JP4848761B2 - Electrophotographic photosensitive member, image forming apparatus, process cartridge, and image forming method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, and an image forming method.

  A so-called xerographic image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter, simply referred to as “photoreceptor”), a charging device, an exposure device, a developing device, and a transfer device, and forms an image by an electrophotographic process using them. I do.

  2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, xerographic image forming apparatuses have been further improved in speed and life due to technological progress of each member and system. Accordingly, demands for high-speed compatibility and high reliability of each subsystem are higher than ever. In particular, there is a strong demand for high-speed compatibility and high reliability for a photoconductor used for image writing and a cleaning member for cleaning the photoconductor. In addition, the photosensitive member and the cleaning member receive more stress than the other members due to their mutual sliding. Therefore, the photoconductor is scratched or worn, which causes image defects.

Therefore, in order to extend the life of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, it is extremely important to suppress the occurrence of scratches and abrasion, and the use of a curable resin has been studied from the viewpoint of improving the mechanical strength of the photosensitive layer. For example, Patent Document 1 below discloses an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an outermost surface layer having a cross-linked structure including a specific silane compound and having charge transporting ability. In addition, Patent Documents 2 to 6 below disclose electrophotographic photoreceptors having an outermost surface layer having a cross-linked structure composed of a phenol resin and having charge transporting ability.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-38656 JP 2002-6527 A JP 2002-82466 A JP 2002-82469 A JP 2003-186215 A JP 2003-186234 A

  However, even in the conventional electrophotographic photosensitive member, a coating film defect due to “repelling” or the like of a coating liquid containing a silane compound or a phenol resin is likely to occur at the time of production, and an image defect derived from the coating film defect is a problem. May be. In particular, when a curable resin soluble in alcohol is used, the problem becomes remarkable. Although some studies have been made on the physical properties such as the mechanical strength of the functional layer containing a silane compound or a phenol resin, the actual situation is that the study has not been sufficiently conducted from the viewpoint of improving the film formability. .

  The present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and the film formability of a functional layer including a curable resin soluble in alcohol is sufficiently improved, and good image quality can be obtained for a long time. And an image forming apparatus, a process cartridge, and an image forming method using the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

  As a result of intensive research to achieve the above object, the present inventors have formed a functional layer comprising a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol. It has been found that the above problems can be solved by including both a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol in the composition, and the present invention has been completed.

That is, the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support, and an alcohol is formed on the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer. A functional layer comprising a cured product of a curable resin composition comprising a soluble curable resin, a charge transporting organic compound having two or more reactive functional groups, and a polyether- modified silicone oil soluble in alcohol; Features.

  The reason why a long-life electrophotographic photosensitive member is realized without causing coating film defects during production according to the present invention is not necessarily clear, but the present inventors speculate as follows.

In general, when a thin film is formed using a coating solution containing a curable resin that is soluble in alcohol, the surface tension (or surface energy) of the curable resin changes greatly when the coating solution turns into a film. As a result, coating defects such as repellency are considered to occur. On the other hand, in the present invention, an alcohol-soluble polyether has an effect of moderately changing the surface tension (or surface energy) of the curable resin, and as a result, the occurrence of coating film defects is sufficiently suppressed. It is thought that it can be done.
In addition, a functional layer made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a phenol resin and a polyether-modified silicone oil is used to discharge NOx, ozone gas, etc. generated by residual toner after the transfer process and charging stress in the electrophotographic process. Since it is excellent in the ability to remove deposits on the product, it is particularly suitable as the outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member (the layer provided on the side farthest from the conductive support).

  In the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, the curable resin contained in the functional layer is preferably a phenol resin. By using a phenol resin as the curable resin, sufficient mechanical strength can be imparted to the functional layer.

［式（ＩＶ）中、Ｆは正孔輸送性を有する化合物から誘導される有機基を示し、Ｔは２価の基を示し、Ｙは酸素原子又は硫黄原子を示し、Ｒ^４、Ｒ^５及びＲ^６はそれぞれ独立に水素原子又は１価の有機基を示し、Ｒ^７は１価の有機基を示し、ｍ２は０又は１を示し、ｎ６は２〜４の整数を示す。但し、Ｒ^６とＲ^７は互いに結合してＹをヘテロ原子とする複素環を形成してもよい。］

［式（Ｖ）中、Ｆは正孔輸送性を有する化合物から誘導される有機基を示し、Ｔは２価の基を示し、Ｒ^８は１価の有機基を示し、ｍ３は０又は１を示し、ｎ７は２〜４の整数を示す。］

［式（ＶＩ）中、Ｆは正孔輸送性を有する化合物から誘導される有機基を示し、Ｌはアルキレン基を示し、Ｒ^９は１価の有機基を示し、ｎ８は２〜４の整数を示す。］ Further, the functional layer preferably further contains a conductive inorganic particles child.
The charge transporting organic compound having two or more reactive functional groups is a charge transporting organic compound having a structure represented by any one of the following general formulas (I) to (VI) .
F-[(X ¹ ) _n1 R ¹ -Z ¹ H] _m1 (I)
[In Formula (I), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, R ¹ represents an alkylene group, Z ¹ represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, NH or COO, and X ¹ Represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, m1 represents an integer of 2 to 4, and n1 represents 0 or 1. ]
_{^{F - [(X 2) n2}} - (R 2) n3 - (Z 2) n4 G] n5 (II)
[In Formula (II), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, X ² represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R ² represents an alkylene group, Z ² represents an oxygen atom, S represents a sulfur atom, NH or COO, G represents an epoxy group, n2, n3 and n4 each independently represents 0 or 1, and n5 represents an integer of 2 to 4. ]
F [-D-Si (R ³ ) _(3-a) Q _a ] _b (III)
[In Formula (III), F represents a b-valent organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, D represents a divalent group having flexibility, and R ³ represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted. An alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Q is a hydrolyzable group, a is an integer of 1 to 3, and b is an integer of 1 to 4. However, Q is two or more in the formula (III). ]

[In Formula (IV), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, T represents a divalent group, Y represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ independently represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, R ⁷ represents a monovalent organic group, m 2 represents 0 or 1, and n 6 represents an integer of 2 to 4. However, R ⁶ and R ⁷ may combine with each other to form a heterocycle having Y as a heteroatom. ]

[In Formula (V), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, T represents a divalent group, R ⁸ represents a monovalent organic group, and m3 represents 0 or 1 N7 represents an integer of 2 to 4. ]

[In formula (VI), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, L represents an alkylene group, R ⁹ represents a monovalent organic group, and n8 represents an integer of 2 to 4. Indicates. ]

  The image forming apparatus of the present invention includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a charging unit for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an exposing unit for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image. And developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a toner image, and transfer means for transferring the toner image to a transfer medium.

  Further, the process cartridge of the present invention comprises the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member is developed with toner. And at least one selected from the group consisting of a developing means for forming an image and a cleaning means for removing toner remaining on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

  The image forming method of the present invention includes a charging step for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, an exposure step for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, and an electrostatic latent image. And a transfer step of transferring the toner image onto a transfer medium.

  According to the image forming apparatus and the image forming method of the present invention, an electrophotographic process including charging, exposure, development, transfer, or further cleaning using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention having excellent characteristics as described above. By performing the above, good image quality can be stably obtained over a long period of time.

  According to the present invention, the film forming property of a functional layer including a curable resin soluble in alcohol is sufficiently improved, and an electrophotographic image capable of stably obtaining a good image quality over a long period of time. Provided are a photoconductor, an image forming apparatus using the electrophotographic photoconductor, a process cartridge, and an image forming method.

  DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, the same or corresponding elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.

(Electrophotographic photoreceptor)
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing a preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. The electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 shown in FIG. 1 includes a function-separated type photosensitive layer 3 in which a charge generation layer 13 and a charge generation layer 5 are separately provided. More specifically, the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 has a structure in which an undercoat layer 4, a charge generation layer 5, a charge generation layer 6, and a protective layer 7 are laminated in this order on a conductive support 2. Yes. The protective layer 7 is a layer made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol.
However, in the present invention, the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer 3, alcohol soluble curable resins, possess two or more reactive functional groups, and at any of the following general formula (I) ~ (VI) An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a functional layer (protective layer 7) made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a charge-transporting organic compound having a structure represented by the above and a polyether-modified silicone oil soluble in alcohol is applied. The

  Hereinafter, each element of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 will be described in detail.

  Examples of the conductive support 2 include a metal plate, a metal drum, a metal belt, or a conductive metal using a metal or an alloy such as aluminum, copper, zinc, stainless steel, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, gold, or platinum. Examples thereof include paper, plastic film, belt and the like coated, vapor-deposited, or laminated with a conductive polymer, a conductive compound such as indium oxide, or a metal or alloy such as aluminum, palladium, or gold.

  In addition, in order to prevent interference fringes generated when the laser beam is irradiated, the surface of the conductive support 2 is preferably roughened. The degree of roughening is preferably 0.04 μm to 0.5 μm in terms of centerline average roughness Ra. If Ra is smaller than 0.04 μm, it becomes close to a mirror surface, so that the effect of preventing interference cannot be obtained. If Ra is larger than 0.5 μm, even if a coating film according to the present invention is formed, the image quality becomes rough, which is not suitable.

  The surface of the conductive support 2 can be roughened by wet honing by suspending an abrasive in water and spraying the support, or by pressing the support against a rotating grindstone and grinding continuously. Centerless grinding, anodizing, etc. are preferred, and a layer in which conductive or semiconductive powder is dispersed in the resin layer without roughening the support surface itself is formed on the support surface. Further, a method of roughening with particles dispersed in the layer is also preferably used.

  The anodizing treatment is to form an oxide film on the aluminum surface by anodizing in an electrolyte solution using aluminum as an anode. Examples of the electrolyte solution include a sulfuric acid solution and an oxalic acid solution. However, the intact porous anodic oxide film is chemically active, easily contaminated, and has a large resistance fluctuation due to the environment. Therefore, the pores in the anodized film are sealed with pressurized water vapor or boiling water (a metal salt such as nickel may be added) by volume expansion due to a hydration reaction, and a sealing process is performed to change to a more stable hydrated oxide. .

  The thickness of the anodic oxide film is preferably 0.3 to 15 μm. When it is thinner than 0.3 μm, the barrier property against injection is poor and the effect is not sufficient. On the other hand, if it is thicker than 15 μm, the residual potential increases due to repeated use.

  The treatment with an acidic treatment liquid comprising phosphoric acid, chromic acid and hydrofluoric acid can be performed as follows. The mixing ratio of phosphoric acid, chromic acid and hydrofluoric acid in the acidic treatment liquid is such that phosphoric acid is in the range of 10 to 11% by weight, chromic acid is in the range of 3 to 5% by weight, and hydrofluoric acid is in the range of 0.5 to 2% by weight. The total concentration of these acids is preferably in the range of 13.5 to 18% by weight. The processing temperature is 42 to 48 ° C., but by keeping the processing temperature high, a thicker film can be formed faster. About the film thickness of a film, 0.3-15 micrometers is preferable. When it is thinner than 0.3 μm, the barrier property against injection is poor and the effect is not sufficient. On the other hand, if it is thicker than 15 μm, the residual potential increases due to repeated use.

  The boehmite treatment can be performed by immersing in pure water at 90 to 100 ° C. for 5 to 60 minutes or by contacting with heated steam at 90 to 120 ° C. for 5 to 60 minutes. About the film thickness of a film, 0.1-5 micrometers is preferable. This can be further anodized using an electrolyte solution with low film solubility such as adipic acid, boric acid, borate, phosphate, phthalate, maleate, benzoate, tartrate, citrate. Good.

  When non-interfering light is used for the light source, it is not particularly necessary to roughen the interference fringes, and it is possible to prevent the occurrence of defects due to the irregularities on the surface of the conductive support 2, which is suitable for longer life.

  The undercoat layer 4 is provided as necessary. Particularly, when the conductive support 2 is subjected to an acidic solution treatment and a boehmite treatment, the conductive support 2 has insufficient defect concealing power. Therefore, it is preferable to form the undercoat layer 4.

  Materials used for the undercoat layer 4 include zirconium chelate compounds, zirconium alkoxide compounds, organic zirconium compounds such as zirconium coupling agents, titanium chelate compounds, titanium alkoxide compounds, organic titanium compounds such as titanate coupling agents, and aluminum chelate compounds. In addition to organoaluminum compounds such as aluminum coupling agents, antimony alkoxide compounds, germanium alkoxide compounds, indium alkoxide compounds, indium chelate compounds, manganese alkoxide compounds, manganese chelate compounds, tin alkoxide compounds, tin chelate compounds, aluminum silicon alkoxide compounds, Aluminum titanium alkoxide compound, aluminum zirconium alkoxide compound And organic metal compounds such as, in particular an organic zirconium compound, an organic titanyl compound, since the organic aluminum compound to residual potential indicates a satisfactory electrophotographic properties lower, are preferably used.

  The undercoat layer 4 may further contain a silane coupling agent. As silane coupling agents, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris-2-methoxyethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy Silane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, γ-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-2-aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-mercapropropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-ureidopropyltriethoxysilane, β-3 , 4-epoxycyclohexyltrimethoxysilane and the like. These mixing ratios can be appropriately set as necessary.

  The undercoat layer 4 may further contain a binder resin. As binder resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl methyl ether, poly-N-vinyl imidazole, polyethylene oxide, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyamide, polyimide, casein, gelatin, polyethylene, polyester, phenol resin , Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, epoxy resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl pyridine, polyurethane, polyglutamic acid, polyacrylic acid, and other known binder resins can also be used. These mixing ratios can be appropriately set as necessary.

  The undercoat layer 4 may further contain an electron transporting pigment from the viewpoint of lowering the residual potential and improving the environmental stability. Examples of the electron transport pigment include organic pigments such as perylene pigment, bisbenzimidazole perylene pigment, polycyclic quinone pigment, indigo pigment, and quinacridone pigment described in JP-A-47-30330, cyano group, nitro group, Examples thereof include organic pigments such as bisazo pigments and phthalocyanine pigments having electron-withdrawing substituents such as nitroso groups and halogen atoms, and inorganic pigments such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide. Among these pigments, perylene pigments, bisbenzimidazole perylene pigments and polycyclic quinone pigments, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide are preferably used because of their high electron mobility. In addition, the surface of these pigments may be surface-treated with the above-mentioned coupling agent or binder for the purpose of controlling dispersibility and charge transportability. If the amount of the electron transporting pigment is too large, the strength of the undercoat layer is lowered and a coating film defect is caused.

  Further, the undercoat layer 4 may further contain fine powders of various organic compounds or fine powders of inorganic compounds from the viewpoint of improving electrical characteristics and light scattering properties. In particular, white pigments such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc white, zinc sulfide, lead white and lithopone, inorganic pigments as extender pigments such as alumina, calcium carbonate and barium sulfate, polyethylene terephthalate resin particles, benzoguanamine resin particles, styrene resin Particles are effective. The added fine powder has a particle size of 0.01 to 2 μm. The fine powder is added as necessary, but the addition amount is preferably 10 to 90% by mass, and 30 to 80% by mass with respect to the total mass of the solid content of the undercoat layer 4. More preferably.

  The undercoat layer 4 can be formed by applying a coating liquid containing the above constituent materials onto the conductive support 2 and drying it. Solvents used in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer 4 include organic solvents, fixed-term metal compounds and resins, and gelation or aggregation when an electron transporting pigment is mixed / dispersed. Anything that does not cause the problem can be used. For example, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene Ordinary organic solvents such as toluene can be used alone or in admixture of two or more. Further, as a dispersion treatment method for the coating liquid, methods such as a roll mill, a ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor, a sand mill, a colloid mill, a paint shaker, and an ultrasonic wave can be used. Furthermore, as a coating method of the coating liquid, a normal method such as a blade coating method, a wire bar coating method, a spray coating method, a dip coating method, a bead coating method, an air knife coating method, a curtain coating method, or the like can be used. Drying after coating is performed at a temperature at which the solvent can be evaporated and a film can be formed. The thickness of the undercoat layer 4 is generally from 0.01 to 30 μm, preferably from 0.05 to 25 μm.

  The charge generation layer 5 includes a charge generation material and a binder resin. Examples of charge generation materials include azo pigments such as bisazo pigments and trisazo pigments, condensed aromatic pigments such as dibromoanthanthrone, organic pigments such as perylene pigments, pyrrolopyrrole pigments, and phthalocyanine pigments, and inorganic pigments such as trigonal selenium and zinc oxide. Known pigments can be used, but metal and metal-free phthalocyanine pigments, trigonal selenium, dibromoanthanthrone, and the like are particularly preferable when exposure light having a wavelength of 380 to 500 nm is used for image formation. Among them, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine disclosed in JP-A-5-263007 and JP-A-5-279591, chlorogallium phthalocyanine disclosed in JP-A-5-98181, JP-A-5-140472 and special Dichlorotin phthalocyanine disclosed in Kaihei 5-140473 and titanyl phthalocyanine disclosed in JP-A-4-189873 and JP-A-5-43813 are particularly preferred.

  The binder resin for the charge generation layer 5 can be selected from a wide range of insulating resins, and can also be selected from organic photoconductive polymers such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole, polyvinylanthracene, polyvinylpyrene, and polysilane. You can also. Preferred binder resins include polyvinyl butyral resin, polyarylate resin (polycondensate of bisphenol A and phthalic acid, etc.), polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, phenoxy resin, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyamide resin, acrylic resin. Insulating resin such as polyacrylamide resin, polyvinyl pyridine resin, cellulose resin, urethane resin, epoxy resin, casein, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin can be used, but is not limited thereto. These binder resins can be used alone or in admixture of two or more. The blending ratio of the charge generation material and the binder resin (weight ratio) is preferably in the range of 10: 1 to 1:10.

  The charge generation layer 5 can be formed by applying a coating liquid containing the above constituent materials onto the undercoat layer 4 and drying it. Solvents used in the coating solution for forming the charge generation layer 5 are methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate. Ordinary organic solvents such as n-butyl acetate, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene and toluene can be used alone or in admixture of two or more. In addition, as a dispersion method when preparing the coating liquid, a usual method such as a ball mill dispersion method, an attritor dispersion method, a sand mill dispersion method, or the like can be used. Conditions that do not change the crystal form are required. Further, at the time of this dispersion, it is effective to make the pigment particles have a particle size of 0.5 μm or less, preferably 0.3 μm or less, more preferably 0.15 μm or less. Furthermore, as a coating method of the coating liquid, a normal method such as a blade coating method, a wire bar coating method, a spray coating method, a dip coating method, a bead coating method, an air knife coating method, a curtain coating method, or the like can be used. Drying after coating is performed at a temperature at which the solvent can be evaporated and a film can be formed. The thickness of the charge generation layer 5 is generally 0.1 to 5 μm, preferably 0.2 to 2.0 μm.

  The charge generation layer 6 includes a charge transport material and a binder resin, or includes a polymer charge transport material.

  Charge transport materials include quinone compounds such as p-benzoquinone, chloranil, bromanyl, anthraquinone, tetracyanoquinodimethane compounds, fluorenone compounds such as 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone, xanthone compounds, benzophenone compounds , Electron transport compounds such as cyanovinyl compounds and ethylene compounds, triarylamine compounds, benzidine compounds, arylalkane compounds, aryl-substituted ethylene compounds, stilbene compounds, anthracene compounds, hydrazone compounds, etc. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, hole transporting compounds. These charge transport materials can be used singly or in combination of two or more.

  Moreover, as a charge transport material, the compound shown by the following general formula (a-1), (a-2) or (a-3) from a mobility viewpoint is preferable.

In the above formula (a-1), R ³⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and k10 represents 1 or 2. Ar ⁶ and Ar ⁷ are each a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, —C ₆ H ₄ —C (R ³⁸ ) ═C (R ³⁹ ) (R ⁴⁰ ), or —C ₆ H ₄ —CH═CH—. CH = C (Ar) ₂ represents a substituted amino substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms Groups. R ³⁸ , R ³⁹ and R ⁴⁰ are a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.

In the above formula (a-2), R ³⁵ and R ³⁵ ′ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, R ³⁶ , R ³⁶ ′. R ³⁷ and R ³⁷ ′ are each independently a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an amino group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, A substituted aryl group, —C (R ³⁸ ) ═C (R ³⁹ ) (R ⁴⁰ ), or —CH═CH—CH═C (Ar) ₂ , R ³⁸ , R ³⁹ and R ⁴⁰ are each independently A hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. M4 and m5 each independently represents an integer of 0 to 2.

Here, in the formula (a-3), R ⁴¹ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or —CH═CH. -CH = C (Ar) ₂ is shown. Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. R ⁴² , R ⁴² ′, R ⁴³ , and R ⁴³ ′ are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkyl having 1 to 2 carbon atoms. An amino group substituted with a group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group is shown.

  Examples of the binder resin used for the charge transport layer 6 include polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, methacrylic resin, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, styrene-butadiene copolymer, and vinylidene chloride. -Acrylonitrile copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, silicone resin, silicone-alkyd resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, styrene-alkyd resin, and the like. These binder resins can be used individually by 1 type or in mixture of 2 or more types. The blending ratio (mass ratio) of the charge transport material and the binder resin is preferably 10: 1 to 1: 5.

  As the polymer charge transporting material, known materials having charge transporting properties such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole and polysilane can be used. In particular, the polyester polymer charge transport materials disclosed in JP-A-8-176293 and JP-A-8-208820 have a high charge transporting property and are particularly preferable. The polymer charge transport material alone can be used as a constituent material of the charge generation layer 6, but it may be formed by mixing with the binder resin.

  The charge transport layer 6 can be formed by applying a coating solution containing the above constituent materials on the charge generation layer 5 and drying it. Solvents used in the coating solution for forming the charge transport layer include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and chlorobenzene, ketones such as acetone and 2-butanone, methylene chloride, chloroform and ethylene chloride. And usual organic solvents such as halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethyl ether. These can be used individually by 1 type or in mixture of 2 or more types. As a coating method of the coating solution for forming the charge transport layer, a normal method such as a blade coating method, a wire bar coating method, a spray coating method, a dip coating method, a bead coating method, an air knife coating method, or a curtain coating method should be used. Can do. Drying after coating is performed at a temperature at which the solvent can be evaporated and a film can be formed. The film thickness of the charge generation layer 6 is preferably 5 to 50 μm, more preferably 10 to 30 μm.

  Further, for the purpose of preventing deterioration of the photoreceptor due to ozone, oxidizing gas, light, or heat generated in the copying machine, an antioxidant, a light stabilizer, Additives such as heat stabilizers can be added. Examples of the antioxidant include hindered phenol, hindered amine, paraphenylenediamine, arylalkane, hydroquinone, spirochroman, spiroidanone and derivatives thereof, organic sulfur compounds, and organic phosphorus compounds. Examples of the light stabilizer include derivatives such as benzophenone, benzotriazole, dithiocarbamate, and tetramethylpiperidine.

  The photosensitive layer 3 can contain at least one electron accepting substance for the purpose of improving sensitivity, reducing residual potential, and reducing fatigue during repeated use.

Examples of the electron acceptor include succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, dibromomaleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, o-dinitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, Examples include chloranil, dinitroanthraquinone, trinitrofluorenone, picric acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, and phthalic acid. Of these, fluorenone-based, quinone-based, and benzene derivatives having an electron-withdrawing substituent such as Cl, CN, NO ₂ are particularly preferable.

  As described above, the protective layer 7 is made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol.

  The “curable alcohol-soluble curable resin” in the present invention means a curable resin that can be dissolved in an alcohol having 5 or less carbon atoms by 1% by mass or more. As the curable resin soluble in alcohol, a thermosetting resin such as a phenol resin, a thermosetting acrylic resin, a thermosetting silicone resin, an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, or a urethane resin is preferable, and in particular, a phenol resin or a melamine resin. , Siloxane resin, urethane resin and the like. Among these curable resins, a phenol resin is preferable in terms of mechanical strength, electrical characteristics, and deposit removability of a cured product of the curable resin composition.

  Examples of the phenol resin include resorcin, bisphenol, substituted phenols containing one hydroxyl group such as phenol, cresol, xylenol, paraalkylphenol, paraphenylphenol, substituted phenols containing two hydroxyl groups such as catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, and bisphenol. A, a compound having a phenol structure, such as bisphenols such as bisphenol Z, biphenols, and the like, and formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, etc. are reacted in the presence of an acid or alkali catalyst to produce monomethylolphenols, dimethylolphenols, trimethylolphenol Class of monomers, and mixtures thereof, or oligomerized thereof, and mixtures of monomers and oligomers. Among these, a relatively large molecule having about 2 to 20 repeating molecular structural units is an oligomer, and a smaller molecule is a monomer.

As the acid catalyst used at this time, sulfuric acid, paratoluenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and the like are used. Further, as the alkali catalyst, hydroxides or oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals such as NaOH, KOH, Ca (OH) ₂ , Mg (OH) ₂ , Ba (OH) ₂ , CaO, MgO, or the like, or Amine-based catalysts and acetates such as zinc acetate and sodium acetate are used.

  Examples of the amine catalyst include, but are not limited to, ammonia, hexamethylenetetramine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and triethanolamine.

  When a basic catalyst is used, carriers may be significantly trapped by the remaining catalyst, which may deteriorate electrophotographic characteristics. In such a case, it is preferable to inactivate or remove by distilling off under reduced pressure, neutralizing with an acid, or contacting with an adsorbent such as silica gel or an ion exchange resin. A curing catalyst can also be used for curing. The catalyst used at that time is not particularly limited as long as it does not adversely affect the electrical characteristics and the like.

  The “alcohol-soluble polyether” in the present invention means a polyether that can be dissolved in an amount of 1% by mass or more in an alcohol having 5 or less carbon atoms, and examples of the alcohol include methanol. Examples of the polyether soluble in alcohol include polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 2000 or less, a polyether antifoaming agent, and a polyether-modified silicone oil.

  Examples of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 2000 or less include polyethylene glycol 2000 (average molecular weight 2000), polyethylene glycol 600 (average molecular weight 600), polyethylene glycol 400 (average molecular weight 400), polyethylene glycol 200 (average molecular weight 200), and the like. .

  Moreover, as a polyether antifoamer, PE-M, PE-L (above, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. make), antifoam No. 1. Antifoaming agent No. 1 5 (above, manufactured by Kao Corporation).

  As the polyether-modified silicone oil, KF351 (A), KF352 (A), KF353 (A), KF354 (A), KF355 (A), KF615 (A), KF618, KF945 (A), KF6004 (or higher) , Manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), TSF4440, TSF4445, TSF4450, TSF4446, TSF4452, TSF4453, TSF4460 (above, manufactured by GE Toshiba Silicon Corporation), and the like.

  Of the above polyethers soluble in alcohol, polyether-modified silicone oil is preferred. During image formation, residual toner after the transfer process and discharge products such as NOx and ozone gas may be generated due to charging stress in the electrophotographic process, but curing of the curable resin composition containing polyether-modified silicone oil The deposit removability of the product with respect to the discharge product can be improved.

  The content of the polyether soluble in alcohol is preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, based on the total solid content of the protective layer 7. When the content of the polyether soluble in alcohol is less than 0.01% by mass, the coating film defect preventing effect tends to be insufficient. Moreover, when the content of the polyether soluble in alcohol exceeds 10% by mass, the strength of the resulting cured product is lowered due to the bleed out of the polyether, and the peripheral members tend to be contaminated. .

  The protective layer 7 preferably further contains conductive inorganic particles and / or a charge transporting organic compound in order to improve electrical characteristics, in addition to the above constituent materials.

  Examples of the conductive inorganic particles include metals, metal oxides, and carbon black. Examples of the metal include aluminum, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, silver, and stainless steel, or those obtained by depositing these metals on the surface of plastic particles. Examples of the metal oxide include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, antimony and tantalum-doped tin oxide, and antimony-doped zirconium oxide. . These can be used alone or in combination of two or more. When two or more types are used in combination, they may be simply mixed, or may be in the form of a solid solution or fusion. The average particle size of the conductive particles used in the present invention is preferably 0.3 μm or less, particularly preferably 0.1 μm or less, from the viewpoint of the transparency of the protective layer. Moreover, in this invention, it is especially preferable to use a metal oxide from the point of transparency among the electroconductive inorganic particles mentioned above. Further, it is preferable to treat the surface of the particles for controlling dispersibility. Examples of the treating agent include silane coupling agents, silicone oils, siloxane compounds, and surfactants. These preferably contain a fluorine atom.

  Moreover, as a charge transportable organic compound, what is compatible with the curable resin to be used is preferable, and what forms a chemical bond with the curable resin to be used is more preferable.

Examples of the charge transporting organic compound having a reactive functional group include compounds represented by the following general formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), and (VI). It is preferable because of its excellent mechanical strength and stability.
F-[(X ¹ ) _n1 R ¹ -Z ¹ H] _m1 (I)
[In Formula (I), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, R ¹ represents an alkylene group, Z ¹ represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, NH or COO, and X ¹ Represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, m1 represents an integer of 1 to 4, and n1 represents 0 or 1. ]
_{^{F - [(X 2) n2}} - (R 2) n3 - (Z 2) n4 G] n5 (II)
[In Formula (II), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, X ² represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R ² represents an alkylene group, Z ² represents an oxygen atom, S represents a sulfur atom, NH or COO, G represents an epoxy group, n2, n3 and n4 each independently represents 0 or 1, and n5 represents an integer of 1 to 4. ]
F [-D-Si (R ³ ) _(3-a) Q _a ] _b (III)
[In Formula (III), F represents a b-valent organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, D represents a divalent group having flexibility, and R ³ represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted. An alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Q is a hydrolyzable group, a is an integer of 1 to 3, and b is an integer of 1 to 4. ]

［式（ＩＶ）中、Ｆは正孔輸送性を有する化合物から誘導される有機基を示し、Ｔは２価の基を示し、Ｙは酸素原子又は硫黄原子を示し、Ｒ^４、Ｒ^５及びＲ^６はそれぞれ独立に水素原子又は１価の有機基を示し、Ｒ^７は１価の有機基を示し、ｍ２は０又は１を示し、ｎ６は１〜４の整数を示す。但し、Ｒ^６とＲ^７は互いに結合してＹをヘテロ原子とする複素環を形成してもよい。］

[In Formula (IV), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, T represents a divalent group, Y represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ independently represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, R ⁷ represents a monovalent organic group, m 2 represents 0 or 1, and n 6 represents an integer of 1 to 4. However, R ⁶ and R ⁷ may combine with each other to form a heterocycle having Y as a heteroatom. ]

［式（Ｖ）中、Ｆは正孔輸送性を有する化合物から誘導される有機基を示し、Ｔは２価の基を示し、Ｒ^８は１価の有機基を示し、ｍ３は０又は１を示し、ｎ７は１〜４の整数を示す。］

[In Formula (V), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, T represents a divalent group, R ⁸ represents a monovalent organic group, and m3 represents 0 or 1 N7 represents an integer of 1 to 4. ]

［式（ＶＩ）中、Ｆは正孔輸送性を有する化合物から誘導される有機基を示し、Ｌはアルキレン基を示し、Ｒ^９は１価の有機基を示し、ｎ８は１〜４の整数を示す。］

[In Formula (VI), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, L represents an alkylene group, R ⁹ represents a monovalent organic group, and n8 represents an integer of 1 to 4. Indicates. ]

  The F in the compounds represented by the general formulas (I) to (VI) is preferably a group represented by the following general formula (VII).

［式（ＶＩＩ）中、Ａｒ^１、Ａｒ^２、Ａｒ^３及びＡｒ^４はそれぞれ独立に置換又は未置換のアリール基を示し、Ａｒ^５は置換若しくは未置換のアリール基又はアリーレン基を示し、且つＡｒ^１〜Ａｒ^５のうち１〜４個は、上記一般式（Ｉ）で表わされる化合物における下記一般式（ＶＩＩＩ）で示される部位、上記一般式（ＩＩ）で表わされる化合物における下記一般式（ＩＸ）で示される部位、上記一般式（ＩＩＩ）で表わされる化合物における下記一般式（Ｘ）で示される部位、上記一般式（ＩＶ）で表わされる化合物における下記一般式（ＸＩ）で示される部位、上記一般式（Ｖ）で表される化合物における下記一般式（ＸＩＩ）で表される部位、又は上記一般式（ＶＩ）で表される化合物における下記一般式（ＸＩＩＩ）と結合するための結合手を有する。］
−（Ｘ^１）_ｎ１Ｒ^１−Ｚ^１Ｈ （ＶＩＩＩ）
−（Ｘ^２）_ｎ２−（Ｒ^２）_ｎ３−（Ｚ^２）_ｎ４Ｇ （ＩＸ）
−Ｄ−Ｓｉ（Ｒ^３）_{（３-ａ）}Ｑ_ａ （Ｘ）

[In formula (VII), Ar ¹ , Ar ² , Ar ³ and Ar ⁴ each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar ⁵ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or an arylene group, and Ar ^{1 to} 4 of ^{1 to} Ar ⁵ are a moiety represented by the following general formula (VIII) in the compound represented by the above general formula (I), a general formula (IX) in the compound represented by the above general formula (II), ), A site represented by the following general formula (X) in the compound represented by the above general formula (III), a site represented by the following general formula (XI) in the compound represented by the above general formula (IV), In the compound represented by the above general formula (V), a site represented by the following general formula (XII) or the following general formula (XIII) in the compound represented by the above general formula (VI) Has a joint to join. ]
_{^{- (X 1) n1 R 1}} -Z 1 H (VIII)
_{^{- (X 2) n2 - (}} R 2) n3 - (Z 2) n4 G (IX)
-D-Si (R ³ ) _(3-a) Q _a (X)

In addition, as the substituted or unsubstituted aryl group represented by Ar ^{1 to} Ar ⁴ in the general formula (VII), specifically, aryl groups represented by the following general formulas (1) to (7) are preferable. .

In the above formula ^{(1) ~ (7),} R 10 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl which is substituted by them A group or an unsubstituted phenyl group, or an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein R ^{11 to} R ¹³ are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a carbon number, respectively. 1 to 4 alkoxy groups, phenyl or unsubstituted phenyl groups substituted therewith, aralkyl groups having 7 to 10 carbon atoms or halogen atoms, Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, and D represents the above One of the structures represented by the general formulas (VIII) to (XIII) is shown, c and s each represent 0 or 1, and t represents an integer of 1 to 3.

  Moreover, as Ar in the aryl group represented by the above formula (7), an arylene group represented by the following formula (8) or (9) is preferable.

In the above formulas (8) and (9), R ¹⁴ and R ¹⁵ are each substituted with a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A phenyl group, an unsubstituted phenyl group, an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom, and t represents an integer of 1 to 3.

  Moreover, as Z 'in the aryl group represented by the above formula (7), divalent groups represented by the following formulas (10) to (17) are preferable.

In formulas (10) to (17), R ¹⁶ and R ¹⁷ are each substituted with a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A phenyl group, an unsubstituted phenyl group, an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom; W represents a divalent group; q and r each represents an integer of 1 to 10; Each represents an integer of 1 to 3.

  In the above formulas (16) to (17), W represents a divalent group represented by the following formulas (18) to (26). In formula (25), u represents an integer of 0 to 3.

In addition, the specific structure of Ar ⁵ in the general formula (VI) is as follows. When k = 0, the structure of c = 1 in the specific structure of Ar ^{1 to} Ar ⁴ and when Ar = 1, the Ar 5 ^The structure of c = 0 in the specific structure of ^{1 to} Ar ⁴ is given.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (I) include the following compounds (I-1) to (I-37). In addition, in the following table | surface, although the bond is described, the thing in which the substituent is not described shows a methyl group.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (II) include the following compounds (II-1) to (II-47). In the following table, Me or a bond is described but a substituent is not described, a methyl group, Et represents an ethyl group.

Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (III) include the following compounds (III-1) to (III-61). The following compounds (III-1) to (III-61) are a combination of Ar ^{1 to} Ar ⁵ and k of the compound represented by the general formula (VI) as shown in the following table, and an alkoxysilyl group. (S) is the specific one shown in the table below.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (IV) include the following compounds (IV-1) to (IV-40). In the following table, Me or a bond is described but a substituent is not described, a methyl group, Et represents an ethyl group.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (V) include the following compounds (V-1) to (V-55). In the following table, Me or a bond is described but a substituent is not described indicates a methyl group.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (VI) include the following compounds (VI-1) to (VI-17). In the following table, Me represents a methyl group, and Et represents an ethyl group.

  In addition, a compound represented by the following general formula (XIV) is added to the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7 in order to control various physical properties such as strength and film resistance of the protective layer 7. You can also.

Si (R ⁵⁰ ) _(4-c) Q _c (XIV)
[In the above formula (XIV), R ⁵⁰ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Q represents a hydrolyzable group, and c represents an integer of 1 to 4. ]

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (XIV) include the following silane coupling agents. Examples of silane coupling agents include tetrafunctional silanes such as tetramethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane (c = 4); methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxyethoxysilane, vinyltri Methoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxy Silane, γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-β (aminoethyl) γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl L) Triethoxysilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) trimethoxysilane, 3- (heptafluoroisopropoxy) propyltriethoxysilane, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilane, 1H , 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, trifunctional alkoxysilanes such as 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (c = 3); dimethyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, methyl And bifunctional alkoxysilanes such as phenyldimethoxysilane (c = 2); monofunctional alkoxysilanes such as trimethylmethoxysilane (c = 1), and the like. Trifunctional and tetrafunctional alkoxysilanes are preferable for improving the strength of the film, and monofunctional and bifunctional alkoxysilanes are preferable for improving the flexibility and film formability.

  In addition, a silicon-based hard coat agent produced mainly from these coupling agents can also be used. Commercially available hard coat agents include KP-85, X-40-9740, X-40-2239 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Silicone), and AY42-440, AY42-441, AY49-208 (manufactured by Toray Dow Corning). Etc.) can be used.

  Moreover, in order to raise the intensity | strength of the protective layer 7, the compound which has a 2 or more silicon atom as shown to the following general formula (XV) is used for the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7 Is also preferable.

B- (Si (R ⁵¹ ) _(3-d) Q _d ) ₂ (XV)
[In the above formula (XI), B represents a divalent organic group, R ⁵¹ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Q represents a hydrolyzable group, and d represents an integer of 1 to 3. Indicates. ]

  More specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (XV) include the following compounds (XV-1) to (XV-16).

  Furthermore, various resins can be added for the purpose of discharge gas resistance, mechanical strength, scratch resistance, particle dispersibility, viscosity control, torque reduction, wear amount control, pot life extension, and the like. In the present embodiment, it is preferable to further add a resin that dissolves in alcohol. Examples of resins soluble in alcohol solvents include polyvinyl butyral resins, polyvinyl formal resins, and polyvinyl acetal resins such as partially acetalized polyvinyl acetal resins in which a part of butyral has been modified with formal or acetoacetal (for example, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) ESREC B, K, etc.), polyamide resin, cellulose resin and the like. In particular, polyvinyl acetal resin is preferable from the viewpoint of improving electrical characteristics.

  The molecular weight of the resin is preferably 2000-100000, more preferably 5000-50000. If the molecular weight is less than 2000, the desired effect tends not to be obtained. If the molecular weight is more than 100,000, the solubility tends to be low, and the addition amount is limited, or the film formation tends to be poor during coating. The addition amount is preferably 1 to 40% by mass, more preferably 1 to 30% by mass, and most preferably 5 to 20% by mass. When the addition amount is less than 1% by mass, it is difficult to obtain a desired effect. When the addition amount is more than 40% by mass, there is a risk of image blurring at high temperature and high humidity. Moreover, although said resin may be used independently, you may mix and use them.

  In order to prolong pot life and control film properties, it is preferable to contain a cyclic compound having a repeating structural unit represented by the following general formula (XVI) or a derivative thereof.

［上記式（ＸＶＩ）中、Ａ^１及びＡ^２は、それぞれ独立に一価の有機基を示す。］

[In the above formula (XVI), A ¹ and A ² each independently represent a monovalent organic group. ]

  Examples of the cyclic compound having the repeating structural unit represented by the general formula (XVI) include commercially available cyclic siloxanes. Specifically, cyclic dimethylcyclosiloxanes such as hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5- Triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, 1,3,5,7,9-pentamethyl-1,3,5,7 , 9-pentaphenylcyclopentasiloxane and other cyclic methylphenylcyclosiloxanes, hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane and other cyclic phenylcyclosiloxanes, and 3- (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) methylcyclotrisiloxane and other fluorine Atom-containing cyclosiloxanes, methylhydrosiloxa Mixture, pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, mention may be made of phenyl hydrosilyl group-containing cyclosiloxanes of hydrocyclosiloxane like, cyclic siloxanes and vinyl group-containing cyclosiloxanes such as penta vinyl pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane like. These cyclic siloxane compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Further, various particles may be added to the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7 in order to control the contamination resistance adhesion, lubricity, hardness and the like on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

  An example of the particles may include silicon atom-containing particles. The silicon atom-containing particles are particles containing silicon as a constituent element, and specific examples include colloidal silica and silicone particles. The colloidal silica used as the silicon atom-containing particles has a volume average particle diameter of preferably 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 10 to 30 nm, and an acidic or alkaline aqueous dispersion, or an organic solvent such as alcohol, ketone or ester. It is selected from those dispersed in, and commercially available products can be used. The solid content of colloidal silica in the curable resin composition is not particularly limited, but is preferably based on the total solid content in the curable resin composition in terms of film formability, electrical characteristics, and strength. Is used in the range of 0.1 to 50% by mass, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 30% by mass.

  Silicone particles used as silicon atom-containing particles are spherical and have a volume average particle diameter of preferably 1 to 500 nm, more preferably 10 to 100 nm, and are selected from silicone resin particles, silicone rubber particles, and silicone surface-treated silica particles. A commercially available product can be used.

  Silicone particles are small particles that are chemically inert and excellent in dispersibility in resins, and since the content required to obtain more sufficient properties is low, the crosslinking reaction is not hindered. The surface properties of the photographic photoreceptor can be improved. In other words, in a state in which it is uniformly incorporated into a strong cross-linked structure, it improves the lubricity and water repellency of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and maintains good wear resistance and contamination resistance adhesion over a long period of time. Can do. The content of the silicone particles in the curable resin composition is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass, based on the total solid content in the curable resin composition. % Range.

Other particles include fluorine-based particles such as ethylene tetrafluoride, ethylene trifluoride, propylene hexafluoride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, and the 8th Polymer Materials Forum Lecture Proceedings p89. Particles made of a resin obtained by copolymerizing a fluororesin and a monomer having a hydroxyl group, ZnO—Al ₂ O ₃ , SnO ₂ —Sb ₂ O ₃ , In ₂ O ₃ —SnO ₂ , ZnO—TiO ₂ , ZnO Examples thereof include semiconductive metal oxides such as —TiO ₂ , MgO—Al ₂ O ₃ , FeO—TiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , SnO ₂ , In ₂ O ₃ , ZnO, and MgO.

  Silicone oils other than polyether-modified silicone oils can also be added to control the antifouling substance adhesion, lubricity, hardness and the like on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Examples of the silicone oil include silicone oils such as dimethylpolysiloxane, diphenylpolysiloxane, and phenylmethylsiloxane, amino-modified polysiloxane, epoxy-modified polysiloxane, carboxyl-modified polysiloxane, carbinol-modified polysiloxane, methacryl-modified polysiloxane, and mercapto. Examples include reactive silicone oils such as modified polysiloxanes and phenol-modified polysiloxanes. These may be added in advance to the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7, or may be impregnated under reduced pressure or increased pressure after producing the photoreceptor.

  Moreover, the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7 can also contain additives, such as a plasticizer, a surface modifier, antioxidant, and a photodegradation inhibitor. Examples of the plasticizer include biphenyl, biphenyl chloride, terphenyl, dibutyl phthalate, diethylene glycol phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, triphenyl phosphate, methyl naphthalene, benzophenone, chlorinated paraffin, polypropylene, polystyrene, and various fluorohydrocarbons.

  An antioxidant having a hindered phenol, hindered amine, thioether or phosphite partial structure can be added to the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7, and the potential stability when the environment changes It is effective for improving image quality.

  Examples of the antioxidant include the following compounds. For example, hindered phenols include “Sumilizer BHT-R”, “Sumizer MDP-S”, “Sumizer BBM-S”, “Sumizer WX-R”, “Sumizer NW”, “Sumizer BP-76”, Sumilizer BP-101 "," Sumilizer GA-80 "," Sumilizer GM "," Sumilizer GS "or more manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.," IRGANOX1010 "," IRGANOX1035 "," IRGANOX1076 "," IRGANOX1098 "," IRGANOX1098 "," IRGANOX1098 "," IRGANOX1098 " ”,“ IRGANOX1222 ”,“ IRGANOX1330 ”,“ IRGANOX1425WL ”,“ IRGANOX1 20L "," IRGANOX 245 "," IRGANOX 259 "," IRGANOX 3114 "," IRGANOX 3790 "," IRGANOX 5057 "," IRGANOX 565 "or more manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals," ADK STAB AO-20 "," ADK STAB AO-30 "," ADEKA STAB " "AO-40", "ADK STAB AO-50", "ADK STAB AO-60", "ADK STAB AO-70", "ADK STAB AO-80", "ADK STAB AO-330" or more manufactured by Asahi Denka. As the hindered amine system, “Sanol LS2626”, “Sanol LS765”, “Sanol LS770”, “Sanol LS744” or more manufactured by Sankyo Lifetech Co., Ltd. "Mark LA57", "Mark LA67", "Mark LA62", "Mark LA68", "Mark LA63" or more manufactured by Asahi Denka, "Sumilyzer TPS" or more manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. As a phosphite system manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., "Mark 2112", "Mark PEP 8", "Mark PEP 24G", "Mark PEP 36", "Mark 329K", "Mark HP 10" or more Asahi Denka products, especially hindered phenol, hindert Min antioxidants are preferred. Furthermore, these may be modified with a substituent such as an alkoxysilyl group capable of undergoing a crosslinking reaction with the material forming the crosslinked film.

  Moreover, a catalyst can be added at the time of the curable resin composition for forming the protective layer 7, or its preparation. Catalysts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sulfuric acid, organic acids such as formic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid and maleic acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia and triethylamine Further, an alkali catalyst such as the following, and a solid catalyst insoluble in the system as shown below can also be used.

Examples of solid catalysts insoluble in the system include Amberlite 15, Amberlite 200C, Amberlyst 15E (above, manufactured by Rohm and Haas); Dowex MWC-1-H, Dowex 88, Dowex HCR- W2 (above, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co.); Lebatit SPC-108, Lebatit SPC-118 (above, manufactured by Bayer); Diaion RCP-150H (manufactured by Mitsubishi Kasei); Sumikaion KC-470, Duolite C26-C , Duolite C-433, Duolite-464 (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.); Cation exchange resins such as Nafion-H (manufactured by DuPont); Amberlite IRA-400, Amberlite IRA-45 (above, Anion exchange resin such as Rohm &Haas); Zr (O ₃ PCH ₂₎ An inorganic solid in which a group containing a protonic acid group such as CH ₂ SO ₃ H) ₂ or Th (O ₃ PCH ₂ CH ₂ COOH) ₂ is bonded to the surface; a protonic acid such as a polyorganosiloxane having a sulfonic acid group Group-containing polyorganosiloxanes; heteropolyacids such as cobalt tungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid; isopolyacids such as niobic acid, tantalum acid, and molybdic acid; monometallic oxides such as silica gel, alumina, chromia, zirconia, CaO, and MgO Composite metal oxides such as silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, zeolites; clay minerals such as acid clay, activated clay, montmorillonite, kaolinite; metal sulfates such as LiSO ₄ and MgSO ₄ ; phosphorus acid zirconia, metal phosphates such as lanthanum phosphate; LiNO _3, Mn NO _{3) 2} and the like of a metal nitrate; inorganic solid by reacting aminopropyltriethoxysilane on silica gel containing amino groups such as the resulting solid which group is attached to the surface; amino and amino-modified silicone resin And polyorganosiloxane containing a group.

  In preparing the curable resin composition, it is preferable to use a solid catalyst that is insoluble in a photofunctional compound, a reaction product, water, a solvent, or the like because the stability of the coating solution tends to be improved. The solid catalyst insoluble in the system is not particularly limited as long as the catalyst component is insoluble in the charge transporting organic compound having the reactive functional group, other additives, water, solvent and the like.

  The amount of the solid catalyst insoluble in these systems is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the charge transporting organic compound having the reactive functional group. Further, as described above, these solid catalysts are insoluble in raw material compounds, reaction products, solvents and the like, and therefore can be easily removed after the reaction according to a conventional method.

  The reaction temperature and reaction time are appropriately selected according to the type and amount of the raw material compound or solid catalyst, but the reaction temperature is usually 0 to 100 ° C, preferably 10 to 70 ° C, more preferably 15 to 50. The reaction time is preferably 10 minutes to 100 hours. When the reaction time exceeds the above upper limit, gelation tends to occur.

  When preparing a curable resin composition, when a catalyst that is insoluble in the system is used, it is preferable to use a catalyst that is further dissolved in the system for the purpose of improving strength, liquid storage stability, and the like. Such catalysts include, in addition to those described above, aluminum triethylate, aluminum triisopropylate, aluminum tri (sec-butyrate), mono (sec-butoxy) aluminum diisopropylate, diisopropoxyaluminum (ethyl acetoacetate). ), Aluminum tris (ethyl acetoacetate), aluminum bis (ethyl acetoacetate) monoacetylacetonate, aluminum tris (acetylacetonate), aluminum diisopropoxy (acetylacetonate), aluminum isopropoxy-bis (acetylacetonate) Organic aluminum compounds such as aluminum tris (trifluoroacetylacetonate) and aluminum tris (hexafluoroacetylacetonate) It is possible to use.

  In addition to organoaluminum compounds, organotin compounds such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin dioctiate, dibutyltin diacetate; titanium tetrakis (acetylacetonate), titanium bis (butoxy) bis (acetylacetonate), titanium bis Organic titanium compounds such as (isopropoxy) bis (acetylacetonate); zirconium tetrakis (acetylacetonate), zirconium bis (butoxy) bis (acetylacetonate), zirconium bis (isopropoxy) bis (acetylacetonate), etc. Zirconium compounds; etc. can also be used, but from the viewpoints of safety, low cost, and pot life length, it is preferable to use an organoaluminum compound, particularly an aluminum chelate compound. It is more preferable.

  Although the usage-amount of the catalyst which melt | dissolves in these systems is not restrict | limited in particular, 0.1-20 mass parts is preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of charge transportable organic compounds which have the said reactive functional group, 0.3-10 mass % Is particularly preferred.

  Moreover, when using the organometallic compound as a catalyst when forming the protective layer 7, it is preferable to add a polydentate ligand from the viewpoint of pot life and curing efficiency. Examples of such multidentate ligands include, but are not limited to, those shown below and those derived therefrom.

  Specifically, β-diketones such as acetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone, hexafluoroacetylacetone, and dipivaloylmethylacetone; acetoacetates such as methyl acetoacetate and ethyl acetoacetate; bipyridine and derivatives thereof; glycine and its Derivatives; ethylenediamine and derivatives thereof; 8-oxyquinoline and derivatives thereof; salicylaldehyde and derivatives thereof; catechol and derivatives thereof; bidentate ligands such as 2-oxyazo compounds; diethyltriamine and derivatives thereof; nitrilotriacetic acid and derivatives thereof And tridentate ligands such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and derivatives thereof. In addition to the organic ligands as described above, inorganic ligands such as pyrophosphoric acid and triphosphoric acid can be exemplified. As the multidentate ligand, a bidentate ligand is particularly preferable, and specific examples include a bidentate ligand represented by the following general formula (XVII) in addition to the above.

［上記式（ＸＶＩＩ）中、Ｒ^５１及びＲ^５２はそれぞれ独立に、炭素数１〜１０のアルキル基、フッ化アルキル基、又は炭素数１〜１０のアルコキシ基を示す。］

[In the above formula (XVII), R ⁵¹ and R ⁵² each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a fluorinated alkyl group, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. ]

As the multidentate ligand, a bidentate ligand represented by the above general formula (XVII) is preferably used, and those in which R ⁵¹ and R ⁵² in the above general formula (XVII) are the same are particularly preferable. By making R ⁵¹ and R ^{52 the} same, the coordination power of the ligand near room temperature becomes strong, and further stabilization of the curable resin composition can be achieved.

  The compounding amount of the polydentate ligand can be arbitrarily set, but is preferably 0.01 mol or more, more preferably 0.1 mol or more, with respect to 1 mol of the organometallic compound to be used. It is preferably 1 mol or more, particularly preferably.

  The protective layer 7 is formed using the curable resin composition containing each constituent material described above as a coating liquid for forming a protective layer.

  Preparation of the curable resin composition containing the above components is carried out in the absence of a solvent or, if necessary, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, It can carry out using solvents, such as ethers, such as a dioxane. Such solvents can be used singly or in combination of two or more, but preferably have a boiling point of 100 ° C. or lower. The amount of the solvent used can be arbitrarily set, but if the amount of the solvent is too small, the charge transporting organic compound having the reactive functional group is likely to be precipitated, and therefore 1 mass of the charge transporting organic compound having the reactive functional group. The solvent is preferably used in an amount of 0.5 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to parts.

  The reaction temperature and reaction time for curing the curable resin composition are not particularly limited, but the reaction temperature is preferably 60 ° C. or more from the viewpoint of the mechanical strength and chemical stability of the protective layer 7 to be formed. The reaction time is preferably 80 to 200 ° C., and the reaction time is preferably 10 minutes to 5 hours. In addition, maintaining the protective layer 7 obtained by curing the curable resin composition in a high humidity state is effective in stabilizing the characteristics of the protective layer 7. Further, depending on the application, the protective layer 7 may be subjected to a surface treatment using hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, or the like to make it hydrophobic.

  When the curable resin composition is applied on the charge generation layer 6, the application method is blade coating method, Meyer bar coating method, spray coating method, dip coating method, bead coating method, air knife coating method, curtain coating method. A usual method such as can be used.

  In addition, in the case of application | coating, when a required film thickness cannot be obtained by one application | coating, a required film thickness can be obtained by apply | coating several times. When performing multiple times of repeated application, the heat treatment may be performed every time of application, or after multiple times of repeated application.

  The thickness of the protective layer 7 is preferably 0.5 to 15 μm, more preferably 1 to 10 μm, and further preferably 1 to 5 μm.

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment. For example, in the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, the undercoat layer 4 is not necessarily provided.

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 1 includes a protective layer 7 made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol, When the curable resin composition contains a charge transporting organic compound having a reactive functional group, the resulting cured product has excellent mechanical strength and sufficient photoelectric properties. It can also be used as a body charge transport layer. An example of such an electrophotographic photoreceptor is shown in FIG. The electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 shown in FIG. 2 has a structure in which an undercoat layer 4, a charge generation layer 5 and a charge generation layer 6 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 2, and the charge generation layer 6 can be made of alcohol. It is the surface layer comprised by the hardened | cured material of the curable resin composition containing the soluble curable resin and the polyether soluble in alcohol. The undercoat layer 4 and the charge generation layer 5 on the conductive support 2 are the same as those in the electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 1 (hereinafter the same).

  Further, the order of stacking the charge generation layer 5 and the charge transport layer 6 may be reversed from the case of the above embodiment. An example of such an electrophotographic photoreceptor is shown in FIG. The electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 3 has a structure in which an undercoat layer 4, a charge transport layer 6, a charge generation layer 5 and a protective layer 7 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 2. Is an outermost surface layer made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol.

  The electrophotographic photosensitive member shown in FIG. 1 is a function-separated type photosensitive member, but the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes a layer containing both a charge generating substance and a charge transporting substance (charge generating / charge transporting layer). ) May be provided. Examples of electrophotographic photoreceptors having a single layer type photosensitive layer are shown in FIGS.

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 shown in FIG. 4 has a structure in which an undercoat layer 4 and a charge generation / charge transport layer 8 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 2. It is a surface layer. The charge generation / charge transport layer 8 is formed by adding a charge generation material and a charge transport material (preferably a reactive functional group) to a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol. And a coating solution in which a binder resin other than a curable resin soluble in alcohol and other additives are blended if necessary. The charge generation material is the same as that used for the charge generation layer in the function-separated photosensitive layer, and the binder resin other than the alcohol-soluble curable resin is polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl formal resin, butyral. Polyvinyl acetal resins such as partially acetalized polyvinyl acetal resins partially modified with formal, acetoacetal, etc. (for example, Sleksui B, K, etc. manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.), polyamide resins, cellulose resins and the like can be used. The content of the charge generation material in the charge generation / charge transport layer 8 is preferably 10 to 85% by mass, more preferably 20 to 50% by mass, based on the total solid content in the charge generation / charge transport layer 8. A charge transport material or a polymer charge transport material may be added to the charge generation / charge transport layer 8 for the purpose of improving photoelectric characteristics. The addition amount is preferably 5 to 50% by mass based on the total solid content in the charge generation / charge transport layer 8. Moreover, the solvent and coating method used for coating can be the same as those for the above layers. The film thickness of the charge generation / charge transport layer 8 is preferably about 5 to 50 μm, and more preferably 10 to 40 μm.

  The electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 shown in FIG. 5 has a structure in which an undercoat layer 4, a charge generation / charge transport layer 8 and a protective layer 7 are sequentially laminated on a conductive support 2. The protective layer 7 Is a surface layer made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a curable resin soluble in alcohol and a polyether soluble in alcohol.

(Image forming apparatus, process cartridge, and image forming method)
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. An image forming apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 6 includes, in an image forming apparatus main body (not shown), a process cartridge 20 including the above-described electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 of the present invention, an exposure device 30, a transfer device 40, and an intermediate transfer. A body 50. In the image forming apparatus 100, the exposure device 30 is disposed at a position where the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 can be exposed from the opening of the process cartridge 20, and the transfer device 40 is interposed between the electrophotographic photosensitive member via the intermediate transfer member 50. The intermediate transfer member 50 is disposed such that a part of the intermediate transfer member 50 can come into contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.

  The process cartridge 20 is obtained by integrating a charging device 21, a developing device 25, a cleaning device 27, and a fibrous member (toothbrush shape) 29 together with an electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 by a mounting rail in a case. The case is provided with an opening for exposure.

  Here, the charging device 21 charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 by a contact method. The developing device 25 develops the electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to form a toner image.

Hereinafter, the toner used for the developing device 25 will be described. The toner preferably has an average shape factor (ML ² / A) of 100 to 150, and more preferably 100 to 140. Further, the toner preferably has an average particle diameter of 2 to 12 μm, more preferably 3 to 12 μm, and even more preferably 3 to 9 μm. By using a toner satisfying such an average shape factor and average particle size, an image with high development, transferability and high image quality can be obtained.

  The toner is not particularly limited by the production method as long as it satisfies the above average shape factor and average particle diameter. For example, the toner may be a binder resin, a colorant and a release agent, and charged as necessary. A kneading and pulverizing method in which a control agent is added to knead, pulverizing, and classifying; a method in which the shape of particles obtained by the kneading and pulverizing method is changed by mechanical impact force or thermal energy; Emulsion polymerization and agglomeration, and a dispersion of the formed dispersion and a dispersion of a colorant, a release agent, and a charge control agent as necessary are agglomerated and heat-fused to obtain toner particles. A suspension polymerization method in which a polymerizable monomer for obtaining a binder resin, a colorant, a release agent, and a charge control agent, if necessary, are suspended in an aqueous solvent and polymerized; the binder resin And a solution such as a colorant, a release agent, and a charge control agent as necessary in an aqueous solvent. Nigosa was toners produced by dissolution suspension method in which granulated are employed.

  Further, a known method such as a production method in which the toner obtained by the above method is used as a core, and agglomerated particles are further adhered and heat-fused to give a core-shell structure can be used. The toner production method is preferably a suspension polymerization method, an emulsion polymerization aggregation method, or a dissolution suspension method in which an aqueous solvent is used from the viewpoint of shape control and particle size distribution control, and an emulsion polymerization aggregation method is particularly preferable.

  The toner base particles are composed of a binder resin, a colorant, and a release agent, and include silica and a charge control agent as necessary.

  Binder resins used for toner base particles include styrenes such as styrene and chlorostyrene, monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and isoprene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl butyrate, etc. Α-methylene aliphatics such as vinyl esters, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate Homopolymers and copolymers of monocarboxylic acid esters, vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether and vinyl butyl ether, vinyl ketones such as vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl hexyl ketone and vinyl isopropenyl ketone Polyester resins by copolymerization of dicarboxylic acids and diols.

  Particularly representative binder resins include polystyrene, styrene-alkyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-alkyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. A polymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, a polyester resin, etc. can be mentioned. In addition, polyurethane, epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyamide, modified rosin, paraffin wax and the like can also be mentioned.

  In addition, as colorants, magnetic powders such as magnetite and ferrite, carbon black, aniline blue, caryl blue, chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, Dupont oil red, quinoline yellow, methylene blue chloride, phthalocyanine blue, malachite green oxalate, Lamp Black, Rose Bengal, C.I. I. Pigment red 48: 1, C.I. I. Pigment red 122, C.I. I. Pigment red 57: 1, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 97, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 17, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 1, C.I. I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 can be exemplified as a representative one.

  Typical examples of the release agent include low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weight polypropylene, Fischer tropic wax, montan wax, carnauba wax, rice wax, and candelilla wax.

  As the charge control agent, known ones can be used, and azo metal complex compounds, metal complex compounds of salicylic acid, and resin type charge control agents containing polar groups can be used. When the toner is produced by a wet process, it is preferable to use a material that is difficult to dissolve in water in terms of controlling ionic strength and reducing wastewater contamination. The toner may be either a magnetic toner containing a magnetic material or a non-magnetic toner containing no magnetic material.

  The toner used in the developing device 25 can be manufactured by mixing the toner base particles and the external additive with a Henschel mixer or a V blender. In addition, when the toner base particles are produced by a wet method, external addition can also be performed by a wet method.

  Lubricating particles may be added to the toner used in the developing device 25. Lubricating particles include solid lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, talc, fatty acids and fatty acid metal salts, low molecular weight polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene and polybutene, silicones having a softening point upon heating, oleic amides Aliphatic amides such as erucic acid amide, ricinoleic acid amide, stearic acid amide, etc., plant waxes such as carnauba wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, tree wax, jojoba oil, animals such as beeswax Minerals such as system waxes, montan waxes, ozokerites, ceresins, paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, etc., petroleum waxes, and modified products thereof can be used. These can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types. However, the average particle size is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 μm, and the particles having the above chemical structure may be pulverized to make the particle sizes uniform. The amount added to the toner is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 2.0 mass%, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5 mass%.

  To the toner used in the developing device 25, inorganic particles, organic particles, composite particles obtained by attaching inorganic particles to the organic particles, and the like can be added for the purpose of removing the adhered matter and deteriorated matter on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. .

  Inorganic particles include silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, barium titanate, aluminum titanate, strontium titanate, magnesium titanate, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, antimony oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, tellurium oxide, Various inorganic oxides such as manganese oxide, boron oxide, silicon carbide, boron carbide, titanium carbide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, and boron nitride, nitrides, borides, and the like are preferably used.

  In addition, the inorganic particles may be mixed with titanium coupling agents such as tetrabutyl titanate, tetraoctyl titanate, isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate, isopropyl tridecylbenzenesulfonyl titanate, bis (dioctylpyrophosphate) oxyacetate titanate, γ- (2- Aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, N-β- (N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl) γ-aminopropyltrimethoxy Silane hydrochloride, hexamethyldisilazane, methyltrimethoxysilane, butyltrimethoxysilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, hexyltrimethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane The treatment may be performed with a silane coupling agent such as run, decyltrimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, o-methylphenyltrimethoxysilane, and p-methylphenyltrimethoxysilane. In addition, those hydrophobized with higher fatty acid metal salts such as silicone oil, aluminum stearate, zinc stearate and calcium stearate are also preferably used.

  Examples of the organic particles include styrene resin particles, styrene acrylic resin particles, polyester resin particles, and urethane resin particles.

  The particle diameter is preferably 5 nm to 1000 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 800 nm, and still more preferably 5 nm to 700 nm in terms of average particle diameter. If the average particle size is less than the lower limit, the polishing ability tends to be lacking. On the other hand, if the average particle size exceeds the upper limit, the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor tends to be damaged. Moreover, it is preferable that the sum of the addition amount of the particle | grains mentioned above and lubricity particle | grains is 0.6 mass% or more.

  Other inorganic oxides added to the toner are small-diameter inorganic oxides with a primary particle size of 40 nm or less for powder flowability, charge control, etc. It is preferable to add a larger-diameter inorganic oxide. These inorganic oxide particles can be known ones, but it is preferable to use silica and titanium oxide in combination for precise charge control. Further, the surface treatment of the small-diameter inorganic particles increases the dispersibility and increases the effect of increasing the powder fluidity. Furthermore, it is also preferable to add carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate and inorganic minerals such as hydrotalcite in order to remove the discharge purified product.

  In addition, the color toner for electrophotography is used by mixing with a carrier. As the carrier, iron powder, glass beads, ferrite powder, nickel powder, or those having a resin coating on the surface thereof are used. The mixing ratio with the carrier can be set as appropriate.

  The cleaning device 27 includes a fibrous member (roll shape) 27a and a cleaning blade (blade member) 27b.

Although the cleaning device 27 is provided with the fibrous member 27a and the cleaning blade 27b, the cleaning device 27 may be provided with either one. The fibrous member 27a may have a toothbrush shape in addition to the roll shape. Further, the fibrous member 27a may be fixed to the cleaning device main body, may be supported so as to be rotatable, and may be supported so as to be capable of oscillating in the photosensitive member axial direction. As the fibrous member 27a, polyester, nylon, acrylic, etc., cloth-like ones made of ultrafine fibers such as Toraysee (made by Toray Industries), resin fibers such as nylon, acrylic, polyolefin, polyester, etc. are used as a substrate or carpet. The brush-like thing etc. which were flocked to can be mentioned. Further, as the fibrous member 27a, a conductive powder or an ionic conductive agent is added to the above-described material to impart conductivity, or a conductive layer is formed inside or outside of each fiber. Can also be used. When conductivity is imparted, the resistance value is preferably 10 ² to 10 ⁹ Ω as a single fiber. The fiber thickness of the fibrous member 27a is preferably 30 d (denier) or less, more preferably 20 d or less, and the fiber density is preferably 20,000 fibers / inch ² or more, more preferably 30,000 fibers / inch. inch ² or more.

  The cleaning device 27 is required to remove deposits (for example, discharge products) on the surface of the photoreceptor with a cleaning blade and a cleaning brush. In order to achieve this purpose over a long period of time and stabilize the function of the cleaning member, the cleaning member may be supplied with a lubricating substance (lubricating component) such as metal soap, higher alcohol, wax, silicone oil or the like. preferable.

  For example, when a roll-shaped member is used as the fibrous member 27a, it is preferable to supply a lubricating component to the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member by bringing it into contact with a lubricating substance such as metal soap or wax. A normal rubber blade is used as the cleaning blade 27b. As described above, when a rubber blade is used as the cleaning blade 27b, supplying a lubricating component to the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is particularly effective in suppressing chipping and wear of the blade.

  The process cartridge 20 described above is detachable from the image forming apparatus main body, and constitutes the image forming apparatus together with the image forming apparatus main body.

  The exposure device 30 may be any device that exposes the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to form an electrostatic latent image. Further, it is preferable to use a multi-beam surface emitting laser as a light source of the exposure apparatus 30.

  The transfer device 40 may be any device that transfers the toner image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to a transfer medium (intermediate transfer member 50). For example, a roll-shaped one that is usually used is used.

  As the intermediate transfer member 50, a belt-like member (intermediate transfer belt) made of polyimide, polyamideimide, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyester, rubber or the like having semiconductivity is used. Further, as the form of the intermediate transfer member 50, a drum-like member can be used in addition to the belt-like member. Although there is a direct transfer type image forming apparatus that does not include the intermediate transfer body, the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is suitable for such an image forming apparatus. The reason is that in a direct transfer type image forming apparatus, paper dust, talc, and the like are generated from the print paper and are likely to adhere to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and image quality defects due to the attached matter tend to occur. However, according to the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, it is easy to remove paper dust and talc because of its excellent cleaning properties, and a stable image can be obtained even with a direct transfer type image forming apparatus. it can.

  The transfer medium referred to in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a medium to which a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is transferred. For example, when transferring directly from the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to paper or the like, paper or the like is a transfer medium, and when the intermediate transfer member 50 is used, the intermediate transfer member is a transfer medium.

  FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. In the image forming apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 7, the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is fixed to the main body of the image forming apparatus, and the charging device 22, the developing device 25, and the cleaning device 27 are each formed into a cartridge. It is provided independently as a cleaning cartridge. Note that the charging device 22 includes a charging device for charging by a corona discharge method.

  In the image forming apparatus 110, the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and other apparatuses are separated, and the charging device 22, the developing device 25, and the cleaning device 27 are fixed to the image forming apparatus main body by screws, caulking, adhesion, or welding. It is possible to detach it by the operation by pulling out and pushing in without being done.

  Since the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is excellent in wear resistance, it may not be necessary to form a cartridge. Therefore, the charging device 22, the developing device 25, or the cleaning device 27 can be detached and attached by an operation by pulling out and pushing in without being fixed to the main body by screws, caulking, adhesion, or welding. The member cost per hit can be reduced. Further, two or more of these devices can be detachable as an integrated cartridge, thereby further reducing the member cost per print.

  The image forming apparatus 110 has the same configuration as that of the image forming apparatus 100 except that the charging device 22, the developing device 25, and the cleaning device 27 are each formed as a cartridge.

  FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing another embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. The image forming apparatus 120 is a tandem full-color image forming apparatus equipped with four process cartridges 20. In the image forming apparatus 120, four process cartridges 20 are arranged in parallel on the intermediate transfer member 50, and one electrophotographic photosensitive member can be used for one color. The image forming apparatus 120 has the same configuration as that of the image forming apparatus 100 except that it is a tandem system.

  In the tandem-type image forming apparatus 120, the amount of wear of each electrophotographic photosensitive member varies depending on the use ratio of each color, and thus the electrical characteristics of each electrophotographic photosensitive member tend to vary. Along with this, the toner development characteristics gradually change from the initial state, and the hue of the print image changes, so that a stable image cannot be obtained. In particular, in order to reduce the size of the image forming apparatus, a small-diameter electrophotographic photosensitive member tends to be used. Here, when the configuration of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is adopted as the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the surface wear is sufficiently suppressed even when the diameter is 30 mmΦ or less. Therefore, the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is particularly effective for a tandem type image forming apparatus.

  FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. The image forming apparatus 130 shown in FIG. 9 is a so-called four-cycle image forming apparatus that forms toner images of a plurality of colors with one electrophotographic photosensitive member. The image forming apparatus 130 includes a photosensitive drum 1 that is rotated by a driving device (not shown) at a predetermined rotational speed in the direction of arrow A in the figure, and above the photosensitive drum 1 is a photosensitive member. A charging device 22 for charging the outer peripheral surface of the drum 1 is provided.

  Further, an exposure device 30 including a surface emitting laser array as an exposure light source is disposed above the charging device 22. The exposure device 30 modulates a plurality of laser beams emitted from a light source in accordance with an image to be formed and deflects the laser beams in the main scanning direction so that the axis of the photosensitive drum 1 is on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1. Scan in parallel. Thereby, an electrostatic latent image is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the charged photosensitive drum 1.

  A developing device 25 is disposed on the side of the photosensitive drum 1. The developing device 25 includes a roller-shaped container that is rotatably arranged. Four containers are formed inside the container, and developing units 25Y, 25M, 25C, and 25K are provided in each container. The developing devices 25Y, 25M, 25C, and 25K each include a developing roller 26, and store Y, M, C, and K color toners therein.

  The full-color image is formed by the image forming apparatus 130 while the photosensitive drum 1 is rotated four times. That is, while the photosensitive drum 1 rotates four times, the charging device 22 charges the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1, and the exposure device 30 includes Y, M, C, and K image data representing a color image to be formed. Scanning the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1 with the laser beam modulated according to any one of the above is repeated while switching the image data used for modulation of the laser beam every time the photosensitive drum 1 rotates. Further, the developing device 25 operates the developing device corresponding to the outer peripheral surface in a state where any of the developing rollers 26 of the developing devices 25Y, 25M, 25C, and 25K corresponds to the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1. The photosensitive drum 1 is the one that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1 to a specific color and forms a toner image of the specific color on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1. Each time it rotates, the process is repeated while rotating the container so that the developing unit used for developing the electrostatic latent image is switched. As a result, every time the photosensitive drum 1 rotates, the Y, M, C, and K toner images are sequentially formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1 so as to overlap each other. When the drum 1 rotates four times, a full-color toner image is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1.

  An endless intermediate transfer belt 50 is disposed substantially below the photosensitive drum 1. The intermediate transfer belt 50 is wound around rollers 51, 53, and 55, and is disposed so that the outer peripheral surface is in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1. The rollers 51, 53, and 55 are rotated by a driving force of a motor (not shown) and rotate the intermediate transfer belt 50 in the direction of arrow B in FIG.

  A transfer device (transfer device) 40 is disposed on the opposite side of the photosensitive drum 1 across the intermediate transfer belt 50, and the toner image formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is intermediate transferred by the transfer device 40. The image is transferred onto the image forming surface of the belt 50.

  A lubricant supply device 28 and a cleaning device 27 are disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1 on the opposite side of the developing device 25 with the photosensitive drum 1 interposed therebetween. When the toner image formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 12 is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 50, the lubricant is supplied to the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1 by the lubricant supply device 28, The area carrying the transferred toner image is cleaned by the cleaning device 27.

  A tray 60 is disposed below the intermediate transfer belt 50, and a large number of sheets P as recording materials are accommodated in the tray 60 in a stacked state. A take-out roller 61 is disposed obliquely above and to the left of the tray 60, and a roller pair 63 and a roller 65 are arranged in this order on the downstream side in the take-out direction of the paper P by the take-out roller 61. The uppermost recording sheet in the stacked state is taken out from the tray 60 by the take-out roller 61 rotating, and is conveyed by the roller pair 63 and the roller 65.

  A transfer device 42 is disposed on the opposite side of the roller 55 with the intermediate transfer belt 50 interposed therebetween. The paper P conveyed by the roller pair 63 and the roller 65 is sent between the intermediate transfer belt 50 and the transfer device 42, and the toner image formed on the image forming surface of the intermediate transfer belt 50 is transferred by the transfer device 42. . A fixing device 44 having a pair of fixing rollers is arranged on the downstream side of the transfer device 42 in the conveyance direction of the paper P. The paper P on which the toner image is transferred is transferred by the fixing device 44. After being fused and fixed, the sheet is discharged out of the image forming apparatus 130 and placed on a discharge tray (not shown).

  Next, a preferred example of the exposure apparatus 30 including a surface emitting laser array as an exposure light source will be described in detail with reference to FIG. The exposure apparatus 30 includes a surface emitting laser array 70 that emits m (m is at least 3) laser beams. In FIG. 10, only three laser beams are shown for simplification, but a surface emitting laser array 70 formed by arraying surface emitting lasers is configured to emit several tens of laser beams. In addition, the arrangement of the surface emitting lasers (arrangement of the laser beams emitted from the surface emitting laser array 70) may be arranged two-dimensionally (for example, in a matrix) in addition to the arrangement in one column. Is also possible.

  A collimating lens 72 and a half mirror 74 are sequentially arranged on the laser beam emission side of the surface emitting laser array 70. The laser beam emitted from the surface emitting laser array 70 is made into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimator lens 72 and then incident on the half mirror 74, and a part thereof is separated and reflected by the half mirror 74. A lens 76 and a light amount sensor 78 are sequentially arranged on the laser beam reflecting side of the half mirror 74, and a part of the laser beam separated and reflected from the main laser beam (laser beam used for exposure) by the half mirror 74 is The light passes through the lens 76 and enters the light quantity sensor 78, and the light quantity sensor 78 detects the light quantity.

  In addition, since the surface emitting laser does not emit a laser beam from the side opposite to the side from which the laser beam used for exposure is emitted (in the case of an edge emitting laser, it is emitted from both sides). Therefore, it is necessary to separate a part of the laser beam used for exposure as described above and use it for light quantity detection.

  On the main laser beam emission side of the half mirror 74, an aperture 80, a cylinder lens 82 having power only in the sub-scanning direction, and a folding mirror 84 are arranged in this order, and the main laser beam emitted from the half mirror 74 is the aperture 80. Is then refracted by the cylinder lens 82 so as to form an image in the shape of a long line in the main scanning direction in the vicinity of the reflecting surface of the rotary polygonal mirror 86 and reflected by the folding mirror 84 to the rotary polygonal mirror 86 side. The aperture 80 is desirably disposed in the vicinity of the focal position of the collimating lens 72 in order to uniformly shape a plurality of laser beams.

  The rotating polygonal mirror 86 is rotated in the direction of arrow C in FIG. 9 when a driving force of a motor (not shown) is transmitted, and deflects and reflects the incident laser beam reflected by the folding mirror 84 along the main scanning direction. . Fθ lenses 88 and 90 having power only in the main scanning direction are arranged on the laser beam emission side of the rotary polygonal mirror 86, and the laser beam deflected and reflected by the rotary polygonal mirror 86 is transmitted to the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1. It is refracted by the Fθ lenses 88 and 90 so that it moves on the outer peripheral surface at a substantially constant speed and the imaging position in the main scanning direction coincides with the outer peripheral surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.

  Cylinder mirrors 92 and 94 having power only in the sub-scanning direction are sequentially arranged on the laser beam emission side of the Fθ lenses 88 and 90, and the laser beam transmitted through the Fθ lenses 88 and 90 is connected in the sub-scanning direction. The image position is reflected by the cylinder mirrors 92 and 94 so as to coincide with the outer peripheral surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and is irradiated on the outer peripheral surface of the photosensitive drum 1. The cylinder mirrors 92 and 94 also have a surface tilt correction function that conjugates the outer peripheral surface of the rotary polygon mirror 86 and the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 in the sub-scanning direction.

  A pickup mirror 96 is disposed on the laser beam emission side of the cylinder mirror 92 at a position corresponding to an end portion (SOS: Start Of Scan) of the scanning range of the laser beam. A beam position detection sensor 98 is disposed on the laser beam emission side. When the laser beam emitted from the surface emitting laser array 70 reflects the incident beam in the direction corresponding to the SOS, the reflecting surface of the rotary polygonal mirror 86 reflects the laser beam. Then, the light is reflected by the pickup mirror 96 and enters the beam position detection sensor 98 (see also the imaginary line in FIG. 10).

  The signal output from the beam position detection sensor 98 is modulated each time when an electrostatic latent image is formed by modulating a laser beam scanned on the outer peripheral surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 as the rotary polygon mirror 86 rotates. This is used to synchronize the modulation start timing in the main scanning.

  In the exposure apparatus 30, the collimating lens 72, the cylinder lens 82, and the two cylinder mirrors 92 and 94 are arranged so as to be afocal in the sub-scanning direction. This is to suppress the difference in the scanning line curvature (BOW) of the plurality of laser beams and the variation in the scanning line interval due to the plurality of laser beams.

  FIG. 11 is a schematic configuration diagram showing the basic configuration of another embodiment of the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention. An electrophotographic apparatus 220 shown in FIG. 11 is an intermediate transfer type electrophotographic apparatus. In the housing 400, four electrophotographic photoreceptors 401a to 401d (for example, the electrophotographic photoreceptor 401a is yellow and the electrophotographic photoreceptor 401b is magenta). The electrophotographic photosensitive member 401c can form an image of cyan and the electrophotographic photosensitive member 401d can form a black color) are arranged in parallel along the intermediate transfer belt 409.

  Here, the electrophotographic photoreceptors 401a to 401d mounted in the electrophotographic apparatus 220 are the electrophotographic photoreceptors of the present invention (for example, the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1), respectively.

  Each of the electrophotographic photosensitive members 401a to 401d can be rotated in a predetermined direction (counterclockwise on the paper surface), and the charging rolls 402a to 402d, the developing devices 404a to 404d, and the primary transfer roll 410a along the rotation direction. To 410d and cleaning blades 415a to 415d are arranged. Each of the developing devices 404a to 404d can be supplied with toner of four colors of black, yellow, magenta and cyan accommodated in the toner cartridges 405a to 405d, and the primary transfer rolls 410a to 410d are respectively intermediate transfer belts. 409 is in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptors 401a to 401d.

  Further, a laser light source (exposure device) 403 is disposed at a predetermined position in the housing 400, and the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptors 401a to 401d after charging is irradiated with laser light emitted from the laser light source 403. Is possible. Accordingly, charging, exposure, development, primary transfer, and cleaning are sequentially performed in the rotation process of the electrophotographic photosensitive members 401a to 401d, and the toner images of the respective colors are transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 409 in an overlapping manner.

  The intermediate transfer belt 409 is supported with a predetermined tension by a drive roll 406, a backup roll 408, and a tension roll 407, and can rotate without causing deflection due to the rotation of these rolls. Further, the secondary transfer roll 413 is disposed so as to contact the backup roll 408 via the intermediate transfer belt 409. The intermediate transfer belt 409 passing between the backup roll 408 and the secondary transfer roll 413 is cleaned by, for example, a cleaning blade 416 disposed in the vicinity of the drive roll 406 and then repeatedly used for the next image forming process. Is done.

  A tray (transfer medium tray) 411 is provided at a predetermined position in the housing 400, and a transfer medium 417 such as paper in the tray 411 is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 409 and the secondary transfer roll by a transfer roll 412. Then, the paper is sequentially transferred between the two fixing rolls 414 that are in contact with each other and the two fixing rolls 414, and then discharged to the outside of the housing 400.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although this invention is demonstrated more concretely based on an Example and a comparative example, this invention is not limited to a following example at all.

[Example 1]
The cylindrical aluminum substrate was polished by a centerless polishing apparatus, and the surface roughness was set to Rz = 0.6 μm. In order to clean the aluminum substrate subjected to the centerless polishing treatment, a degreasing treatment, an etching treatment with a 2% by mass sodium hydroxide solution for 1 minute, a neutralization treatment, and a pure water washing were performed in this order. Next, an anodic oxide film (current density: 1.0 A / dm ² ) was formed on the surface of the base material with a 10% by mass sulfuric acid solution with respect to the aluminum base material. After washing with water, sealing treatment was performed by dipping in a 1 mass% nickel acetate solution at 80 ° C. for 20 minutes. Further, pure water washing and drying treatment were performed. In this way, a conductive support having a 7 μm anodic oxide film formed on the surface was obtained.

  Next, 1 mass of chlorogallium phthalocyanine having strong diffraction peaks at Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of 7.4 °, 16.6 °, 25.5 ° and 28.3 ° in the X-ray diffraction spectrum. 1 part by weight of polyvinyl butyral (ESREC BM-S, Sekisui Chemical) and 100 parts by weight of n-butyl acetate are mixed with glass beads for 1 hour with a paint shaker and dispersed to form a charge generation layer A coating solution was obtained. This coating solution was dip-coated on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive support and heat-dried at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of about 0.15 μm.

  Next, 2 parts by mass of a benzidine compound represented by the following formula (XVIII-1) and a polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the following formula (XIX-1) (viscosity average molecular weight 30,000) 2.5 masses A part was dissolved in 20 parts by mass of chlorobenzene to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge transport layer.

  The obtained coating solution was applied on the charge generation layer by a dip coating method and dried by heating at 120 ° C. for 40 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm.

Next, 3 parts by mass of compound (III-16) in Table 30, 0.5 part by mass of methyltrimethoxysilane, 0.2 part by mass of colloidal silica, Me (MeO) ₂ —Si— (CH ₂ ) ₄ —Si— Me (OMe) ₂ 0.5 parts by mass, methyl alcohol 5 parts by mass, and ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 15E) 0.5 parts by mass were mixed and stirred to carry out a protective group exchange reaction for 3 hours. Thereafter, 10 parts by mass of n-butanol and 0.3 parts by mass of distilled water were added to the reaction solution, followed by hydrolysis for 15 minutes. The ion exchange resin was separated by filtration from the reaction solution after hydrolysis, and 0.1 parts by mass of aluminum trisacetylacetonate (Al (aqaq) ₃ ), 0.1 part by mass of acetylacetone, and 3,5-dithiol were added to the filtrate. -T-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) 0.4 parts by mass, phenol resin (PL-4852, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.) 3 parts by mass, and polyether-modified silicone oil (KF353 (A), Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) (Product) 0.12 part by mass was added to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer.

  The obtained coating solution for forming a protective layer is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, cured by heat treatment at 130 ° C. for 1 hour, and a film thickness of about 3 μm. The target electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-1”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated five times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate (the number of photoconductors in which a coating film defect was observed; the same applies hereinafter). In Table 61, “0/5” means that no coating film defects were found on all of the five photoreceptors-1 (the same applies hereinafter).

[Example 2]
First, a cylindrical aluminum substrate subjected to a honing treatment was prepared as a conductive support. Next, 100 parts by mass of a zirconium compound (Olgatix ZC540, manufactured by Matsumoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), 10 parts by mass of a silane compound (A1100, manufactured by Nihon Unicar Co., Ltd.), 3 parts by mass of polyvinyl butyral (ESREC BM-S, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 380 parts by mass of isopropanol and 200 parts by mass of butanol were mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer. This coating solution was applied by dip coating on the outer peripheral surface of the aluminum substrate, and dried by heating at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes to form an undercoat layer having a thickness of about 0.17 μm.

  Next, the Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) in the X-ray diffraction spectrum are 7.5 °, 9.9 °, 12.5 °, 16.3 °, 18.6 °, 25.1 °, and 28. 1 part by weight of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine having a strong diffraction peak at 3 °, 1 part by weight of polyvinyl butyral (ESREC BM-S, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.), and 100 parts by weight of n-butyl acetate are mixed, and glass beads At the same time, it was dispersed by treatment with a paint shaker for 2 hours to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer. This coating solution was dip coated on the undercoat layer and dried by heating at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of about 0.15 μm.

  Next, 2 parts by mass of a compound represented by the following formula (XVIII-2) and 3 parts by mass of a polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the following formula (XVII-2) (viscosity average molecular weight 50,000) are added to chlorobenzene. Dissolved in 20 parts by mass, a coating liquid for forming a charge transport layer was obtained.

  The obtained coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer by a dip coating method and heated at 120 ° C. for 45 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm.

Subsequently, 3 parts by mass of the compound (III-3) in Table 28, 0.5 part by mass of Me (MeO) ₂ -Si- (CH ₂ ) ₄ -Si-Me (OMe) ₂ , hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane 0. 3 parts by mass, 5 parts by mass of butyl alcohol, and 0.3 part of ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 15E) were mixed and stirred to carry out an exchange reaction of protecting groups for 5 hours. Thereafter, the ion exchange resin was separated by filtration from the reaction solution, and 0.1 parts by mass of aluminum trisacetylacetonate (Al (aqaq) ₃ ), 0.1 part by mass of acetylacetone, 3,5-di-t with respect to the filtrate. -0.4 part by mass of butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 3 parts by mass of phenol resin (PR-51206, manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite), and polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0 .1 part by mass was added to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer.

  The obtained coating solution for forming a protective layer is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, cured by heat treatment at 130 ° C. for 1 hour, and a film thickness of about 3 μm. The target electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-2”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five obtained photoreceptors-2 were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 3]
First, an undercoat layer was formed in the same manner as the photoreceptor-2.

  Next, 1 part by mass of titanyl phthalocyanine having a strong diffraction peak at 27.2 ° in the Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) in the X-ray diffraction spectrum is added by 1 part by mass of polyvinyl butyral (ESREC BM-S, Sekisui Chemical) and acetic acid. The mixture was mixed with 100 parts by mass of n-butyl and dispersed with a glass shaker for 1 hour using a paint shaker to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge transport layer. This coating solution was dip-coated on the undercoat layer and dried by heating at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of about 0.15 μm.

  Next, 2 parts by mass of a benzidine compound represented by the above formula (XVIII-1) and 2.5 parts of a polymer compound (viscosity average molecular weight 79,000) having a structural unit represented by the above formula (XIX-1) Was dissolved in 25 parts of chlorobenzene to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge transport layer. This coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer by a dip coating method and heated at 110 ° C. for 40 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm.

  Subsequently, 3 parts by mass of compound (I-1) in Table 5, 3 parts by mass of phenol resin (PL-2215, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.), polyether-modified silicone oil (KF615 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0 .1 part by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heating at 130 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-3”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the obtained five photoreceptors-3 were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 4]
First, a cylindrical aluminum substrate was prepared as a conductive support.

Next, 100 parts by mass of zinc oxide (SMZ-017N, manufactured by Teica) was mixed with 500 parts by mass of toluene, and 2 parts by mass of a silane coupling agent (A1100: manufactured by Nihon Unicar) was added and stirred for 5 hours. Thereafter, toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure and baked at 120 ° C. for 2 hours. As a result of analyzing the obtained surface-treated zinc oxide by fluorescent X-ray, the ratio of Si element strength to zinc element strength was 1.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ .

  35 parts by mass of the surface-treated zinc oxide, 15 parts by mass of a curing agent (blocked isocyanate Sumijoule 3175, manufactured by Sumitomo Bayern Urethane Co., Ltd.), 6 parts by mass of butyral resin (BM-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) and methyl ethyl ketone The dispersion was obtained by mixing with 44 parts by mass and carrying out a dispersion treatment for 2 hours in a sand mill using glass beads of 1 mmφ. As a catalyst, 0.005 parts by mass of dioctyltin dilaurate and 17 parts by mass of silicone particles (Tospearl 130, manufactured by GE Toshiba Silicone) were added to the resulting dispersion to obtain an undercoat layer coating solution. This coating solution was applied onto an Al base material by a dip coating method, followed by drying and curing at 160 ° C. for 100 minutes to obtain an undercoat layer having a thickness of 20 μm. The surface roughness of the undercoat layer was measured using a surface roughness profile measuring device Surfcom 570A manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Co., Ltd. at a measurement distance of 2.5 mm and a scanning speed of 0.3 mm / sec. The Rz value was 0.24. It was.

  Next, the Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) in the X-ray diffraction spectrum is 7.5 °, 9.9 °, 12.5 °, 16.3 °, 18.6 °, 25.1 °, 28. 1 part by mass of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine having a strong diffraction peak at 3 ° is mixed with 1 part by mass of polyvinyl butyral (Esreck BM-S, Sekisui Chemical) and 100 parts by mass of n-butyl acetate, and a glass shaker is used for 1 hour. Dispersion treatment was performed to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge generation layer. This coating solution was dip coated on the undercoat layer and dried by heating at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of about 0.15 μm.

  Next, 2 parts by mass of the benzidine compound represented by the above formula (XVIII-1) and a polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the above formula (XIX-1) (viscosity average molecular weight 79,000) 2.5 mass A part was dissolved in 25 parts by mass of chlorobenzene to obtain a coating solution for forming a charge transport layer. This coating solution was applied onto the charge generation layer by a dip coating method and heated at 110 ° C. for 40 minutes to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm.

  Subsequently, 3 parts by mass of compound (I-19) in Table 9, 3 parts by mass of phenol resin (PL-2211, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.), polyether-modified silicone oil (KF353 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0 .1 part by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 130 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-4”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 4 obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 5]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as the photoconductor-4.

  Subsequently, 3 parts by mass of the compound (I-1) in Table 5, 3 parts by mass of a phenol resin (PR-50404, manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.), polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1 part by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 130 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-5”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 5 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 6]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as the photoreceptor-3.
Next, 3 parts by mass of the compound (I-25) in Table 10, 3 parts by mass of a phenol resin (PR-51206, manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.), and 0.1 part by mass of polyethylene glycol 400 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) By mixing, a coating solution for forming a protective layer was obtained. This coating solution is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 160 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-6”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 6 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 7]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as the photoconductor-4.
Subsequently, 3 parts by mass of the compound (IV-11) in Table 38, 3 parts by mass of a phenol resin (PL-2215, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.), and a polyether antifoaming agent No. 5 (manufactured by Kao) 0.1 parts by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 160 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-7”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 7 obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 8]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as the photoreceptor-3.

  Next, 3 parts by mass of the compound (II-15) in Table 18, 3 parts by mass of a phenol resin (BLS-3122, manufactured by Showa Polymer Co., Ltd.), 0.1 part of triethylphosphine, and polyether-modified silicone oil (KF353 (A ), Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0.1 parts by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 160 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-8”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 8 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 9]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as the photoconductor-4.

  Next, 3 parts by mass of the compound (IV-6) in Table 37, 3 parts by mass of a phenol resin (CKM-2400, manufactured by Showa Polymer Co., Ltd.), and polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0.1 part by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 160 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-9”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 9 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 10]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as in the photoreceptor-5.

  Next, 3 parts by mass of the compound (V-47) in Table 54, 3 parts by mass of a phenol resin (PL-4852, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.), and a polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0.1 part by mass was mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 160 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-10”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the obtained five photoreceptors-10 were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 11]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as in the photoreceptor-5.

  Next, 100 parts by mass of tin oxide particles (S-1, manufactured by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation), which are conductive inorganic particles, together with 20 parts by mass of heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (TSL8233, manufactured by Toshiba Silicone) and 300 parts of methanol The mixture was stirred with a ball mill for 24 hours. The mixed solution after stirring was filtered, and the tin oxide particles on the filter were washed with methanol, and then dried at 150 ° C. for 2 hours to treat the surface of the tin oxide particles. 11 parts by mass of the tin oxide particles subjected to this surface treatment and 10 parts by mass of a phenol resin (PL-4852, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.), 5 parts by mass of a polyvinyl butyral resin (ESREC BH-S, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.), In addition, 0.2 parts by mass of a polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) is added to a solution of 150 parts of n-butyl alcohol, and dispersed for 1 hour in a sand mill to form a protective layer. A liquid was obtained. The obtained coating solution is dip-coated on the above charge transport layer and dried and cured at 170 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of 4 μm. -11 ").

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 11 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 12]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as in the photoreceptor-5.

  Next, 8 parts by mass of the compound (II-15) in Table 18, 60 parts by mass of cyclohexanone, 10 parts by mass of block type polyisocyanate (Sumidur BL3175, manufactured by Sumitomo Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd.), and 0.1 parts by mass of dibutyl Sn dilaurate And 0.2 part by mass of polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) were mixed to obtain a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is applied onto the above charge transport layer by a ring-type dip coating method, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 160 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of about 3 μm. The intended electrophotographic photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-12”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 12 obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 13]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as in the photoreceptor-5.

  Next, 3 parts by mass of the compound (VI-3) in Table 56, 2.5 parts by mass of phenol resin (PL-4852, manufactured by Gunei Chemical Co., Ltd.), and polyether-modified silicone oil (TSF 4440, manufactured by Toshiba Silicon Co., Ltd.) ) 0.05 parts by mass and 5 parts by mass of butanol were mixed to prepare a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is ring-dip-coated on the charge transport layer, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of 3 μm. A photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-13”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface state of the obtained five photoreceptors 13 was visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Example 14]
First, the charge transport layer was formed in the same manner as in the photoreceptor-5.

  Next, 3 parts by mass of the compound (VI-6) in Table 61, 3.5 parts by mass of phenol resin (PR-50404, manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.), and polyether-modified silicone oil (TSF 4452, manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) 0.05 parts by mass and 6 parts of butanol were mixed to prepare a coating solution for forming a protective layer. This coating solution is ring-dip-coated on the charge transport layer, air-dried at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then cured by heat treatment at 150 ° C. for 1 hour to form a protective layer having a thickness of 3 μm. A photoreceptor (hereinafter referred to as “photoreceptor-14”) was obtained.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface state of the obtained five photoreceptors 14 was visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Comparative Example 1]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter referred to as “photosensitive member-15”) is the same as the photosensitive member-1 except that the polyether-modified silicone oil (KF353 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) is not used when forming the protective layer. ").

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 15 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate. In Table 61, “2/5” means that two of the five photoconductors 11 were found to have coating film defects (the same applies hereinafter).

[Comparative Example 2]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter referred to as “photosensitive member-16”) is the same as the photosensitive member-5 except that polyether-modified silicone oil (KF355 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) is not added when forming the protective layer. ").

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 16 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Comparative Example 3]
Photoreceptor-5 except that unmodified silicone oil (KP354, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used instead of polyether-modified silicone oil (KF615 (A), manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) in forming the protective layer. In the same manner, an electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter referred to as “photosensitive member-17”) was produced.

  The same operation was repeated 5 times, and the surface states of the protective layers of the five photoreceptors 17 thus obtained were visually observed. Table 61 shows the defective film rate.

[Examples 15 to 37, Comparative Examples 4 to 9]
In Examples 15 to 37 and Comparative Examples 4 to 9, an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developer were used in combinations shown in Tables 62 to 64, respectively, to produce an image forming apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG. In Tables 62 to 64, “Developer 1” means a developer for Docu Center Color 500, and “Developer 2” means a developer for Docu Center Color 400CP. In Tables 62 to 64, “photoreceptor 15-1”, “photoreceptor 16-1”, and “photoreceptor 17-1” are among the photoreceptors 15 to 17 obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, respectively. It means that the coating film defect was recognized. In Tables 62 to 64, “photoreceptor 15-2”, “photoreceptor 16-2”, and “photoreceptor 17-2” are among the photoreceptors 15 to 17 obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, respectively. This means that no coating film defects were observed. The elements other than the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the developer were the same as those of Fuji Xerox printer Docu color 400CP.

  Next, for each image forming apparatus, an image forming test for 5000 sheets (image density of about 5%) was performed in an environment of high temperature and high humidity (28 ° C., 80% RH) in no paper mode, and then low temperature and low humidity. An image formation test for 5000 sheets (image density of about 5%) was performed in an environment of 10 ° C. and 20% RH. After the test, the presence or absence of scratches and deposits on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member (protective layer surface) was evaluated. In addition, toner cleaning properties (charger dirt and image quality deterioration due to poor cleaning) and image quality (1 dot line diagonal 45 degree fine line reproducibility) were evaluated in each environment. The obtained result is shown to Tables 62-64.

The presence or absence of scratches on the photoreceptor is judged visually, and the following evaluation criteria:
A: No scratch,
B: Partially scratched (no problem in image quality)
C: Scratched (There are image quality problems)
Based on the evaluation.

In addition, the presence or absence of deposits is determined visually, and the following evaluation criteria:
A: No deposit B: Partial deposit (no problem in image quality)
C: Adherence (There is a problem with image quality)
Based on the evaluation.

In addition, the cleanability is judged visually, and the following evaluation criteria:
A: Good B: Image quality defects such as streaks partially (no problem in image quality)
C: Extensive image quality defects (image quality problems)
Based on the evaluation.

The image quality is judged using a magnifying glass, and the following evaluation criteria:
A: Good B: Partially defective (no problem in practical use)
C: Defects (thin lines cannot be reproduced)
Based on the evaluation.

1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a preferred embodiment of an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a preferred embodiment of an image forming apparatus of the present invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows other suitable embodiment of the image forming apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows other suitable embodiment of the image forming apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows other suitable embodiment of the image forming apparatus of this invention. It is a schematic block diagram which shows an example of the exposure apparatus (optical scanning apparatus) provided with a surface emitting laser array as an exposure light source. It is a schematic diagram which shows other suitable embodiment of the image forming apparatus of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Electrophotographic photosensitive member, 2 ... Conductive support body, 3 ... Photosensitive layer, 4 ... Undercoat layer, 5 ... Charge generation layer, 6 ... Charge transport layer, 7 ... Protective layer, 8 ... Charge generation / charge transport layer , 20... Process cartridge, 100, 110, 120, 130... Image forming apparatus.

Claims (6)

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support,
Wherein the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer, soluble curable resin to the alcohol, possess two or more reactive functional groups, and charges having a structure represented by any of the following general formula (I) ~ (VI) An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a functional layer made of a cured product of a curable resin composition containing a transportable organic compound and a polyether-modified silicone oil soluble in alcohol.
F-[(X ¹ ) _n1 R ¹ -Z ¹ H] _m1 (I)
[In Formula (I), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, R ¹ represents an alkylene group, Z ¹ represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, NH or COO, and X ¹ Represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, m1 represents an integer of 2 to 4, and n1 represents 0 or 1. ]
_{^{F - [(X 2) n2}} - (R 2) n3 - (Z 2) n4 G] n5 (II)
[In Formula (II), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, X ² represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R ² represents an alkylene group, Z ² represents an oxygen atom, S represents a sulfur atom, NH or COO, G represents an epoxy group, n2, n3 and n4 each independently represents 0 or 1, and n5 represents an integer of 2 to 4. ]
F [-D-Si (R ³ ) _(3-a) Q _a ] _b (III)
[In Formula (III), F represents a b-valent organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting ability, D represents a divalent group having flexibility, and R ³ represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted. An alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Q is a hydrolyzable group, a is an integer of 1 to 3, and b is an integer of 1 to 4. However, Q is two or more in the formula (III). ]

[In Formula (IV), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, T represents a divalent group, Y represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ independently represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, R ⁷ represents a monovalent organic group, m 2 represents 0 or 1, and n 6 represents an integer of 2 to 4. However, R ⁶ and R ⁷ may combine with each other to form a heterocycle having Y as a heteroatom. ]

[In Formula (V), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, T represents a divalent group, R ⁸ represents a monovalent organic group, and m3 represents 0 or 1 N7 represents an integer of 2 to 4. ]

[In formula (VI), F represents an organic group derived from a compound having a hole transporting property, L represents an alkylene group, R ⁹ represents a monovalent organic group, and n8 represents an integer of 2 to 4. Indicates. ]   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the curable resin is a phenol resin.   The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer further contains conductive inorganic particles. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 3 ,
Charging means for charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor;
Exposure means for exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image; and
Developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a toner image;
A transfer device for transferring the toner image to a transfer medium;
An image forming apparatus comprising: The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 3 ,
A charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member; a developing means for developing a latent electrostatic image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner to form a toner image; and At least one selected from the group consisting of cleaning means for removing toner remaining on the surface;
A process cartridge comprising: A charging step for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to any one of claims 1 to 3 ,
Exposing the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image; and
A developing step of developing the electrostatic latent image with toner to form a toner image;
A transfer step of transferring the toner image to a transfer medium;
An image forming method comprising:

Images