JP4855658B2 - Filters and filter-equipped equipment - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、例えば、家庭電器、ビル、工場、車等の機械や機器類に取り付けるフィルターであって、詳しくはフィルター構成部材から発生する臭気のマスキングや、消臭、殺菌、抗酸化作用等を行うことができるフィルターおよびこれを搭載したフィルター搭載機器に関する。 The present invention is, for example, a filter attached to a machine or device such as a home appliance, a building, a factory, or a car, and more specifically, masking of odor generated from filter components, deodorization, sterilization, antioxidant action, etc. The present invention relates to a filter that can be used and a filter-equipped device equipped with the filter.
従来より、家庭用の空気清浄機に取り付けられるエアフィルターの濾材としては、短繊維を樹脂加工して固めた不織布などが広く用いられている。しかし、この濾材の多くは、それ自体から特有の臭気が発生し、不快であるとのクレームが多かった。 Conventionally, as a filter medium for an air filter attached to a domestic air purifier, a nonwoven fabric obtained by hardening short fibers with resin has been widely used. However, many of these filter media have a complaint of being uncomfortable because of their own unique odor.
このような臭気を消す方法には、活性炭を用いた脱臭や消臭剤による化学結合、また、香料が持つ芳香作用によって室内の臭気全体をマスキングする手法などが古くから行われていた。また、不織布を固めるために広く用いられているアクリル樹脂からは極微量ではあるが、エタノール、1.ブタノール、酢酸、メチルエチルケトオキシムなどが発生するが、活性炭での脱臭や消臭剤による化学結合などの従来方法では微小な臭気を消すことが不可能であった。また、香料によるマスキング方法は、この臭気を消す香料をどの家庭でも使用する訳でもなく、消せるものでなかった。 As a method for eliminating such odors, methods such as deodorization using activated carbon, chemical bonding with a deodorant, and a method of masking the whole room odor by the aroma action of a fragrance have been used for a long time. Moreover, although it is a trace amount from the acrylic resin widely used for hardening a nonwoven fabric, ethanol, 1. Butanol, acetic acid, methyl ethyl ketoxime, and the like are generated, but it has been impossible to eliminate minute odors by conventional methods such as deodorization with activated carbon or chemical bonding with a deodorant. In addition, the masking method using a fragrance does not use any fragrance that eliminates the odor in any household, and it cannot be erased.
さらに、各種の制菌、除菌効果を謳った商品は多くのものが市販されているが、薬剤と菌とが直接接触することで効果が発揮されるものであり、効果が繊維廻りの空間に及んで効果を発揮するものがなかった(例えば、特許文献1、2)。 In addition, many products with various antibacterial and antibacterial effects are on the market, but the effect is demonstrated by direct contact between the drug and the bacteria, and the effect is in the space around the fiber. However, there is no one that exhibits the effect (for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
一方、カプセルに収納された香料による従来技術としては、例えば香り付き酸素の吸入具、香料タバコ、フィルター付きタバコなどがあるが、いずれも本発明の目的、発想とは異なるものであった(例えば、特許文献3〜5)。
本発明の目的は、上記のような問題点を解消し、不快臭を発しにくく、かつ室内にほのかな香りを徐放することが可能なフィルターおよびそのフィルター搭載機器を提供することにある。 An object of the present invention is to provide a filter that eliminates the above-described problems, hardly emits an unpleasant odor, and can release a faint scent in a room and a filter-equipped device.
本発明は、上記課題を達成するため、接着剤としてアクリル酸エステル樹脂又はエポキシ樹脂が使用されたフィルターであって、フィルターの構成材料中に、揮発性成分として(1)ジプロピレングリコール(Dipropylene Glycol)、(2)4(3)−(4ヒドロキシ−4−メティルペンチル)−3−シクロヘキセン−1−カルボザルデヒド(4(3)−(4−Hydroxy−4−methypentyl)−3−cyclohexene−1−carbozaldehyde)、(3)メチルディヒドロジャスモネート(Methyl dihydrojasmonate)、(4)テトラヒドロリナロール(Tetrahydrolinalool)、(5)シトロネロール(Citronellol)及び(6)イソブチルベンゾエート(Isobutyl benzoate)が内蔵された微多孔性の膜からなるマイクロカプセルが混入されていることを特徴とするフィルターである。 In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is a filter in which an acrylic ester resin or an epoxy resin is used as an adhesive , and (1) dipropylene glycol (1) dipropylene glycol as a volatile component in the constituent material of the filter. ), (2) 4 (3)-(4hydroxy-4-methylpentyl) -3-cyclohexene-1-carbozaldehyde (4 (3)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl) -3-cyclohexene- 1-carbozaldehyde), (3) methyl di hydro jasmonate (methyl dihydrojasmonate), (4) Tetrahydrolinalool (Tetrahydrolinalool), (5) citronellol (citronellol) and (6) isobutyl benzoate (I obutyl benzoate) is a filter, characterized in that microcapsules made of a microporous membrane that is incorporated is mixed.
この場合、上記揮発成分は、香料の(1)Dipropylene Glycol、(2)4(3)−(4−Hydroxy−4−methypentyl)−3−cyclohexene−1−carbozaldehyde、(3)Methyl dihydrojasmonate、(4)Tetrahydrolinalool、(5)Citronellol及び(6)Isobutyl benzoateが好ましい。また、揮発性成分の混入量は、フィルターの構成材料の0.002〜20重量%の範囲内であるのが好ましい。マイクロカプセルの外径は、0.2〜100μmの範囲内のものが好ましい。 In this case, the volatile components are (1) Dipropylene Glycol, (2) 4 (3)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl) -3-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde, (3) Methyl dihydramonate, (3) Preferred are :) Tetrahydrolinol, (5) Citronellol, and (6) Isobutyl benzoate . Moreover, it is preferable that the mixing amount of a volatile component exists in the range of 0.002 to 20 weight% of the constituent material of a filter. The outer diameter of the microcapsule is preferably in the range of 0.2 to 100 μm.
そして、これらフィルターは、例えば家庭電器、ビル、工場、車等の機械や機器類に搭載することができる。 These filters can be mounted on machines and devices such as home appliances, buildings, factories, and cars.
本発明のフィルターは、上記の通り、マイクロカプセル化された香料成分が、マイクロカプセルから徐々に大気中に放出させることができるので、消臭などの本来持っていた効能を発現させることができる。また、このフィルターの使用香料を適宜選定し、例えば空調機や家庭用空気清浄機、業務用分煙機等のフィルター搭載機器に使用すれば、爽やか感、高揚感、沈静感などの感情的効果を得ることができる。 As described above, the filter of the present invention allows the perfume component encapsulated in microcapsules to be gradually released from the microcapsules into the atmosphere, so that the original effects such as deodorization can be expressed. In addition, if the perfume used for this filter is appropriately selected and used in filter-equipped equipment such as air conditioners, household air purifiers, and commercial smoke separators, emotional effects such as refreshing feeling, uplifting feeling, calm feeling, etc. Can be obtained.
以下、本発明の実施の最良の形態について詳細に説明する。 Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail.
本発明者らは、フィルター構成部材から発する特有の臭気を消すことを鋭意研究した結果、臭気の原因は、主にフィルター構成濾材である繊維を繋ぎ留めるために使用される接着剤、主にアクリル酸エステル樹脂やエポキシ樹脂などに含まれるエタノール、1.ブタノール、酢酸、メチルエチルケトオキシムなどにあり、これらはそれ自体、揮発性が高いため、極微量でも臭気を発するものであることが分かった。これらの臭気成分は樹脂の重合過程で用いられ、現在の技術では取り除くことができないものであり、従来技術では残存量の減少に努めたが感覚的には満足できる臭気濃度レベルのものを得ることができなかった。 As a result of diligent research on eliminating the specific odor emitted from the filter constituent members, the present inventors have found that the cause of the odor is mainly an adhesive used to tether the fibers constituting the filter constituent filter material, mainly acrylic. Ethanol contained in acid ester resin, epoxy resin, etc. They are found in butanol, acetic acid, methyl ethyl ketoxime, etc., and these have high volatility, and it has been found that they emit odors even in a very small amount. These odor components are used in the resin polymerization process and cannot be removed by the current technology. The conventional technology tried to reduce the remaining amount, but the odor concentration level should be satisfactory in terms of sensation. I could not.
そこで、爽やか感を感じることが可能な柑橘系香料成分を、フィルター構成材料である短繊維を固めるアクリル樹脂に混ぜて濾材を作成し、フィルターに仕立てて臭いを嗅いだところ、香料だけの臭気が感じられ部材から発する不快臭気が感じられないことを見いだした。しかしながら、香料を単にアクリル樹脂に混ぜる方法では、香料が直ぐに揮発してしまい効果の持続性が1ヶ月程度と短期間であった。しかし、濾材の作成からフィルターが市場に流通するまでには、短いもので1ヶ月、長いものでは1年以上の期間があり、しかも濾材の作成過程で100〜170℃の熱を受け、例えば倉庫に保管中のものでは60℃もの高温で保管されるため、香料成分が殆ど揮発消失しまい実用上問題があることが分かった。 Therefore, a citrus fragrance ingredient that can feel a refreshing feeling is mixed with an acrylic resin that hardens the short fiber that is the filter constituent material, a filter medium is created, and the filter is made to smell and smells. It was found that the unpleasant odor felt from the member was not felt. However, in the method in which the fragrance is simply mixed with the acrylic resin, the fragrance is volatilized immediately and the sustainability of the effect is as short as about one month. However, there is a short period of one month and a long period of one year or more from the preparation of the filter medium to the market, and the filter medium is heated to 100 to 170 ° C. during the process of preparing the filter medium. In addition, since it was stored at a high temperature of 60 ° C. during storage, it was found that the fragrance component was almost volatilized and there was a problem in practical use.
そこで、本発明においては、濾材作成時の加熱に耐え、倉庫保管時の温度でも香料が残存し、実用上問題とならない寿命特性を持たせる技術として、マイクロカプセル化した香料をフィルター構成材料に混入させることが有効であることを見いだした。 Therefore, in the present invention, the microencapsulated fragrance is mixed into the filter constituent material as a technology that can withstand the heating at the time of preparing the filter medium, and the fragrance remains at the temperature at the time of storage in a warehouse and has a life characteristic that does not cause a practical problem. I found that it was effective.
まず、本発明において、フィルター構成材料とは、主として、濾材、枠材、濾材と枠材の接着剤、濾材間隔を保持するセパレーター材を指すが、ケーシング等であってもよい。 First, in the present invention, the filter constituent material mainly refers to a filter medium, a frame material, an adhesive between the filter medium and the frame material, and a separator material that maintains the interval between the filter media, but may be a casing or the like.
また、香料等を収容する容器となるマイクロカプセル素材としては、急激な揮発を抑制する微多孔性の膜を形成する、例えばウレタン樹脂、シリカなどの素材が適する。これらカプセル素材については、シリカより微多孔質な殻を形成するウレタン樹脂が放出が遅くなるので最も好ましい。メラミン樹脂製の殻の場合は、殻に孔がないため自然放出が期待できないため外部刺激で殻を割ってやる必要がある。好ましいマイクロカプセル化成分としては、香料や制菌剤、抗酸化作用を持つ薬剤の放出を目的とする場合には例えばウレタン樹脂やシリカが、制菌を目的とする場合はウレタン樹脂、シリカなどを用いるのが好ましい。具体的には、柑橘系の香料的臭いを発しさせたい場合には、ウレタン樹脂のマイクロカプセル材が好ましい。マイクロカプセル化成分の放散濃度のコントロールと、放散成分消失までのできるだけ長い寿命達成のためには、カプセル素材と香料の配合重量割合、マイクロカプセル化香料とアクリル樹脂に混ぜる割合、更にマイクロカプセル化成分の揮発性が重要である。具体的に好ましい関係を説明すると、カプセル素材と香料の配合重量割合は、香料がカプセル素材の殻を通過してカプセル外にでるため、放出速度がカプセル素材の厚みと香料の浸透度が影響する。これを重量比で説明すると、カプセルが直径2μm程度のウレタン樹脂マイクロカプセルの場合は、マイクロカプセル化香料に占める香料の重量割合を70%以下にすると放出速度を低下せしめることが可能となる。70%を越えるとカプセルの殻の厚みが薄くなって放出速度が速くなり、短寿命で且つ放出濃度が一気に高くなり好ましくない。フィルター生産時の加熱や倉庫保管時の香料放出を押さえ、1年以上の持続的香料放出を図る為のより好ましい重量割合は5〜50%の範囲である。 In addition, as a microcapsule material serving as a container for containing a fragrance or the like, a material such as a urethane resin or silica that forms a microporous film that suppresses rapid volatilization is suitable. For these capsule materials, urethane resin that forms a more porous shell than silica is most preferable because release is delayed. In the case of a shell made of melamine resin, since there is no hole in the shell, spontaneous release cannot be expected, so it is necessary to break the shell with an external stimulus. Preferred microencapsulated components include fragrances, antibacterial agents, and urethane resins and silica for the purpose of releasing anti-oxidant agents, and urethane resins and silica for antimicrobial purposes. It is preferable to use it. Specifically, when it is desired to emit a citrus fragrance-like odor, a urethane resin microcapsule material is preferable. In order to control the diffusion concentration of the microencapsulated component and achieve the longest possible life until disappearance of the diffused component, the mixing weight ratio of the capsule material and the fragrance, the ratio mixed with the microencapsulated fragrance and the acrylic resin, and the microencapsulated component The volatility of is important. Specifically, the preferred weight ratio of the capsule material and the fragrance is such that the fragrance passes through the capsule material shell and goes out of the capsule, so the release rate affects the capsule material thickness and the fragrance penetration. . This will be described in terms of a weight ratio. When the capsule is a urethane resin microcapsule having a diameter of about 2 μm, the release rate can be lowered when the weight ratio of the fragrance in the microencapsulated fragrance is 70% or less. If it exceeds 70%, the capsule shell is thinned, the release rate is increased, the life is short, and the release concentration is rapidly increased. A more preferable weight ratio is 5 to 50% in order to suppress the fragrance release during the production of the filter and the storage in the warehouse and to achieve the continuous fragrance release for one year or more.
また、香料の分子量も揮発性を左右し、放散濃度に関係するため、放散速度を低く抑えるには出来るだけ高分子量のものが好ましいが揮発性が低くなるため発生濃度の維持が難しくなる。フィルター部材から発生する悪臭やタバコ臭のマスキングには、分子量が40〜150程度のものを用いることが適当である。 Further, since the molecular weight of the fragrance influences volatility and is related to the emission concentration, a high molecular weight is preferable as much as possible in order to keep the emission rate low. However, since the volatility is low, it is difficult to maintain the generated concentration. For masking malodors and tobacco odors generated from the filter member, it is appropriate to use those having a molecular weight of about 40 to 150.
次に本発明のフィルターの製造方法について説明する。 Next, the manufacturing method of the filter of this invention is demonstrated.
まず、ウレタン樹脂製のマイクロカプセル化香料を、例えばアクリル酸エステル樹脂エマルジョンに固形分重量比で0.005〜1%混合したアクリル樹脂液を用意する。この樹脂を用いてケミカルボンド法で不織布目付が5〜150g/m2の濾材を作成する。この濾材の構成は、繊維材料が70重量%(ポリエステル繊維とビニロン繊維7:3配合)、アクリル樹脂30重量%とする。アクリル樹脂面をSEMで観察すると、マイクロカプセル化香料の周囲にアクリル樹脂の皮膜が形成されより一層放散速度を遅延化できる構造になっていることが確認できた。この濾材を用いて作成したフィルターは極微少な香料を放出し、フィルター部材臭を消し爽やか感を1年以上持続して効果を発揮させることが可能であった。柑橘系の香料を用いてアクリル樹脂臭を消し、且つ爽やか感が感じられるようにするための適当な添加量は、空気中に放散する香料濃度が高すぎるとかえって不快と感じられるため、濾材重量の0.002〜0.5%であった。またマスキング以外の、例えば制菌性を得るためには0.3〜4%が適当であり、
また、抗酸化作用成分を発散させたい場合には、ローズマリーから抽出したオイル成分を、癒し効果としてジャスミン、ラベンダー、セドロール等の人工、天然成分をマイクロカプセル化してもちいるが、添加量は20%程度混合することができる。
First, an acrylic resin liquid is prepared by mixing urethane resin microencapsulated fragrance, for example, in an acrylic acid ester resin emulsion in a solid content weight ratio of 0.005 to 1%. Using this resin, a filter medium having a nonwoven fabric basis weight of 5 to 150 g / m 2 is prepared by a chemical bond method. The composition of the filter medium is 70% by weight of the fiber material (containing 7: 3 polyester fiber and vinylon fiber) and 30% by weight of acrylic resin. When the surface of the acrylic resin was observed with an SEM, it was confirmed that an acrylic resin film was formed around the microencapsulated fragrance and the structure was able to further delay the emission rate. The filter produced using this filter medium released a very small amount of fragrance, and it was possible to eliminate the filter member odor and maintain a refreshing feeling for more than one year to exert its effect. Appropriate addition amount to erase the acrylic resin odor using citrus fragrance and to feel a refreshing feeling is too uncomfortable if the concentration of the fragrance diffused in the air is too high. Of 0.002 to 0.5%. Moreover, in order to obtain antimicrobial properties other than masking, 0.3 to 4% is suitable,
In addition, when it is desired to release the antioxidant component, the oil component extracted from rosemary may be microencapsulated with artificial and natural components such as jasmine, lavender and cedrol as a healing effect. % Can be mixed.
さらに、抗菌・殺菌を目的とする場合は、マイクロカプセル素材として抗菌性香料、檜油などを用いることができる。これを用いた場合の効果は、従来技術の制菌・除菌フィルターでは菌が直接薬剤に接触しないと効果が及ばないが、本発明の効果は有効成分が揮発して成分が及ぶ範囲まで効果を発揮できることである。そのためには、菌の周囲雰囲気香料濃度を数ppm程度になるように有効成分の添加量を1%程度まで高めて使用する。 Furthermore, for the purpose of antibacterial / sterilization, an antibacterial fragrance, cocoon oil, or the like can be used as a microcapsule material. The effect of using this is not effective if the bacteria are not in direct contact with the drug in the antibacterial / sterilization filter of the prior art, but the effect of the present invention is effective to the extent that the active ingredient volatilizes and the component reaches It is possible to demonstrate. For that purpose, the amount of the active ingredient added is increased to about 1% so that the ambient fragrance concentration of the bacteria is about several ppm.
マイクロカプセルの適当な直径は0.2〜100μmが適当である。直径が0.2μm以下の場合、カプセル材の表面積が大きくなりすぎ一気に放出が起こり易く適当でない。また100μmを越える大きなものになると、濾材を構成する繊維間の空間を閉塞し、通気抵抗がますので好ましくない。より最適大きさは0.5〜5μm範囲である。 A suitable diameter of the microcapsule is suitably 0.2 to 100 μm. When the diameter is 0.2 μm or less, the surface area of the capsule material becomes too large, and the release is likely to occur at once, which is not appropriate. On the other hand, when the size exceeds 100 μm, the space between the fibers constituting the filter medium is blocked and the ventilation resistance is increased, which is not preferable. A more optimal size is in the range of 0.5 to 5 μm.
以上のように製造することにより、香料や消臭成分等がマイクロカプセル化されているので、単に香料を裸の状態でフィルター構成材料に混入させたものに比べ、濾材作成時の加熱にも耐え、保管時の温度でも一気に放散されることがなく、効果を持続させることが可能となる。 By manufacturing as described above, fragrances, deodorant components, etc. are encapsulated in microcapsules, so that they can withstand heating during filter material preparation compared to those in which fragrances are simply mixed in the filter constituent material in a bare state. It is possible to maintain the effect without being dissipated at a stretch even at the temperature at the time of storage.
実施例1
マイクロカプセル化成分として、(1)Dipropylene Glycol、(2)4(3)−(4−Hydroxy−4−methypentyl)ー3−cyclohexene−1−carbozaldehyde、(3)Methyl dihydrojasmonate、(4)Tetrahydrolinalool、(5)Citronellol、(6)Isobutyl benzoateの6種類を混合した香料を用いた。
Example 1
As microencapsulated components, (1) Dipropylene Glycol, (2) 4 (3)-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentyl) -3-cyclohexane-1-carbohydrate, (3) Methyl dihydrojamonate, (4) The fragrance | flavor which mixed 6 types, 5) Citronellol and (6) Isobutyl benzoate was used.
これをウレタン樹脂をセル剤とするマイクロカプセル剤に重量比で香料25%、カプセル剤75%のマイクロカプセル化香料(平均粒子径1.5μm)を作成した。 A microencapsulated fragrance (average particle diameter of 1.5 μm) having a fragrance of 25% and a capsule of 75% was prepared in a microcapsule containing urethane resin as a cell agent.
これをアクリル酸エステル樹脂に重量比0.03%混ぜたものを用意し、ポリエステル繊維、ビニロン繊維、パルプからなる不織布に含浸して、ポリエステル繊維、ビニロン繊維、パルプ、前記アクリル酸エステル樹脂の重量配合比がそれぞれ30%、25%、14%、31%からなる不織布(厚み0.4mm、目付50g/m2)を、乾燥105℃、熱処理170℃の処理条件で作成した。 This is prepared by mixing 0.03% by weight with acrylic ester resin, impregnated into a nonwoven fabric made of polyester fiber, vinylon fiber, and pulp, and weight of polyester fiber, vinylon fiber, pulp, and acrylic ester resin. Nonwoven fabrics (thickness 0.4 mm, basis weight 50 g / m 2 ) having blending ratios of 30%, 25%, 14% and 31%, respectively, were prepared under the treatment conditions of dry 105 ° C. and heat treatment 170 ° C.
この不織布を用いて濾材面積2.2m2のフィルターを作成し、風量6CMMの風を流し風下側から臭気を嗅いだところ、アクリル酸エステル樹脂特有の不快臭が感じらず、柑橘系の爽やかな臭いが感じられた。このフィルターを1.5ヶ月連続運転したが臭気が持続していることが確認された。この運転時間は実用状態では1年に相当するものであった。 Using this non-woven fabric, a filter with a filter medium area of 2.2 m 2 was created, and the odor was smelled from the leeward side with an air flow of 6 CMM. A smell was felt. Although this filter was continuously operated for 1.5 months, it was confirmed that the odor persisted. This operating time was equivalent to one year in practical use.
また、フィルターを60℃の乾燥機に1週間入れ、保管状態での香り消失性を確認したところ香りが残存する優れたものであった。 Moreover, when the filter was put into a dryer at 60 ° C. for 1 week and the fragrance disappearance in the storage state was confirmed, it was excellent that the fragrance remained.
実施例2
実施例1のフィルター活性炭脱臭フィルターとセットにして家庭用空気清浄機に装着し、8畳の部屋で1時間運転を行った。脱臭フィルターが併用されたにも関わらず、ほのかな香料の臭いがした。この後、タバコの喫煙を行い、部屋の香りを嗅いだところタバコ臭が緩和されることが確認された。
Example 2
The filter activated carbon deodorizing filter of Example 1 was set as a set and installed in a domestic air cleaner, and operated in an 8 tatami room for 1 hour. Despite the use of a deodorizing filter, it smelled a faint fragrance. After this, it was confirmed that cigarettes were smoked and the smell of the room was reduced, and the smell of tobacco was alleviated.
実施例3
実施例1で作成したフィルターの風上側に抗アレルゲン加工シートを取り付けた。
Example 3
An anti-allergen processed sheet was attached to the windward side of the filter prepared in Example 1.
この抗アレルゲン加工シートには天然タンニン酸が付着しておりタンニン臭がするものであったが、マスキング効果により香料臭が優先的に臭い、実用上問題のない臭気レベルのフィルターを得ることができた。 This anti-allergen processed sheet had natural tannic acid attached and had a tannin odor, but due to the masking effect, the perfume odor preferentially smelled, and a filter with an odor level having no practical problems can be obtained. It was.
比較例1
実施例1で用いた繊維および樹脂配合でマクロカプセル化香料を添加しないアクリル酸エステル樹脂を用いて不織布を作成した。そして、この不織布を用いて濾材面積2.2m2のフィルターを作成し、風量6CMMの風を流し、風下側から臭気を嗅いだところアクリル酸エステル樹脂特有の不快臭が感じられた。
Comparative Example 1
A non-woven fabric was prepared using an acrylic ester resin with the fiber and resin blend used in Example 1 and no macroencapsulated fragrance added. Then, a filter having a filter medium area of 2.2 m 2 was prepared using this nonwoven fabric, and an unpleasant odor peculiar to an acrylate resin was felt when odor was smelled from the leeward side with a flow of 6 CMM.
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