JP4854251B2 - Optical isolator - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an optical isolator that is mounted on an optical module used in an optical communication device, a sensor, or the like and blocks reflected return light from the outside of the optical module.

  The optical isolator has directionality and has a function of passing light in the forward direction but blocking light in the reverse direction. Semiconductor lasers (hereinafter abbreviated as LD) used for optical communication and optical measurement return reflected light from the outside, and when they enter the active layer of the LD, the internal interference state collapses, causing problems such as wavelength shifts and output fluctuations. Wake up. In order to oscillate the LD stably, an optical isolator that blocks light in the reverse direction is used. Optical isolators are indispensable for high-accuracy measurement, high-speed communication, and communication that requires strict wavelength control for high density.

  The general operation of the optical isolator will be briefly described below. As shown in FIG. 14, the optical isolator is configured such that the Faraday rotator 3 is sandwiched between two polarizers 2 and 4. In such a configuration, forward light is transmitted as it is and reverse light is blocked. The Faraday rotator 3 includes a Faraday effect obtained by applying a magnetic field from the outside, and a Faraday rotator 3 having a Faraday effect without an external magnetic field due to spontaneous magnetization. Here, a magnet for applying a magnetic field is particularly illustrated. Shall not.

  Conventionally, as shown in FIG. 15, in an LD module 117, an LD 112, lenses 113 and 115, an optical isolator 114, a single mode fiber 116, and a PD (photodiode) 111 are housed in a package. The light emitted from the LD 112 is collimated by the lens 113, passes through the optical isolator 114, is condensed by the lens 115, and enters the single mode fiber 116. The whole is built in the package to be shielded from the external environment. In general, the optical isolator 114 is used in such a configuration, but in this structure, since each member is aligned after being separately fixed to the holder, the number of parts is large and the positions of the parts are adjusted. However, there was a problem that it was complicated and increased in size.

In order to reduce the size of the entire module and facilitate alignment, an optical isolator M2 as shown in FIGS. 10 and 12 has been proposed. (See Patent Document 1)
The optical isolator M2 is formed by housing a plurality of optical fibers having different mode field diameters in the base 12 and forming a recess 10 in the base 12 that divides the optical fiber having the largest mode field diameter into two. An optical isolator element 1 is arranged.

  The optical fiber accommodated in the substrate 12 includes a single mode fiber 7A having a mode field diameter of 10 μm, a multimode fiber 8A having a lens effect for expanding the mode field diameter, a coreless fiber 9, a multimode fiber 8B, and a single mode fiber. It is fused and fixed in the order of 7B. The coreless fiber 9 is in a state of being divided at the recess 10, and the optical isolator element 1 is fixed to the recess 10 with an adhesive. Further, the recess 10 is filled with a permeable filler 11.

Here, the multimode fibers 8A and 8B are optical fibers having an axially symmetric refractive index distribution in which the refractive index gradually decreases from the central axis of the fiber, and are generally used for multimode transmission. It has a refractive index distribution that is approximately square with respect to the distance from the central axis. Since this refractive index distribution has a lens effect similar to a GRIN lens, a coupling optical system can be configured by using a multimode fiber having an appropriate refractive index distribution with an appropriate length.
JP 2004-61871 A

  However, in the prior art described in Patent Document 1, as shown in FIG. 11, the end face 15 of the first optical fiber on the light incident surface 21 side of the optical isolator element 1 and the light incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element 1 are provided. Since it is installed at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the optical axis 19, there is a problem that the reflected return light 20 increases when the light is reflected from the optical isolator element 1.

  This is because the refractive index of the Faraday rotator 3 constituting the optical isolator element 1 is about 2.30 and the refractive index of the polarizer 2 is about 1.46, so that the transmitted light 19 is transmitted through the optical isolator element 1. In this case, light is reflected from the boundary surface 31 due to the difference in refractive index. Further, since the concave portion 10 in which the optical isolator element 1 is disposed is filled with the transparent filler 11 having substantially the same refractive index as that of the coreless fiber 9 and the polarizer 2, the reflection from the incident surface 21 and the end surface 15. However, it is difficult to prevent the reflected return light 20 from the boundary surface 31 described above. Therefore, a means of forming an antireflection film on the surface of the Faraday rotator 3 in order to prevent reflection from the boundary surface 31 can be considered, but the reflectance that can be achieved by the antireflection film is about 0.2% (about 27 dB). Therefore, there is a problem that it is insufficient as an anti-reflection measure.

  On the other hand, as a means for preventing the reflected return light 20, the incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element 1 is not installed at 90 degrees with respect to the optical axis 18, but as shown in FIG. There is a means to install in. As shown in FIG. 13, in this method, the reflected return light 20 from the optical isolator element 1 is reflected with a reflection angle with respect to the optical axis 18, and the reflected return light 20 is misaligned with respect to the optical fiber 5. As a result, propagation of the reflected return light 20 to the core of the optical fiber 5 can be suppressed, so that the reflected return light 20 can be reduced. However, as shown in FIG. 13, since the transmitted light 19 is refracted at an angle F2 when passing through the optical isolator element 1, the incident surface 31 and the output surface 32 of the Faraday rotator 3 are refracted. There has been a problem that a beam shift occurs and the insertion loss of light increases.

  In view of the above problems, an optical isolator M1 with a low insertion loss is proposed while correcting the beam shift caused by the optical isolator element 1 and ensuring a return loss.

Specifically, the present invention includes a first optical fiber, a second optical fiber to which light derived from the first optical fiber is optically coupled, the first optical fiber, and the second optical fiber. An optical isolator element in which the light incident surface is inclined at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis, and a transparent filler filled between the first optical fiber and the optical isolator element, The first optical fiber and the second optical fiber each include a single mode fiber part, a graded index fiber part, and a coreless fiber part, and from the optical isolator element side, the coreless fiber part, the graded index fiber part, wherein it is configured by fusion splicing to each other in the order of the single mode fiber section, the refractive index of the transparent filler of the coreless fiber section A 1.02 to 1.10 times the folding rate, the exit surface opposite to the second end face and the optical isolator device of the first optical fiber that faces the incident surface of the optical isolator element The end face of the optical fiber is configured to include a plane portion that is inclined at an angle θ on the opposite side to the inclination direction of the optical isolator element with respect to the optical axis, and between the angle φ and the angle θ, φ <become standing Chi relationship theta, the angle φ is 90.5 ° ～92.0 degrees, said angle theta is characterized in that 98.0 ° ～102.0 degrees.

  Further, the end surface of the second optical fiber facing the light exit surface of the optical isolator element includes a flat portion inclined at an angle θ with respect to the optical axis.

  Further, the angle φ is 90.5 degrees to 92.0 degrees, and the angle θ is 98.0 degrees to 102.0 degrees.

In addition, comprising a base for holding the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber inside,
A recess opening on the surface of the base is provided, and a pair of inner holes communicating with the recess is provided in the base, and the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are provided in the pair of inner holes. The optical isolator element is arranged on the bottom surface of the recess after being inserted.

  The first optical fiber and / or the second optical fiber includes a single mode fiber portion and a graded index fiber portion. From the optical isolator element side, the graded index fiber portion and the single mode fiber portion are arranged in this order. It is characterized by comprising.

  Furthermore, the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber each include a graded index fiber portion, and the first optical fiber further includes a first polarization maintaining fiber portion on the light incident side. It is characterized by.

  In addition, the second optical fiber is characterized by further including a second polarization maintaining fiber portion on the light emission side.

  The first optical fiber and / or the second optical fiber may further include a coreless fiber portion on the optical isolator element side.

  Further, the first polarization maintaining fiber portion and / or the second polarization maintaining fiber portion is characterized in that one end of the first polarization maintaining fiber portion is protruded from the end face of the base and is held inside the base.

According to the optical isolator of the present invention, between the first optical fiber and second optical fiber, and Rutotomoni first optical fiber is provided an optical isolator element incident surface of light is inclined at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis between the optical isolator element, is filled with a transparent filler with a refractive index of 1.02 to 1.10 times the refractive index of the first optical fiber, it enters morphism surface facing the optical isolator element the flat portion that includes the end face of the first optical fiber is inclined at an angle theta to the side opposite to the inclination direction of the optical isolator element with respect to the optical axis, between the angles phi and angles theta, phi <theta The second optical fiber core for the light transmitted through the optical isolator element is suppressed while the reflected return light of the light from the optical isolator element is prevented from being introduced into the first optical fiber. To correct the beam shift for Since it is, it is possible to reduce the connection loss of light between the first optical fiber and second optical fiber.

  Further, by arranging the flat surface portion included in the end face of the second optical fiber facing the light exit surface of the optical isolator element so as to be inclined at the angle θ with respect to the optical axis, for example, the first optical fiber As long as the second optical fiber is disposed on the same axis, it is possible to easily prevent reflected return light and to suppress light connection loss.

  Further, if the angle φ is in the range of 90.5 degrees to 92.0 degrees and the angle θ is in the range of 98.0 degrees to 102.0 degrees, the return loss of the reflected return light is reduced and the light connection is reduced. The loss reduction effect can be improved.

  Embodiments according to the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. In addition, in each figure, about the same member, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected and description is abbreviate | omitted.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the optical isolator M1 is connected to the inner hole of the base 12 in a permutation of a single mode fiber portion 7A, a graded index fiber portion 8A, and a coreless fiber portion 9A having no core. The optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 connected in a permutation of the coreless fiber portion 9B having no core, the graded index fiber portion 8B, and the single mode fiber portion 7B are fixed. The first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 are respectively inserted and inserted into a pair of inner holes provided in the base 12, and are divided so as to face each other at the concave portion 10 opened on the surface of the base 12. An optical isolator element 1 having a Faraday rotator 3 sandwiched between the first polarizer 2 and the second polarizer 4 is disposed on the bottom surface of the concave portion 10, and there is a concave portion around the optical isolator element 1. 10 is filled with a permeable filler 11 so as to be filled. The single-mode fiber portions 7A and 7B protruding from the base body 12 have a so-called pigtail shape (not shown) having a certain length.

  The single mode fiber portions 7A and 7B are optical fibers having a mode field diameter of about 10 μm and a cladding diameter of about 125 μm. The incident optical fiber 13 and the outgoing optical fiber 14 at the portion exiting from the base 12 are exposed at the cladding portion. Or a state covered with a covering material. The covering material has a function of protecting the clad portion, and is usually composed of a polymer resin such as an ultraviolet curable resin having a diameter of φ0.25 mm or φ0.9 mm, a polyvinyl chloride resin, or a polyester elastomer. For example, the tip portion of the incident optical fiber 13 may have a tip shape so as to be suitable for coupling with the LD.

  The graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B are optical fibers having an axially symmetric refractive index distribution that gradually decreases from the central axis to the outer periphery of the optical fiber, and are generally used for multimode transmission. . This refractive index distribution decreases toward the outer periphery of the optical fiber depending on the distance from the central axis of the optical fiber, that is, the value of the square of the optical fiber radius. Since this refractive index distribution has a lens effect similar to that of the GRIN lens, a coupled optical system can be configured by using a graded index fiber having an appropriate refractive index distribution with an appropriate length.

  The diameters of the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B are about φ0.125 mm, and the length is adjusted so that the mode field diameter of the light emitted from the single mode fiber portion 7A is expanded to about 40 μm. If the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B of the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 have substantially the same length, the coupling efficiency of optical coupling between the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber is increased. That is, light insertion loss can be reduced.

  The collimating condition when the point light source is on the end face 15 of the graded index fiber portion 8A is defined as P = 0.25, where P indicating the pitch length of the GRIN lens is actually the coupling efficiency. Is the highest when the beam waists coincide (having focal points) at the center of the two graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B. That is, when P = 0.25, the beam waist is located substantially at the boundary between the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B and the coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B, and light is transmitted between the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B. When the isolator element 1 is sandwiched, the beam waists do not match. Therefore, in order to form a beam waist at a position away from the boundary between the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B and the coreless fiber portion, the condition of P> 0.25 is required.

  The coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B are glass bodies having a uniform refractive index n. For example, a quartz glass body having n = 1.46 or so can be used. Further, the length of the coreless fiber portion 9 is not necessarily the same in the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6, but the coreless fiber portion 9A constituting the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6, The sum of the lengths of 9B and the sum of the distances between the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 match the beam spot at the center of the two graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B ( To have focus).

  The base 12 includes a recess 10 having a flat portion that is open on the surface and that is inclined with respect to the optical axis 18 at an angle θ, and is provided with a pair of inner holes that communicate with the recess 10. Then, the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 are fitted and inserted into the pair of inner holes, respectively, and the first optical fiber 5 and the second light are passed through the optical isolator element 1 disposed on the bottom surface of the recess 10. The fiber 6 is optically coupled. The shape of the substrate 12 may be a long cylindrical body or a prism having a through-hole. However, since it is used in combination with a package or the like when configuring a module, a cylindrical shape that is easy to combine is desirable. The material of the substrate 12 is not particularly limited, such as ceramics or resin. However, since it is necessary to match the positional relationship between the bottom surface of the recess 10 and the through hole, it is used for an optical communication connector that can be manufactured with high accuracy. Zirconia ceramics are preferred. When the base 12 is a cylindrical ferrule, the diameter is 1.0 to 3.0 mm. However, in order to use the optical communication with high accuracy, the diameter is 1.249 mm or 2.499 mm. desirable. The length of the base 12 may be 4 mm or more in order to form the first optical fiber 5, the second optical fiber 6, and the recess 10.

In the recess 10, the optical isolator element 1 manufactured by sandwiching the Faraday rotator 3 between the first polarizer 2 and the second polarizer 4 is disposed. The first polarizer 2, the Faraday rotator 3, and the second polarizer 4 are flat plates having a thickness of 0.2 to 6 mm, and the size is about 0.2 to 0.6 mm square. Is used. The first polarizer 2 and the second polarizer 4 are polarizing plates that absorb a polarization component orthogonal to the transmission polarization direction composed of a glass substrate containing dielectric particles or a laminate of dielectrics, or a plurality of polarizing plates. A reflection type composed of a refractive crystal and using a diffraction grating or the like, a polarizing plate for shifting an optical path, or the like can be used. The material of the Faraday rotator 3 may be a Bi-substituted garnet or YIG garnet added with Tb, Gd, or Ho, or a self-bias type that does not require a magnet. Further, the surface of the Faraday rotator 3 may be formed with an antireflection film composed of a multilayer film of TiO ₂ / SiO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ / SiO ₂ or the like with respect to the translucent filler 11. . This antireflection film can prevent reflection of light from the surface of the Faraday rotator 3 by about 0.2% or less.

  The optical isolator element 1 has, on the first optical fiber 5 side of the first polarizer 2, a light incident surface 21 on which light emitted from the first optical fiber 5 is incident. On the second optical fiber 6 side of the polarizer, a light exit surface 22 that emits light transmitted through the first polarizer and the Faraday rotator 3 is provided.

  In addition, the optical isolator element 1 is disposed so that the light incident surface 21 is inclined with respect to the optical axis 18 at an angle φ, and the incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element 1 and the end surface 15 of the first fiber 5. Between the exit surface 22 and the end face 16 of the second fiber 6, a translucent filler 11 having a refractive index equivalent to that of the coreless fibers 9A and 9B is filled. If the Faraday rotator 3 has no effect of spontaneous magnetization, a magnetic field applying means is provided on the outer periphery of the optical isolator element 1.

  The light emitted from the LD passes through the incident optical fiber 13 and is introduced into the single mode fiber portion 7A of the first optical fiber 5, the beam diameter is expanded by the graded index fiber portion 8A, and at the center of the coreless fiber portion 9. A beam having a beam waist passes through the optical isolator element 1 and again passes through the coreless fiber portion 9B of the second optical fiber 6, and the beam diameter is converged by the graded index fiber portion 8B. The light is transmitted to the outgoing optical fiber 14 through the fiber 7B.

  Here, in the conventional optical isolator as shown in FIG. 9, the optical isolator element 1 is installed such that the light incident surface of the optical isolator element 1 is inclined at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis 18. Since the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 are arranged perpendicularly (90 degrees) to the optical axis, the boundary surface between the first polarizer 2 and the Faraday rotator 3 Although the reflected return light 20 generated at 31 can be prevented from entering the first optical fiber, the transmitted light 19 propagated through the optical isolator element 1 propagates at an angle F 2 at the boundary surface 31 between the polarizer 2 and the Faraday rotator 3. Since the angle changes, a beam shift occurs, and the transmitted light 19 is incident on a position shifted from the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6, so that the light insertion loss increases.

  On the other hand, in the optical isolator M1 of the present invention, reflected return light can be prevented and light insertion loss can be suppressed for the following reasons.

  When the flat portion of the end face 15 of the first fiber 5 is tilted at an angle θ with respect to the optical axis 18, as shown in FIG. 3, from the end face 15 due to the refractive index difference between the translucent filler 11 and the coreless fiber portion 9. Is emitted at an angle F1. Thereby, it is possible to eliminate the beam shift due to the angle F2 generated by passing through the optical isolator element 1 which is disposed at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis in order to suppress the reflected return light. Here, the angle F1 is determined by the refractive index of the transparent filler 11 and the angle θ. When the refractive index difference between the transmissive filler 11 and the coreless fiber portion 9 is large, reflection due to scattering at the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 occurs, so the refractive index of the transmissive filler 11 is the coreless fiber portion. The refractive index of the transmissive filler is desirably different from that of the coreless fiber portion 9 in order to generate the angle F1. Therefore, the refractive index of the transparent filler 11 may be in the range of 0.9 to 0.98 times or 1.02 to 1.1 times the refractive index of the coreless fiber portion 9. preferable.

  The refractive index difference of the first polarizer 2 and the second polarizer 4 is about 1.46, whereas the refractive index of the commonly used Faraday rotator 3 is about 2.30. Therefore, when the optical isolator element 1 is tilted at an angle φ, the amount of change in the angle F2 is large. On the other hand, the refractive index difference between the transparent filler 11 and the end face 15 is as small as 1.1 times as described above. The amount of change in angle F1 when tilted at angle θ is smaller than the amount of change in angle F2. Therefore, if the angle θ is increased with respect to the angle φ as in the present invention, the beam shift described above can be eliminated, and light insertion loss can be suppressed. The angle φ and the angle θ indicating the tilt angle with respect to the optical axis 18, that is, the angle (angle φ) formed between the optical axis 18 and the light incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element, and the optical axis 18 and the first optical fiber 5. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the angle (angle θ) formed with the flat surface portion of the end face 15 is an obtuse angle within a range larger than 90 degrees and smaller than 180 degrees.

  Furthermore, it is desirable that the angle of the plane portion of the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 facing the light exit surface of the optical isolator element 1 is the same as the angle θ of the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5. Even if the angle φ and the angle θ are optimized and the beam shift at the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 can be suppressed, the single angle is obtained when the angle of the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 is different from the angle θ. This is because a coupling loss may occur at the boundary between the graded index fiber 8B and the single mode fiber 7B of the second optical fiber 6 because there is a possibility that the mode fiber part slightly deviates from the propagation conditions. On the other hand, when the angle of the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 is the same as the angle θ, the above-described coupling loss can be suppressed, so the angle of the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 is the first light. It is desirable to be the same as the angle θ of the end face 15 of the fiber 5. Moreover, as a method of setting the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 to the same angle θ, for example, the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 are What is necessary is just to process the recessed part 10 so that the plane part of the side surface of the recessed part 10 provided in the base | substrate 12 to expose may become an equivalent angle.

  Furthermore, the angle θ is preferably in the range of 90.5 to 92.5 degrees. This is because if the angle θ is less than 90.5 degrees, it becomes difficult to realize a reflection loss of 30 dB or more that is considered necessary for the optical module. Further, the larger the angle θ, the larger the return loss that can be realized. However, it is necessary to increase φ to prevent an increase in insertion loss, and the maximum value of φ is limited by the length of the coreless fiber portion 9. Therefore, it is desirable to set it to 92.5 degrees or less practically.

  On the other hand, the angle φ is preferably in the range of 98.0 to 102.0 degrees. This is because if the angle φ is less than 98.0 degrees, the angle F2 increases and the insertion loss may increase, whereas if the angle φ is in the range of 98.0 to 102.0 degrees, This is because the increase can be suppressed within 0.3 dB.

  Further, regarding the inclination directions of the angle θ and the angle φ, when the refractive index of the transmissive filler 11 is 1.02 to 1.10 times that of the coreless fiber portion 9, the inclination angle as shown in FIG. It is necessary to have a relationship, and when it is 0.9 to 0.98 times, it is necessary to have a relationship of an inclination angle as shown in FIG. 4A shows the emission direction of the transmitted light 19 when the transparent filler 11 is 1.02 to 1.10 times, and FIG. 4B shows the emission direction of the transmitted light 19 when it is 0.9 to 0.98 times. . As shown in these drawings, since the direction of the outgoing light at the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 varies depending on the refractive index, the positional relationship between the angle θ and the angle φ varies depending on the refractive index of the transmissive filler 11.

  With the configuration as described above, the optical isolator M1 of the present invention can suppress the reflected return light without reducing the insertion loss.

  In the above-described embodiment, the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 are provided with coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B. However, in the present invention, the coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B are provided as shown in FIG. The structure which is not provided may be sufficient. In such a case, the distance between the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 is such that the beam spots of the two graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B coincide at the center (having a focal point). ). Thus, when the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 do not include the coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B, in the manufacturing process of the optical isolator M1, the single mode fiber portion 7A and the graded index fiber portion 8A, The graded index fiber portion 8B and the single mode fiber portion 7B may be fused and connected. Therefore, compared with the case where there are coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B, which will be described later, the number of fusion points for connecting the optical fibers is reduced, so that the manufacturing process of the optical isolator M1 can be simplified.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 7, the first optical fiber 5 preferably includes a first polarization maintaining fiber portion 7 </ b> A ′ on the light incident side. This is because when the optical fiber provided on the light incident side is a single mode fiber, for example, when the single mode fiber is bent or stress is applied, the light propagating through the single mode fiber is transmitted. The plane of polarization of the light may rotate. As a result, the polarization plane of the light incident on the first polarizer 2 is deviated from the polarization plane of the first polarizer 2 of the optical isolator element 1, so that the light insertion loss may vary. is there.

  In contrast, the polarization maintaining fiber 7A 'is an optical fiber having a function of propagating light while maintaining the polarization plane of light, and various forms have been devised. An ordinary single mode fiber as shown in FIG. 8 (a) is composed of a core 82 and a clad 81, but a polarization maintaining fiber is provided on both sides of the core 82 as shown in FIG. 8 (b). The core 82 is distorted by the substantially circular stress applying portion 83 arranged so that the propagation constants of the two polarization modes are different, and the polarization is directed in the slow axis 84 direction or the fast axis 85 direction in the figure. It has the function to hold.

  When the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7A ′ is provided in the first optical fiber 5, that is, for example, when an optical module that optically couples the optical isolator M1 and the LD 112 is manufactured as shown in FIG. When the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7A ′ is provided in the first optical fiber 5 located at a position where the end portion of the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7A ′ protrudes from the base 12 to be the incident optical fiber 13, Even if stress is generated, the plane of polarization is maintained, so that fluctuations in the output of light can be suppressed. In addition, when the incident optical fiber 13 is completely held in the base 12, no stress is generated or bent due to an external force, but when the incident optical fiber 13 protrudes from the base, the stress due to the external force is not generated. Therefore, it is preferable to use the polarization maintaining fiber 7A ′. Furthermore, if the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B and the coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B are held in the base 12, the generation of external force can be suppressed, and therefore the rotation of the polarization plane can be reduced. As described above, since the polarization maintaining fiber portion 71 is provided on the light incident side of the first optical fiber 5, the rotation of the polarization plane of the light can be suppressed, so that the distance between the LD 112 and the optical isolator M1 is increased. Is possible. Therefore, if the transceiver is manufactured using the optical module as shown in FIG. 9, the positions of the LD 112 and the optical isolator M1 can be relatively freely arranged in the transceiver substrate. Becomes easier.

  Further, when the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7B ′ is provided on the light output side of the second fiber 6 and the end portion of the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7B ′ is projected from the base 12 to form the output optical fiber 14, the output light is obtained. Since the polarization plane of the fiber 14 can be maintained, the optical isolator M1 can be used as an inline optical isolator capable of maintaining the polarization.

  Next, a method for manufacturing the optical isolator M1 of the present invention will be described below.

First, as shown in FIG. 5, a single mode fiber portion 7A, a graded index fiber portion 8A, a coreless fiber portion 9, a graded index fiber portion 8B, and a single mode fiber portion 7B are fusion-spliced in this order, and an optical fiber body 17 is produced. Next, a through hole is formed in the cylindrical zirconia base body 12 in advance, and the optical fiber body 17 is fixed to the through hole with an epoxy thermosetting adhesive.

  Thereafter, the coreless fiber portion 9 of the optical fiber body 17 is diced from a part of the peripheral surface of the base 12 to divide into the coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B, and has a plane portion inclined at an angle θ with respect to the optical axis 18. A recess 10 is formed. Accordingly, the optical fiber body 17 is divided into a first optical fiber 5 and a second optical fiber 6.

  Next, the optical isolator element 1 composed of the polarizer 2, the Faraday rotator 3, and the polarizer 4 prepared in advance is made into an ultraviolet heat combined acrylic adhesive at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis 18 in the recess 10. The gap between the recess 10 and the optical isolator element 1 is filled with a translucent filler 11 made of an epoxy-based ultraviolet curable adhesive having a glass transition temperature TG as low as TG <−40 degrees, By curing, the optical isolator M1 of the present invention can be manufactured.

  When the polarization maintaining fiber portions 7A ′ and 7B ′ are used for the first fiber 5 and the second fiber 6 instead of the single mode fiber portions 7A and 7B, the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7A ′ and the graded index fiber portion 8A, the coreless fiber part 9, the graded index fiber part 8B, and the polarization maintaining fiber part 7B ′ are fusion-spliced in this order to produce an optical fiber body. Next, a through hole is formed in advance in the cylindrical zirconia base body 12, and the optical fiber body is fixed to the through hole with an epoxy thermosetting adhesive.

  Then, although the recessed part 10 is formed by dicing, the recessed part 10 is formed so that the slow axis 84 of the polarization maintaining fiber 71A of the first fiber 5 or the first axis 85 and the bottom surface of the recessed part 10 are parallel. Thereafter, the same procedure as in the case of using the single mode fiber portions 7A 'and 7B' may be used.

  Further, when the coreless fiber portions 9A and 9B are not provided in the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6, the single mode fiber portion 7A, the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B, and the single mode fiber portion 7B in this order. It is only necessary to form an optical fiber body by fusion splicing, and to form the concave portion 10 so that the graded index fiber portions 8A and 8B have substantially the same length during dicing.

  A first embodiment of the present invention will be described.

  First, a silica-based single mode fiber portion 7A having a mode field diameter of 10 μm and a length of 1 m, a core diameter of 105 μm, a length of 0.8 mm, and a gray index difference between the core center and the cladding boundary of 0.55%. Dead index fiber portion 8A, coreless fiber portion 9 having a length of 2 mm, pure silica and no core, and a graded index fiber having a length of 0.8 mm and the same parameters as graded index fiber portion 8A The optical fiber body 17 was fabricated by fusion splicing the portion 8B and a silica-based single mode fiber portion 7B having a length of 1 m and a mode field diameter of 10 μm in the order described above.

  Thereafter, a cylindrical ferrule made of zirconia having an outer diameter of 1.249 mm, an inner diameter of 0.126 mm, and a length of 6.4 mm used for optical communication is used as the base body 12, and the optical fiber body 17 is inserted into the through hole. Fixed with an epoxy thermosetting adhesive.

  Next, the portion of the coreless fiber portion 9 of the optical fiber body 17 is parted from a part of the peripheral surface of the base body 12 to divide the optical fiber body 17 like the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6, and A recess 10 was formed on the surface of the substrate 12. In the recess 10, the side surface of the recess 10 where the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 are exposed is a plane, and the angle thereof is an angle θ with respect to the optical axis 18. Thus, the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 are formed to have an angle θ with respect to the optical axis 18.

  Further, the optical isolator element 1 composed of the first polarizer 2, the Faraday rotator 3, and the second polarizer 4 is bonded in the recess 10 with a UV heat combined acrylic adhesive, and the light-transmitting property is provided in the gap. The filler 11 was filled with an epoxy-based low TG (TG <-50 degrees) UV curable adhesive. The first polarizer 2 and the second polarizer 4 are formed of a glass substrate in which dielectric particles such as silver particles having a size of 0.3 × 0.4 mm and a thickness of 0.2 mm are encapsulated. The rotor 3 was made of garnet having a size of 0.3 mm × 0.4 mm and a thickness of 0.4 mm. Here, the refractive index of the translucent filler 11 is 1.48, the refractive index of the coreless fiber portion is 1.45, and the relative refractive index of the translucent filler 11 with respect to the coreless fiber portion 9 is 1.03. is there. The optical isolator element 1 was formed such that the angle of the light incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element 1 with respect to the optical axis 18 was an angle θ.

  And the angle (theta) and angle (phi) were changed, the several sample (sample number 1-11) was produced, and the insertion loss of the light of each sample and the return loss of light were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.

  Here, the insertion loss of light is incident on the incident optical fiber 13 with light having a wavelength of 1310 nm while changing the polarization by the polarization controller, and the light output from the outgoing optical fiber is read by the detector to change the polarization. The minimum value of the insertion loss of the light was measured. Note that the insertion loss when the angle φ is 90 degrees and the angle θ is 90 degrees is set to a reference value of 0 dB, and the amount of change with respect to the insertion loss.

The reflection loss of light was obtained by making the light having a wavelength of 1310 nm incident from the incident optical fiber 13 using a precision reflectometer and reading the value of the reflected light that maximized the reflected return light. The results are shown in Table 1.

  As shown in Table 1, Sample No. 1, which is a comparative example of the present invention, was able to prevent the occurrence of light insertion loss, but could not prevent the reflected return light 20, so the return loss was 27 dB. The return loss was as small as 30 dB or less. In Sample No. 2, since the angle φ was larger than the angle θ, the reflection attenuation indicating the light isolation characteristic was improved, but the beam shift of the light that passed through the optical isolator element could not be corrected. The optical insertion loss increased to 0.55 dB.

  On the other hand, in the first embodiment (sample numbers 4 to 13) of the present invention, the angle θ is larger than the angle φ, so that the reflected return light 20 generated from the optical isolator element 1 is introduced into the first optical fiber. In addition, it was possible to correct the beam shift of the light that passed through the optical isolator element, thereby improving the return loss and suppressing the light insertion loss. Further, in sample numbers 4 to 11, the angle φ was 90.5 degrees to 92.0 degrees and the angle θ was 98 degrees to 102 degrees, so that the return loss was further improved and the insertion loss of light was reduced. Further suppression was possible.

  From the above results, the first optical fiber 5, the second optical fiber 6 to which the light derived from the first optical fiber 5 is optically coupled, the first optical fiber 5 and the second optical fiber 6 are combined. The optical isolator element 1 having the light incident surface 21 inclined at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis 18, and the first optical fiber facing the light incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element 1. The end face 15 is inclined at an angle θ with respect to the optical axis 18, and an increase in insertion loss is suppressed by having a relationship of φ <θ between the angle φ and the angle θ, Reflected return light can be prevented.

  Next, a vibration test was performed on the optical isolator M1 using the polarization maintaining fiber 7A ′ for the first optical fiber 5 and the optical isolator M1 using the single mode fiber 7A for the first optical fiber 5, respectively. The fluctuation amount of the output light from the fiber 14 was verified.

  First, as a second embodiment (sample numbers 14 to 17) of the present invention, a silica-based polarization maintaining fiber 7A ′ having a length of 10 cm and a mode field diameter of 10 μm, a core diameter of 105 μm, and a length of 0.8 mm. , A graded index fiber 8A having a refractive index difference of 0.55% near the core center and the cladding boundary, a coreless fiber 9 having a length of 2 mm and having no core with pure quartz, and a length of 0.8 mm, A graded index fiber 8B having the same parameters as the graded index fiber 8A and a silica-based single mode fiber 7B having a length of 1 m and a mode field diameter of 10 μm are fusion-spliced in the order described above to form an optical fiber body 17. Produced.

  Further, as a third embodiment (sample numbers 19 to 21) of the present invention, instead of the polarization maintaining fiber 7A ′, a fused single mode fiber 7A having a length of 10 cm and a mode field diameter of 10 μm is fused. The optical fiber body 17 was produced.

  Thereafter, each optical fiber body 17 is a cylindrical ferrule made of zirconia having an outer diameter of 1.249 mm, an inner diameter of 0.126 mm, and a length of 6.4 mm, which is used for optical communication. The fiber body 17 was inserted and fixed with an epoxy thermosetting adhesive. In the second and third embodiments of the present invention, the graded index fiber portion 8A, the graded index fiber portion 8B, the coreless fiber portion 9A, and the coreless fiber portion 9B are held inside the substrate 12. . On the other hand, the polarization maintaining fiber 7A ′ (second embodiment) and the single mode fiber 7B (third embodiment) constituting a part of the first optical fiber 5 provided on the light incident side of the base 12 The incident optical fiber 13 was projected from the end face. Further, in the second and third embodiments of the present invention, the single mode fiber 7B constituting a part of the second optical fiber 6 provided on the light emission side is projected from the end face of the base 12 to emit the emitted light. Fiber 14 was obtained.

  Next, the portion of the coreless fiber 9 of the optical fiber body 17 from a part of the peripheral surface of the substrate 12 is diced to change the optical fiber body 17 into the first optical fiber 5 (the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7A ′ or the single mode fiber portion 7A). And the second optical fiber 6 (coreless fiber portion 9B, graded index fiber portion 8B, single mode fiber portion 7B), and the surface of the substrate 12 is divided into portions such as a graded index fiber portion 8A and a coreless fiber portion 9A). A recess 10 was formed. The concave portion 10 is flat on the side surface of the concave portion 10 where the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 are exposed, and the angle with respect to the optical axis 18 is 100 degrees. Therefore, the end face 15 of the first optical fiber 5 and the end face 16 of the second optical fiber 6 are formed so as to be inclined so that the angle θ with respect to the optical axis 18 becomes 100 degrees.

  Further, the optical isolator element 1 composed of the first polarizer 2, the Faraday rotator 3, and the second polarizer 4 is bonded in the recess 10 with a UV heat combined acrylic adhesive, and the light-transmitting property is provided in the gap. The filler 11 was filled with an epoxy-based low TG (TG <-50 degrees) UV curable adhesive. The first polarizer and the second polarizer are composed of a glass substrate enclosing dielectric particles such as silver particles having a size of 0.3 × 0.4 mm and a thickness of 0.2 mm, and are rotated by Faraday rotation. A child made of garnet having a size of 0.3 mm × 0.4 mm and a thickness of 0.4 mm was used. Here, the refractive index of the translucent filler 11 is 1.48, the refractive index of the coreless fiber is 1.45, and the relative refractive index of the translucent filler 11 with respect to the coreless fiber 9 is 1.03. The optical isolator element 1 is arranged so that the angle φ of the light incident surface 21 of the optical isolator element 1 with respect to the optical axis 18 is 91.5 degrees.

  Finally, after the tip sphere 91 having a radius of curvature of 10 μm is formed at the end of the incident optical fiber 13 of the optical isolator M1 manufactured as described above, the incident optical fiber 13 is fixed to the housing 118 in which the LD 112 is accommodated. The optical module shown in FIG.

  And about the obtained optical module (sample number 14-21), the following vibration tests were done and the variation | change_quantity of the output light from the output optical fiber 14 was verified.

First, the light output power of each optical module was read with an optical power meter, and then each module was subjected to a vibration test. The vibration test was performed under test conditions A of the US Department of Defense standard MIL-STD-883 method2007. Specifically, the optical module is attached to a diaphragm that can be vibrated by simple vibration, and is vibrated by simple vibration with a peak acceleration of 20 g (g is gravitational acceleration). At this time, the vibration frequency is changed approximately logarithmically between 20 and 2000 Hz. Then, the passage of the entire frequency range from 20 to 2000 Hz and the return to 20 Hz are assumed to be 4 minutes or more, and this cycle is performed four times each in three directions of X, Y, and Z (12 times in total). ) Vibrated. After this vibration test, the optical module was detached from the diaphragm, the output power of the optical module was read again, and the amount of light attenuation was measured. The results are shown in Table 2.

  As shown in Table 2, in the second embodiment (sample numbers 14 to 17) of the present invention, since the polarization maintaining fiber portion 7A ′ is provided in the first optical fiber 5, the optical module is vibrated to generate the first light. Even if an external force is generated in the fiber 5 to cause displacement or bending, the rotation of the polarization plane of light can be suppressed. As a result, the absorption of light in the first polarizer 2 is reduced, and the fluctuation of the output light can be reduced as compared with the third embodiment of the present invention.

1 shows an optical isolator according to the present invention, in which (a) is a cross-sectional view and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X ′ of (a). 4A and 4B show another embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view, and FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X ′ in FIG. It is a schematic diagram which shows the aspect of the light which permeate | transmits the optical isolator of this invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows the aspect of the light radiate | emitted from a 1st optical fiber. It is explanatory drawing which shows the manufacturing process of the optical isolator of this invention. 4A and 4B show another embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view, and FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X ′ in FIG. 4A and 4B show another embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view, and FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X ′ in FIG. The end surface of an optical fiber is shown, (a) is sectional drawing of a single mode fiber part, (b) is sectional drawing of a polarization maintaining fiber part. It is a schematic diagram explaining a structure and operation | movement of the optical isolator of this invention. It is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional optical isolator. It is a schematic diagram which shows the aspect of the light which permeate | transmits the conventional optical isolator. It is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional optical isolator. It is a schematic diagram which shows the aspect of the light which permeate | transmits the conventional optical isolator. It is a perspective view explaining the structure of the conventional optical isolator. It is a schematic diagram explaining the structure and operation | movement of the conventional optical isolator.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Optical isolator element 2 ... 1st polarizer 3 ... Faraday rotator 4 ... 2nd polarizer 5 ... 1st optical fiber 6 ... 2nd optical fiber 7A, 7B. ..Single mode fiber parts 7A ', 7B' ... Polarization-maintaining fiber parts 8A, 8B ... Graded index fiber parts 9A, 9B ... Coreless fiber parts 10 ... Concave parts 11 ... Transmissivity Filler 12 ... Substrate 13 ... Incoming optical fiber 14 ... Outgoing optical fiber 15, 16, ... End face 17 ... Optical fiber body 18 ... Optical axis 19 ... Transmitted light 20 ... Reflected return light 21... Entrance surface 22 .. exit surface 31, 32... Boundary surface 81 .. clad 82... Core 83. First axis 91 ... tip ball 111 ... PD (photo die Over de)
112 ... LD (laser diode)
113 ... Lens 114 ... Optical isolator 115 ... Lens 116 ... Optical fiber 117 ... LD module 118 ... Enclosure M1, M2 ... Optical isolator

Claims (5)

A light incident surface between the first optical fiber, a second optical fiber to which light derived from the first optical fiber is optically coupled, and the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber. Including an optical isolator element inclined at an angle φ with respect to the optical axis, and a transmissive filler filled between the first optical fiber and the optical isolator element,
The first optical fiber and the second optical fiber each include a single mode fiber part, a graded index fiber part, and a coreless fiber part, and from the optical isolator element side, the coreless fiber part, the graded index fiber part, The single mode fiber portion is configured to be fusion spliced together in the order,
The refractive index of the transparent filler is a 1.02 to 1.10 times the refractive index of the coreless fiber section, an end face of the first optical fiber that faces the incident surface of the optical isolator element and The end surface of the second optical fiber facing the emission surface of the optical isolator element includes a flat portion that is inclined at an angle θ on the opposite side of the optical isolator element from the inclination direction of the optical isolator element. , between said angle phi the angle theta, phi <relationship is made elevational Chi of theta, the angle phi is 90.5 degrees ～92.0 degrees, the angle theta is 98.0 degrees to 102. An optical isolator characterized by 0 degrees . A base for holding the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber inside;
A recess opening on the surface of the base is provided, and a pair of inner holes communicating with the recess is provided in the base, and the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are provided in the pair of inner holes. after having fitted inserted, the optical isolator according to claim 1, characterized in that a said optical isolator element to the bottom surface of the recess. 3. The optical isolator according to claim 1, wherein the first optical fiber further includes a first polarization maintaining fiber portion on a light incident side. 4. 4. The optical isolator according to claim 3 , wherein the second optical fiber further includes a second polarization maintaining fiber portion on a light emission side. 5. Said first polarization maintaining fiber section and / or said second polarization maintaining fiber section, claim 3 in which the upper one end is protruded from the end face of the base body, characterized in that it is held inside the base body Or the optical isolator of 4 .

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