JP5305562B2 - Automatic ticket gate - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an automatic ticket gate installed in, for example, a station premises or a play facility.

  Currently, passengers using automatic ticket gates are increasing, and automatic ticket gate devices are frequently used.

  Several decades have passed since the development of the automatic ticket gate, but during that time a multifunctional automatic ticket gate is required, and various functions are added to the automatic ticket gate. At the beginning of the development of the automatic ticket gate device, the corresponding ticket types were only commuter tickets and plain tickets, and there were no functions such as printing and punching.

  However, the current automatic ticket gates have a variety of compatible ticket types, and can use not only commuter passes and ordinary tickets, but also SF cards, IC cards and media.

  In recent years, an automatic ticket gate only compatible with an IC card has been developed and widely used.

In the future, it is expected that all ticket types will be integrated with IC, and attention is focused on human detection control rather than a transport mechanism in an automatic ticket gate (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
JP 2005-4285 A

However, the conventional zone-type human detection control is susceptible to noise and disturbance because it determines the passage of a human by a simple method .

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its object is to provide noise, disturbance, an automatic ticket gate apparatus that kills by determining human also supports.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the invention according to claim 1 is arranged with a predetermined interval along the moving direction of the user moving in the passage, and two or more adjacent ones are in a detection state. A plurality of optical sensors for detecting the position of the user;
First detection information detected by the two or more adjacent optical sensors, and second detection information detected by two or more adjacent optical sensors different from the optical sensor that detected the first detection information; Are individually converted into first and second data, and the third detection information detected by the two or more adjacent optical sensors after a lapse of a predetermined time and the third detection information are detected. Data conversion means for individually converting fourth detection information detected by two or more adjacent optical sensors different from the optical sensor into third and fourth data;
Recording means for recording the first to fourth data converted into data by the data converting means;
By ANDing the first and second data with respect to the third data recorded by the recording means, and ANDing the first and second data with respect to the fourth data, respectively. Discriminating means for discriminating a correspondence relationship among a plurality of users in the passage .

  According to the present invention, it is possible to make a determination corresponding to noise and disturbance, and it is possible to reliably perform control by passing a child.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a ticket gate system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

  The ticket gate system includes a host computer 10 that functions as a monitoring device. The host computer 10 is connected to a plurality of automatic ticket gates 100-1, 100-2... Installed at a station via the communication line 20 and monitors these ticket gates 100.

  The host computer 10 controls the entire apparatus and various devices connected at a lower level, and has a CPU 11 that controls a plurality of ticket gates 100 in an integrated manner. A memory unit 12, a display unit 13, an input unit 14, a communication control unit 15 and the like are connected to the CPU 11.

  The memory unit 12 stores various data such as control data for controlling the host computer 10 itself and lower devices such as the ticket gate 100. The display unit 13 displays the operation state of the host computer 10 itself, the operation state of lower-level devices, and the like. The input unit 14 includes a keyboard for inputting various information such as the operation mode of each ticket gate 100, a touch panel for outputting corresponding information based on detection of contact. The communication control unit 15 transmits / receives various information to / from a lower level device via the communication line 20.

  FIG. 2 is an external perspective view showing the automatic ticket gate 100.

  Automatic ticket gates are usually installed as a set of two, and a ticket gate passage 61 through which a user can pass is formed between the two. Ticketing media that can be used with automatic ticket gates that perform ticket processing such as admission processing and entry processing include magnetic and wireless ticket media such as regular tickets, commuter passes, limited express tickets, coupon tickets, prepaid cards, etc. Is targeted.

  These ticket media include identification information unique to the ticket media, for example, a multi-digit identification number consisting of a combination of a plurality of numbers, and ticket information necessary for ticket processing, such as available section information, expiration date information, and entry records. Information, participation record information, user information, and the like. Such identification information and ticket gate information are magnetically recorded in a predetermined format on the magnetic recording layer of the ticket surface in the magnetic ticket medium, and are stored in a predetermined format in the memory unit in the wireless ticket medium. Yes.

  The automatic ticket gate 100 includes a housing 1. The housing 1 includes an insertion port 2, a discharge port 3, a display unit 4 that functions as a notification unit, a door mechanism 5, a frame 6, optical sensors 21 to 46, height detection sensors 51 to 53, a display 8, and the like. Yes.

  The insertion slot 2 is provided on the upstream side of the ticket gate passage in the housing 1 and can receive the ticket medium inserted when entering the facility or entering the facility. A shutter is provided in the vicinity of the slot 2 to prevent the ticket medium from being inserted. The discharge port 3 is provided on the downstream side of the ticket gate passage in the housing 1 and discharges the ticket medium received from the input port 2 as necessary.

  The display unit 4 is arranged in front of the outlet 3 in the housing 1 with respect to the user's direction of travel, and displays various guidance information, such as a guidance screen corresponding to the result of the ticket gate process, to the user and staff. Display in a predetermined display pattern. The door mechanism 5 is disposed at both ends of the side surface of the housing 1 on the ticket gate passage side, and is configured to be openable and closable so as to control the passage of the user. The door mechanism 5 opens the ticket gate passage when allowing the user to pass, and closes the ticket gate passage when blocking the user.

  The frame 6 is provided in the upper part of the housing 1 and serves as a partition for defining a ticket gate passage. The plurality of optical sensors 21 to 46 and the height detection sensors 51 to 53 are arranged on the side surfaces of the housing 1 and the frame 6 on the ticket gate passage side, and output an output signal for detecting the passage of the user. The display 8 is disposed on the frame 6 and notifies the operation state of the apparatus such as insertion of a child ticket, an invalid ticket or an abnormal ticket, or a device abnormality.

  FIG. 3 is a side view showing the automatic ticket gate 100-1.

  The optical sensors 21 to 46 provided on the side surface of the automatic ticket gate 100-1 are transmissive optical sensors for tracking the human position, and the optical sensors have a predetermined interval along the user's direction of travel. Light projecting elements 21a to 46a (shown in FIG. 4) arranged in a straight line and a light receiving element arranged on the side surface of the other automatic ticket checker 100-2 so as to face the light projecting elements 21a to 46a. 21b to 46b. L1 of FIG. 4 has shown the optical axis of the light projected on the light receiving elements 21b-46b from the light projecting elements 21a-46a.

  In FIG. 3, the distance between the sensors 21 to 46 is set to be smaller than the front-rear width of the human torso, for example, 8 cm. As a result, adjacent sensors are simultaneously shielded by one person and output detection signals.

  The height detection sensors 51 to 53 in FIG. 3 are adult / child sensors for discriminating between adults and children, and a row of sensors 21 to 46 is provided in each of the automatic ticket gates 100-1 and 100-2. It is provided at a position slightly above (a position approximately 125 cm above the floor surface). The height detection sensor 51 is provided near the entrance of the automatic ticket gate 100, the height detection sensor 52 is provided near the center of the automatic ticket gate 100, and the height detection sensor 53 is near the exit of the automatic ticket gate 100. Is provided.

  These height detection sensors 51 to 53 are constituted by reflection type optical sensors, projecting light obliquely upward, and receiving the reflected light. L2 of FIG. 4 has shown the optical axis of the height detection sensors 51-53.

  FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an electrical configuration of the automatic ticket gate apparatus 100.

  Reference numeral 71 denotes a CPU (data conversion means, determination means, determination means, recording means, determination means, control means) that controls the operation of the automatic ticket gate 100. Reference numeral 72 denotes a storage unit composed of a memory, a RAM having an area for temporarily storing data read from the boarding medium, an area for a genuine ticket counter, and a flash in which an operation program for the CPU 71 is stored. It includes a memory and an EEPROM that stores operation data and the like of the automatic ticket gate 100. Reference numeral 73 denotes a management table for managing the position of a passing person, and is provided in the EEPROM of the storage unit 72, for example. The CPU 71 and the storage unit 72 constitute an embodiment of the management means of the present invention.

  A door driving unit 74 drives the gate door, and includes a door opening / closing motor, a motor driving circuit, and the like. Reference numeral 75 denotes a display unit, which includes the display unit 4 and the display 8 shown in FIG. 76 is a host communication unit that communicates with a host device (not shown) that is a host device, and 77 is a power supply unit that supplies power to each unit of the automatic ticket gate 100. A human detection unit 78 includes the optical sensors 21 to 46 and the height detection sensors 51 to 53 shown in FIG. Reference numeral 79 denotes an antenna control unit that controls the operation of the antenna 54. The antenna 54 performs wireless communication with a non-contact medium 81 including a non-contact IC card, and boarding information and the like recorded on the non-contact medium 81 Read data without contact.

  FIG. 6 shows an example of the contents stored in the management table 73.

  In the management table 73, a person handle number 73a, position information 73b, 73c, direction information 73d, inserted ticket information 73e, large / small discrimination information 73f, traffic information 73g, and the like are recorded.

  The person handle number 73a is an identification number assigned to each user who has entered the automatic ticket gate apparatus 100. The position information 73b and 73c is information representing the position of the user by a status to be described later. The position information 73b is position information based on the current (after update) status, and the position information 73c is the previous (before update) status. It is position information based on.

  The direction information 73d is information indicating from which direction of the automatic ticket gate 100 the user has entered, and in the case of a ticket gate dual-purpose machine, indicates whether the user has entered from the ticket gate side or the ticket gate side. Information. The inserted ticket information 73e is information relating to the inserted ticket, and includes ticket type, distinction between adult tickets and child tickets, the transport direction of the ticket, and the like.

  The large / small discrimination information 73f is information obtained from the detection results of the height detection sensors 51 to 53 in FIG. 3, and is information indicating whether the user is an adult or a child.

  The traffic information 73h is information regarding normal passengers and other abnormal passengers, and if the user does not present a ticket, a ticketless passenger and a ticket are presented, but this is not a valid ticket. In the case of an invalid customer, and a user who has entered from the opposite direction to the side allowed to enter, each flag is set as a reverse entry customer, and both are treated as abnormal customers. All other cases are treated as normal customers. Further, the passage information 73h includes a genuine ticket counter state, an exit passage notification state, a recognition start status number, an umbrella flag, a separation flag, a separation pair table number, a sticking flag, a sticking pair table, and the like.

  With the management table 73 as described above, the position of a person passing through the automatic ticket gate 100 is managed in real time for each person.

  Next, the principle of human detection in the automatic ticket gate 100 described above will be described.

  FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining the status and its transition.

  The status is position information that groups a plurality of sensors and assigns each group corresponding to the sensor position.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 7A, the sensor 21 and the sensor 22 form one group, and the status ST1 is assigned to the group. Further, as shown in FIG. 7B, adjacent sensors 22 and sensors 23 constitute one group, and status ST2 is assigned to the group. Further, as shown in FIG. 7C, adjacent sensors 23 and 24 form one group, and status ST3 is assigned to the group. Thereafter, status ST4 to status ST46 (FIG. 7f) are sequentially assigned in the same manner.

  The CPU 71 which is a management means monitors the detection signals from the sensors 21 to 46 in the human detection unit 78, and when all of the plurality of sensors in one group output the detection signals, that is, within one group. When the AND condition for the light shielding state of the sensor is established, it is determined that the person is located in the status of the group.

  The number of sensors shielded by one person varies depending on the width of the human torso, but in the following, for simplicity of explanation, two sensors shielded by one person are adjacent to each other. Assuming only the sensor of

  Considering a case where a user enters from the entrance side of the automatic ticket gate 100, the sensors 71 and 22 at the entrance are first in a light-shielded state at the same time. It is determined that the status ST1 is 7 (a). When the user proceeds through the passage 61, the sensor 23 is in a light shielding state next. However, as described above, since the distance between the sensor 23 and the sensor 22 is smaller than the front and rear width of the human torso, the sensors 22 and 23 are in the light shielding state. The sensors 22 and 23 are simultaneously shielded from light, and a detection signal is output from each sensor. Therefore, the CPU 71 determines that the current position of the person is the status ST2 in FIG.

  Further, when the user proceeds through the passage 61, the sensor 24 is in a light shielding state next. However, since the distance between the sensor 23 and the sensor 24 is smaller than the front and rear width of the human torso, the sensor 23 maintains the light shielding state. Therefore, the sensors 23 and 24 are simultaneously shielded from light, and a detection signal is output from each sensor. Therefore, the CPU 71 determines that the current position of the person is the status ST3 in FIG. Thereafter, in the same manner, the current position is determined to be status ST4 to status ST45 (FIG. 7e) as the user proceeds through the passage 61 in the same manner.

  Finally, when the user reaches the exit, the sensors 45 and 46 are simultaneously shielded from light as shown in FIG. 7F, and the status is determined to be ST46. Thereafter, when the user exits the exit, the sensor 46 enters a light-transmitting state, and the CPU 71 determines that the user has left the automatic ticket gate 100.

  In the above process, when the CPU 71 determines the status ST1, a human handle number is assigned to the user who has entered the automatic ticket gate 100, and the assigned human handle number 73a is recorded in the management table 73 (FIG. 6). To do. Further, the CPU 71 manages the position of the person with the person handle number using the front end status and the rear end status. That is, when a person passes in the direction of travel from the entrance to the exit, the position where the sensor first changes from the light-transmitting state to the light-blocking state is the front end status, and the position where the sensor first changes from the light-blocking state to the light-transmitting state is End status. For example, when the sensors 26, 27, and 28 indicated by black circles in FIG. 8 are shielded by humans, the front end status is ST28 and the rear end status is ST26.

  In addition, although the example which manages a passer's front end and a rear end by two statuses was shown in FIG. 8, when the passerby's torso width is small, as shown in the above-mentioned example, the front end and the rear end are one status. May be manageable. When the torso width of the passerby is large, the front end and the rear end are managed based on the top and last status among the three or more statuses.

  The front end status and the rear end status as described above are recorded in the management table 73 as position information 73b and 73c. In this case, the latest status is recorded in the position information 73b, and the previous status is recorded in the position information 73c.

  By the way, in the present invention, the detection information of the sensors 21 to 46 described above is expressed by 4-byte data, and the arrangement of the data is sequentially assigned to D0 to D7 as shown in FIG.

  For example, when the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 are as shown in FIG. 10, the detection information is converted to 0x00000C1E0 and recorded as status information in the management table 73.

  Next, a case where there are a plurality of users in the passage 61 will be described.

  In such a case, the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 are, for example, as shown in FIG. 11, the sensors 26 to 29 are in a dark state (lumps A), and the sensors 35 and 36 are in a dark state (lumps B). However, the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 are divided into data for the case where only the sensors 26 to 29 are in the dark state and the case where only the sensors 35 and 36 are in the dark state, and the data are recorded in the management table 73.

  Data when only the sensors 26 to 29 are in the dark state (block A) is 0x000001E0, and data when only the sensors 35 and 36 are in the dark state (block B) is 0x0000C000.

  The reason why the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 are converted into data separately for each of the blocks A and B is to determine how the dark state of the sensors 21 to 46 changes.

  FIG. 12 shows the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 compared before and after the change.

  After the change in the detection state of the sensors 21 to 46, for example, the sensors 27 to 31 are in a dark state (lumps C), and the sensors 35 to 37 are in a dark state (lumps D).

  Here, in the same manner as described above, the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 are the case where only the sensors 27 to 31 are in the dark state (lumps C) and the case where only the sensors 35 to 37 are the dark state (lumps D). Are divided into data and recorded in the management table 73.

  The data when only the sensors 27 to 31 are in the dark state (block C) is 0x000007C0, and the data when only the sensors 35 to 37 are in the dark state (block D) is 0x0001C000.

  When the detection states of the sensors 21 to 46 are compared before and after the change, the same sensors 27, 28, and 29 are in the dark state in the lump A and the lump C, and the same sensor in the lump B and the lump D. 35 and 36 are in a dark state.

  Therefore, the detection information converted into data is ANDed before and after the change, and based on the AND result, the correspondence between the change A and the change B and the change C and D after the change is obtained. Can be determined.

  In the case shown in FIG. 12, 0 is obtained when AND is performed on the block A and the block D, and 0 is not performed when AND is performed on the block A and the block C. In addition, when the chunk B and the chunk C are ANDed, it becomes 0, and when the chunk B and the chunk D are ANDed, it does not become 0. Accordingly, it is determined that the mass C is derived from the mass A and the mass D is derived from the mass B.

  As a result, even if two users pass through the passage continuously, it is possible to monitor the position following the user.

  Next, a method for determining whether or not the user passing through the passage 61 is an adult will be described.

  In conventional human detection control, zone-type control is mainly used, but in this embodiment, a method of always following a human movement is adopted as a follow-up type.

  In the zone type, for example, control is performed in 5 zones (A, B, C, D, E zones from the outside of the premises), and control is performed on the assumption that the passerby is somewhere in the zone. It was.

  According to this embodiment, even if one of the three height detection (reflection type) sensors 51 to 53 on the outer side, the center side, and the inner side of the site is detected, it may be determined that the user is an adult. There is no.

  A method of discriminating an adult will be described using the height detection sensor 51 on the outside of the premises.

  FIG. 13 shows the height detecting sensor 51 on the outer side of the building and the surrounding transmission type sensors 21 to 28.

  In order to determine that the user is an adult, a combination of the height detection sensor 51 and the eight transmission sensors 21 to 28 is required.

  That is, when both the height detection sensors (main machine side and slave machine side) 51 on the outer side are in a dark state (detection state), a dark state continues between the surrounding transmission type sensors 21 to 28. When there is a sensor group (lumps), it can be determined that the passerby is an adult based on the dark information of the sensor group.

  Here, the problem is whether or not there is a lump of sensors in a dark state between the sensors 21 to 28.

  In this embodiment, the check range of the sensor lump that is in the dark state is gradually widened.

  That is, when the height detection sensors 51 and 51 are in the dark state as shown in FIG. 14, first, it is checked whether or not the sensors 24 and 25 located immediately below the height detection sensors 51 and 51 are in the dark state. To do. If the sensors 24 and 25 are not in the dark state, it is further checked whether the sensors 23 to 26 are in the dark state. If not, the sensors 22 to 27 are checked in the dark state. If it is not a dark state, it is checked whether or not the sensors 21 to 28 are in a dark state.

  If there is a continuous sensor lump that is in a dark state as a result of the above check, an adult flag is recorded in the lump management table. If there is no continuous sensor lump that becomes dark even if the sensors 21 to 28 are checked, the dark state of the height detection sensors 51 and 51 is ignored as noise.

  It should be noted that adult / child determination by the center and premises height detection sensors 52 and 53 is similarly performed.

  By these processes, it becomes possible to cope with unexpected detection of the height detection sensors 51 to 53.

  Next, a processing method when a user contacts in the passage 61 will be described.

  In the conventional zone-type control, when two adults are in contact with each other in the passage, they are erroneously detected as one person. In the follow-up control, even if the two adults are in contact with each other after the presence of two adults is confirmed in the passage, it can be recognized that the two adults have contacted each other.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 15, when the sensors 26 to 29 are in the dark state (lumps A) and the sensors 31 to 33 are in the dark state (lumps B), based on the dark information of the sensors 26 to 29. In the management table 73, the human handle number = 2, the front end status ST29, and the rear end status ST26 are recorded. Based on the dark information of the sensors 31 to 33, the management table 73 stores the human handle number = 1 and the front end status ST33. The rear end status ST31 is recorded.

  From this state, when two adults contact in the passage 61, for example, as shown in FIG. 16, the sensors 27 to 33 are in a dark state. At this time, the users of the human handle number 2 and the human handle number 1 are in the same status state. That is, although the front end status ST33 and the rear end status ST27, the two types of human handle numbers 1 and 2 have the same status, so it is determined that there are two persons in the passage 61.

  Therefore, when exiting from the passage 61 with two persons in contact, the exit passage process for two persons is performed. That is, if there are two legitimate persons, the legitimate counter 72a is decremented by two.

  Further, when two adults who have contacted each other in the passage 61 are separated again, for example, as shown in FIG. 17, the sensors 27 to 30 are in a dark state (lumps D), and the sensors 32 to 34 are in a dark state (lumps E). In this case, the problem is that it is impossible to distinguish whether the chunk D and the chunk E are human handle numbers 2 or 1.

  However, since the left side is 2 and the right side is 1 based on the information of the person, the lump D can be determined as the human handle number 2 and the lump E as the human handle 1, and separation processing from contact is also possible.

  Next, a case where an adult and a child come into contact with each other will be described.

  When an adult and a child pass through the passage 61, for example, as shown in FIG. 18, the sensors 28 and 29 are in a dark state (block A), and the sensors 31 to 34 are in a dark state (block B). At this time, adults are detected by the height detection sensors 51 to 53, and children are not detected by the height detection sensors 51 to 53.

  Based on the detection information of the height detection sensors 51 (-53) and the dark information of the sensors 28 and 29, the human handle number = 2, the front end status ST29, the rear end status ST28, and the child information are recorded in the management table 73, Based on the detection information of the height detection sensors 51 (-53) and the dark information of the sensors 31-34, the human handle number = 1, the front end status 14, the rear end status 11, and adult information are recorded in the management table 73.

  When an adult and a child come into contact with each other in the passage 61 from this state, for example, as shown in FIG. 19, the sensors 29 to 34 are in a dark state (lump C). Based on the dark information of the sensors 29 to 34, the human handle number = 1, the front end status 34, the rear end status 29, and the adult information are recorded in the management table 73, and the child management table is deleted.

  This is because there is a possibility that an adult's hand or baggage is erroneously detected as a child, and it is not necessary to follow the baggage. Thereby, the process when an adult and a child contact is also possible.

  Note that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment as it is, and can be embodied by modifying the constituent elements without departing from the scope of the invention in the implementation stage. Various inventions can be formed by appropriately combining a plurality of constituent elements disclosed in the above-described embodiments. For example, you may delete some components from all the components shown by embodiment mentioned above. Furthermore, you may combine the component covering different embodiment suitably.

The figure which shows schematically the structure of the ticket gate system which is one embodiment of this invention. The external appearance perspective view which shows the automatic ticket gate apparatus of the ticket gate system of FIG. The side view which shows the automatic ticket gate apparatus of FIG. The front view which shows the automatic ticket gate apparatus of the ticket gate system of FIG. The block diagram which shows the electric constitution of the automatic ticket gate apparatus of FIG. The figure which shows an example of the memory content of a management table. The figure which shows a status and its transition. The figure explaining front end status and back end status. The figure which shows the arrangement | sequence of the data of sensor information. The figure which shows the detection state of a sensor. The figure which shows the detection state of a sensor in case a some user exists in a channel | path. The figure which shows before and after the change of the detection state of the sensor of FIG. The figure which shows a reflection-type height detection sensor and the transmissive | pervious optical sensor of the periphery. The figure which shows the method of checking the presence or absence of the dark state of a transmissive | pervious sensor when the height detection sensor of FIG. 13 will be in a dark state. The figure which shows the detection state of a sensor in case a some user exists in a channel | path. The figure which shows the detection state of a sensor when the several users in a passage contact. The figure which shows the state which shows the detection state of the sensor when the user who contacted leaves | separated. The figure which shows the detection state of a sensor in case an adult and a child exist in a passage. The figure which shows the detection state of a sensor when an adult and a child contact in a passage.

Explanation of symbols

  21-46 ... optical sensors, 26-28 ... first optical sensor group, 35, 36 ... second optical sensor group, 27-31 ... third optical sensor group, 35-37 ... fourth optical sensor group 51-53... Height detection sensor, 61... Passage, 71... CPU (data conversion means, determination means, determination means, recording means, determination means, control means) Management table.

Claims (1)

A plurality of optical sensors for detecting the position of the user when two or more adjacent ones are placed in a detection state, arranged at predetermined intervals along the moving direction of the user moving in the passage; ,
First detection information detected by the two or more adjacent optical sensors, and second detection information detected by two or more adjacent optical sensors different from the optical sensor that detected the first detection information; Are individually converted into first and second data, and the third detection information detected by the two or more adjacent optical sensors after a lapse of a predetermined time and the third detection information are detected. Data conversion means for individually converting fourth detection information detected by two or more adjacent optical sensors different from the optical sensor into third and fourth data;
Recording means for recording the first to fourth data converted into data by the data converting means;
By ANDing the first and second data with respect to the third data recorded by the recording means, and ANDing the first and second data with respect to the fourth data, respectively. An automatic ticket checker comprising: a discriminating means for discriminating a correspondence relationship among a plurality of users in the passage .

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