JP5408965B2 - Coating solution for intermediate layer of electrophotographic photosensitive member having organic photosensitive layer, electrophotographic photosensitive member, and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a coating solution for an intermediate layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an organic photosensitive layer, an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an intermediate layer formed using the same, and an image forming apparatus including the same.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter also referred to as a “photosensitive member”) used in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus (also referred to as an “electrophotographic device”) that is frequently used in digital multi-function peripherals, printers, and the like is mounted on a conductive support. A photosensitive layer containing a photoconductive material is laminated on the surface, and an inorganic photoconductive material such as selenium has been conventionally used as the photoconductive material.
On the other hand, the organic photoconductive material is slightly inferior in terms of sensitivity, durability and stability to the environment as compared with the inorganic photoconductive material, but from the viewpoint of toxicity, manufacturing cost, freedom of material design, etc. In recent years, it has been widely used.

In addition, the structure of the photoreceptor has changed from a single layer type in which a charge generation material and a charge transport material are dispersed in a binder resin to a functional separation type in which the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer are separated, and the performance is also improved. It is improving.
At present, the mainstream is a configuration in which an intermediate layer, a stacked type (functional separation type) photosensitive layer in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are stacked in this order are stacked in this order on a conductive support. It has become.
The intermediate layer can improve the adhesion of the photosensitive layer by coating defects on the conductive support, improve the film formability (coatability), prevent unnecessary charge injection from the conductive support, and improve the chargeability associated therewith. It has the function of.

An intermediate | middle layer is divided roughly into what consists of resin independent, and what consists of resin containing the pigment.
Examples of the resin used for the intermediate layer include water-soluble resins such as polyvinyl alcohol and casein, alcohol-soluble resins such as copolymer nylon resins, polyurethane, melamine resins, phenol resins, alkyd resins, epoxy resins, and siloxane resins. Examples thereof include a thermosetting resin that forms a network structure.

However, since water-soluble resins and alcohol-soluble resins are rich in moisture adsorption and affinity, there is a problem that physical properties are extremely dependent on the environment, and the characteristics of the photoreceptor are changed by humidity. In particular, since the intermediate layer absorbs a large amount of moisture at high humidity, repeated use of the photoreceptor at high temperature and high humidity or low temperature and low humidity greatly changes its characteristics and causes abnormal images such as black spots and density reduction.
Therefore, a thermosetting resin that forms a three-dimensional network structure excellent in solvent resistance and environmental stability was adopted.

  However, for example, melamine resins disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3657138 (Patent Document 1), for example, resins such as phenol resin and methoxymethylated nylon disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2707341 (Patent Document 2) Formaldehyde, which is said to be one of the causative substances of sick house syndrome at the time of resin production and is currently listed as a target substance in the Air Pollution Control Law, is used in large quantities. Therefore, there is a problem that unreacted substances during production are occluded in the resin, and formaldehyde is generated in the process of thermal crosslinking after the formation of the intermediate layer of the photoreceptor. In order to prevent the release of the generated formaldehyde into the atmosphere, a recovery facility is necessary, and it is obviously expensive to introduce the facility.

In addition, for example, in the urethane resin disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2790380 (Patent Document 3), an active hydrogen-containing group such as a polyol compound and an isocyanate group of an isocyanate compound that is a curing agent have a three-dimensional network cross-linking reaction. No formaldehyde is generated since a cured film is formed. However, since the reactivity of the isocyanate group is very high, there is a problem that the pot life of the coating liquid using these is very short.
Therefore, a method using a blocked isocyanate compound in which an isocyanate group is protected with a blocking agent such as oxime has been reported, and the pot life of a coating liquid using an organic solvent has been considerably improved (for example, JP-A-2005-115351). Publication (refer patent document 4).

Japanese Patent No. 3657138 Japanese Patent No. 2707341 Japanese Patent No. 2790380 JP 2005-115351 A

  The present invention uses a coating solution for an intermediate layer of a photoreceptor having an organic photosensitive layer, which uses water having the smallest environmental load as a solvent and has excellent liquid property over time in production, and is formed using the same. Another object of the present invention is to provide a photoreceptor having an intermediate layer and excellent in repetitive characteristics and environmental stability, and an image forming apparatus having the photoreceptor.

  In order to realize an intermediate layer coating solution using water as a solvent, which does not generate a volatile organic compound (VOC) and does not cause fire as described above, the present inventors have prepared a blocked isocyanate compound, an isocyanate group, An intermediate layer coating solution comprising a resin having an active hydrogen-containing group capable of reacting with water and an aqueous medium was devised.

  According to the present invention, it has an organic photosensitive layer comprising a blocked isocyanate compound, a resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups capable of reacting with an isocyanate group in the blocked isocyanate compound, and an aqueous medium. An intermediate layer coating solution for a photoreceptor is provided.

  According to the present invention, at least an intermediate layer and an organic photosensitive layer are laminated in this order on a conductive support, and the intermediate layer supports the conductive coating for the intermediate layer. There is provided a photoconductor obtained by coating on a body and curing the obtained coating film.

  Further, according to the present invention, the above-mentioned photoconductor, a charging unit for charging the photoconductor, an exposure unit for exposing the charged photoconductor to form an electrostatic latent image, and the static Developing means for developing an electrostatic latent image to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image onto a recording material, and fixing for fixing the transferred toner image on the recording material to form an image There is provided an image forming apparatus comprising at least a unit, a cleaning unit that removes and collects toner remaining on the photoconductor, and a neutralizing unit that neutralizes surface charge remaining on the photoconductor.

  According to the present invention, a coating solution for an intermediate layer of a photoreceptor having an organic photosensitive layer, which uses water having the smallest environmental load as a solvent and is excellent in stability of the liquid physical properties over time in production, A photoreceptor having a formed intermediate layer and excellent in repetitive characteristics and environmental stability, and an image forming apparatus including the photoreceptor can be provided.

That is, according to the present invention, the use of an aqueous medium as a solvent for the intermediate layer coating solution not only eliminates the problem of air pollution due to VOC in the production process, but also uses conventional petroleum-based solvents. Since there is no problem of CO ₂ emission, it contributes to the prevention of global warming, and furthermore, there is no risk of fire, so the manufacturing system can be simplified and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

  When an aqueous medium is used as the solvent for the intermediate layer coating solution, a resin having a high affinity for water must be used, and it has an intermediate layer formed using such an intermediate layer coating solution. The photoreceptor is inferior in moisture resistance. However, in the present invention, the resin is thermally cured with an isocyanate compound, the hydrophilic functional groups in the resin are reduced, and the coating film is densified as a cured film, so that the moisture resistance of the photoreceptor is improved and excellent. Environmental stability can be obtained.

The isocyanate group of the isocyanate compound reacts easily with water. However, in the present invention, since a blocked isocyanate compound in which an isocyanate group is protected with a stable protective group in water is used, a pot life equivalent to or higher than that of a conventional organic solvent-based coating liquid can be realized.
Further, by using a resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups capable of reacting with an isocyanate group such as a hydroxyl group or an amide group, it can be easily thermoset with an isocyanate compound.
Furthermore, in the present invention, a dense cured film is formed by the presence of the isocyanate group in the blocked isocyanate compound at a molar ratio of 0.5 to 1.5 with respect to the active hydrogen-containing group in the resin. And excellent environmental characteristics as a photoreceptor.

  By including inorganic oxide fine particles such as titanium oxide and zinc oxide in the intermediate layer coating liquid of the present invention, the electrical resistance of the intermediate layer when it is used as a photoreceptor can be easily controlled, and the repetitive characteristics and blackness can be improved. Can prevent image defects such as pouch

  The intermediate layer coating solution for a photoreceptor having an organic photosensitive layer of the present invention includes a blocked isocyanate compound, a resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups capable of reacting with an isocyanate group in the blocked isocyanate compound, and an aqueous medium. It is characterized by including.

  A blocked isocyanate compound is a compound in which an isocyanate group of an aqueous isocyanate compound that can be dissolved or dispersed in water is protected with a blocking agent such as oxime, and contains active hydrogen that can react with an isocyanate group such as a hydroxyl group or an amide group by heating. Addition reaction with a resin having a group starts, the blocking agent is removed, and the crosslinking reaction proceeds. That is, the blocked isocyanate compound becomes a resin crosslinking agent.

  The aqueous isocyanate compound is a form in which an organic polyisocyanate having a plurality of isocyanate groups in one molecule is modified with various hydrophilic groups such as polyethylene oxide, a carboxyl group or a sulfonic acid group, or dissolved or made into a self-emulsifying type, or It is a compound in a form that is forcibly emulsified with a surfactant or the like so as to be dispersible in water.

Examples of the organic polyisocyanate include phenylene diisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, naphthylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate, polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate, hydrogenated toluene diisocyanate. Tetramethylene xylylene diisocyanate; and biuret, uretdione, carbodiimide, isocyanurate, and uretonimine modifications of the isocyanate. These organic polyisocyanates can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Among these organic polyisocyanates, aliphatic diisocyanate-based organic polyisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate tend to have an affinity for water, so that they can be easily dissolved and dispersed in water and have a crosslinking density. It is particularly preferable because it is easy to increase the value.

In addition, various prepolymers derived from organic polyisocyanates, and further as blocking agents for blocking isocyanate groups in these organic polyisocyanates include active methylene compounds such as ethyl acetate and acetylacetone; butyl mercaptan , Mercaptan compounds such as dodecyl mercaptan, acid amide compounds such as acetanilide and acetic acid amide; lactam compounds such as ε-caprolactam, δ-valerolactam and γ-butyrolactam; acid imides such as succinimide and maleic acid imide Compounds: Imidazole compounds such as imidazole and 2-methylimidazole; Urea compounds such as urea, thiourea and ethyleneurea; Formamide oxime, acetoaldoxime, acetone oxime, methyl ethyl keto Oxime compounds such as shim, methyl isobutyl ketoxime, cyclohexanone oxime; amine compounds such as diphenylaniline, aniline, carbazole, ethyleneimine, polyethyleneimine, etc. These blocking agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Can be used in combination.
Among these blocking agents, oxime compounds such as methyl ethyl ketoxime and lactam compounds such as ε-caprolactam are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of versatility, ease of production, and workability.

Further, since the isocyanate group easily reacts with water, it is preferable to use a blocking agent having a dissociation temperature of 110 ° C. or higher so that the blocking agent dissociates after the water in the coating film volatilizes.
Therefore, the blocked isocyanate compound preferably has a structure in which xamethylene diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate is blocked with an oxime or lactam blocking agent.

As the blocked isocyanate compound, for example,
Manufactured by Sumika Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd., product names: Bihijoule BL5140, BL5235 and VPLS2310;
Product name: Takenate WB-700WB-820 and WB-920, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethane Co., Ltd .;
Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., developed product name: BWD-102
Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, developed product name: X1238, X1248 and X1258
Etc.

The active hydrogen-containing group in the resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups capable of reacting with the isocyanate group in the blocked isocyanate compound is preferably a hydroxyl group or an amide group capable of reacting with the isocyanate group in a high yield.
That is, it has two or more hydroxyl groups or amide groups to form a crosslinked structure with the blocked isocyanate as a curing agent (if it has only one functional group, it does not have a crosslinked structure but has a high molecular weight). Polyol resins and polyamide resins are preferred. Further, by controlling the structure of these polyol resins, polyamide resins, satisfactorily can be dispersed and dissolved in water, further these resins have high adhesion to the substrate, with the substrate when the photosensitive member Image defects due to poor contact can also be effectively prevented.

As these polyol resin and polyamide resin, for example,
Product name: AQD-457 and AQD-473, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., product name: Exenol 420 and 720, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., product name: Sannix GP-400, GP-700 And polyether polyol resins such as SP-750;
Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: Phthalkid W2343, DIC Corporation, product name: Watersol S-118, CD-520 and BCD-3040, Harima Kasei Co., Ltd., product name: Hallidip WH-1188, etc. Polyester polyol resins of
Product name: Burnock WE-300, WE-304 and WE-306, manufactured by Asia Industry Co., Ltd., product name: WAP-473-FD and WAP-548, manufactured by DIC Corporation;

Manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., product name: polyvinyl alcohol resins such as modified polyvinyl alcohols such as Kuraray Poval PVA-203 and PVA-205;
Manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: polyvinyl acetal resins such as ESREC K KW-1 and KW-3;
Manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: cellulose such as water-soluble cellulose ethers such as Metroles 65SH-50 and 65SH-400;
Made by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, product name: Water-soluble nylon (polyamide compound resin) such as Toresin FS-350 and FS-500
Etc.

The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is preferably present in the blocked isocyanate compound in a molar ratio of 0.5 to 1.5 with respect to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin, more preferably 0.5 to 1.2. Preferably, it is 0.6 or more and 1.1 or less.
When the molar ratio (H / B) is less than 0.5 or exceeds 1.5, a large number of unreacted functional groups remain, the crosslinking density is lowered, and the photosensitive layer having the formed intermediate layer is formed. The environmental stability of the body may be reduced.

The intermediate layer coating solution of the present invention may further contain inorganic oxide fine particles.
The inorganic oxide fine particles adjust the volume resistance value of the intermediate layer when it is used as a photoconductor to prevent the injection of carriers from the conductive support to the photoconductive layer, and to improve the electric characteristics of the photoconductor in various environments. It has a function to maintain.

  Examples of the inorganic oxide fine particles include fine particles such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, silicon oxide, indium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, and barium sulfate. Among these, fine particles of titanium oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide are preferable from the viewpoint of conductivity and dispersibility, and fine particles of titanium oxide and zinc oxide are particularly preferable.

The shape of the inorganic oxide fine particles may be any of dendritic, acicular and granular.
The average primary particle size of the inorganic oxide fine particles is preferably about 20 to 500 nm.

As inorganic oxide fine particles, for example,
Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-55D (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 30-50 nm), TTO-D-1 (shape: dendritic, average primary particle size: minor axis 40-70 nm, long (Axis: 200 to 300 nm), ST-21 (shape: granular, average primary particle size (measured by X-ray): 70 nm), PT-401M (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 70 nm) and CR-EL (shape: Granular, average primary particle size: 250 nm),
Product name: GTR100 (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 260 nm), manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Product name: MT-500SAS (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 35 nm) and JR-603 (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 280 nm)
Fine particles of titanium oxide such as

Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: FZO-50 (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 21 nm),
Product name: FINEX30 (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 35 nm), manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Product name: MZ-300 (shape: granular, average primary particle size: 30-40 nm)
Product name: F-2 (shape: rod-shaped, average primary particle size: 65 nm), manufactured by Hakusui Tech Co., Ltd.
And zinc oxide fine particles.

The inorganic oxide fine particles (P) are preferably in a weight ratio (P / R) in the range of 1/1 to 9/1 with respect to the crosslinked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R).
When this weight ratio (P / R) is less than 1/1, the characteristics of the intermediate layer depend on the characteristics of the crosslinked resin, and there is a possibility that the characteristics of the photoconductor may change greatly when the temperature and humidity are changed and used repeatedly. On the other hand, when the weight ratio (P / R) exceeds 9/1, the dispersibility of the inorganic oxide fine particles is lowered, and the possibility of forming an aggregate is increased, and the adhesiveness to the conductive support is lowered. As a result, image defects such as black spots may occur.

The intermediate layer coating solution of the present invention may further contain an antifoaming agent.
The antifoaming agent is intended to suppress foam by adding a very small amount to the intermediate layer coating solution.
When water is used as a solvent as in the intermediate layer coating solution of the present invention, and particularly when a water-soluble resin is added, it is foamed by dispersion or stirring during preparation, and only the dispersion and stirring efficiency is lowered. Instead, it may foam during application and cause coating film defects. Antifoaming agents suppress these problems.

Examples of the antifoaming agent include a silicone system, a surfactant system, a polyether system, a higher alcohol system, an emulsion system, and an oil compound system. Among these, an oil compound system containing silica powder having a strong foam breaking property is particularly preferable.
Examples of antifoaming agents are San Nopco Corporation, product names: SN deformers 444, 470, 485, PC (polyether type), SN deformers 1311, 1316 (silicone type), SN deformers 777, 328, 480, H. -2 (oil compound system), manufactured by Nissho Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TSA750 (oil compound system), TSA770 (emulsion system), manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Co., Ltd .: product name: silicone such as DK Q1-1247 -Emulsions are listed.

The antifoaming agent is preferably 0.05 to 0.0005 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the crosslinked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R).
If the defoamer exceeds 0.05 parts by weight, the electrical characteristics of the photoreceptor may be deteriorated, and if it is less than 0.0005 parts by weight, an effective foam breaking effect may not be obtained.

  The intermediate layer coating solution of the present invention may contain additives such as a viscoelasticity adjusting agent, preservative, and curing catalyst as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.

  As the viscoelasticity modifier, for example, manufactured by San Nopco Corporation, product names: SN thickener 601, A816 (polyether type), SN thickener 607 (urethane modified polyether type), SN thickener 617 (modified polyacrylic acid type), A product name: Water-soluble cellulose ether such as Metroze 65SH-4000 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. can be mentioned.

  As an antiseptic | preservative, the organic nitrogen sulfur type compound like the product made from San Nopco Co., Ltd. product name: Nopcoside SN-135W etc. are mentioned, for example.

  Examples of the curing catalyst include amine compounds such as triethylamine, diethylethanolamine, and hexamethylenediamine; and organotin compounds such as dibutyltin dilaurate and dioctyltin dilaurate.

In addition, the intermediate layer coating solution of the present invention may contain an electron transporting material in order to adjust conductivity.
Examples of the electron transport material include perylene dyes, quinones such as diphenoquinone and naphthoquinone derivatives, cyano compounds such as tetracyanoethylene and terephthalmalondinitrile, aldehydes such as 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, anthraquinone and alizarin. Anthraquinones are mentioned.

The intermediate layer coating solution of the present invention can be prepared by dissolving or dispersing a blocked isocyanate compound, a resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups capable of reacting with an isocyanate group, and an optional additive in an aqueous medium. it can.
The aqueous medium means water or a mixed medium of water and a hydrophilic organic solvent such as a lower alcohol. In the present invention, only water is preferable.

  In order to disperse the components of the intermediate layer coating liquid, especially inorganic oxide fine particles, in water, common dispersers such as paint shakers, ball mills, sand mills, ball mills, sand mills, attritors, vibration mills, ultrasonic dispersers A general grinder such as may be used.

In order to stabilize this dispersion, a dispersion stabilizer may be added to the intermediate layer coating solution.
Examples of the dispersion stabilizer include Sanyo Kasei Co., Ltd., product names: Caribon L-400, Elestat AP-130, Sunspear PS-8, PDN-173, Ionette S-85, New Pole PE-61, and San Nopco shares. Product name: Roma PWA-40, Nobco Santo RFA, SN Dispersant 2060, 5020, 5029, 5468, 7347C and SN Wet P, manufactured by Nissin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., product names: Surfinol 104E and Olphin PD-003 Product name: Poise 520, 530, Homogenol L 100, Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Charoru AN-103P, AH-144P, Discoat N-14, Toho Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., product name : Dibrozine A-100, Neoscope 30 And so on.

  The photoreceptor of the present invention is formed by laminating at least an intermediate layer and an organic photosensitive layer in this order on a conductive support, and the intermediate layer supports the coating solution for the intermediate layer of the present invention. It is obtained by applying on the body and curing the obtained coating film.

Next, the photoreceptor of the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the drawings.
1 to 3 are schematic cross-sectional views showing the structure of the main part of the photoreceptor of the present invention.
FIG. 1 shows the structure of the main part of a laminated photoreceptor in which the photosensitive layer is a laminated photosensitive layer in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order (also referred to as “function-separated photosensitive layer”). It is a schematic cross section.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the main part of a laminated photoreceptor, which is an inverted two-layer laminated photosensitive layer in which a charge transport layer and a charge generation layer are laminated in this order.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the main part of a single-layer type photoreceptor that is a single-layer type photosensitive layer having a single photosensitive layer.
1 and 2 may be any, but the multilayer photosensitive layer of FIG. 1 is preferred.

In the photoreceptor of FIG. 1, an intermediate layer 2, a charge generation layer 3 containing a charge generation material, and a charge transport layer 4 containing a charge transport material are laminated in this order on the surface of a conductive support 1. The laminated photosensitive layer 5 is formed in this order.
In the photoreceptor of FIG. 2, an intermediate layer 2, a charge transport layer 4 containing a charge transport material, and a charge generation layer 3 containing a charge generation material are laminated in this order on the surface of the conductive support 1. The reverse two-layer type laminated photosensitive layer 5 is formed in this order.
In the photoreceptor of FIG. 3, an intermediate layer 2, a single-layer type photosensitive layer 5 ′ containing a charge generation material and a charge transport material are formed in this order on the surface of the conductive support 1.

[Conductive support 1]
The conductive support serves as an electrode for the photoreceptor and also functions as a support member for other layers.
The constituent material of the conductive support is not particularly limited as long as it is a material used in this field.
Specifically, metals and alloy materials such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, brass, zinc, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, titanium, gold, platinum: polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyester, polyoxy Polymer material such as methylene, polystyrene, cellulose, polylactic acid, hard paper, glass substrate laminated with metal foil, metal material or alloy material deposited, conductive polymer, tin oxide, oxidation Examples thereof include those obtained by depositing or applying a layer of a conductive compound such as indium or carbon black.

Examples of the shape of the conductive support include a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, a columnar shape, and an endless belt (seamless belt) shape.
If necessary, the surface of the conductive support is subjected to irregular reflection treatment such as anodizing film treatment, surface treatment with chemicals, hot water, coloring treatment, and surface roughening within a range that does not affect the image quality. May be given.

  The irregular reflection treatment is particularly effective when the photoreceptor according to the present invention is used in an electrophotographic process using a laser as an exposure light source. That is, in the electrophotographic process using a laser as an exposure light source, the wavelength of the laser beam is uniform, so the laser beam reflected on the surface of the photoconductor and the laser beam reflected inside the photoconductor cause interference, Interference fringes due to this interference may appear in the image and cause image defects. Therefore, by performing irregular reflection processing on the surface of the conductive support, it is possible to prevent image defects due to interference of laser light having a uniform wavelength.

[Intermediate layer (also called “undercoat layer”) 2]
The intermediate layer has a function of preventing charge injection from the conductive support to the single-layer type photosensitive layer or the laminated type photosensitive layer. That is, the decrease in chargeability of the single-layer type photosensitive layer or the multilayer type photosensitive layer is suppressed, the decrease in surface charge other than the portion to be erased by exposure is suppressed, and the occurrence of image defects such as fog is prevented. In particular, during image formation by the reversal development process, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of image fogging called black spots in which minute black dots made of toner are formed on a white background portion.

  In addition, the intermediate layer covering the surface of the conductive support reduces the degree of unevenness, which is a defect on the surface of the conductive support, makes the surface uniform, and forms a single layer type photosensitive layer or a multilayer type photosensitive layer. And the adhesion (adhesiveness) between the conductive support and the single-layer type photosensitive layer or the multilayer type photosensitive layer can be improved.

The intermediate layer, for example, by coating the fabric of the intermediate layer coating solution described above on a conductive support, obtained by curing the resulting coating film.
In the case of a sheet, the application method of the intermediate layer coating solution is the Baker applicator method, the bar coater method (for example, the wire bar coater method), the casting method, the spin coating method, the roll method, the blade method, the bead method, and the curtain method. In the case of a drum, a spray method, a vertical ring method, a dip coating method, etc. are mentioned.
As an application method, an optimum method may be selected in consideration of physical properties and productivity of the coating liquid, and an immersion method, a blade coater method, and a spray method are particularly preferable.

  The dip coating method is a method of forming a layer on the conductive support 1 by immersing the conductive support 1 in a coating tank filled with a coating solution and then pulling it up at a constant speed or a speed that changes sequentially. is there. Since this method is relatively simple and excellent in terms of productivity and cost, it is widely used for manufacturing a photoreceptor. In addition, in order to stabilize the dispersibility of a coating liquid, you may provide the coating liquid dispersion | distribution apparatus represented by the ultrasonic generator in the apparatus used for a dip coating method.

When the coating agent of the blocked isocyanate compound is removed, the resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups that can react with the isocyanate group in the blocked isocyanate compound starts an addition reaction with the isocyanate compound, and the coating is cured. Thermal curing is preferable.
The heat curing can be performed using a known apparatus such as a hot air drying furnace and a far-infrared drying furnace, and the conditions may be appropriately set depending on the type of block isocyanate compound or resin used, the mixing ratio, etc. The temperature is 110 to 150 ° C, preferably 130 to 150 ° C, and the time is about 10 minutes to 1 hour.

  Although the film thickness of the film thickness of an intermediate | middle layer is not specifically limited, 0.1-20 micrometers is preferable and 0.5-10 micrometers is especially preferable. If the film thickness of the intermediate layer is less than 0.1 μm, it does not substantially function as an intermediate layer, and a uniform surface property cannot be obtained by covering defects of the conductive support, and carriers are injected from the conductive support. May not be prevented, and the chargeability may decrease. On the other hand, when the film thickness of the intermediate layer exceeds 20 μm, it is difficult to form a uniform coating film, and the sensitivity of the photoreceptor may be lowered.

The intermediate layer in the photoreceptor of the present invention may be not only a single layer but also a plurality of layers.
For example, a first intermediate layer (conductive layer) having a thickness of 2 to 20 μm containing conductive inorganic oxide fine particles and a second intermediate layer (insulating layer) having a thickness of 0.2 to 1 μm not containing inorganic oxide fine particles. A first intermediate layer (insulating layer or blocking layer) having a thickness of 0.2 to 1 μm containing no inorganic oxide fine particles and a second film having a thickness of 3 to 10 μm containing electrically conductive inorganic oxide fine particles. Examples include a combination with an intermediate layer (moire prevention layer).

[Laminated Photosensitive Layer 5]
The laminated photosensitive layer 5 includes a charge generation layer 3 and a charge transport layer 4. As described above, by assigning the charge generation function and the charge transport function to separate layers, the optimum material constituting each layer can be independently selected.
In the following description, a stacked photosensitive layer (FIG. 1 ) in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are stacked in this order will be described. In the case of an inverted two-layer stacked photosensitive layer (FIG. 2 ), It is basically the same except that the stacking order is different.

[Charge generation layer 3]
The charge generation layer 3 is mainly composed of a charge generation material having a charge generation capability of generating charges by absorbing the irradiated light, and optionally contains a known additive and a binder resin (binder).

As the charge generation material, a compound used in this field can be used.
Specifically, an azo pigment (having a carbazole skeleton, a styryl stilbene skeleton, a triphenylamine skeleton, a dibenzothiophene skeleton, an oxadiazole skeleton, a fluorenone skeleton, a bis-stilbene skeleton, a distyryl oxadiazole skeleton, or a distyryl carbazole skeleton. , Monoazo pigments, bisazo pigments, trisazo pigments, etc.), perylene pigments (peryleneimide, perylene acid anhydride, etc.), polycyclic quinone pigments (quinacridone, anthraquinone, pyrenequinone, etc.), phthalocyanine pigments (metal phthalocyanine, no Metal phthalocyanine, halogenated metal-free phthalocyanine, etc.), indigo pigments (indigo, thioindigo, etc.), squarylium dyes, azurenium dyes, thiopyrylium dyes, pyrylium salts, triphenylmethane Organic pigments or dyes such as dyes, further selenium, inorganic materials such as amorphous silicon. These charge generating materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
Among these charge generation materials, phthalocyanine pigments, azo pigments, and perylene pigments are particularly preferable because of their high sensitivity.

  The charge generation layer is a chemical sensitizer, an optical sensitizer, an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a dispersion stabilizer, a sensitizer, a leveling agent, a plasticizer, as long as the preferable characteristics of the present invention are not impaired. An appropriate amount of one or more known additives selected from fine particles of inorganic compounds or organic compounds may be contained. These additives may be contained in the charge transport layer described later, or may be contained in both the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.

  The chemical sensitizer and the optical sensitizer improve the sensitivity of the photoreceptor, suppress an increase in residual potential and fatigue due to repeated use, and improve electrical durability.

  Examples of chemical sensitizers include acid anhydrides such as succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and 4-chloronaphthalic anhydride; cyano compounds such as tetracyanoethylene and terephthalmalondinitrile, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, and the like. Aldehydes; anthraquinones such as anthraquinone and 1-nitroanthraquinone; polycyclic or heterocyclic nitro compounds such as 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone and 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone; diphenoquinone compounds Examples thereof include electron-withdrawing materials and those obtained by polymerizing these electron-withdrawing materials.

  Examples of optical sensitizers include xanthene dyes, quinoline pigments, organic photoconductive compounds such as copper phthalocyanine, triphenylmethane dyes typified by methyl violet, crystal violet, knight blue and victoria blue; erythrosin, Acridine dyes typified by rhodamine B, rhodamine 3R, acridine orange and frappeocin; thiazine dyes typified by methylene blue and methylene green; oxazine dyes typified by capri blue and meldra blue; cyanine dyes; styryl dyes; Examples include pyrylium salt dyes and thiopyrylium salt dyes.

Antioxidants can maintain sensitivity stability over a long period of time.
Antioxidants include phenolic antioxidants such as hindered phenols such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol: BHT). , Amine antioxidants such as hindered amines, vitamin E, hydroquinone, paraphenylenediamine, arylalkanes and derivatives thereof, organic sulfur compounds, organic phosphorus compounds, etc., and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Can be used.

The addition amount of the antioxidant is preferably from 0.1 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 0.5 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the charge generation material.
If the addition amount of the antioxidant is less than 0.1 parts by weight, there is a possibility that sufficient effects cannot be obtained for improving the stability of the coating solution and improving the durability of the photoreceptor. On the other hand, if the amount of the antioxidant added exceeds 40 parts by weight, the photoreceptor characteristics may be adversely affected.

Leveling agents and plasticizers can improve film formability, flexibility and surface smoothness.
Examples of the leveling agent include a silicone leveling agent.
Examples of the plasticizer include dibasic acid esters such as phthalate esters, fatty acid esters, phosphate esters, chlorinated paraffins, and epoxy type plasticizers.

  Fine particles of an inorganic compound or an organic compound can enhance mechanical strength and improve electrical characteristics. Examples of such fine particles include fine particles exemplified in an intermediate layer described later.

The charge generation layer can be formed by a known dry method and wet method.
Examples of the dry method include a method of vacuum-depositing a charge generating material on the surface of a conductive support.
As a wet method, for example, a charge generating material, and optionally additives and a binder resin are dissolved or dispersed in a suitable organic solvent to prepare a coating solution for forming a charge generating layer, and this coating solution is made conductive. The method of apply | coating to the intermediate | middle layer surface formed on the support body, and then drying and removing an organic solvent is mentioned.

The binder resin can improve the mechanical strength and durability of the charge generation layer, the binding property between layers, and the like, and a resin having a binding property used in this field can be used.
Specifically, vinyl resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester carbonate, polysulfone, polyarylate, polyamide, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyether, polyacrylamide, polyphenylene oxide, etc. Thermoplastic resin: Thermosetting resin such as phenoxy resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyurethane, phenol resin, alkyd resin, melamine resin, phenoxy resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, partially cross-linked products of these resins, these resins Copolymer resins containing two or more of the structural units contained in (vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer resin, acrylo Tolyl - insulating resin such as styrene copolymer resin). These binder resins can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The mixing ratio of the charge generation material and the binder resin is not particularly limited, but the charge generation material is usually about 10 to 99% by weight.
If the charge generation material is less than 10% by weight, the sensitivity of the photoreceptor may be lowered.
On the other hand, when the charge generation material exceeds 99% by weight, not only the film strength of the charge generation layer decreases, but also the dispersibility of the charge generation material decreases and coarse particles may increase. For this reason, surface charges other than the portion to be erased by exposure are reduced, and there is a risk that image defects, particularly an image called black spots where toner adheres to a white background and minute black spots are formed, increase.

  Examples of the organic solvent include aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin, diphenylmethane, dimethoxybenzene, and dichlorobenzene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, and tetrachloropropane; tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dioxane. , Ethers such as dibenzyl ether, dimethoxymethyl ether and 1,2-dimethoxyethane; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone and isophorone; esters such as methyl benzoate, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, and diphenyl sulfide Sulfur-containing solvents; Fluorine solvents such as hexafluoroisopropanol; aprotic polar solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide Etc., and these may be used alone or as a mixed solvent. A mixed solvent obtained by adding alcohols, acetonitrile, or methyl ethyl ketone to such a solvent can also be used. Among these solvents, non-halogen organic solvents are preferably used in consideration of the global environment.

Prior to dissolving or dispersing the constituent materials in the resin solution, the charge generating material may be pre-ground.
The preliminary pulverization can be performed using, for example, a general pulverizer such as a ball mill, a sand mill, an attritor, a vibration mill, or an ultrasonic disperser.
The dissolution or dispersion of the constituent materials in the resin solution can be performed using, for example, a general disperser such as a paint shaker, a ball mill, or a sand mill. At this time, it is preferable to appropriately set the dispersion conditions so that impurities are generated from the members constituting the container and the disperser due to wear and the like and are not mixed into the coating liquid.

  The application method of the coating solution for forming the charge generation layer is a baker applicator method, a bar coater method, a casting method, a spin coating method, a roll method, a blade method, etc. Method, dip coating method and the like.

Although it will not specifically limit if the temperature in the drying process of a coating film is the temperature which can remove the used organic solvent, 50-140 degreeC is suitable and 80-130 degreeC is especially preferable.
When the drying temperature is less than 50 ° C., the drying time may be long. On the other hand, if the drying temperature exceeds 140 ° C., the electrical characteristics during repeated use of the photoreceptor may deteriorate and the resulting image may deteriorate.

  The thickness of the charge generation layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.05 to 5 μm, particularly preferably 0.1 to 1 μm. When the thickness of the charge generation layer is less than 0.05 μm, the light absorption efficiency is lowered, and the sensitivity may be lowered. On the other hand, if the thickness of the charge generation layer exceeds 5 μm, charge transport within the charge generation layer becomes a rate-limiting step in the process of erasing the charge on the surface of the photoreceptor, and the sensitivity may be lowered.

[Charge transport layer 4]
The charge transport layer contains, as main components, a charge transport material having the ability to accept and transport charges generated by the charge generation material and a binder resin (binder).

As the charge transport material, a compound used in this field can be used.
Specifically, poly-N-vinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, poly-γ-carbazolylethyl glutamate and derivatives thereof, pyrene-formaldehyde condensates and derivatives thereof, polyvinylpyrene, polyvinylphenanthrene, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives Imidazole derivatives, 9- (p-diethylaminostyryl) anthracene, 1,1-bis (4-dibenzylaminophenyl) propane, styrylanthracene, styrylpyrazoline, pyrazoline derivatives, phenylhydrazones, hydrazone derivatives, triphenylamine series Electron donating substances such as compounds, tetraphenyldiamine compounds, triphenylmethane compounds, stilbene compounds, azine compounds having a 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline ring;

Fluorenone derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, indenothiophene derivatives, phenanthrenequinone derivatives, indenopyridine derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, benzo [c] cinnoline derivatives, phenazine oxide derivatives, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, promanyl, chloranil And electron accepting substances such as benzoquinone. These charge transport materials can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The ratio E / B between the weight E of the charge transport material and the weight B of the binder resin is 10/12 to 10/25, preferably 10/16 to 10/20.
When the ratio E / B is less than 10/25, the relative amount ratio of the binder resin to the charge transport material is increased, and sufficient sensitivity may not be obtained.
On the other hand, if the ratio E / B exceeds 10/12, the printing durability of the charge transport layer and the durability of the photoreceptor may be lowered.

As the binder resin, one or more of the same binder resins as those contained in the charge generation layer can be used.
Among these resins, polycarbonate-based resins, polyarylate resins and polystyrene resins are photochemically stable, excellent in compatibility with charge transport materials, and have a volume resistance of 10 ¹³ Ω or more. It is preferable because it is excellent in electrical insulation and has excellent film forming properties and potential characteristics.

  The charge transport layer may contain an appropriate amount of the same additive as that contained in the charge generation layer, if necessary, within the range not impairing the effects of the present invention.

The charge transport layer is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a charge transport material, a binder resin and other additives as required in an appropriate organic solvent to prepare a charge transport layer forming coating solution. It can be formed by applying to the surface of the layer and then drying to remove the organic solvent. More specifically, for example, by dissolving or dispersing a charge transport material and other additives as required in a resin solution obtained by dissolving a binder resin in an organic solvent, a charge transport layer forming coating solution is obtained. Prepare.
Other processes and conditions are in accordance with the formation of the charge generation layer.

  Although the film thickness of a charge transport layer is not specifically limited, 10-60 micrometers is preferable and 10-40 micrometers is especially preferable. If the thickness of the charge transport layer is less than 10 μm, the charge retention ability may be reduced. Conversely, if the thickness of the charge transport layer is more than 60 μm, sharpness decreases and residual potential increases, There is a risk that image deterioration will occur remarkably.

[Single layer type photosensitive layer 5 ']
The single-layer type photosensitive layer contains a charge generation material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin (binder) as main components.
The single-layer type photosensitive layer may contain an appropriate amount of the same additive as that contained in the charge generation layer, if necessary, within the range not impairing the effects of the present invention.

A single-layer type photosensitive layer is prepared by dissolving and / or dispersing a charge generation material, a charge transport material and, if necessary, other additives in an appropriate organic solvent to prepare a single-layer type photosensitive layer forming coating solution, This coating liquid can be formed by applying to the surface of the intermediate layer formed on the conductive support and then drying to remove the organic solvent.
Other processes and conditions are in accordance with the formation of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.

  The film thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 100 μm, and particularly preferably 15 to 50 μm. If the film thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer is less than 10 μm, the charge holding ability on the surface of the photoreceptor may be lowered, and if the film thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer exceeds 100 μm, the productivity may be lowered. is there.

[Protective layer (not shown)]
The photoreceptor of the present invention may have a protective layer (not shown) on the surface of the multilayer photosensitive layer 5 and the single-layer photosensitive layer 5 ′.
The protective layer has functions of improving the abrasion of the photosensitive layer and preventing chemical adverse effects caused by ozone, nitrogen oxides, and the like.

The protective layer is prepared by, for example, preparing a protective layer-forming coating solution by dissolving or dispersing a binder resin in an appropriate organic solvent and, if necessary, an additive such as an antioxidant or an ultraviolet absorber. The coating liquid can be applied to the surface of a single layer type photosensitive layer or a multilayer type photosensitive layer, and the organic solvent can be removed by drying.
Other processes and conditions are in accordance with the formation of the charge generation layer.

  Although the film thickness of a protective layer is not specifically limited, 0.5-10 micrometers is preferable and 1-5 micrometers is especially preferable. If the thickness of the surface protective layer 5 is less than 0.5 μm, the surface resistance of the photoreceptor is inferior and the durability may be insufficient. Conversely, if it exceeds 10 μm, the resolution of the photoreceptor may be reduced. There is.

  The image forming apparatus of the present invention comprises: the photosensitive member of the present invention; a charging unit that charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and exposure that forms an electrostatic latent image by exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member. Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image onto a recording material, and fixing the transferred toner image on the recording material. The image forming apparatus includes at least a fixing unit that forms an image, a cleaning unit that removes and collects toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a neutralizing unit that neutralizes surface charges remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

The image forming apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings, but is not limited to the following description.
FIG. 4 is a schematic side view showing the configuration of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
The image forming apparatus 20 in FIG. 4 includes a photoreceptor 21 of the present invention (for example, one of the photoreceptors in FIGS. 1 to 3), a charging unit (charger) 24, an exposure unit 28, and a developing unit ( Development unit) 25, transfer unit (transfer unit) 26, cleaning unit (cleaner) 27, fixing unit (fixing unit) 31, and charge eliminating unit (not shown, attached to cleaning unit 27). Composed. Reference numeral 30 indicates a transfer sheet.

  The photosensitive member 21 is rotatably supported by the main body of the image forming apparatus 20 (not shown), and is driven to rotate in the direction of the arrow 23 around the rotation axis 22 by a driving unit (not shown). The drive means includes, for example, an electric motor and a reduction gear, and transmits the driving force to a conductive support constituting the core of the photoconductor 21, thereby rotating the photoconductor 21 at a predetermined peripheral speed. . The charger 24, the exposure unit 28, the developing unit 25, the transfer unit 26, and the cleaner 27 are arranged in this order along the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 from the upstream side in the rotation direction of the photoconductor 21 indicated by the arrow 23. It is provided toward the side.

  The charger 24 is a charging unit that charges the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 to a predetermined potential. Specifically, for example, the charger 24 is realized by a contact-type charging roller 24a, a charging brush, or a charger wire such as a corotron or a scorotron. Reference numeral 24b shows a bias power source.

  The exposure unit 28 includes, for example, a semiconductor laser as a light source, and is charged by irradiating light 28 a such as a laser beam output from the light source between the charger 24 and the developing unit 25 of the photosensitive member 21. The outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 is exposed according to image information. The light 28a is repeatedly scanned in the main scanning direction in the direction in which the rotation axis 22 of the photoconductor 21 extends, and accordingly, electrostatic latent images are sequentially formed on the surface of the photoconductor 21.

  The developing unit 25 is a developing unit that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 21 by exposure with a developer. The developing unit 25 is provided facing the photoreceptor 21, and applies toner to the outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor 21. A developing roller 25a to be supplied and a casing 25b for supporting the developing roller 25a so as to be rotatable around a rotation axis parallel to the rotation axis 22 of the photosensitive member 21 and containing a developer containing toner in the internal space thereof.

  The transfer device 26 supplies a toner image, which is a visible image formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 by development, between the photoconductor 21 and the transfer device 26 from the direction of the arrow 29 by a conveying unit (not shown). It is a transfer means for transferring onto the transfer paper 30 as a recording medium. The transfer unit 26 is, for example, a non-contact type transfer unit that includes a charging unit and transfers the toner image onto the transfer paper 30 by applying a charge having a polarity opposite to that of the toner to the transfer paper 30.

  The cleaner 27 is a cleaning unit that removes and collects toner remaining on the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 after the transfer operation by the transfer device 26, and includes a cleaning blade 27 a that peels off toner remaining on the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21, A recovery casing 27b for storing the toner separated by the blade 27a. The cleaner 27 is provided together with a charge eliminating lamp (not shown).

  Further, the image forming apparatus 20 is provided with a fixing device 31 as fixing means for fixing the transferred image on the downstream side where the transfer paper 30 that has passed between the photoreceptor 21 and the transfer device 26 is conveyed. . The fixing device 31 includes a heating roller 31a having a heating unit (not shown), and a pressure roller 31b that is provided to face the heating roller 31a and is pressed by the heating roller 31a to form a contact portion.

  The image forming operation by the image forming apparatus 20 is performed as follows. First, when the photosensitive member 21 is rotationally driven in the direction of the arrow 23 by the driving means, the photosensitive member 24 is provided by the charger 24 provided on the upstream side in the rotational direction of the photosensitive member 21 with respect to the image forming point of the light 28a by the exposure means 28. The surface of 21 is uniformly charged to a predetermined positive or negative potential.

  Next, light 28 a corresponding to image information is irradiated from the exposure unit 28 to the surface of the photoconductor 21. With this exposure, the surface charge of the portion irradiated with the light 28a is removed from the photosensitive member 21, and a difference occurs between the surface potential of the portion irradiated with the light 28a and the surface potential of the portion not irradiated with the light 28a. An electrostatic latent image is formed.

  Next, toner is supplied to the surface of the photosensitive member 21 on which the electrostatic latent image is formed from a developing unit 25 provided on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive member 21 with respect to the image forming point of the light 28a by the exposure unit 28. The electrostatic latent image is developed to form a toner image.

  In synchronization with the exposure of the photosensitive member 21, the transfer paper 30 is supplied between the photosensitive member 21 and the transfer device 26. The transfer device 26 applies a charge having a polarity opposite to that of the toner to the supplied transfer paper 30, and the toner image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 21 is transferred onto the transfer paper 30.

  Next, the transfer paper 30 onto which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to the fixing device 31 by the conveying means, and is heated and pressurized when passing through the contact portion between the heating roller 31a and the pressure roller 31b of the fixing device 31. The toner image is fixed on the transfer paper 30 and becomes a robust image. The transfer paper 30 on which the image is formed in this way is discharged to the outside of the image forming apparatus 20 by the conveying means.

  On the other hand, the toner remaining on the surface of the photoconductor 21 even after the transfer of the toner image by the transfer unit 26 is separated from the surface of the photoconductor 21 by the cleaner 27 and collected. The charge on the surface of the photoconductor 21 from which the toner has been removed in this manner is removed by the light from the static elimination lamp, and the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoconductor 21 disappears. Thereafter, the photosensitive member 21 is further driven to rotate, and a series of operations starting from charging is repeated to continuously form images.

  EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples and comparative examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

Example 1
As the conductive support, a cylindrical conductive support made of aluminum having a diameter of 30 mm, a length of 300 mm, and a thickness of 0.8 mm was used to produce the photoconductor of FIG.
First, 8.4 parts by weight of an aqueous polyacrylic polyol (solid content: 45%, OH value: 80, manufactured by DIC Corporation, product name: Burnock WE-300) and a block isocyanate compound (solid content: 40%, containing NCO) Rate: 5.4%, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes Co., Ltd., product name: Takenate WB-920) 10.5 parts by weight is added to 69 parts by weight of water, and stirred well to apply the intermediate layer coating solution (total 1 kg). Prepared.
The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound was in a molar ratio of 1.0 with respect to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin.
The obtained coating solution for forming an intermediate layer is filled in a coating tank, dipped in a conductive support, and then pulled up. The obtained coating film is dried and cured at a temperature of 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a film thickness of 0.5 μm. An intermediate layer was formed.

  Next, 2 parts by weight of Y-type oxotitanium phthalocyanine (manufactured by Sanyo Dye Co., Ltd.) as a charge generating substance, and polyvinyl butyral resin (product name: S-REC B BM-S, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a binder resin 1 part by weight and 97 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone as an organic solvent were mixed and dispersed using a paint shaker to prepare a charge generation layer coating solution (total amount 1 kg). This charge generation layer coating solution was applied on the previously formed intermediate layer by the same dip coating method as that for the intermediate layer, and naturally dried to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.4 μm.

Next, 10 parts by weight of a triphenylamine-butadiene derivative represented by the following structural formula (1) as a charge transport material and a polycarbonate resin (product name: Iupilon Z400, manufactured by Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd.) as a binder resin 18 parts by weight, 0.5 part by weight of 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol as an antioxidant, and dimethylpolysiloxane (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., product name) as a leveling agent : KF-96) 0.004 part by weight was dissolved in 110 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as an organic solvent to prepare a charge transport layer coating solution (total amount: 1 kg). This charge transport layer coating solution is applied onto the previously formed charge generation layer by the same dip coating method as that for the intermediate layer, and dried at a temperature of 130 ° C. for 1 hour to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 23 μm. did.
The photoreceptor of Example 1 was produced as described above.

(Example 2)
First, fine particles of dendritic titanium oxide surface-treated with aluminum oxide (Al ₂ O ₃ ) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO ₂ ) as inorganic oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: minor axis 40 to 70 nm, long Axis 200-300 nm, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1) 12 parts by weight, and as a resin, aqueous polyacryl polyol (solid content: 45%, OH value: 80, manufactured by DIC Corporation, Product name: Burnock WE-300) 8.4 parts by weight and blocked isocyanate compound (solid content: 40%, NCO content: 5.4%, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes, product name: Takenate WB-920) 10 0.5 part by weight was added to 69 parts by weight of water and dispersed for 6 hours using a paint shaker to prepare an intermediate layer coating solution (total amount of 1 kg).
The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is in a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin, and the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) are based on the cross-linked resin (total of the blocked isocyanate compound and the resin: R). The weight ratio (P / R) was 6/4.
The obtained coating solution for forming the intermediate layer is filled in the coating tank in the same manner as in Example 1, and after being immersed in the conductive support, it is pulled up, and the obtained coating film is dried and cured at a temperature of 150 ° C. for 30 minutes, An intermediate layer having a thickness of 1.0 μm was formed.
Next Ide, in the same manner as in Example 1, a charge generating layer, a charge transport layer was coated to prepare a photoreceptor of Example 2.

(Example 3)
A photoconductor of Example 3 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 12 parts by weight Aqueous polyacrylic polyol as resin (solid content: 45%, OH value: 80, DIC Corporation, product name: Burnock WE-300): 8.4 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 40%, NCO content: 5.4%, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes, Inc., product name: Takenate WB) -920): 10.5 parts by weight Antifoaming agent (polyether foam suppressor, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.08 parts by weight Water: 67 parts by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is The inorganic oxide fine particles (P) are crosslinked resin (block isocyanate compound and organic compound) at a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. Fine resin Total: was a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to R) (P / R).

Example 4
A photoconductor of Example 4 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 12 parts by weight Aqueous polyacrylic polyol as resin (solid content: 45%, OH value: 80, DIC Corporation, product name: Burnock WE-300): 8.4 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 40%, NCO content: 5.4%, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes, Inc., product name: Takenate WB) -920): 10.5 parts by weight Antifoaming agent (polyether foam inhibitor, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by San Nopco, product name: Roma PWA-40): 0.03 part by weight Water: 67 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is 1.0% relative to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. At a molar ratio of inorganic oxide fine particles (P) is, (sum of blocked isocyanate compound and a resin: R) crosslinked resin had a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to (P / R).

(Example 5)
A photoconductor of Example 5 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 12 parts by weight Polyether polyol as resin (solid content: 35%, OH value: 60, Japan) Product name: AQD-473 manufactured by Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd .: 14.3 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 42%, NCO content: 7.5%, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., developed product name: BWD- 102): 7.1 parts by weight Antifoaming agent (polyether foam suppressor, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN) Dispersant 2060): 0.03 part by weight Water: 67 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is based on the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. In a molar ratio of 2.0, the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) is, (sum of blocked isocyanate compound and a resin: R) crosslinked resin had a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to (P / R).

(Example 6)
A photoconductor of Example 6 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 35 nm, manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., product name: MT-500SAS): 12 parts by weight Polyvinyl acetal as resin (solid content: 20%, OH value: 960, manufactured by Sekisui chemical Co., Ltd., product name: KW-1): 4.0 parts by weight blocked isocyanate compound (solid content: 70% NCO content: 7.9%, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Co., Ltd., development Product name: X1248) 10.3 parts by weight Defoaming agent (oil compound type, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 777): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by Sanyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: Caribon L) -400): 0.03 parts by weight Water: 74 parts by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound has a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. The inorganic oxide fine particles (P) had a weight ratio (P / R) of 6/4 with respect to the cross-linked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R).

(Example 7)
A photoconductor of Example 7 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Zinc oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 35 nm, manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., product name: FINEX30): 12 parts by weight Water-soluble cellulose (OH value: 360, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a resin Product name: Metroles 65SH-50): 0.96 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 37.5%, NCO content: 3.7%, product name: Bihijur VPLS2310, Sumika Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd. Made by company, product name: Bihijoule VPLS2310): 18.8 parts by weight Defoaming agent (oil compound type, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 777): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.) Product name: Elestat AP-130): 0.03 parts by weight Water: 65 parts by weight Block isocyanate The isocyanate group of the compound has a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin, and the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) are 6 to the cross-linked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R). / 4 weight ratio (P / R).

(Example 8)
A photoconductor of Example 8 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Zinc oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 30 to 40 nm, manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., product name: MZ300): 12 parts by weight of water-soluble nylon (solid content: 20%, containing NH) as inorganic oxide fine particles Rate: 10%, manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, product name: Toresin FS-350): 8.8 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 45%, NCO content: 7.0%, Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes, Inc. Product name: Takenate WB-820): 13.9 parts by weight Defoaming agent (oil compound type, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 777): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by San Nopco) Product name: SN Dispersant 2060): 0.03 part by weight Water: 65 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is At a molar ratio of 1.0 with respect to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin, the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) have a weight ratio (P of 6/4) with respect to the crosslinked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R). / R).

Example 9
A photoconductor of Example 9 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Tin oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 30 nm, manufactured by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, product name: S-2000): 10 parts by weight Polyvinyl acetal as resin (solid content: 20%, OH value) : 960, manufactured by Sekisui chemical Co., Ltd., product name: KW-1): 2.8 parts by weight blocked isocyanate compound (solid content: 70% NCO content: 4.3%, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp., Development name: X1458) 13.5 parts by weight Defoaming agent (oil compound type, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 777): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, product name: Caribon L-400): 0.025 part by weight Water: 74 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is 1.0 mole relative to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. In terms of the ratio, the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) were in a 5/5 weight ratio (P / R) to the cross-linked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R).

(Example 10)
A photoconductor of Example 9 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Antimony oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 100 to 500 nm, manufactured by Nippon Seiko Co., Ltd., product name: PATOX CF): 10 parts by weight Water-soluble nylon (solid content: 20%) as resin , NH content: 10%, manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, product name: Toresin FS-350: 11.0 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 45%, NCO content: 7.0%, Mitsui Chemicals) Made by Polyurethane Co., Ltd., product name: Takenate WB-820): 17.3 parts by weight Defoaming agent (oil compound type, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 777): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (San Nopco) Product name: SN Dispersant 5468): 0.025 parts by weight Water: 74 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound The isocyanate group of the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) is 5/5 relative to the cross-linked resin (total of the blocked isocyanate compound and the resin: R) at a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. The weight ratio (P / R).

(Example 11)
A photoconductor of Example 11 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 12 parts by weight Polyether polyol as resin (solid content: 35%, OH value: 60, Japan) Product name: AQD-473 manufactured by Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd .: 18.4 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 42%, NCO content: 7.5%, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., developed product name: BWD- 102): 3.7 parts by weight antifoaming agent (polyether, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN Dispersant 2060) ): 0.03 part by weight Water: 66 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is 0.4 relative to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. At a molar ratio of inorganic oxide fine particles (P) is, (sum of blocked isocyanate compound and a resin: R) crosslinked resin had a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to (P / R).

(Example 12)
A photoconductor of Example 12 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 12 parts by weight Polyether polyol as resin (solid content: 35%, OH value: 60, Japan) Product name: AQD-473 manufactured by Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd .: 11.7 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 42%, NCO content: 7.5%, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., developed product name: BWD- 102): 9.3 parts by weight antifoaming agent (polyether, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (produced by San Nopco, product name: SN Dispersant 2060) ): 0.03 part by weight Water: 67 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is 1.6 relative to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. At a molar ratio of inorganic oxide fine particles (P) is, (sum of blocked isocyanate compound and a resin: R) crosslinked resin had a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to (P / R).

(Example 13)
A first intermediate layer coating solution containing no inorganic oxide fine particles was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following components were used.
Polyether polyol (solid content: 35%, OH number: 60, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., product name: AQD-473): 17.9 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 42%, NCO) Content: 7.5%, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., developed product name: BWD-102): 8.9 parts by weight Water: 73 parts by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is based on the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. The molar ratio was 1.0.
The obtained coating solution for forming the first intermediate layer is filled in a coating tank, dipped in a conductive support, and then pulled up, and the obtained coating film is dried and cured at a temperature of 150 ° C. for 30 minutes. A 3 μm first intermediate layer (blocking layer) was formed.

Next, a second intermediate layer coating solution containing inorganic oxide fine particles was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the following components were used.
Titanium oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 250 nm, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: CR-EL) as inorganic oxide fine particles: 14 parts by weight Polyether polyol (solid content: 35%, OH) as resin Value: 60, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., product name: AQD-473): 10.7 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 42%, NCO content: 7.5%, manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., Development name: BWD-102): 5.4 parts by weight Antifoaming agent (polyether antifoam, manufactured by San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.06 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by San Nopco) Product name: SN Dispersant 2060): 0.035 parts by weight Water: 69 parts by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is a resin. At a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group, the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) are 7/3 in weight ratio (P / R) to the cross-linked resin (total of blocked isocyanate compound and resin: R). )Met.
The obtained coating solution for forming the second intermediate layer was applied onto the previously formed first intermediate layer by the same dip coating method as that for the first intermediate layer. A second intermediate layer having a thickness of 10 μm was formed by drying and curing for 5 minutes.
Next, in the same manner as in Example 1, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were sequentially formed on the second intermediate layer to produce a photoreceptor of Example 13.

(Example 14)
A photoconductor of Example 14 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared using the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 35 nm, manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., product name: MT-500SAS): 12 parts by weight Polyvinyl acetal as resin (solid content: 20%, OH value: 960, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: KW-1): 4.0 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 70%, NCO content: 7.9%, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, developed product name: X1248): 10.3 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, product name: Caribon L-400): 0.03 parts by weight Water: 74 parts by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound contains the active hydrogen of the resin. The inorganic oxide fine particles (P) with respect to the cross-linked resin (total of the blocked isocyanate compound and the resin: R) at a molar ratio of 1.0 to the group. Te had a weight ratio of 6/4 (P / R).

(Example 15)
A photoconductor of Example 15 was produced in the same manner as Example 2 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared using the following components.
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (average primary particle size: 15 nm, manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., product name: SMT-100SAS): 12 parts by weight Polyvinyl acetal as a resin (solid content: 20%, OH value: 960, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., product name: KW-1): 4.0 parts by weight Block isocyanate compound (solid content: 70%, NCO content: 7.9%, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, developed product name: X1248): 10.3 parts by weight Antifoaming agent (oil compound, San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 777): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (San Nopco, product name: Roma PWA-40) ): 0.03 part by weight Water: 74 part by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is 1. In the molar ratio of the inorganic oxide fine particles (P) is, (sum of blocked isocyanate compound and a resin: R) crosslinked resin had a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to (P / R).

(Comparative Example 1)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components (organic solvent, no curing).
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 6 parts by weight Copolymer nylon as a resin (product name: Amilan CM8000): 4 parts by weight Methanol as organic solvent: 50 parts by weight and 1,3-dioxolane: 40 parts by weight

(Comparative Example 2)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components (aqueous, uncured).
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 6 parts by weight Polyvinyl acetal as resin (solid content: 20%, OH value: 570, Sekisui Chemical) Manufactured by Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: KW-3): 20 parts by weight Water: 74 parts by weight

(Comparative Example 3)
A photoconductor of Comparative Example 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the intermediate layer coating solution was prepared with the following components (an aqueous, non-block type isocyanate compound (NCO group at 20 ° C. for 20 hours). Use completely)).
Titanium oxide fine particles as inorganic oxide fine particles (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd., product name: TTO-D-1): 12 parts by weight Polyvinyl acetal as resin (solid content: 20%, OH value: 570, Sekisui Chemical) Industrial Co., Ltd., product name: KW-3): 11.2 parts by weight Water-dispersed isocyanate (non-block type, NCO content: 16.5%, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, product name: Duranate WB40-100) : 5.8 parts by weight Antifoaming agent (polyether, San Nopco, product name: SN deformer 470): 0.08 parts by weight Dispersion stabilizer (San Nopco, product name: Roma PWA-40): 0.03 parts by weight Water: 71 parts by weight The isocyanate group of the blocked isocyanate compound is an inorganic oxide in a molar ratio of 1.0 to the active hydrogen-containing group of the resin. Particles (P) is, (sum of blocked isocyanate compound and a resin: R) crosslinked resin had a weight ratio of 6/4 with respect to (P / R).
Table 1 shows the materials and weight ratios P / R used in Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.

(Evaluation)
(1) Electrical Characteristics and Environmental Stability of Photoreceptor The photoreceptor obtained in Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was subjected to a surface potential meter (Gen) so that the surface potential of the photoreceptor in the image forming process could be measured. Each of the photoconductors was evaluated for electrical characteristics and environmental stability by being mounted on a commercially available digital copying machine (Sharp Corporation, model: AR-F330) equipped with a TEC Co., Ltd. model: CATE751).
First, in an N / N environment at a temperature of 22 ° C. and a relative humidity of 65%, the surface potential of the photoreceptor immediately after the charging operation by the charger was measured as a charging potential V0 (V). Further, the surface potential of the photoreceptor immediately after being exposed by laser light (wavelength: 780 nm) was measured as a residual potential VL (V) in an N / N environment.
Further, the residual potential VL (V) is measured in an N / H environment at a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85% and in an N / L environment at a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 5% in the same manner as in the N / N environment. These differences were obtained as potential fluctuation ΔVL (V). That is, it can be evaluated that the smaller the potential fluctuation ΔVL (V), the better the environmental stability (environmental characteristics).

Next, in a N / N environment at a temperature of 22 ° C. and a relative humidity of 65%, a test image having a predetermined pattern (a character test chart defined in ISO 19752) was continuously copied on 100,000 sheets of recording paper, In the same manner as in the initial stage, the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately after the charging operation is measured as a charging potential V0 (V), and the surface potential of the photoconductor after exposure is measured as a residual potential VL (V). It was determined as a potential fluctuation ΔVLS (V) which is an index of fatigue characteristics.
The obtained results are shown in Table 2.

(2) Pot life After the intermediate layer coating solutions prepared in Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were stored for 3 months at room temperature and normal humidity (temperature 20 ° C., humidity 50%), the same manner was performed. A photoconductor was prepared, and the obtained photoconductor was measured for a residual potential VL (V) under an N / N environment, and the difference from the value of the initial residual potential VL (V) in the above (1) was It was determined as a potential fluctuation ΔVLP (V) that is an index of life.
The obtained results are shown in Table 2.

(3) Curing degree of intermediate layer 0.5 g of the intermediate layer coating solution prepared in Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Example 3 was placed on the surface of a glass plate having dimensions of 50 mm × 50 mm × thickness 1.5 mm. The sample was uniformly applied by the bar method, and the obtained coating film was dried and cured at a temperature of 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a sample.
The obtained samples were immersed in acetone at a temperature of 20 ° C. for 1 day with stirring at a rotation speed of 30 rpm, and the degree of cure (%) was determined from the weight difference between the initial weight before immersion and the weight after immersion from the following formula. It was.
Curing degree (%) = (1− (initial weight−weight after immersion) / (initial weight)) × 100
Moreover, (2) The intermediate layer coating solution prepared in the pot life study and stored for 3 months was also prepared in the same manner as described above, and the degree of cure (%) was determined.
In addition, about the coating liquid for intermediate | middle layers of the comparative examples 1 and 2, since it was not curable resin, the hardening degree was not evaluated.
The obtained results are shown in Table 2.

The following can be seen from the results in Table 2.
(1) The photoconductors of the present invention (Examples 1 to 8, 13 and 14) are widely used in current photoconductors even though water is used as a solvent for the intermediate layer coating solution. Compared to the organic solvent-based photoreceptor of Comparative Example 1 using a polyamide-based binder resin, it has equivalent or better performance in all of electric characteristics, environmental stability, fatigue characteristics, and coating liquid stability (pot life). doing.

(2) When the amount of the blocked isocyanate compound relative to the resin is small, that is, when the NCO group relative to the OH group in the resin is small (Example 11), the degree of cure decreases, and the OH group (hydrophilic in the film of the intermediate layer) Group) is increased, and the environmental stability of the photoreceptor is lowered.
On the other hand, when the amount of the blocked isocyanate compound relative to the resin is large, that is, when the NCO group relative to the OH group in the resin is large (Example 12), the environmental characteristics do not deteriorate so much, but the fatigue characteristics and the storage stability of the coating liquid are not. descend. This is presumably because an excess of isocyanate groups reacted with moisture to generate impurities that affect electrical characteristics.

(3) Since the resin does not cure, the photoconductor using the intermediate layer coating solution that does not contain the blocked isocyanate compound has extremely low environmental characteristics.
(4) A photoconductor (Comparative Example 3) using an intermediate layer coating solution containing a water-dispersed isocyanate compound that is not a block type has extremely low storage stability of the coating solution. That is, a photoconductor produced using the intermediate layer coating solution immediately after preparation shows a certain level of performance, but a photoconductor produced using the intermediate layer coating solution stored for 3 months has a reduced performance. This is presumably because curing does not occur due to the decomposition of the NCO group of the isocyanate compound, and the electrical properties deteriorate due to the decomposition by-products.

(5) A photoconductor using an intermediate layer coating solution that does not contain an antifoaming agent (Example 14) is a photoconductor using an intermediate layer coating solution that contains an antifoaming agent (Example 6: Antifoaming). The prescriptions other than the agent are the same), and the electrical characteristics and pot life are slightly inferior. This is presumably because the coating liquid for the intermediate layer was considerably foamed during the dispersion, the dispersion ability was lowered, and many coarse particles remained in the coating liquid for the intermediate layer. There is a similar tendency in Example 2 (comparison with Example 4) in which neither a dispersion stabilizer nor an antifoaming agent is added.
(6) A photoconductor using an intermediate layer coating solution not containing a dispersion stabilizer (Example 3) is a photoconductor using an intermediate layer coating solution containing a dispersion stabilizer (Example 4: The prescriptions other than the dispersion stabilizer are the same), and the electrical characteristics and pot life are slightly inferior. This is probably because some particles aggregated during long-term storage because the coating solution did not contain a dispersion stabilizer.
(7) The intermediate layer coating liquid (Example 15) containing fine particle titanium oxide having an average primary particle size of 15 nm has low particle dispersibility, and the obtained coating film is compared with those of other examples. It was quite white and cloudy. Further, when this intermediate layer coating solution was stored for 3 months, the particles aggregated and settled, and a coating film could not be prepared. This is presumably because the particle size was small, the cohesive force between the particles became strong, and the particles could not be sufficiently dispersed.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a main part of the photoreceptor of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a main part of the photoreceptor of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a main part of the photoreceptor of the present invention. 1 is a schematic side view illustrating a configuration of an image forming apparatus of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

1 conductive support 2 intermediate layer (undercoat layer)
3 Charge Generation Layer 4 Charge Transport Layer 5 Multilayer Type Photosensitive Layer 5 ′ Single Layer Type Photosensitive Layer

20 Image forming apparatus 22 Axis of rotation 23, 29 Arrow 24 Charging means (charger)
24a Charging roller 24b Bias power supply 25 Developing means (developer)
25a Developing roller 25b Casing 26 Transfer means (transfer device)
27 Cleaning means (cleaner)
27a Cleaning blade 27b Recovery casing 28 Exposure means 28a Light 30 Transfer paper 31 Fixing means (fixing device)
31a Heating roller 31b Pressure roller

Claims (11)

An electrophotographic photoreceptor having an organic photosensitive layer comprising a blocked isocyanate compound, a resin having two or more active hydrogen-containing groups capable of reacting with an isocyanate group in the blocked isocyanate compound, and a medium containing only water An intermediate layer coating solution.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to claim 1, wherein the active hydrogen-containing group is a hydroxyl group or an amide group.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the isocyanate group is present in the blocked isocyanate compound in a molar ratio of 0.5 to 1.5 with respect to the active hydrogen-containing group.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the blocked isocyanate compound has a structure in which hexamethylene diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate is blocked with an oxime or lactam blocking agent.   5. The resin according to claim 1, wherein the resin is selected from a polyether polyol resin, a polyester polyol resin, a polyacryl polyol resin, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, a polyvinyl acetal resin, cellulose, and a polyamide resin. The coating liquid for intermediate | middle layers as described in 2.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the intermediate layer coating solution further comprises inorganic oxide fine particles.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to claim 6, wherein the inorganic oxide fine particles are fine particles of titanium oxide or zinc oxide.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the inorganic oxide fine particles are fine particles having an average primary particle size of 20 to 500 nm.   The intermediate layer coating solution according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the intermediate layer coating solution further comprises an antifoaming agent. On the conductive support, at least an intermediate layer and an organic photosensitive layer are laminated in this order,
The said intermediate | middle layer is obtained by apply | coating the coating liquid for intermediate | middle layers as described in any one of Claims 1-9 on the said electroconductive support body, and hardening the obtained coating film. An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by the above.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 10, a charging unit for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an exposure unit for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image onto a recording material, and fixing the transferred toner image on the recording material to form an image An image forming apparatus comprising: a fixing unit that performs cleaning; a cleaning unit that removes and collects toner remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and a neutralizing unit that neutralizes surface charges remaining on the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

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