examples of the commercially available product include quaternary ammonium salt Bontron P-51, oxynaphthoic acid metal complex E-82, and salicylic acid metal complex. E-84, E-89 of a phenol-based condensate (both manufactured by Orient Chemical Industries); TP-302, TP-415 of a quaternary ammonium salt molybdenum complex (both manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.); Quaternary ammonium salt copy charge PSY VP2038, triphenylmethane derivative copy blue PR, quaternary ammonium salt copy charge NEG VP2036, copy charge NX VP434 (both manufactured by Hoechst); LRA-901, boron complex LR-147 (all manufactured by Nippon Carlit Co., Ltd.), quinacridone, azo series Examples thereof include pigments and other polymer compounds having a functional group such as a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, and a quaternary ammonium salt.

  The amount of the charge control agent added varies depending on the type of the binder resin, the presence or absence of the additive, the toner production method including the dispersion method, and the like, and cannot be uniquely defined, but with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. 0.1 to 10 parts by mass is preferable, and 0.2 to 5 parts by mass is more preferable. When the addition amount exceeds 10 parts by mass, the chargeability of the toner is too high, the effect of the charge control agent is reduced, the electrostatic attraction force with the developing roller is increased, the flowability of the developer is reduced, and the image The concentration may decrease. These charge control agents can be melted and kneaded together with a masterbatch and resin and then dissolved and dispersed, or they can be added directly when dissolved and dispersed in an organic solvent, or fixed after the toner particles are prepared on the toner surface. You may let them.

Further, when the toner composition is dispersed in the aqueous medium during the toner production process, resin fine particles mainly for stabilizing the dispersion may be added.
The resin fine particle is not particularly limited as long as it is a resin capable of forming an aqueous dispersion, and may be a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin. For example, a vinyl resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin, a polyester resin, Examples thereof include polyamide resin, polyimide resin, silicon resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, urea resin, aniline resin, ionomer resin, and polycarbonate resin. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, a vinyl resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin, a polyester resin, or a combination thereof is preferable because an aqueous dispersion of fine spherical resin particles can be easily obtained.

  As the vinyl resin, a polymer obtained by homopolymerization or copolymerization of a vinyl monomer is used. For example, a styrene- (meth) acrylic acid ester resin, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, a (meth) acrylic acid-acrylic acid ester. Examples thereof include a polymer, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, and a styrene- (meth) acrylic acid copolymer.

As an external additive for assisting fluidity, developability and chargeability of toner particles, inorganic fine particles are preferable.
Examples of the inorganic fine particles include silica, alumina, titanium oxide, barium titanate, magnesium titanate, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silica sand, clay, mica, wollastonite, and diatomaceous earth. , Chromium oxide, cerium oxide, pengala, antimony trioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and the like.

The primary particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is preferably 5 nm to 2 μm, and more preferably 5 nm to 500 nm. Also, ^{20m 2} / g~500m 2 / g is preferably a BET specific surface area of the inorganic fine particles.
The addition amount of the inorganic fine particles in the toner is preferably 0.01% by mass to 5% by mass, and more preferably 0.01% by mass to 2.0% by mass.

  Examples of other polymer fine particles include, for example, polystyrene obtained by soap-free emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, and dispersion polymerization, polycondensation systems such as methacrylic acid ester and acrylic acid ester copolymer, silicone, benzoguanamine, and nylon, heat Examples thereof include polymer particles made of a curable resin.

In addition, a fluidizing agent may be added to the toner.
The fluidizing agent performs surface treatment to increase hydrophobicity, and can prevent deterioration of flow characteristics and charging characteristics even under high humidity.
Examples of the fluidizing agent include a silane coupling agent, a silylating agent, a silane coupling agent having a fluorinated alkyl group, an organic titanate coupling agent, an aluminum coupling agent, silicone oil, and modified silicone oil. Can be mentioned.

  Examples of the cleaning property improver for removing the developer after transfer remaining on the photosensitive member or the intermediate transfer member include fatty acid metal salts such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid; polymethyl methacrylate fine particles, Examples include polymer fine particles produced by soap-free emulsion polymerization such as polystyrene fine particles. The polymer fine particles preferably have a relatively narrow particle size distribution and a volume average particle size of 0.01 μm to 1 μm.

  By using such a toner, as described above, it is possible to form a high-quality toner image having excellent development stability.

  Further, the image forming apparatus of the present invention can be applied not only to the combined use with the above-described polymerization method toner suitable for obtaining a high quality image, but also to an irregular shaped toner by a pulverization method, Even in this case, the life of the apparatus can be greatly extended. As a material constituting such a pulverized toner, those usually used as an electrophotographic toner can be applied without particular limitation.

  As the binder resin used in the pulverized toner, for example, styrene such as polystyrene, poly p-chlorostyrene, polyvinyltoluene, or the like, or a substituted polymer thereof; styrene / p-chlorostyrene copolymer, styrene / propylene Copolymer, styrene / vinyl toluene copolymer, styrene / vinyl naphthalene copolymer, styrene / methyl acrylate copolymer, styrene / ethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene / butyl acrylate copolymer, styrene / acrylic Octyl acid copolymer, styrene / methyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene / ethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene / butyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene / α-chloromethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene / vinyl methyl ketone copolymer, Styrene copolymers such as tylene / butadiene copolymers, styrene / isoprene copolymers, styrene / maleic acid copolymers; polymethyl acrylate, polybutyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, etc. Acrylic ester-based homopolymers or copolymers thereof; polyvinyl derivatives such as polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl acetate; polyester-based polymers, polyurethane-based polymers, polyamide-based polymers, polyimide-based polymers, polyol-based polymers, Examples thereof include epoxy polymers, terpene polymers, aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon resins, and aromatic petroleum resins. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, a styrene-acrylic copolymer resin, a polyester resin, and a polyol resin are preferable from the viewpoint of electrical characteristics, cost, and the like, and further, polyester resins and polyol resins are preferable as those having good fixing characteristics. Particularly preferred.

  In the pulverized toner, together with these resin components, the colorant component, wax component, charge control component and the like as described above are premixed as necessary, and then kneaded at a temperature close to the melting temperature of the resin component, and then cooled. Thereafter, a toner may be prepared through a pulverizing and classifying step, and the external additive component may be appropriately added and mixed as necessary.

  The developing unit may be a dry developing type, a wet developing type, a single color developing unit, or a multi-color developing unit. For example, a toner having a stirrer for charging the toner or the developer by frictional stirring and a rotatable magnet roller is preferable.

  In the developing device, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and agitated, and the toner is charged by friction at that time, and held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state to form a magnetic brush. . Since the magnet roller is disposed in the vicinity of the image carrier (photosensitive member), a part of the toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is caused by the electric attractive force. It moves to the surface of the image carrier (photoreceptor). As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed with the toner, and a visible image is formed with the toner on the surface of the image carrier (photoconductor).

-Other means-
The other means is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a cleaning means, a protective agent application means, a transfer means, and a fixing means.

-Cleaning means-
The cleaning means is not particularly limited as long as it is a means for cleaning the surface of the image carrier, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, a cleaning device capable of realizing the means can be mentioned. Among them, it is preferable to have a cleaning brush for cleaning the surface of the image carrier.
In general, as an image carrier cleaning method, in addition to the method using the cleaning blade, an electrostatic cleaning method using a brush to which a voltage is applied so as to be opposite in polarity to the toner remaining on the image carrier. Is mentioned.
In cleaning means using a cleaning blade, the cleaning blade is generally brought into contact with the leading direction (counter direction) with respect to the rotation direction of the image carrier to remove residual components, mainly toner remaining on the image carrier. However, at this time, since the cleaning blade comes into relatively strong contact with the image carrier, there is a risk of partial deformation when the thickness of the conductive support of the image carrier is reduced.

On the other hand, the cleaning means having the cleaning brush is preferable when the thickness of the conductive support of the image carrier is thin because the load on the image carrier is relatively small.
As a cleaning brush, in order to suppress mechanical stress on the surface of the image carrier, it is preferable that the brush fiber has flexibility. The material of the flexible brush fiber is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, polyolefin resin (for example, polyethylene, polypropylene); polyvinyl resin or polyvinylidene resin (for example, Polystyrene, acrylic resin, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl ketone); vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer; styrene-acrylic acid copolymer; styrene- Butadiene resin; fluororesin (eg, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene); polyester; nylon; acrylic; rayon; ; Polycarbonate; phenolic resins; amino resins (e.g. urea - formaldehyde resins, melamine resins, benzoguanamine resins, urea resins, polyamide resins).
In order to adjust the degree of bending, for example, diene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene propylene rubber, isoprene rubber, nitrile rubber, urethane rubber, silicone rubber, hydrin rubber, norbornene rubber, etc. may be combined. .

  Examples of the roll-shaped cleaning brush include a roll brush obtained by winding a tape having brush fibers in a pile ground around a metal core bar in a spiral shape. The brush fiber has a fiber diameter of about 10 μm to 500 μm, the length of the brush fiber is 1 mm to 15 mm, and the brush density is 10,000 to 300,000 per square inch (1.5 × 10 7 to 4 × 4 per square meter). 5 × 10 8) is preferable.

  The cleaning brush preferably has a high brush density from the viewpoint of cleaning stability accompanying the uniformity of the brush fibers, and one fiber is produced from several to several hundreds of fine fibers. It is preferable. For example, bundling 50 fine fibers of 6.7 decitex (6 denier), such as 333 decitex = 6.7 decitex × 50 filament (300 denier = 6 denier × 50 filament), and implanting as one fiber Is preferred.

  Moreover, you may provide a coating layer in the brush surface for the purpose of stabilizing the surface shape, environmental stability, etc. of a brush as needed. As a component constituting the coating layer, it is preferable to use a coating layer component that can be deformed according to the bending of the brush fiber. The coating layer component is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that can maintain flexibility, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, polyethylene, polypropylene, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, etc. Polyolefin resin: Polystyrene such as polystyrene, acrylic (for example, polymethyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl ether, polybiliketone, or polyvinylidene resin such as polyvinyl chloride-acetic acid Vinyl copolymer; silicone resin composed of organosiloxane bonds or modified products thereof (modified products such as alkyd resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, etc.); Fluororesins such as oloalkyl ether, polyfluorovinyl, polyfluorovinylidene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene; polyamides; polyesters; polyurethanes; polycarbonates; amino resins such as urea-formaldehyde resins; epoxy resins or composite resins thereof It is done.

--- Protective agent application means--
The protective agent application means is not particularly limited as long as it is a means for applying a protective agent for protecting the surface of the image carrier, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose, and the means can be realized. Examples include a protective agent coating apparatus. The protective agent used will be described later.
By having the protective agent application means (protective agent application device), not only can the surface of the image carrier be maintained by cleaning, but also the deterioration of the surface of the image carrier due to electrical stress during charging can be suppressed by a protective layer. And the effects of the present invention can be expressed for a longer period of time.
The protective layer is disposed on the outermost surface layer when the outermost surface layer is provided on the image carrier.

The schematic diagram of the process cartridge in FIG. 4 shows an example of the cleaning device and the protective agent coating device.
A protective agent coating device 2 disposed opposite to the photosensitive drum 1 serving as an image carrier includes an image carrier protective agent 21, a protective agent supply member 22, a pressing force applying member 23, a protective layer forming member 24, and the like. Consists mainly of.

The protective agent 21 for the image carrier is brought into contact with, for example, a brush-like protective agent supply member 22 by the pressing force from the pressing force applying member 23. The protective agent supply member 22 rotates and rubs with the image carrier 1 with a linear velocity difference. At this time, the protective agent for the image carrier held on the surface of the protective agent supply member is supplied to the surface of the image carrier.
Since the protective agent for the image carrier supplied to the surface of the image carrier may not be a sufficient protective layer upon supply depending on the selection of the material type, in order to form a more uniform protective layer, for example, the image carrier The protective layer forming member 24 having a blade-like member gently abutting in the trailing direction with respect to the rotation direction is thinned to form a protective layer.

For example, a charging roller 31 to which a direct current voltage or a voltage obtained by superimposing an alternating current voltage is applied by a high voltage power source (not shown) is brought into contact with or brought close to the image carrier on which the protective layer is formed. The image carrier is charged by discharging in the gap. At this time, a part of the protective layer is decomposed or oxidized due to electrical stress, and air discharge products adhere to the surface of the protective layer, resulting in a deteriorated product.
The deteriorated protective agent for the image carrier is removed by the cleaning mechanism together with components such as toner remaining on the image carrier by the cleaning mechanism.
As such a cleaning mechanism, it may be used also as the protective agent coating member, but the function of removing the image carrier surface residue and the function of forming the protective layer are based on the state of rubbing of an appropriate member. Since the functions are different, the functions are separated, and as shown in FIG. 4, a cleaning mechanism 4 including a cleaning member 41, a flicker 42, a waste toner conveying member 43, and the like is provided on the upstream side of the protective agent supply unit for the image carrier. It is preferable.

  The material for the blade used for the protective layer forming member is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the cleaning blade and the like according to the purpose. For example, urethane rubber, hydrin rubber, silicone Examples thereof include rubber and fluororubber. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. In these blades, the contact portion with the image carrier may be coated or impregnated with a low coefficient of friction material. Moreover, in order to adjust the hardness of an elastic body, you may disperse fillers, such as an organic filler and an inorganic filler.

The blade for forming the protective layer is fixed to the blade support by any method such as adhesion or fusion so that the tip can be pressed against the surface of the image carrier.
The thickness of the protective layer-forming blade is not uniquely defined by the balance with the force applied by pressing, but is preferably 0.5 mm to 5 mm, and more preferably 1 mm to 2 mm.
In addition, the length of the blade that protrudes from the support and can bend, that is, the so-called free length is not uniquely defined in consideration of the force applied by pressing in the same manner, but preferably 1 mm to 15 mm, 2 mm to 10 mm is more preferable.

  As another configuration of the protective layer forming blade member, the surface of the elastic metal blade such as a spring plate is coated with a coating layer of resin, rubber, elastomer or the like via a coupling agent or a primer component as necessary. It may be formed by a method such as dipping, heat-cured or the like if necessary, and further subjected to surface polishing if necessary.

The coating layer contains at least a binder resin and a filler, and further contains other components as necessary.
The binder resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include fluorine resins such as PFA, PTFE, FEP, and PVdF; silicone elastomers such as fluorine rubber and methylphenyl silicone elastomer; Is mentioned.

  The thickness of the elastic metal blade is preferably 0.05 mm to 3 mm, more preferably 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. In the elastic metal blade, in order to suppress twisting of the blade, a process such as bending may be performed in a direction substantially parallel to the support shaft after the attachment.

  The force that presses the image carrier with the protective layer forming member is sufficient to spread the protective agent for the image carrier to form a protective layer, and the linear pressure is preferably 5 gf / cm to 70 gf / cm, preferably 10 gf / Cm to 30 gf / cm is more preferable.

  As described above, the protective agent supply member may be used also as a cleaning brush, or may be separately provided immediately after the cleaning brush. Moreover, as a material used for a protective agent supply member, the material equivalent to the material used for a cleaning brush can be used.

<Protective agent for image carrier>
The component constituting the image carrier protective agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, fatty acid metal salts, saturated hydrocarbon waxes and the like are preferable.

-Fatty acid metal salt-
Examples of the fatty acid metal salts include long chain alkyl carboxylic acids such as laurate, myristic acid, palmitate, stearate, behenate, lignocerate, serotinate, montanate, melinate, etc. It has an anion (anion) at the end of the hydrophobic part such as salt, alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metal ions such as magnesium and calcium, metal ions such as aluminum and zinc, etc. A compound in which is bound.
Specific examples include zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc laurate, calcium laurate, magnesium laurate and the like.
These fatty acid metal salts may be used in combination.

-Saturated hydrocarbon wax-
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said saturated hydrocarbon wax, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, it has a sharp peak of heat of fusion in the range of 80 to 130 degreeC, and the melt viscosity after melting is low. Those are preferred.

Examples of the saturated hydrocarbon wax include aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons, aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons, alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons classified as alicyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons, and carnauba wax. Examples thereof include plant natural waxes such as rice bran wax and candelilla wax, and animal natural waxes such as beeswax and snow wax.
In particular, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons and alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons, in which the bonds in the molecule consist only of low-reactivity and stable saturated bonds, are preferred, among which hydrocarbon waxes such as normal paraffins, isoparaffins and cycloparaffins are added. The reaction is difficult to occur and is chemically stable, and it is difficult to cause an oxidation reaction in the actual air.

  In addition, the durability of the protective layer itself can be improved by using a hydrocarbon wax containing at least one of Fischer-Tropsch wax and polyethylene wax as the relatively hard saturated hydrocarbon wax. It is more preferable because the protection of the image carrier can be realized without making the thickness of the protective layer formed on the surface excessive.

-Other compounds-
In addition to this, an amphiphilic organic compound such as a surfactant is used as a formulation for enhancing the affinity between the protective agent for the image carrier and the surface of the image carrier and assisting the formation of the protective agent layer. You may use together as an additive.
Since the amphiphilic organic compound may greatly change the surface characteristics of the main material, the addition amount thereof is 0.01% by mass to 3% with respect to the total mass of the image carrier protective agent. It is preferably about mass%, more preferably about 0.05 mass% to 2 mass%.

  In order to mold the image carrier protecting agent into a certain shape, for example, a prismatic shape or a cylindrical shape, a dry molding method, which is one of powder molding methods, can be used in addition to the hot melt molding method.

As a typical example of the dry molding method, the uniaxial pressure molding method can be generally performed by the following procedure.
1. The powders of the raw materials of various image carrier protective agents whose specific gravity is measured in advance are sufficiently mixed at a desired ratio, and the weight to achieve a desired filling rate is measured.
2. The weighed image carrier protective material raw material powder is put into a mold having a predetermined shape.
3. While pressurizing the powder put in by the pressing mold, it is heated as necessary to prepare a protective agent molded body. The molded body is removed from the mold to obtain an image carrier protecting agent.
4). Thereafter, the shape of the protective agent for the image carrier may be adjusted by cutting or the like.

  The mold is preferably a metal mold such as steel, stainless steel or aluminum because of its good thermal conductivity and good dimensional accuracy. The inner wall surface of the mold may be coated with a release agent such as a fluororesin or a silicone resin in order to improve the releasability.

--Transfer means--
The transfer means is a means for transferring the visible image to a recording medium. An intermediate transfer body is used, and after the primary image is transferred onto the intermediate transfer body, the visible image is transferred onto the recording medium. A primary transfer step of forming a composite transfer image by transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer body using two or more colors, preferably full color toner as the toner, and a composite transfer image; A mode including a secondary transfer step of transferring the transfer image onto the recording medium is more preferable.
The transfer can be performed, for example, by charging the image carrier (photosensitive member) with the transfer charger using the visible image, and can be performed by the transfer unit. The transfer means includes a primary transfer means for transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer member to form a composite transfer image, and a secondary transfer means for transferring the composite transfer image onto a recording medium. Embodiments are preferred.
The intermediate transfer member is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known transfer members according to the purpose. For example, a transfer belt and the like are preferable.

---- Intermediate transfer member ---
As the intermediate transfer member, a material exhibiting conductivity having a volume resistance of 1.0 × 10 ⁵ Ω · cm to 1.0 × 10 ¹¹ Ω · cm is preferable. When the volume resistance is less than 1.0 × 10 ⁵ Ω · cm, so-called transfer dust is generated in which the toner image is disturbed due to discharge when the toner image is transferred from the photosensitive member to the intermediate transfer member. If it exceeds 1.0 × 10 ¹¹ Ω · cm, the counter charge of the toner image remains on the intermediate transfer member after the toner image is transferred from the intermediate transfer member to a recording medium such as paper. May appear as an afterimage on other images.

As the intermediate transfer member, for example, a metal oxide such as tin oxide or indium oxide, a conductive particle such as carbon black, or a conductive polymer, alone or in combination, kneaded with a thermoplastic resin, and then an extrusion molded belt A cylindrical or cylindrical plastic can be used. In addition to this, if necessary, the conductive particles and conductive polymer are added to a resin liquid containing a thermally crosslinkable monomer or oligomer, and the mixture is heated and centrifuged to obtain an intermediate transfer member on an endless belt. You can also.
When a surface layer is provided on the intermediate transfer member, the resistance adjustment is performed by appropriately using a conductive substance in the composition excluding the charge transport material among the surface layer materials used for the photoreceptor surface layer. can do.

The transfer means (the primary transfer means and the secondary transfer means) includes at least a transfer device that peels and charges the visible image formed on the image carrier (photoconductor) to the recording medium side. It is preferable to have. There may be one transfer means or two or more transfer means. Examples of the transfer device include a corona transfer device using corona discharge, a transfer belt, a transfer roller, a pressure transfer roller, and an adhesive transfer device.
The recording medium is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from known recording media (recording paper).

--Fixing means--
The fixing means is a means for fixing the visible image transferred to the recording medium, and may be performed each time the toner of each color is transferred to the recording medium, or a state in which the toner is stacked on the toner of each color. Can be done at the same time.
The fixing unit is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but a known heating and pressing unit is preferable.
Examples of the heating and pressing means include a combination of a heating roller and a pressing roller, a combination of a heating roller, a pressing roller, and an endless belt.
The heating temperature in the heating and pressurizing means is usually preferably 80 ° C to 200 ° C.
Depending on the purpose, for example, a known optical fixing device may be used together with or instead of the fixing unit.

Here, the image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of the image forming apparatus 100.
Around the drum-shaped image carriers 1Y, 1C, 1M, and 1K, the protective layer forming device 2, the charging device 31 of the image forming mechanism 3, the image forming mechanism (writing) 30, the developing device 5, the intermediate transfer member 60, The cleaning mechanism 4 is disposed, and image formation is performed by the following operation.

Next, a series of processes for image formation will be described using a negative-positive process.
An image carrier represented by a photoconductor (OPC) having an organic photoconductive layer is neutralized by a neutralizing lamp (not shown) or the like, and is uniformly negatively charged by a charging device 3 having a charging member.
When the image carrier is charged by the charging device, an appropriate voltage suitable for charging the image carriers 1Y, 1C, 1M, and 1K to a desired potential from a voltage application mechanism (not shown) to the charging member. A large voltage or a charging voltage obtained by superimposing an AC voltage thereon is applied.
The charged image carriers 1Y, 1C, 1M, and 1K form a latent image with laser light irradiated by a latent image forming device 8 such as a laser optical system (the absolute value of the exposed portion potential is the absolute value of the non-exposed portion potential). Is lower than the value).
Laser light is emitted from a semiconductor laser, and the surfaces of the image carriers 1Y, 1C, 1M, and 1K are scanned in the direction of the rotation axis of the image carrier by a polygonal polygonal mirror (polygon) that rotates at high speed.
The latent image formed in this manner is developed with a developer composed of toner particles or a mixture of toner particles and carrier particles supplied on a developing sleeve which is a developer carrying member in the developing device 5, and toner can be transferred. A visual image is formed.
At the time of developing the latent image, a voltage of an appropriate magnitude between the exposed portion and the non-exposed portion of the image carrier 1Y, 1C, 1M, 1K is applied to the developing sleeve from a voltage application mechanism (not shown) or to this. A developing bias superimposed with an AC voltage is applied.

The toner images formed on the image carriers 1Y, 1C, 1M, and 1K corresponding to the respective colors are transferred onto the intermediate transfer body 60 by the transfer device 6 and fed from the paper feed mechanism 200, such as paper. A toner image is transferred onto the recording medium.
At this time, it is preferable that a potential having a polarity opposite to the polarity of toner charging is applied to the transfer device 6 as a transfer bias. Thereafter, the intermediate transfer member 60 is separated from the image carrier to obtain a transfer image.
The toner particles remaining on the image carrier are collected from the cleaning device 4 to the toner collection chamber by the cleaning member.
As the image forming apparatus, a plurality of the developing devices are used, and a plurality of toner images, which are sequentially produced by the plurality of developing devices, are sequentially transferred onto a transfer material, and then sent to a fixing mechanism, heat, etc. Even after a plurality of toner images prepared in the same manner are sequentially transferred onto an intermediate transfer member and then transferred to a recording medium such as paper in a batch. It may be a device for fixing to the surface.

  The charging device is preferably a charging device arranged in contact with or close to the surface of the image carrier, such as a charging roller 31, and is a so-called corotron or scorotron using a discharge wire. Compared with a discharger, the amount of ozone generated during charging can be greatly reduced.

  As described above, the image forming apparatus according to the present invention detects the periodic deviation of the image density accompanying the fluctuation of the developing gap, which tends to occur on the side where the shake amount of the image carrier is large, on this side (the side where the shake amount is large). ), The development gap has been narrowed to ensure that the development amount close to saturation development is ensured, and the stability of image quality has been improved, so that extremely high-quality images can be stabilized over a long period of time. Can be formed.

(Process cartridge)
The image carrier, the electrostatic latent image formation, the developing means, the transfer means, and the cleaning means can be a process cartridge including them, and other means such as a protective layer forming means and a static eliminating means. Having means.
The process cartridge can be detachably provided in various electrophotographic apparatuses, and is preferably provided detachably in the image forming apparatus.

Here, FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining the outline of the configuration example of the process cartridge.
The protective layer forming apparatus 2 disposed opposite to the photosensitive drum 1 as the image carrier 1 includes an image carrier protective agent 21, a protective agent supply member 22, a pressing force applying member 23, and a protective layer forming member 24. Etc.
Further, the image carrier 1 has a surface on which the image carrier protective agent or toner component partially deteriorated after the transfer process remains, but the surface residue is cleaned and cleaned by the cleaning member 41. .

In FIG. 4, the cleaning member is in contact with the image carrier rotating direction so as to slide in the opposite direction.
An image carrier protective agent 21 is supplied from the protective agent supply member 22 to the surface of the image carrier from which the residual toner on the surface and the deteriorated protective agent for the image carrier have been removed by the cleaning mechanism, and the protective layer forming member By 24, a film-like protective layer is formed. At this time, the protective agent for the image carrier used in the present invention has a better adsorptivity to the portion of the surface of the image carrier that is highly hydrophilic due to electrical stress. Even if a large electrical stress is applied and the surface of the image carrier starts to deteriorate partially, the progress of the deterioration of the image carrier itself can be prevented by adsorption of the protective agent.

  The image bearing member formed with the protective layer in this way is charged by the charging roller 31 and then an electrostatic ray image is formed by exposure L such as a laser, which is developed by the developing device 5 to be visualized, and the process cartridge It is transferred to a recording medium by an external transfer roller or the like.

  Examples of the present invention will be described below, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. Note that “parts” used in the examples all represent parts by mass.

Example 1
-Production of image carrier 1-
As the conductive cylindrical support, an aluminum cylinder having an outer diameter of 40 mm and a wall thickness of 0.8 mm was used. On this aluminum cylinder, an undercoat layer coating solution, a charge generation layer coating solution, and a charge transport layer coating solution having the following composition are successively applied by dip coating and drying. An image carrier 1 having a photosensitive layer was obtained by forming a layer, a 0.2 μm charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer of about 30 μm.

[Coating liquid for undercoat layer]
An undercoat layer coating solution having the following composition was dip-coated on the aluminum cylinder, and then heated and dried at 120 ° C. for 25 minutes to form a 3.5 μm undercoat layer.

<Coating liquid composition for undercoat layer>
Alkyd resin 6 parts (Beccosol 1307-60-EL, manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.)
Melamine resin 4 parts (Super Becamine G-821-60, manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.)
Titanium oxide (CR-EL, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) 40 parts Methyl ethyl ketone 200 parts

[Coating liquid for charge generation layer]
A coating solution for charge generation layer having the following composition was dip-coated on the undercoat layer, and then heated and dried at 120 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a 0.2 μm charge generation layer.

<Coating solution composition for charge generation layer>
Oxotitanium phthalocyanine pigment 2 parts Polyvinyl butyral 0.2 part (S-REC BM-S, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.)
50 parts of tetrahydrofuran

[Coating liquid for charge transport layer]
A charge transport layer coating solution having the following composition was dip-coated on the charge generation layer, and then heated and dried at 135 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a charge transport layer.
<Coating liquid composition for charge transport layer>
10 parts of charge transport material (D-1) represented by the following structural formula

Bisphenol Z polycarbonate 10 parts (Panlite TS-2050: manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.)
0.002 part of silicone oil (KF-50, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts

  Subsequently, the thickness of the photosensitive layer of the obtained image carrier 1 (the total of the undercoat layer, the charge generation layer, and the charge transport layer) was determined using an eddy current film thickness meter (universal film thickness meter LZ-200 ( Using an LHP-20 (NFe) probe manufactured by Kett Science Laboratory Co., Ltd.), the thickness of the photosensitive layer was 30.0 μm when measured at 10 locations along the image carrier rotation axis direction and averaged. .

  Flange was provided at both ends of the image carrier 1. Subsequently, in order to measure the shake amount of the image carrier 1 with a flange, an optical fiber displacement meter (in which the relationship between the distance and the voltage is collected in advance while rotating at a constant speed while being fixed so that the rotation center does not shake). A distance profile from the tip of the measurement probe to the surface of the image carrier was collected using ST-3711, probe type 0702R, front slope measurement, manufactured by Iwatsu Measurement Co., Ltd. For the profile of the entire image carrier, the difference between the maximum value (position where the probe tip and the surface of the image carrier are farthest apart) and the minimum value (position where the probe tip and the surface of the image carrier are closest) is taken. The shake amount of the carrier 1 was calculated. The same measurement was performed at intervals of 20 mm in the direction of the central axis of rotation from the center of the image area of the image carrier 1 toward both ends (a total of 15 points, 7 on each of the center and both sides), and the side with the large amount of shake was specified. . It was confirmed that the amount of deflection on the side to which the air chuck was applied during dip coating (the upper end side during coating) was large. The shake amount of the image carrier 1 was 5.9 μm to 13.1 μm. (See Figure 7.)

  The flanged image carrier 1 was supported by an image forming apparatus. Next, based on the image forming unit for imgio MP C4500 manufactured by Ricoh, the image carrier 1 is incorporated into the image forming unit which has been modified so that the developing gap can be adjusted, and the developing gap on the side with a small shake amount is set to 260 μm. The image forming unit was created by setting the developing gap on the side with a large shake amount to 240 μm (developing gap difference = 20 μm). Here, as the development gap, an average value when the image carrier is made a round is used. In the tests of the examples and comparative examples, the development gap was adjusted by strict positioning of the bearings in order to clarify the magnitude relationship between the shake amount of the image carrier and the development gap. To remodel the image forming unit, use the Cyan unit, set the rotation center so that the developing gap on the developing sleeve rotating shaft side is 180 μm, 200 μm, 260 μm, and 300 μm (image forming units 1 to 5). The development gap on the sleeve magnetic pole fixed shaft side was adjusted.

  Further, this image forming unit was assembled into an image MPC4500 manufactured by Ricoh to produce the image forming apparatus of Example 1, and image evaluation was performed. In order to confirm the uniformity of the visible image, the evaluation image was 600 dpi, a pixel density of 25%, a 2 by 2 full-tone A4 plate print image, and a 600 dpi, 100% pixel density, full A4 plate print image. . The uniformity of the initial image was confirmed visually, and the uniformity of the dots was observed with a magnifying glass of 25 times to evaluate the rank.

Here, a 2by2 full-surface tone having a pixel density of 25% means that in a square area formed of 4 × 4 pixels, 2 × 2 pixels are defined as a rectangular image area, and other than the rectangular image area as a non-image area. This means that an image having a pixel density of 4/16 = 25% is formed by forming an image over the entire surface.
Further, a full image with a pixel density of 100% means that an image is formed on the entire surface.

As a result, it was confirmed that an extremely uniform tone image was formed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1 below.
As evaluation criteria for image uniformity, each of the following cases was evaluated for visual observation (2 by 2 image, full-color solid image) and enlarged observation (2 by 2 image).
Note that when magnifying and observing, the maximum value Rmax of the average value at each measurement point of the dot diameters (area reference circle equivalent diameters) measured at the three positions at both ends and the center in the image width direction (developing sleeve axial direction). The ratio Rr (Rr = Rmin / Rmax) between (μm) and the minimum value Rmin (μm) was taken and evaluated according to the following criteria.

<Evaluation criteria for visual uniformity 2 by 2 image>
A: Excellent (level at which unevenness cannot be detected over the entire surface)
○: Level that does not cause any problem in practical use (a level at which periodic unevenness can be detected slightly when viewed alongside ◎)
Δ: acceptable level for practical use (level at which periodic unevenness can be detected when viewed alongside ◎)
×: Cannot be used (periodic unevenness can be clearly detected by itself)

<Evaluation Criteria for Visual Uniformity Full Image>
A: Excellent (level at which unevenness cannot be detected over the entire surface)
○: Level that does not cause any practical problems (level that can detect slight unevenness when viewed side by side with ◎)
△: Practically acceptable level (level that can detect unevenness when viewed side by side with ◎)
×: Cannot be used (can clearly detect unevenness by itself)

<Evaluation Criteria for Uniformity with Enlarged Image Only 2by2 images>
A: Extremely excellent (dots are very uniform; Rr is 0.9 or more)
○: Level where there is no problem in practical use (there are a few places where there is a difference in dot size for each field of view; Rr is 0.8 or more and less than 0.9)
Δ: Practically acceptable level (there is a place where there is a difference in dot size for each field of view; Rr is 0.6 or more and less than 0.8)
×: Unusable (sizes of dots in a plurality of areas are clearly different; Rr is less than 0.6)

(Examples 2-36 and Comparative Examples 1-4)
In order to confirm the magnitude relationship between the shake amount of the image carrier and the development gap and the more preferable range of the development gap, an image forming unit using the image carrier 1 is used, and the development gap is adjusted, as shown in Table 1. Except for the set values, the image forming apparatuses of Examples 2-35 and Comparative Examples 1-4 were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1 below.

<Comparison of Examples 1-9 and Examples 10-17>
Using the same image carrier as in Example 1, the image forming unit 2, the image forming unit 3, and the image forming unit 4 confirm a better range for the maximum value Dmax of the developing gap and the difference Dmax−Dmin of the developing gap. did.

<Comparison of Examples 18-22 and Examples 23-26, and Comparison of Examples 27-31 and Examples 32-35>
Among Examples 1 to 17, the image carrier 2 and the image carrier 3 having different shake amounts for the maximum value Dmax of the development gap and the difference Dmax−Dmin of the development gap within the better range. The same evaluation was performed, and it was confirmed that there was a good range even when the shake amount of the image carrier was different.

<Comparison of Examples 1, 18, 27, and 36>
It was confirmed that when the maximum shake amount of the image carrier is not more than a certain value, the configuration defined in the present invention has a more remarkable effect.

From the comparison between the example and the comparative example, when the development gap corresponding to the shake amount of the image carrier having a difference in the shake amount is not set, a remarkable image defect occurs and the quality is inappropriate. It was confirmed to be an image.
From these results, the superiority of the image quality possessed by the image forming apparatus of the present invention was shown.
Further, it was shown that even when there is a deviation in the image carrier shake amount, a uniform image can be obtained, so that the adjustment of the development gap can be simplified in the production process and the cost can be reduced.

(Reference Examples 1-3)
In order to confirm the influence on the image quality of the difference in the left and right of the development gap when there is no deviation in the shake amount of the image carrier, the image carrier 2 having no deviation in the shake amount is selected and used, the development gap is adjusted, Except for the set values shown in Table 1, image forming apparatuses of Reference Examples 1 to 3 were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed.
Specifically, when the layer is formed so as to have the same photosensitive layer thickness as that of the image carrier 1, dip coating is performed without moving the image carrier in the lateral direction in a state where only the upper end is held. Each time the process is finished, the upper and lower ends of the image carrier are supported and then moved to the next process, and the coating and drying processes are repeated so that the lateral force on the image carrier holder is not applied as much as possible. The evaluation was performed using the image carrier 2 according to the reference example that was created. The evaluation results are also shown in Table 1 above.
From these results, it has been shown that even when there is no deviation in the shake amount of the image carrier, image unevenness is not caused if a development amount close to saturation development is secured.
Further, an image carrier having no deviation in shake amount had a yield of 50% or less even when produced under the same conditions as described above.

Finally, the image forming apparatus of Example 1 was subjected to the A4 plate 5% chart 10,000 sheet passing test, and then the same tone image was output and the same evaluation was performed. It was confirmed that a tone image with excellent uniformity was formed.
Note that the A4 version 5% chart means that an A4 version chart composed of text images (character images) so as to have a pixel density of 5% on the entire surface is output.

1 Image carrier (photosensitive drum)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 2 Protective layer formation apparatus 3 Image forming mechanism 4 Cleaning mechanism 5 Developing apparatus 6 Transfer apparatus 10 Conductive support 11 Development gap 12 Photosensitive layer 13 Bearing 14 Image carrier rotating shaft 21 Protective agent for image carrier 22 Protective agent supply member 23 Protective agent pressing force applying member 24 Protective layer forming member 30 Image forming mechanism (writing)
31 Charging roller (charging device)
32 Charging roller cleaning mechanism 41 Cleaning brush 42 Flicker 43 Waste toner conveying member 50 Developing sleeve 51 Developing sleeve cylinder 52 Developer supplying screw 53 Developer stirring screw 54 Developer doctor sleeve 55 Developing sleeve rotating shaft 56 Developing sleeve magnetic pole fixed shaft 57 Fixed Shaft pressing member 58 Pressing force urging mechanism 59 Development gap adjusting member 60 Intermediate transfer member 100 Image forming apparatus 200 Paper feeding mechanism L Exposure

JP-A-9-211975 JP 2000-194191 A JP 2006-98601 A

Claims (7)

An image carrier having a cylindrical conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support, the image support being rotatable about a rotation axis;
Electrostatic latent image forming means for forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image carrier;
Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with a developer to form a visible image;
The developing means has a developing sleeve that carries the developer and conveys the developer to a position facing the image carrier,
A development gap defined as a gap is formed between the image carrier and the developing sleeve,
The shake amount of the image carrier in the region where the electrostatic latent image is formed on the image carrier is large at one end of the rotation shaft and small at the other end.
2. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein an average value of the developing gap during one rotation of the image carrier is wide on a side where the shake amount of the image carrier is small and narrow on a large side.
Here, the shake amount of the image carrier is an intersection where a point on the rotation axis of the image carrier and a line perpendicular to the rotation axis from a point on the rotation axis intersect the surface of the image carrier. Is a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value when the distance is measured over the entire circumference of the image carrier.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a shake amount of the image carrier is 5 to 30 μm. The maximum value Dmax (μm) of the development gap and the minimum value Dmin (μm) of the development gap satisfy both of the following mathematical formulas (1) and (2). Image forming apparatus.
10 ≦ Dmax−Dmin ≦ 30 (1)
200 ≦ Dmax ≦ 330 (2)   The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrostatic latent image forming unit includes a charging roller that performs contact charging or proximity charging. A cleaning means for cleaning the surface of the image carrier;
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning unit includes a cleaning brush.   The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a protective agent applying unit that applies a protective agent for protecting the surface of the image carrier. A method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 6,
A photosensitive layer forming step of forming the photosensitive layer on the conductive support by an immersion method;
A development gap adjusting step for adjusting the development gap,
The shake amount of the image carrier in the region where the electrostatic latent image is formed on the image carrier is large at one end of the rotation shaft and small at the other end.
In the developing gap adjusting step, the average value of the developing gap during one rotation of the image carrier is adjusted so that the image carrier is wide on the side where the shake amount is small and narrow on the large side. A method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus.
Here, the shake amount of the image carrier is an intersection where a point on the rotation axis of the image carrier and a line perpendicular to the rotation axis from a point on the rotation axis intersect the surface of the image carrier. Is a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value when the distance is measured over the entire circumference of the image carrier.

Images