JP4788500B2 - Reformed gas internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a reformed gas internal combustion engine that uses an exhaust heat to steam reform a reformed raw material.

By steam reforming, such as liquid fuel or natural gas hydrocarbon (C _m H _n), such as gasoline, to obtain a reformed gas with an increased heating value, such as hydrogen, used as a fuel for an internal combustion engine Thus, it has been conventionally proposed to improve the thermal efficiency of the engine. Such steam reforming requires at least heat for activating the reforming catalyst and reaction heat for executing the steam reforming, which is an endothermic reaction. Recover from gas and use heat effectively. For example, Patent Document 1 uses natural gas as a fuel, and uses the heat energy of exhaust gas for steam reforming.

Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2005-30243 JP 2004-300004 A

  However, in the above-mentioned Patent Document 1, utilizing the fact that the exhaust gas temperature is as high as 700 ° C. to 900 ° C., a reforming reaction is performed using a so-called high temperature reforming catalyst that makes such a high temperature an active temperature range. ing.

  On the other hand, the reformed gas containing hydrogen is excellent in combustibility compared with gasoline fuel and the like, and is suitable for lean combustion with an equivalence ratio of less than 1. When such lean combustion is performed, the exhaust gas temperature can be lowered as compared with the case where the rich combustion with an equivalence ratio of 1 or more is performed. However, as in Patent Document 1, a reforming catalyst having a high activation temperature that is conventionally used for reforming gasoline or natural gas is not active at low temperatures. Therefore, sufficient heat energy cannot be recovered from the low-temperature exhaust gas such as when the reformed gas mixture is lean burned, and the reforming reaction cannot be performed efficiently. The thermal energy of the exhaust gas can only be used for raising the temperature and vaporizing the reforming raw material, and the contribution to improving the thermal efficiency of the entire internal combustion engine is very small. Also, when starting the engine or in a low temperature environment, the exhaust gas temperature is low, and it is necessary to perform warm-up operation until the temperature reaches the high temperature required for reforming. The significance of a fuel-efficient internal combustion engine is diminished.

  Furthermore, as introduced in Patent Document 1, it is known to reform methanol fuel using a catalyst having an activation temperature range of about 300 ° C. However, when this reforming catalyst active at a low temperature of about 300 ° C. is exposed to a high temperature environment, thermal degradation occurs. Therefore, as in Patent Document 1, when there is an operating condition in which exhaust gas of 350 ° C. or higher flows into an exhaust gas chamber that exchanges heat with the reforming catalyst unit, a reforming catalyst having excellent activity at a low temperature is used. I can't do it.

  On the other hand, Patent Document 2 proposes that a reforming reactor for reforming a hydrocarbon-based fuel and water be in a high pressure state in order to execute the reforming reaction under a low temperature condition. However, in order to realize such high pressure reforming, it is necessary to pump up hydrocarbon fuel and water respectively and discharge them to the reforming reactor at high pressure, which requires very large power. To do. In addition, the reforming reactor has a very large mass in order to achieve a sufficient pressure resistance even if the reaction temperature is low temperature, and the reaction temperature is about 200 ° C to 600 ° C. Become. Therefore, it cannot be a highly efficient, simple and small reforming reactor, and it is very difficult to adopt it for a moving internal combustion engine such as an automobile.

The present invention is an internal combustion engine for obtaining power by supplying a reformed gas into a cylinder, wherein the reformed gas is a gas containing hydrogen generated by steam reforming of a reformed raw material, The steam reforming, which is provided in the exhaust path from the cylinder and exchanges heat with the exhaust gas and performs an endothermic reaction, the reforming unit includes a reforming unit for high temperature and a reforming unit for low temperature, The reforming catalyst for the low temperature reforming section has an upper limit of the activation temperature lower than the upper limit of the activation temperature of the reforming catalyst for the high temperature reforming section, and is upstream of the exhaust path from the low temperature reforming section. The high temperature reforming section is provided. Furthermore, a supercharger for supercharging air to the cylinder is provided downstream of the high-temperature reforming section and downstream of the exhaust path and upstream of the low-temperature reforming section. The supercharger performs air supercharging to the intake pipe, collects heat energy of the exhaust gas that has passed through the high-temperature reforming section, lowers the exhaust gas temperature, and lowers the temperature by the supercharger. The exhaust gas thus supplied is supplied to the low temperature reforming section.

  In another aspect of the present invention, in the reformed gas internal combustion engine, the ethanol concentration of the reformed fuel is 70% by volume to 80% by volume.

  In another aspect of the present invention, in any one of the above-described reformed gas internal combustion engines, at least the heat of vaporization of the reforming material and the steam reforming of the reforming material are performed around the combustion chamber outside the cylinder. A cooling mechanism is provided for using the endothermic reaction heat at the time of cooling the cylinder.

  In the present invention, a low temperature reforming section is adopted as a reforming section using exhaust heat in an internal combustion engine that obtains reformed gas containing hydrogen by performing steam reforming of the reforming raw material. Further, either or both of the high temperature reforming section and the supercharger are provided on the upstream side (cylinder side) on the exhaust side from the low temperature reforming section. For this reason, for example, even in an internal combustion engine that exchanges heat with exhaust gas whose temperature changes by several hundred degrees Celsius or more due to load fluctuations, either or both of the high temperature reforming unit and the supercharger are included in the low temperature reforming unit. Thus, the exhaust gas that has passed through is supplied, and the temperature of the exhaust gas flowing into the low temperature reforming section can be reliably reduced.

  By providing the high-temperature reforming section upstream of the low-temperature reforming section, even when the exhaust gas temperature is high, the high-temperature reforming section efficiently exchanges heat with the exhaust gas and absorbs heat. Steam reforming, which is a reaction, is performed, and the exhaust gas temperature can be lowered.

  By providing a turbocharger upstream of the exhaust path from the low temperature reforming section, the exhaust gas can be surely deprived of heat energy and the exhaust temperature can be lowered without causing thermal degradation of the low temperature reforming section. In addition, it is possible to reduce the replacement frequency of the low-temperature reforming catalyst or make it unnecessary to replace the catalyst.

  Further, the exhaust turbine of the supercharger rotates the supercharged compressor to supercharge the air to the intake pipe. In a gas engine, for example, in the case of a system that performs intake port injection, gas is used as fuel, so the amount of intake air decreases, and the maximum torque tends to decrease compared to a direct injection engine or a liquid fuel port injection engine. However, by providing the supercharger, even in the case of port injection of a gas engine, it is possible to wipe down the decrease in the air flow rate and to achieve both low fuel consumption and high output.

  The low-temperature reforming section can reliably perform steam reforming of the reforming raw material even when the exhaust gas temperature is low, and can contribute to improvement in fuel consumption. Even when the exhaust gas temperature is high, the exhaust gas temperature can be reliably lowered before being supplied to the low temperature reforming section. For this reason, a reforming catalyst containing Cu as a catalyst component that can perform steam reforming at a low temperature of 350 ° C. or less and extremely high efficiency can be employed in the low temperature reforming section. For example, when using a reforming catalyst containing copper as a reformed fuel, for example, when a mixed solution of ethanol and water is used, ethanol is steam reformed very efficiently at a low temperature (200 to 350 ° C.). Can do. Therefore, for example, the fuel efficiency of a reformed gas engine vehicle using ethanol or the like as a reforming material can be greatly improved.

  Embodiments (hereinafter, embodiments) of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

[Embodiment 1]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of the internal combustion engine according to the present embodiment. In this internal combustion engine (engine), the reforming section 400 is provided in the exhaust pipe 40 connected to the exhaust port of the cylinder 10, and steam reforming (endothermic reaction) of the reforming material is performed using the heat of the exhaust gas.

  The reforming unit 400 includes a low temperature reforming unit 30 and a high temperature reforming unit 32, and the low temperature reforming unit 30 is a reforming catalyst whose upper limit of the active temperature range is lower than that of the high temperature reforming unit 32. A high temperature reforming unit 32 is provided upstream of the low temperature reforming unit 30 in the exhaust path (cylinder 10 side).

  Further, a position upstream of the low temperature reforming section 30 and downstream of the high temperature reforming section 32, in the present embodiment, the high temperature reforming section 32 and the low temperature reforming section 30 Between them, a supercharger 50 is provided.

  Therefore, in the present embodiment, the exhaust gas discharged from the cylinder 10 into the exhaust pipe 40 first flows into the high temperature reforming unit 32 and exchanges heat with the high temperature reforming unit 32, and in the high temperature reforming unit 32. The steam reforming of the reforming raw material is performed in a high temperature environment.

  The exhaust gas flowing out from the high temperature reforming section 32 is then supplied to the supercharger 50. The supercharger 50 includes an exhaust turbine, and rotates the exhaust turbine with exhaust gas, thereby depriving the exhaust gas of thermal energy and lowering its temperature. Further, the supercharger 50 rotates the turbine in the exhaust pipe at a high speed with the exhaust pressure of the engine, and drives the compressor with the rotational force to compress the air flowing through the intake pipe 20 and send it into the cylinder 10. .

  The exhaust gas whose temperature has further decreased in the supercharger 50 then flows into the low temperature reforming unit 30, exchanges heat with the low temperature reforming unit 30, and has a lower temperature than the high temperature reforming unit 32. Thus, steam reforming of the reforming raw material is performed.

  Exhaust gas flowing out from the low temperature reforming section 30 is supplied to a three-way catalyst (not shown) provided further downstream of the exhaust pipe 40, where exhaust gas is purified, and then released into the atmosphere. . Note that the catalyst for exhaust gas purification may be upstream or in the middle of the reforming unit 400.

  Here, the cylinder 10 is provided with an intake valve 14, a spark plug 16, an exhaust valve 18, and a piston (not shown). Further, the reformed gas obtained in the reforming unit 400 is accumulated in the accumulator 28. A gas injection valve 22 provided in the vicinity of the intake port 26 of the intake pipe 20 is connected to the accumulator 28, and the reformed gas is injected from the gas injection valve 22 into the intake port 26 as fuel. The air is supplied into the cylinder 10 together with the air supercharged.

  In the present embodiment, the steam reforming reaction of the reforming material is performed in the reforming unit 400 provided in the exhaust pipe 40 as described above, but the reforming material pumped up from the reforming material liquid tank 70 is reformed. The reforming raw material liquid is heated and vaporized in the route until it is supplied to 400, thereby supplying reforming raw material vapor that is easily reformed to the reforming unit 400.

  Heat is required for heating and vaporizing the reforming raw material liquid, but in this embodiment, cooling or exhaust heat around the engine is used without providing a dedicated heater for that purpose. Specifically, first, a reforming raw material liquid pumped from the tank 70 is used as a cooling liquid for a so-called intercooler provided in the intake pipe 20, and a heat exchanger 60 between the reforming raw material liquid and the supercharged air is provided here. The heat exchange between the supercharged air flowing through the intake pipe 20 and the reforming raw material liquid is performed. The reforming raw material liquid whose liquid temperature has risen in the heat exchanger 60 is then vaporized by exchanging heat with the high-temperature reformed gas flowing out from the high-temperature reforming section 32 in the heat exchanger 62.

The reforming raw material vapor obtained in the heat exchanger 62 is first supplied to the low temperature reforming unit 30 and undergoes a reforming reaction that is an endothermic reaction through heat exchange with the exhaust gas as described above to generate a hydrogen-containing gas. To do. The gas (including the reformed gas) flowing out from the low temperature reforming unit 30 then flows into the high temperature reforming unit 32. In the high temperature reforming section 32, heat exchange with the still high temperature exhaust gas is performed, and the reforming reaction of the gas flowing out from the low temperature reforming section 30 further proceeds, and the hydrogen concentration and the CO concentration increase. As described above, the gas (reformed gas) whose degree of reforming has further advanced in the high temperature reforming section 32 is supplied from the high temperature reforming section 32 to the accumulator 28 through the heat exchanger 62 as described above. The Since the lower temperature reformed gas has a smaller volume, the accumulation efficiency in the accumulator 28 is higher, and the provision of the heat exchanger 62 at the output of the high temperature reforming unit 32 means that the low temperature reforming unit 30 This is significant not only in vaporizing the reforming raw material to be supplied, but also in reducing the temperature of the reformed gas flowing out from the high temperature reforming section 32.

  As described above, the reformed gas accumulated in the accumulator 28 is supplied from the injection valve 22 into the cylinder 10 and combusted with air in the cylinder 10 to generate power. In this embodiment, since the engine is cooled and the exhaust heat is recovered without waste and the reformed gas whose calorific value is increased by reforming is burned as fuel, power is generated. We have realized the provision of high thermal efficiency engines.

  The reformed gas is not only a combustion fuel but also a gas component obtained by gas-liquid separation (for example, hydrogen gas) is supplied to the exhaust pipe 40 and used for exhaust gas purification (NOx reduction, particulate combustion). Also good.

  Here, examples of the reforming raw material liquid include gasoline, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, light oil and heavy oil. The gas component obtained by reforming such an organic compound liquid fuel contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In the present embodiment, ethanol is used as the reforming raw material liquid, and more specifically, ethanol having a concentration of 30 v / v% (volume%) to 96 v / v%, which has a vapor pressure lower than that of absolute ethanol, and A liquid mixture with water is used. The ethanol concentration is more preferably 70 v / v% to 80 v / v% in order to reduce the evaporation emission and perform efficient reforming. In this embodiment, the ethanol concentration is 77 v / v as an example. % Ethanol water is used as a reforming raw material, and this ethanol water is stored in the tank 70. Ethanol produced by biotechnology is often in a large amount of water, and it requires a great deal of energy to purify it to absolute ethanol. However, ethanol water with a large amount of water as in this embodiment is also suitable for reducing the manufacturing cost of fuel.

  Next, the reforming catalyst employed in the present embodiment will be described. FIG. 2 shows the temperature characteristic of the reforming catalyst activity, and this characteristic is the result of experiments in a fixed bed flow type reaction tube.

The catalyst used in the experiment was a Cu catalyst (copper zinc catalyst MDC-4 manufactured by Toyo CCI Co., Ltd.) and an Rh catalyst (Ca5 mol% ZrO ₂ manufactured by Daiichi Rare Element Co., Ltd.) in a Rh nitrate solution with 3 wt% Rh. Supported). Using a sieve, crushed pellets having an opening of 1 mm and 1.7 mm were used. A quartz reaction tube having an inner diameter of 9.8 mm was filled with 1.15 g of the Cu catalyst and 1.14 g of the Rh catalyst. Reforming heat (endothermic) was supplied by an electric furnace. Ethanol was the first grade of Wako Pure Chemicals, mixed with ion-exchanged water, vaporized and supplied. The experiment was performed in the range of S / C = 0.5 to 2.0 (Steam / Carbon molar ratio), and the gas composition of the dry gas component of the hydrogen-containing gas exiting from the reaction tube was measured with a gas chromatograph. At the same time, the flow rate of the dry gas was measured.

  In FIG. 2, a mixture of S / C = 1 (ethanol 0.185 g / min, ion-exchanged water 0.146 g / min) and nitrogen gas 0.8 L / min were supplied for dilution. The temperature was measured by bringing a CA thermocouple having a diameter of 1 mm into contact with the outer wall of the quartz tube. The decomposition rate is a value obtained by multiplying the sum of the C-containing output gas concentration by C1 by the molar flow rate of the output gas and then dividing the ethanol molar flow rate added by the C1 conversion. When ethanol completely changes to another substance, the decomposition rate becomes 100%. However, in the Cu catalyst, only hydrogen was detected almost as a dry gas component. Therefore, assuming that ethanol was decomposed into hydrogen and acetaldehyde as shown in the following formula (1), the hydrogen molar flow rate was set equal to the acetaldehyde molar flow rate. did.

C ₂ H ₅ OH → H ₂ + CH ₃ CHO (1)
As a result, it can be seen that both catalysts are active at around 350 ° C. Although the Cu catalyst has the same mass and is more decomposable than the Rh catalyst, the Cu catalyst is thermally deteriorated when used for a long time at 350 ° C. or more.

  Therefore, when a Cu catalyst is used as a reforming catalyst, temperature management of the catalyst bed is important. In the present embodiment, this Cu catalyst is used as the reforming catalyst of the low temperature reforming unit 30, but the high temperature reforming unit 32 and the supercharger 50 are located in the exhaust path more than the low temperature reforming unit 30 as described above. By providing it on the upstream side, the temperature of the exhaust gas flowing into the reforming section 30 for low temperature can be made 350 ° C. or lower.

  On the other hand, as the reforming catalyst of the high-temperature reforming section 32, a reforming catalyst such as the Rh catalyst, which has an active temperature range higher than that of the Cu catalyst, in particular, an upper limit of the active temperature thereof, is employed. For example, the upper limit of the activation temperature of the Rh catalyst is about 800 to 900 ° C., and the high temperature reforming section 32 to which high temperature exhaust gas is supplied as compared with the low temperature reforming section 30 has such a high temperature activity. By using this catalyst, a highly efficient steam reforming reaction can be performed. Even in a situation where the required torque to the internal combustion engine is large and the exhaust gas temperature rises, the high temperature reforming section 32 can reliably execute the steam reforming reaction.

  Here, the steam reforming of ethanol using the above Cu catalyst and Rh catalyst is represented by the following reaction formulas (i) and (ii).

C ₂ H ₅ OH → H ₂ + CH ₃ CHO (i)
CH ₃ CHO + H ₂ O → 3H ₂ + 2CO (ii)
(I) Summarizing formula (ii), the steam reforming reaction is finally
C ₂ H ₅ OH + H ₂ O → 4H ₂ + 2CO (iii)
It is represented by The rate of increase in calorific value in reaction formula (i) is 109%, and the rate of increase in calorific value in the total reaction represented by reaction formula (iii) is 123%. The calorific value increase rate is obtained by (reformed gas lower calorific value / input fuel lower calorific value) × 100%. Here, as described above, the reforming reaction is performed by adopting a mixed solution of ethanol and water having an ethanol concentration of 70 v / v% to 80 v / v% as a reforming raw material, and reforming this. This roughly corresponds to the equivalent ratio in the reaction formula (iii), and the reforming efficiency can be improved (the equivalent ratio of 1 mol of ethanol to 1 mol of water is about 77 v / v%).

  Regarding the reforming catalyst wall temperature in the low temperature reforming section 30, the temperature of the highest temperature portion is measured, and the low temperature reforming section 30 and the exhaust gas are cooled by circulation of cooling water or reforming raw material liquid according to the temperature. It is also possible to adopt a configuration that does this. However, in this embodiment, the supercharger 50 is provided on the upstream side of the low-temperature reforming unit 30, and the exhaust turbine is rotated by the high-temperature exhaust gas, thereby depriving the heat energy and lowering the temperature. Therefore, the heat energy of the exhaust gas can be efficiently used for reforming, cooling, intake, and the like without being discarded.

  FIG. 3 is a Ts diagram of the exhaust turbine, and FIG. 4 shows the inlet / outlet temperature of the exhaust turbine in the case of a predetermined pressure ratio. As shown in FIG. 3, the temperature difference (T4−T6) between the exhaust gas at the inlet and the outlet to the exhaust turbine is the difference between the inlet pressure P4 and the outlet pressure P6 to the exhaust turbine as shown in the following equation (2). It depends on the pressure ratio.

T4−T6 = (1-1 / (P4 / P6) ^{((k−1) / k)} × ηt (2)
In the above formula (2), ηt is the turbine efficiency and k is the specific heat ratio.

  Therefore, an exhaust turbine having an appropriate pressure ratio is adopted based on the assumed temperature range of the exhaust gas input to the exhaust turbine and the required temperature range of the exhaust gas that comes out of the exhaust turbine and is supplied to the low temperature reforming unit 30 Thus, it can be understood that a desired outlet temperature (T6) is realized.

  As shown in FIG. 4A, for example, when a pressure ratio of 2 is adopted (when the turbine efficiency is 80%), the exhaust at 450 ° C. (723 K) is discharged at the outlet of the high temperature reforming section 32, that is, at the inlet of the exhaust turbine. The temperature of the gas is lowered in the exhaust turbine, and the exhaust gas temperature at the outlet of the exhaust turbine, that is, the inlet of the low-temperature reforming catalyst, is 350 ° C. (623 K) or less. Here, as an example, when an Rh catalyst is employed in the high-temperature reforming section 32, the vicinity of the above 720K is the lower limit of the active range of the Rh catalyst. That is, even when the exhaust gas flowing out from the catalyst is supplied to the exhaust turbine under the condition that the efficient reforming by the Rh catalyst is performed, the Cu catalyst of the low-temperature reforming unit 30 is also provided by the exhaust turbine. Exhaust gas having a temperature within the active range can be supplied to the low-temperature reforming unit 30, and thermal deterioration of the Cu catalyst can be avoided.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 4B, when the pressure ratio is 3 even with the same turbine efficiency, the low temperature reforming section is used even if the inlet temperature to the turbine is higher than the pressure ratio 2 (for example, 790 K). 30 can be supplied with an exhaust gas of 350 ° C. (623 K) or less, which is the upper limit of the catalyst activity.

  In the present embodiment, by providing such a supercharger 50 and supercharging the air in the intake pipe, the output shortage due to the shortage of the air supply amount in the gas engine can be eliminated. Here, normally, the exhaust turbine is inefficient when the engine is running at a low speed and a low load, and cannot recover the heat energy of the exhaust gas. However, since the low temperature reforming unit 30 is employed in the present embodiment, the low temperature reforming unit 30 can be used without lowering the exhaust gas temperature in the exhaust turbine under operating conditions with a low exhaust gas temperature. Even if it is supplied, the exhaust gas temperature to be supplied is within the catalytic activity range of the low-temperature reforming unit 30, and it is not necessary to lower the exhaust temperature by the exhaust turbine. Conversely, under operating conditions where the exhaust gas temperature at high speed and high load is high, the efficiency of the exhaust turbine is high, the exhaust gas temperature lowering ability can be fully demonstrated, and supercharging can be performed. The internal combustion engine can have a high output while preventing thermal deterioration in the reforming unit 30.

  In the present embodiment, the turbocharger 50 may be provided with a mechanism that can change the pressure ratio of the exhaust turbo. By providing such a pressure ratio variable mechanism, detecting the outlet temperature of the exhaust turbine, and adjusting the pressure ratio with the variable mechanism so that the outlet temperature becomes 350 ° C. or less, the operating range with higher thermal efficiency can be achieved. spread.

  In addition, in order to make the supply exhaust gas temperature to the low temperature reforming unit 30 fall within the proper temperature range of the low temperature reforming unit 30, in addition to setting the pressure ratio of the supercharger 50, It is more preferable to optimize the heat exchange property in the reforming section 32.

  Further, an exhaust turbine is further arranged upstream of the high temperature reforming section 32 to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas flowing into the high temperature reforming section 32, thereby preventing thermal degradation of the high temperature reforming catalyst. Is also possible. Further, the high temperature reforming section 32 has an advantage that it is not necessary to use a noble metal catalyst that does not thermally deteriorate.

  Here, the internal combustion engine according to the present embodiment is controlled and operated by an engine control unit (ECU) 300. The engine control unit 300 performs low load or no load when the accelerator pedal is turned off after a high load operation, a transition period to the engine brake, while the reforming unit 400 maintains a temperature at which the reforming reaction can be performed. In order to cool, control is performed so that a large amount of the reforming raw material liquid is supplied. Further, the engine control unit 300 controls so that a large amount of the reformed gas generated is stored in the accumulator (pressure accumulating unit) 28 from a pressure accumulating conduit whose valve opening pressure is adjusted. When the stored reformed gas is injected into the intake pipe when the engine temperature is low or during acceleration, harmful combustion exhaust components such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides can be greatly reduced. In particular, at the time of cold start, the great fuel increase that has been carried out in the conventional gasoline engine is not necessary, and it is very convenient for idling stop.

  Further, the rotational power of the exhaust turbine of the supercharger 50 can be used not only for air supercharging but also as reformed gas compressor power for increasing the reformed gas pressure supplied to the intake port. is there. If used for the reformed gas compressor power in this way, the controllability of the gas injection valve 22 for controlling the injection amount of the reformed gas into the intake pipe 20 can be enhanced (the length of the injection period). The change is large.) Further, the supply pressure of the reforming raw material liquid can be reduced, the load of the reforming raw material liquid supply pump (not shown) can be reduced, or the pump can be downsized.

  Further, as in the present embodiment, when the reforming unit 400 and the supercharger 50 are combined and it is assumed that the air is supercharged, the engine combustion equivalence ratio is less than 1, and further 0.8 or less. Even under the so-called lean combustion conditions, sufficient torque can be generated, and such an operation can be performed at an equivalent ratio that can reduce the NOx emission amount.

  Furthermore, when the engine combustion equivalence ratio is set to 1.5 or less, an in-cylinder direct injection fuel injection valve or a liquid fuel port injection valve may be provided. By using organic compound liquid fuel such as gasoline and ethanol in combination with reformed gas in this way, the amount of intake air is reduced by supplying the reformed gas, and it is easy to cover the operating range where there is no output. It becomes. At this time, exhaust gas purification by a three-way catalyst can be performed like a normal gasoline engine by focusing on stoichiometric combustion with an equivalence ratio of 1.0.

[Embodiment 2]
FIG. 5 shows a schematic configuration of the internal combustion engine according to the second embodiment. In the first embodiment, the supercharger 50 and the high-temperature reforming unit 32 are provided upstream of the exhaust path of the low-temperature reforming unit 30, but in the second embodiment, as shown in FIG. The low temperature reforming unit 30 and the supercharger 50 are provided in the exhaust pipe 40, and the supercharger 50 is provided upstream of the low temperature reforming unit 30 in the exhaust path. In the first embodiment, vaporization of the reforming raw material liquid pumped from the reforming raw material tank 70 and heated by the heat exchanger 60 is performed by heat exchange with the reformed gas from the high temperature reforming unit 32. . In the second embodiment, the exhaust pipe 40 is provided with a heat exchanger 66 that performs heat exchange with the exhaust gas, and the heat of the exhaust gas is vaporized by the heat exchanger. The reforming raw material vapor obtained by the heat exchanger 66 is supplied to the low temperature reforming unit 30. Further, since the reformed gas temperature flowing out from the low temperature reforming section 30 is as low as about 350 ° C., it is naturally cooled and supplied to the accumulator 28 without providing a heat exchanger or the like as in the first embodiment for cooling. To do.

  As the reforming raw material liquid, as described in the first embodiment, ethanol water having a high reforming efficiency with an ethanol concentration of 70 v / v% to 80 v / v% is employed. Moreover, as the reforming catalyst of the reforming section 30 for low temperature, a reforming catalyst having Cu as a catalyst component having a suitable activation temperature range of 350 ° C. or lower is used.

  A reformed gas obtained by steam reforming ethanol water has a high calorific value and contains a large amount of highly combustible hydrogen. Therefore, an internal combustion engine using the reformed gas as a fuel has a lean combustion with an equivalence ratio of less than 1. Even under the conditions, it is possible to carry out at an equivalent ratio that can reduce knocking and reduce NOx emission. On the other hand, since combustion is performed under lean combustion conditions, the exhaust gas temperature is about 600 ° C. to 400 ° C. or lower, for example, about 350 ° C. when the equivalence ratio is about 0.4 to 0.5, for example. .

  On the other hand, in the case of lean combustion, there is a characteristic that it is difficult to obtain an output even if the required torque increases. However, as in the present embodiment, the supercharger 50 is used to supercharge the air to the intake pipe 20. As a result, the output of the internal combustion engine can be increased.

  Further, when the lean combustion condition is employed as described above, the exhaust gas temperature does not become as high as 700 ° C. to 900 ° C. As an example, an exhaust temperature of about 600 ° C. to 400 ° C. or less is achieved. .

  That is, as described in FIG. 4, exhaust gas of about 600 ° C. or less is supplied to the supercharger 50, and the supercharger 50 is provided without providing a high-temperature reforming unit upstream of the supercharger 50. Only by this, the exhaust gas can be made to be equal to or lower than the upper limit of the catalytic activity range of the low temperature reforming section 30.

  The operation control such that the equivalence ratio is less than 1.0, more preferably 0.8 or less is performed by the engine control unit 300 by adjusting the reformed gas injection amount, the intake air amount, etc. from the gas injection valve 22. It can be achieved by controlling.

[Embodiment 3]
FIG. 6 shows a schematic configuration of the internal combustion engine according to the third embodiment. In the third embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the exhaust pipe 40 is provided with the reforming section 400 and the supercharger 50 for steam reforming the reforming raw material using exhaust heat, and the combustion chamber outside the cylinder 10. A reforming raw material liquid evaporation section 120 and a reforming raw material steam reforming section 130 are provided in the periphery, and the heat of vaporization of the reforming raw material liquid and the heat of reaction in steam reforming (endothermic reaction) in the reforming section are provided. It is used for cooling the cylinder 10.

  Here, the outside of the cylinder is, more specifically, an outside portion of the cylinder liner that defines the cylinder inner wall of the cylinder 10. The cylinder liner is inserted into the cylinder block or cast at the same time when the cylinder block is formed, and the evaporation portion 120, the reforming portion 130, and the like are formed in the hollow portion of the cylinder liner and the liner side of the cylinder block. Hereinafter, the liner and the liner side of the cylinder block will be described as a liner portion 100.

  The liner unit 100 is further provided with a liquid heating unit 110 that heats the reforming raw material liquid. The reforming raw material liquid that is pumped from the tank 70 and supplied to the liquid heating unit 110 circulates. Is exchanged with the reforming raw material liquid. As a result, the cylinder is cooled and the reforming raw material liquid is heated. The reforming raw material liquid heated by the heating unit 110 is supplied to the evaporation unit 120 where it is further vaporized by the heat of the cylinder. The reforming raw material vapor obtained in the evaporation unit 120 is then supplied to the reforming unit 130, and steam reforming is performed by the reforming catalyst provided in the reforming unit 130.

  In the liner unit 100, the evaporation unit 120 is provided at a position above the liner and corresponding to the periphery of the combustion chamber, and the reforming unit 130 is disposed between the evaporation unit 120 and the liquid heating unit 110. ing. The evaporation unit 120 includes an evaporation chamber and an injection valve 124 that injects the reforming raw material liquid into the evaporation chamber. The injection timing and injection amount of the injection valve 124 are controlled under the control of the engine control unit (ECU) 300, and the heat of vaporization is used to prevent the cooling of the cylinder and also to prevent the occurrence of knocking or abnormal combustion. Yes.

  In the third embodiment, a reforming raw material liquid made of ethanol water is used as a cooling liquid for the radiator 82, and the reforming raw material liquid pumped up from the tank 70 by the supply pump 80 is supplied to the radiator 82. The cooling circuit 88 is circulated. A part of the circulating liquid is supplied to the liquid heating unit 110. The reforming raw material liquid whose liquid temperature has risen due to heat exchange with the cylinder 10 in the liquid heating unit 110 is decompressed by the decompression valve 126 and injected from the liquid injection valve 124 into the evaporation chamber 122 of the evaporation unit 120. When it is necessary to further cool the cylinder 10 or when the amount of reforming raw material liquid supplied from the liquid heating unit 110 to the evaporation unit 120 is adjusted, the reforming raw material liquid flowing out from the liquid heating unit 110 is The liquid is returned to the radiator 82 via the liquid circulation pump 84, cooled by the radiator 82, and circulated again to the liquid heating unit 110.

  In the evaporation unit 120, the reforming raw material liquid injected from the liquid injection valve 124 into the evaporation chamber 122 is further decompressed by the injection, and vaporizes after colliding with the wall surface of the evaporation chamber or immediately after the injection. And the uppermost part of the liner part 100 is cooled by this vaporization heat. Here, the temperature rise near the wall of the combustion chamber far from the ignition position is one of the causes of knocking and abnormal combustion, but in the present embodiment, by the evaporation unit 120 provided at the top of the liner unit 100, The wall surface of the combustion chamber can be cooled, which contributes to the reduction of the combustion chamber wall temperature, that is, prevention of knocking and the like.

  Knocking or abnormal combustion is the period most likely to occur near the compression top dead center (TDC) of the cylinder. Therefore, it is effective that the reforming raw material liquid is injected near the compression TDC in the evaporation unit 120. In particular, by setting the injection timing to a timing slightly before the compression TDC, the reforming raw material liquid is vaporized at the timing when the combustion chamber wall temperature becomes the highest, and the combustion chamber wall temperature is efficiently cooled by the heat of vaporization. It becomes possible.

  A cooling unit for cooling the reforming catalyst is further provided near the reforming unit 130 of the cylinder. As this cooling unit, a catalyst cooling circulation unit 144 that circulates the reforming raw material liquid and cools the catalyst is provided. It has been adopted. The reforming raw material liquid that has passed through the liquid heating unit 110 is supplied to the catalyst cooling circulation unit 144, and a part of the reforming raw material liquid that flows out of the catalyst cooling circulation unit 144 passes through the pressure reducing valve 126 as it is. Then, the liquid is injected from the liquid injection valve 124 into the evaporation chamber, and the rest is cooled by the radiator 82 via the coolant circulation path 88 and returned to the liquid heating unit 110 again.

  A part of the reforming raw material liquid that has passed through the liquid heating unit 110 passes through a circulation amount control valve 146 provided between the liquid heating unit 110 and the catalyst cooling circulation unit 144, so that the catalyst cooling circulation unit 144. And the rest returns to the radiator 82. In accordance with the detection result of the reforming catalyst temperature, the flow rate of the reforming raw material liquid to the circulation unit 144 is controlled by the circulation amount control valve 146.

  A steam passage is provided between the reforming unit 130 and the evaporation unit 120, and the reforming raw material steam that has flowed into the reforming unit 130 through the steam passage is provided in the reforming unit 130. Steam reforming is performed by the reforming catalyst. The reforming catalyst is a catalyst that uses, for example, Cu as the catalyst component employed in the low temperature reforming section 30 of the exhaust section, and the catalyst cooling circulation section 144 so that the catalyst temperature is about 350 ° C. or less. Is provided.

  The reformed gas obtained in the reforming unit 130 is supplied to the accumulator 28 (see FIG. 5) from a reformed gas outflow passage provided below the liner of the reforming unit 130.

  A part of the reformed gas from the reforming unit 130 is supplied to the reforming unit 400 on the exhaust side via the flow rate control valve 136. Specifically, the gas supplied to the reforming unit 400 via the flow rate control valve 136 has the catalyst temperature of the reforming unit 130 limited to about 350 ° C. To be supplied.

  The gas flowing out from the low-temperature reforming unit 30 is heat-exchanged with a higher-temperature gas flowing out from the high-temperature reforming unit 32 by the heat exchanger 68 and is supplied to the high-temperature reforming unit 32 after the temperature is raised. . Then, the reforming reaction is further advanced in the reforming section 32 for high temperature.

  The reformed gas flowing out from the high-temperature reforming section 32 passes through the heat exchanger 68, then passes through the heat exchanger 64, and is supplied to the accumulator 28. The accumulator 28 is obtained by the reforming section 130 of the liner section 100. Accumulated with the reformed gas.

  The heat exchanger 64 is provided in a cooling circuit 88 communicated with the radiator 82, and the reformed gas from the high temperature reforming unit 32 and the reformed gas from the reforming unit 130 of the liner unit 100 are supplied to the heat exchanger 64. Both are cooled by heat exchange with the reforming raw material liquid flowing through the cooling circuit 88. The reforming raw material liquid that has passed through the heat exchanger 64 returns to the radiator 82 via the liquid circulation pump 84 and is cooled by the radiator 82.

  Also in the configuration shown in FIG. 6, the intake pipe 20 is provided with a heat exchanger 60 composed of a so-called intercooler for cooling the inflowing air, and the reforming raw material liquid is also used as a cooling liquid for the heat exchanger 60. It has been adopted. Then, the reforming raw material liquid sent from the radiator 82 and passed through the heat exchanger 60 via the circulation path 88 returns to the radiator 82 again via the liquid circulation pump 84 and is cooled here.

  As described above, the liquid circulation pump 84 is fed from the radiator 82 and reformed raw material liquid (circulated liquid) circulated through the liquid heating unit 110, reformed raw material liquid circulated through the catalyst cooling circulation unit 144, and the heat The reforming raw material liquid and the like circulated through the exchangers 60 and 64 are returned. Here, the main purpose of the reforming raw material liquid circulating through the liquid heating unit 110 is to be heated by the cylinder so as to be efficiently vaporized in the evaporation unit 120 thereafter. On the other hand, in the heat exchangers 60 and 64 and the catalyst cooling circulation unit 144, the main purpose is to cool the target with the reforming raw material liquid, and the reforming raw material liquid circulated through these circulates in the liquid heating unit 110. It is necessary to return to the radiator 82 in preference to the raw material liquid. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, a pressure loss unit 86 such as an orifice is provided in the flow path from the liquid heating unit 110 to the liquid circulation pump 84, and the circulating liquid from the other heat exchanger 64 or the like is supplied to the cooling circuit 88. It has been made to flow in preference to.

  As described above with reference to FIG. 6, in Embodiment 3, the reforming unit 130, the evaporation unit 120, and the liquid heating unit 110 are provided on the cylinder side, and heating of the reforming raw material liquid is performed using the heat of the cylinder. , Vaporization, and steam reforming are performed, and at the same time, the cylinder is cooled. Then, the reformed gas obtained in the cylinder-side reforming section 130 is supplied to the exhaust pipe-side reforming section 400, and the reforming is further advanced using the exhaust heat. As a result, the heat generated in the internal combustion engine can be utilized extremely efficiently as the heat necessary for reforming, and the necessary portions of the cylinder and the internal combustion engine can be reliably cooled. Therefore, the concentration of hydrogen and carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas obtained from the reforming raw material can be made extremely high, and the thermal efficiency and fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine can be dramatically increased.

  Further, as a cooling liquid for cooling each part of the internal combustion engine, the internal combustion engine is efficiently cooled by adopting a reforming raw material liquid that is finally heated and evaporated and further undergoes a reforming reaction. be able to. Of course, the cooling of the cylinder 10 is performed by the steam reforming reaction of the reforming raw material liquid temperature rise, evaporation, and endothermic, so that the load on the radiator can be minimized and the size of the radiator can be reduced. It becomes possible. Further, there is no need to separately store the cooling water for the radiator and the reforming raw material liquid, and the internal combustion engine can be downsized.

  In addition, it is also possible to employ | adopt the structure which abbreviate | omits the high temperature reforming part 32 like Embodiment 2 as the reforming part 400 provided in an exhaust pipe side.

1 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of an internal combustion engine according to a first embodiment. It is a figure which shows the active characteristic of a reforming catalyst. It is a Ts diagram of an exhaust turbine. It is a figure which shows the characteristic of the inlet-outlet temperature of an exhaust turbine in a predetermined pressure ratio. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of an internal combustion engine according to a modification of the second embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of an internal combustion engine according to a third embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

  10 cylinder, 14 intake valve, 16 spark plug, 18 exhaust valve, 20 intake pipe, 22 gas injection valve, 30 low temperature reforming section, 32 high temperature reforming section, 40 exhaust pipe, 50 supercharger, 60, 62 , 64, 66, 68 Heat exchanger, 70 Reforming raw material tank, 80 Supply pump, 82 Radiator, 84 Liquid circulation pump, 88 Cooling circuit, 100 Liner part, 110 Liquid heating part, 120 Evaporating part, 124 Liquid injection valve , 126 Pressure reducing valve, 130 reforming section, 144 catalyst cooling circulation section, 146 circulation amount control valve, 160 barrier, 200 cylinder block, 300 engine control section (engine ECU).

Claims (14)

An internal combustion engine that obtains power by supplying reformed gas into a cylinder,
The reformed gas is a gas containing hydrogen generated by steam reforming the reforming raw material,
The reforming unit is provided in an exhaust path from the cylinder and performs the steam reforming which is an endothermic reaction by exchanging heat with the exhaust gas, and the reforming unit includes a high temperature reforming unit and a low temperature reforming unit. And
The reforming catalyst for the reforming part for low temperature has an upper limit of the activation temperature lower than the upper limit of the activation temperature of the reforming catalyst for the reforming part for high temperature,
The high temperature reforming section is provided on the upstream side of the exhaust path from the low temperature reforming section ,
further,
A turbocharger that supercharges the air to the cylinder is provided downstream of the high-temperature reforming section and downstream of the low-temperature reforming section and upstream of the exhaust path;
The supercharger performs air supercharging to the intake pipe, recovers heat energy of the exhaust gas that has passed through the high-temperature reforming section, lowers the exhaust gas temperature, and is cooled by the supercharger A reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein the exhaust gas is supplied to the low temperature reforming section . The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to claim 1 ,
The supercharger comprises a variable mechanism of the pressure ratio of the exhaust gas pressure at the inlet and outlet of the exhaust turbine,
The pressure ratio of the exhaust turbine is adjusted according to the exhaust gas outlet temperature from the supercharger, and the exhaust gas temperature supplied from the supercharger to the low temperature reforming unit is A reformed gas internal combustion engine controlled so as not to exceed an upper limit of an active temperature range of the reforming catalyst. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to claim 1 or 2 ,
The reforming material is supplied to the high temperature reforming unit after being supplied to the low temperature reforming unit via the reforming material channel,
A heat exchanger is provided between the reformed gas flow path from the high temperature reforming section and the reforming raw material flow path to the low temperature reforming section, and uses the heat of the reformed gas. A reformed gas internal combustion engine characterized in that the temperature of the reforming material supplied to the reforming section for low temperature is raised.
The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 3 ,
The high-temperature reforming unit performs a reforming reaction at a temperature higher than 350 ° C.,
The reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein the low temperature reforming section performs a reforming reaction at a temperature of 350 ° C. or lower. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to claim 4 ,
The pressure ratio between the heat exchange performance of the high temperature reforming section and the exhaust gas pressure at the inlet and outlet of the exhaust turbine of the supercharger is such that the exhaust gas temperature from the supercharger is 350 ° C. or less. A reformed gas internal combustion engine characterized by being set. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1, 2, and 5 ,
Furthermore, by utilizing the rotational power of the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger, the reformed gas internal combustion engine, comprising a reformed gas compressor to raise the pressure of the reformed gas supplied to the cylinder. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 6 ,
A reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein the reforming raw material is ethanol or a mixed liquid of ethanol and water. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to claim 7 ,
The reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein the reformed raw material has an ethanol concentration of 30% by volume to 96% by volume. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 8 ,
The reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein the reforming catalyst of the low temperature reforming section contains copper as a catalyst component. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 9 ,
A reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein an equivalence ratio of combustion in the cylinder is less than 1. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 10 ,
The equivalent ratio of combustion in the cylinder is set to 1.5 or less,
A reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein a liquid fuel is supplied to the cylinder in addition to the reformed gas. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to claim 7 ,
The reformed gas internal combustion engine, wherein the reformed fuel has an ethanol concentration of 70 vol% to 80 vol%. The reformed gas internal combustion engine according to any one of claims 1 to 12 ,
A cooling mechanism for cooling at least the heat of evaporation of the reforming material and the endothermic reaction heat when steam reforming the reforming material around the combustion chamber outside the cylinder. A reformed gas internal combustion engine characterized by being provided. The internal combustion engine according to claim 13 ,
A reformed gas internal combustion engine, further comprising a liquid heating unit that heats the reforming raw material liquid by heat exchange with the inside of the cylinder around the combustion chamber outside the cylinder.

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