JP4782334B2 - Use of chemical chelators as antagonists for drug-induced neuromuscular blockade - Google Patents
Use of chemical chelators as antagonists for drug-induced neuromuscular blockade Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4782334B2 JP4782334B2 JP2001516547A JP2001516547A JP4782334B2 JP 4782334 B2 JP4782334 B2 JP 4782334B2 JP 2001516547 A JP2001516547 A JP 2001516547A JP 2001516547 A JP2001516547 A JP 2001516547A JP 4782334 B2 JP4782334 B2 JP 4782334B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- neuromuscular
- cyclodextrin
- chemical
- neuromuscular blocking
- rocuronium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims description 41
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 36
- 206010029315 Neuromuscular blockade Diseases 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 title description 19
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 title description 10
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- 239000000842 neuromuscular blocking agent Substances 0.000 claims description 28
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- OYTJKRAYGYRUJK-FMCCZJBLSA-M rocuronium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].N1([C@@H]2[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]3CC[C@H]4[C@@H]5C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@]5(CC[C@@H]4[C@@]3(C)C2)C)OC(=O)C)[N+]2(CC=C)CCCC2)CCOCC1 OYTJKRAYGYRUJK-FMCCZJBLSA-M 0.000 description 20
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Description
【0001】
本発明は薬物起因性神経筋遮断を回復させるための薬剤を調製するための化学的キレート化剤の使用および神経筋遮断およびその回復をもたらすためのキットに関する。
【0002】
神経筋遮断薬(NMBA、即ち筋弛緩薬と称される)は気管内挿管を容易にし、体腔、特に随意または反射筋運動からの妨害を伴うことなく腹部および胸部への外科的アクセスを可能にするために麻酔の投与中に常用される。NMBAはさらに、集中治療を受けている危篤状態の患者の治療で、鎮静および痛覚脱失だけでは不十分であると判断される場合に機械呼吸とのコンプライアンスを容易にするために使用されている。
【0003】
その作用機序に基づき、NMBAは2つのカテゴリー、即ち脱分極性と非脱分極性に分類される。脱分極性神経筋遮断薬はニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体(nAChRs)に神経筋接合部で、内生神経伝達物質アセチルコリンと同様に結合する。これらはイオンチャンネルの初期開口を刺激し、線維束収縮として知られている収縮をもたらす。しかしながらこれらの薬剤はアセチルコリンエステラーゼによるアセチルコリンの非常に迅速な加水分解に比較して、ゆっくりとしかコリンエステラーゼ酵素により分解されないので、アセチルコリンよりもかなり長期間にわたって結合して、終板の持続的脱分極、したがって神経筋遮断をもたらす。スクシニルコリン(スキサメトニウム)が脱分極性NMBAの最もよく知られた例である。
【0004】
非脱分極性神経筋遮断薬は筋nAChRsに結合するアセチルコリンと競合するが、脱分極性NMBAとは異なり、これらはチャンネルを活性化しない。これらはアセチルコリンによるチャンネルの活性化を遮断し、したがって細胞膜脱分極を妨げ、結果として筋は弛緩する。最も臨床的に使用されるNMBAは非脱分極性の分類に属する。それにはツボクラリン、アトラクリウム、(シス)アトラクリウム、ミバクリウム、パンクロニウム、ベクロニウム、ロクロニウムおよびラパクロニウム(Org9487)が含まれる。
【0005】
手術または集中治療の期間の終了時に、筋機能の回復を助けるためにNMBAの拮抗薬が往々にして患者に投与される。最も一般的に使用される拮抗薬はネオスチグミン、エドロホニウムおよびピリドスチグミンなどのアセチルコリンエステラーゼ(AChE)の阻害剤である。これらの薬剤の作用機序は、アセチルコリンの分解を阻害することにより神経筋接合部のところでのアセチルコリンレベルを増加させることであるので、これらはスクシニルコリンなどの脱分極NMBAの回復には不適当である。拮抗薬などのAChE阻害剤の使用は選択性の問題をもたらす。それというのも神経伝達物質アセチルコリンを含む全てのシナプス(体性および自律の両方)への神経伝達がこれらの薬剤によって強化されるためである。この非選択性はムスカリン性およびニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体の非選択的活性化の故に、除脈、低血圧、唾液分泌の増加、悪心、嘔吐、腹痛、下痢および気管支収縮を含む多くの副作用をもたらしうる。したがって実際にはこれらの薬剤は、自律副交感神経−交換器接合部(例えば心臓)のムスカリン受容体でのアセチルコリンのムスカリン作用に拮抗するためのアトロピン(またはグリコピロレート)を投与した後に、またそれと共にしか使用することができない。アトロピンなどのムスカリンアセチルコリン受容体(mAChR)アンタゴニストの使用は多くの副作用、例えば頻脈、口腔の乾き、視力障害をもたらし、さらに心伝導に作用しうる。
【0006】
抗コリンエステラーゼ薬に関するもう1つの問題は、神経筋機能を迅速に回復させるために残留神経筋活性が存在しなければならない(単収縮活性>10%)ことである。時おり、患者の過敏性または偶発性過量のために、NMBA投与が神経筋機能の完全な遮断をもたらしうる(「ディープブロック」)。現在、このような「ディープブロック」を回復させるための確かな治療は存在しない。AChE阻害剤の高い配量で「ディープブロック」を克服するための試みには「コリン作動性発症」を惹起させ、ニコチン性およびムスカリン性受容体の刺激の強化に関連する幅広い症状をもたらすリスクがある。
【0007】
したがって、NMBAの活動を回復させるための、即ち筋収縮を復活させるための代わりの方法が必要である。
【0008】
本発明は拮抗薬として化学的キレート化剤(または金属イオン封鎖剤)の使用を提示している。1つの態様では、本発明は薬物起因性神経筋遮断を回復させるための薬剤を調製するためにゲスト−ホスト錯体を形成しうる化学的キレート化剤を使用することに関する。
【0009】
NMBA用の拮抗薬としての化学的キレート化剤の使用には、化学的キレート化剤はnAChRに結合するNMBAに競合しないので、これらが、脱分極性および非脱分極性NMBAの両方の作用の回復において有効であるという利点がある。これらの使用はアセチルコリンの値を増加させず、したがって、AChEベースの拮抗薬よりも少ない副作用しか生じない。加えてAChE阻害剤とmAChRアンタゴニスト(例えばアトロピン)とを組み合わせて使用する必要がない。本発明の化学的キレート化剤はさらに「ディープブロック」の回復にも安全に使用することができる。
【0010】
本発明で使用されているような化学的キレート化剤(または金属イオン封鎖剤)との用語は、神経筋遮断薬とのホスト−ゲスト錯体形成に関与しうる任意の有機化合物を意味する。化学的キレート化剤はホスト分子として作用し、神経筋遮断薬はゲスト分子である。特異的分子錯体であるゲスト−ホスト錯体は、非共有結合分子間力によって相互に固定されている2個またはそれ以上の成分の会合から生じる組織された化学的存在と規定される。
【0011】
本発明による化学的キレート化剤(または金属イオン封鎖剤)は、多くは環式の有機化合物の様々な種類から選択されるホスト分子であり、これらは水溶液中で様々な有機化合物と共に包接錯体を形成するその能力が知られている;例えば環式オリゴ糖、シクロファン、環式ペプチド、カリックスアレーン、クラウンエーテルおよびアザクラウンエーテル。包接錯体の形成(即ちカプセル封入または化学的キレート化)は「超分子化学」または「ホスト−ゲスト化学」のよく知られている分野の一部である。多くの環式有機化合物が他の有機または無機分子と共に包接錯体を形成しうることが知られている。これらの化合物の構造および化学的性質は文献に十分に記載されている(Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry,Volumes1−11,Atwood J.L.,Davies J.E.D.,MacNicol D.D.,Vogtle F.,eds;Elsevier Science Ltd.,Oxford,UK,1996)。
【0012】
本発明で使用するための好ましい化学的キレート化剤は環式オリゴ糖、シクロファンおよびカリックスアレーンである。
【0013】
本発明で使用するために適した環式オリゴ糖の例はシクロデキストリン、天然シクロマルトオリゴ糖の類、シクロマンニン(α結合により1,4位で結合している5個またはそれ以上のα−D−マンノピラノース単位)、シクロガラクチン(β結合により1,4位で結合している5個またはそれ以上のβ−D−ガラクトピラノース単位)、シクロアルトリン(α結合により1,4位で結合されている5個またはそれ以上のα−D−アルトロピラノース単位であり、これらはそれぞれゲスト−ホスト錯体を形成しうる。化学的全合成によって入手可能な様々な単糖成分からなる環式オリゴ糖が更に、神経筋遮断薬と相互作用しうる他の化学的キレート化剤を代表している。例えば、シクロ−[(1−4)−α−L−ラムノピラノシル−(1−4)−α−D−マンノピラノシル]テトラオシドが神経筋遮断薬臭化ロクロニウムの作用の回復に有効であることが判明している。
【0014】
本発明による環式オリゴ糖キレート化剤の特に好ましい種類はシクロデキストリンにより生じる:
【0015】
【化9】
【0016】
シクロデキストリンはアミロース中と同様にα結合により1,4位で結合された6個またはそれ以上のα−D−グルコピラノース単位を含む環式分子である。この環式配置の結果としてシクロデキストリンは親油性空洞を有する円錐形分子として存在するが、一方でこれは外側はより親水性かつ水溶性であるのでゲスト分子を引きつけうる。6、7、8および9個のグルコピラノース単位からなるシクロデキストリンは通常、それぞれα−、β−、γ−およびδ−シクロデキストリンとして知られている。
【0017】
デンプンの酵素分解により調製される天然シクロデキストリン(α、β、γ)も、特にその多くの化学的に変性された形もすでに、ゲスト−ホスト錯体を形成するその能力により、特に薬学分野で数多くの応用が見い出されている。StellaおよびRajewski(Pharmaceutical Research、14、556−567、1997)が最近、シクロデキストリンの製薬的応用の総説を書いている。主要な適用例は、経口、鼻、眼、皮膚、直腸および腸管外投与のための薬剤を可溶化および/または安定化するための薬剤の製薬組成物においてである。
【0018】
本発明に関連して使用されるシクロデキストリンという用語は天然シクロデキストリンおよびそれらの化学的変形体の両方を含む。
【0019】
ドラッグデリバリーシステムにおける薬物キャリアとしてのこのような化学的に変形されたシクロデキストリンに関する概観はUekama他によって記載されている(Chemical Reviews 1998、98、2045−2076)。シクロデキストリンの化学的変形は天然α−、β−またはγ−シクロデキストリン環上で直接、化学試薬(求核試薬または求電子試薬)と適切に官能基化されたシクロデキストリンとを反応させることにより行うことができる(シクロデキストリンの選択的変形のための方法の最近の概観についてはKhan A.R.他、Chem.Rev.1998、98、1977−1996参照)。今日までに、天然シクロデキストリンの化学的変形により1500種を上回るシクロデキストリン誘導体が合成されてきた(Jicsinszky L.他、Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry,Volume 3.Cyclodextrins,Atwood J.L.,Davies J.E.D.MacNicol D.D.,Vogtle F.,eds;Elsevier Science Ltd.,Oxford,UK,1996,pp57−188)。
【0020】
天然シクロデキストリンの多くの直接的変形は置換の位置が正確に規定されない異性体混合物をもたらす。このような位置異性体の混合物は往々にして、統計的混合物と称され、このような統計混合物中のそれぞれのシクロデキストリン分子に結合している置換基の数は平均置換度(DS)として示される。製薬的応用のために研究されている多くのシクロデキストリン誘導体は統計的混合物である(Szente L.and Szejtli J.,Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.1999,36,17−28)。シクロデキストリンの直接的変形によりα−D−グルコピラノシルの繰り返し単位の構成または構造は変化しない。
【0021】
シクロデキストリンはグルコピラノースから出発して、新規合成により調製することもできる(Gattuso G.他、Chem.Rev.1998,98,1919−1958)。この方法では、天然環式(1→4)結合シクロデキストリンだけでなく環式(1→3)、(1→2)および(1→6)結合オリゴピラノシドも調製することができる。このような合成は様々な化学試薬またはシクロデキストリントランスグリコシラーゼなどの生物酵素を使用して実施することができる。種類の異なる糖単位を出発原料として使用することにより、様々な均一または不均一な環式オリゴ糖を調製することができる。したがってシクロデキストリンの化学的変形がその特性を変えるために知られており、特異的神経筋遮断薬に対して選択的な拮抗薬を設計するために使用することができる。
【0022】
特定の神経筋遮断薬のために、ゲスト分子に適合する形およびサイズの疎水性空洞を有する化学的キレート化剤を開発することができるが、ホストとゲストとの間の疎水性相互作用に加えて電荷相互作用が錯体形成には重要であることは、当業者に明らかであろう。本発明の化学的キレート化剤は非経口投与のためのものであるので、これらは水溶性でなければならない。例えば水素結合、疎水性相互作用、静電的相互作用、ファンデルワールス相互作用およびπ−π相互作用を介しての最大分子間相互作用がもたらされるように、特定のホスト分子を、ゲスト分子の官能基と相補的な官能基を含むように設計および調製することができる。したがって例えば、塩基性官能基または正電荷を含むゲスト分子では酸性官能基または負電荷を含むホスト分子を調製し、ゲストとホストとの間のイオン相互作用を増す。このようなホスト−ゲスト錯体を包接または部分包接を介して形成する場合、ホスト分子の空洞サイズも非常に重要である。
【0023】
化学的キレート化剤と神経筋遮断薬との間の相互作用は核磁気共鳴分光学(NMR)およびマイクロカロリメトリーなどの物理的方法で分析することができる。
【0024】
本発明での使用に最も好ましいシクロデキストリンはγ−シクロデキストリンおよびその誘導体である。
【0025】
ロクロニウム、パンクロニウム、ベクロニウム、ミバクリウム、アトラクリウム、(シス)アトラクリウム、スクシニルコリンおよびツボクラリンなどの通常使用される神経筋遮断薬ないしは筋弛緩薬の多くは中性水性媒体中で1または2個のカチオン部位を有する化合物である。その構造中にアニオン部位を有するシクロデキストリンは、本発明による好ましい化学的キレート化剤のうちの1つである。
【0026】
前記の神経筋遮断薬を回復させるためのアニオン化学的キレート化剤の利点はシクロファンに属する本発明の化学的キレート化剤にも適用されることである。
【0027】
シクロファンはその大環状構造に導入された芳香環により構築される疎水性包接空洞を規定する架橋芳香族化合物の群である。ヒドロキシル基およびカルボキシル基などの極性かつ親水性官能基を人工ホスト化合物に導入することにより、シクロファンは水溶性で、かつ水性媒体中で包接錯体を形成するに適するようにすることができる(Vogtle F.他、Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry,Volume 2.Molecular recognition:Receptors for molecular guests,Atwood,J.L.,Davies,J.E.D.,MacNicol,D.D.,Vogtle,F.,eds;Elsevier Science Ltd.,Oxford,UK,1996,pp211−266)。水溶性アニオンシクロファンはMiyake 他(Tetr.Letters 32,7295−7298,1991;Chem.Pharm.Bull.41,1211−1213,1993)によって、カチオン芳香族ゲストのためのホストとして記載されている。同様に、カチオンシクロファンが、水溶液中でアニオン性および中性芳香族化合物と共に包接錯体を形成することが示された。
【0028】
本発明の好ましい一実施形態では、化学的キレート化剤を一般式A:
【0029】
【化10】
【0030】
[式中、Rは
【0031】
【化11】
【0032】
であり、かつnは1〜5である]または一般式B:
【0033】
【化12】
【0034】
[式中、Xは
【0035】
【化13】
【0036】
である]で示されるシクロファンから選択する。
【0037】
式中のRがCH2−フェニル−CH2であり、nが2である式Aの化合物、即ちN,N’,N'',N'''−テトラキス(3−カルボキシプロピオニル)−3,4,5,6,7,8,26,27,28,29,30,31−ドデカヒドロ−1,10,24,33−テトラアザ[2.2.1.2.2.1]パラシクロファン(化合物23)および式中のXがCH2−フェニル−CH2である式Bの化合物、即ち1,10,24,33−テトラオキサ−12,20,35,43−テトラカルボキシ−[2.2.1.2.2.1]−パラシクロファン(化合物18)が臭化ロクロニウムの作用を回復させる好ましいシクロファン誘導体である。
【0038】
もう1つの態様では本発明は前記で定義した式Aまたは式Bで示される新規のパラシクロファン誘導体ならびにその薬剤として許容される塩を提供する。このような塩の例はカリウム、ナトリウムおよびアンモニウム塩等である。
【0039】
本発明で使用する化学的キレート化剤は非経口投与される。注射経路は静脈内、皮下、皮内、筋肉内または動脈内であってよい。静脈内経路が好ましい経路の一つである。使用すべき正確な用量は当然、薬剤を投与すべき個々の患者の必要、回復させるべき筋肉活動の度合いおよび麻酔医/重症者管理専門家の判断によって決まる。本発明の化学的キレート化剤の体外投与、例えば透析またはプラズマフェレシスの間の化学的キレート化剤と血液との混合も考慮される。
【0040】
もう1つの態様では本発明は(a)神経筋遮断薬および(b)神経筋遮断薬と共にゲスト−ホスト錯体を形成しうる化学的キレート化剤を含む神経筋遮断およびその回復をもたらすためのキットに関する。本発明のキットとは、個々の製薬的調剤、即ち神経筋遮断薬および化学的キレート化剤、即ち拮抗薬を含む組成物を意味する。このようなパーツからなるキットの成分を順次、使用すべきである。即ち、神経筋遮断薬をそれを必要とする患者に投与し、続いて、筋機能の回復が必要な時点で、拮抗薬、即ち神経筋遮断薬と共にゲスト−ホスト錯体を形成しうる化学的キレート化剤を投与する。
【0041】
本発明による好ましいキットは環式オリゴ糖およびシクロファンからなる群から選択される化学的キレート化剤ならびにロクロニウム、ベクロニウム、パンクロニウム、ラパクロニウム、ミバクリウム、アトラクリウム、(シス)アトラクリウム、ツボクラリンおよびスキサメトニウムからなる群から選択される神経筋遮断薬とを含む。本発明の特に好ましいキットは神経筋遮断薬としてロクロニウムならびに化学的キレート化剤としてγ−シクロデキストリンまたはその誘導体を含む。
【0042】
例えば標準的な参考文献、Gennaro 他、Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,(18th ed.,Mack Publishing Company,1990 Part 8:Pharmaceutical Preparations and Their Manufacture;特に「Pareteral preparations」に関するChapter 84、pp.1545−1569および「Intravenous admixtures」に関するChapter 85、pp.1570−1580参照)などに記載されているような薬剤として適切な助剤および薬剤として適切な液体とを混合して、化学的キレート化剤を例えば注射用製剤としての使用のための溶液の形態で投与することができる。
【0043】
もしくは、製薬組成物は例えば密閉バイアルおよびアンプルのような単位用量またはマルチ用量容器で提供されてよく、無菌液体キャリヤ、例えば水の添加のみを使用前に必要とする凍結乾燥状態で貯蔵されてもよい。
【0044】
本発明はさらに、前記の組成物として適切な包装材料と組み合わされた前記のような製薬組成物を含み、この包装材料は、前記の使用のために組成物を使用するための指示を含む。
【0045】
以下の実施例に本発明を詳述する。
【0046】
実施例1
シクロデキストリン誘導体
本発明による拮抗薬としてのその活性を証明するために使用されたシクロデキストリン誘導体のうちのいくつかは市販のものを入手することができた。
【0047】
【表1】
【0048】
実施例2
シクロファン誘導体
命名法:パラシクロファンなる用語は、1個または複数のベンゼン環が炭素環系に導入されていて、ベンゼン環のp−位で環系の一部を構成している化合物群に関する。パラシクロファン環系に関して下記で使用される慣用のナンバリングはCramおよびAbell(J.Am.Chem.Soc.1995、77、1179−1186)に記載されているものである。
【0049】
A:テトラアザ−パラシクロファン誘導体:
【0050】
【化14】
【0051】
スキームAはN−(カルボキシ)アシル化シクロファン誘導体19〜23の構造を示していて、これらは親シクロファンのアシル化により製造された(その合成に関してはSoga T.他、Tetrahedron Lett.1980,4351−4参照)(1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(I)、1,10,24,33−テトラアザ[2.2.1.2.2.1]パラシクロファン(II)および3,4,5,6,7,8,26,27,28,29,30,31−ドデカヒドロ−1,10,24,33−テトラアザ[2.2.1.2.2.1]パラシクロファン(III)と適切な活性化酸誘導体。
【0052】
A1:化合物21
N,N’,N'',N''’−テトラキス(3−カルボキシプロピオニル)−1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]パラ−シクロファン
ジクロロメタン(5ml)中の1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]−パラシクロファン(400mg、0.75ミリモル)の懸濁液にトリエチルアミン(1.05ml、7.52ミリモル)を添加し、続いてジクロロメタン(3ml)中に溶解した3−(メトキシカルボニル)プロピオニルクロリド(0.93ml、7.52ミリモル)を添加した。反応を窒素雰囲気中で12時間攪拌した。反応をジクロロメタン(20ml)で希釈し、水で洗浄し(2×20ml)、乾燥させ(MgSO4)、溶媒を真空下に除去すると、黄色油状物が得られ、これをシリカゲルを用いたクロマトグラフィーでジクロロメタン中5%メタノールで溶出して精製した。得られた生成物は静置により結晶化した。生成物をクロロホルム/エーテルから再結晶させると、N,N’,N'',N''’−テトラキス[3−(メトキシカルボニル)プロピオニル]−1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(480mg、0.48ミリモル、65%)が得られた;
【0053】
【化15】
【0054】
前記のテトラメチルエステル(440mg、0.45ミリモル)、水酸化カリウムペレット(2.51g、45ミリモル)、メタノール(9ml)および水(25ml)の混合物を還流下に4時間加熱した。反応を室温まで冷却し、溶媒の大部分を真空下に除去し、残留物を2N HClで酸性化した。得られた沈殿物をろ過し、次いでMeOH/H2Oから再結晶させると、表題化合物21(142mg、0.15ミリモル、34%)が得られた。
【0055】
【化16】
【0056】
同様の方法で製造した:
A2:1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]−パラシクロファンおよびメチルマロニルクロリドから出発して、N,N’,N'',N''’−テトラキス(カルボキシアセチル)−1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(化合物19)。
【0057】
【化17】
【0058】
A3:1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]−パラシクロファンおよびメチル4−(クロロホルミル)ブチレートから出発して、N,N’,N'',N''’−テトラキス(4−カルボキシブチリル)−1,7,21,27−テトラアザ[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(化合物20)。
【0059】
【化18】
【0060】
A4:シクロファンIIおよび3−(メトキシカルボニル)プロピオニルクロリドから出発して、N,N’,N'',N''’−テトラキス(3−カルボキシプロピオニル)−1,10,24,33−テトラアザ[2.2.1.2.2.1]パラシクロファン(化合物22)。
【0061】
【化19】
【0062】
A5:シクロファンIIIおよび3−(メトキシカルボニル)プロピオニルクロリドから出発して、N,N’,N'',N''’−テトラ(3−カルボキシプロピオニル)−3,4,5,6,7,8,26,27,28,29,30,31−ドデカヒドロ−1,10,24,33−テトラアザ[2.2.1.2.2.1]パラシクロファン(化合物23)。
【0063】
【化20】
【0064】
B:テトラオキサ−パラシクロファン誘導体
エーテル結合シクロファン(化合物17、18および25)はスキームBに示すような環形成により合成することができる。
【0065】
【化21】
【0066】
市販の5,5’−メチレンジサリチル酸IVをメチルエステルVとして保護し、次いでこれを適切な二ハロゲン化物でアルキル化すると、VIが得られた。二ハロゲン化物VIと当量のジフェノールIVとの反応により、シクロファンVII〜IXが得られ、これらをけん化することにより所望のカルボン酸誘導体を得た。
【0067】
B1:化合物17:1,7,21,27−テトラオキサ−9,17,29,37−テトラカルボキシ[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン。
【0068】
3,3’−ジメトキシカルボニル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタン(V)
塩化水素ガスで飽和したメタノール(100ml)に3,3’−ジカルボキシ−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタン(10g、34.69ミリモル)を30分間にわたり少量ずつ添加した。次いで混合物を3時間加熱還流し、室温に冷却し、塩化水素ガスで再飽和させた。還流下で更に8時間加熱した後に、溶媒を真空下に除去し、生成物をシリカゲルを用いたクロマトグラフィーで酢酸エチル25%/石油エーテルで溶出して精製すると表題化合物が得られた(2.40g、7.59ミリモル、22%)。
【0069】
【化22】
【0070】
4,4’−ビス(5−ブロモペントキシ)−3,3’−ジカルボキシメチル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタン(VIa)
窒素雰囲気下、60℃で、無水ジメチルホルムアミド(380ml)中の1,4−ジブロモペンタン(21.8g、94.9ミリモル)およびK2CO3(13.1g、94.9ミリモル)の攪拌された懸濁液に、無水ジメチルホルムアミド(190ml)中の3,3’−ジカルボキシメチル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタン(3.0g、9.49ミリモル)の溶液を滴下して加えた。こうして得た混合物を更に1時間加熱し、冷却し、ろ過した。ジメチルホルムアミドを真空下に除去し、生成物をジクロロメタン中1%メタノールで溶出するクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、続いて酢酸エチル10%/ヘプタンで溶出して2回目の精製を行うと、表題化合物(3.51g、5.73ミリモル、60%)が得られた。
【0071】
【化23】
【0072】
1,7,21,27−テトラオキサ−9,17,29,37−テトラ(メトキシカルボニル)[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(VII)
無水ジメチルホルムアミド(230ml)中の4,4’−ビス(5−ブロモペントキシ)−3,3’−ジカルボキシメチル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタン(3.51g、5.74ミリモル)および3,3’−ジカルボキシメチル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタン(1.81g、5.74ミリモル)の溶液をシリンジポンプを介して、80℃で3時間にわたり無水ジメチルホルムアミド(340ml)中のK2CO3の攪拌された懸濁液に滴下して加えた。更に80℃で4.5時間および室温で12時間攪拌した後に、反応混合物をろ過し、真空下にジメチルホルムアミドを除去した。生成物をシリカゲルを用いたクロマトグラフィーにより、メタノール1%/ジクロロメタンで溶出して精製すると表題化合物(0.47g、0.6ミリモル、10.5%)が得られた。
【0073】
【化24】
【0074】
1,7,21,27−テトラオキサ−9,17,29,37−テトラカルボキシ[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(17)
メタノール−水(3:1、40ml)中の1,7,21,27−テトラオキサ−9,17,29,37−テトラ(メトキシカルボニル)[7.1.7.1]パラシクロファン(0.47g、0.612ミリモル)の懸濁液に固体の水酸化ナトリウム(0.49g、12.2ミリモル)を添加した。得られた混合物を還流下に1時間加熱し、次いでテトラヒドロフラン(5ml)を添加し、混合物を再び、還流下に2時間加熱した。溶媒の容量を半分まで真空下に減らし、不溶性物質をろ過により除去した。ろ液を濃塩酸で酸性にし、得られた沈殿物をろ過し、乾燥させ、さらにメタノール−水で洗浄し、この後、乾燥させると、表題化合物(160mg、0.22ミリモル、45%)が得られた。
【0075】
【化25】
【0076】
同様に調製した:
B2:3,3’−ジカルボキシメチル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタンおよびα,α’−ジブロモ−p−キシレンから出発して、1,10,24,33−テトラオキサ−12,20,35,43−テトラカルボキシ[2.2.1.2.2.1]パラシクロファン(化合物18)。
【0077】
【化26】
【0078】
B3:3,3’−ジカルボキシメチル−4,4’−ジヒドロキシジフェニルメタンおよび2,6−(ジブロモメチル)ナフタレン(Golden,J.H.,J.Chem.Soc.1961、3741)から出発して、化合物25。
【0079】
【化27】
【0080】
実施例3
化合物24:シクロ[(1−4)−α−L−ラムノピラノシル−(1−4)−α−D−マンノピラノシル]−テトラオシド
【0081】
【化28】
【0082】
この環式オクタ糖の合成はAshton 他によってChem.Eur.J.1996,2,580−591に記載されている。
【0083】
実施例4
化学的キレート化剤による臭化ロクロニウムの錯形成
すべての1Hスペクトル(303K)は、400.13MHzで、128スキャン、sw=12ppm、TD=32kおよび64k実ポイントまでのゼロ充填の測定条件で記録された。全ての実験は303Kで測定した。
【0084】
化学量論の決定
臭化ロクロニウムおよびγ−シクロデキストリン(15)の原液を共に6.02mMの濃度で調製した。これらから、臭化ロクロニウム溶液0〜800μlの所定量を取って、16種の溶液を調製した(0〜100モル%の範囲のロクロニウムを有する)。γ−シクロデキストリン溶液の所定量800〜0μlを添加して、溶液を全体用量800μlおよび100モル%にした(即ち、[臭化ロクロニウム+γ−シクロデキストリン]は6.02ミリモル)。1H−NMRスペクトルは前記と同様に記録された。臭化ロクロニウム中のH9aの化学シフト変化はΔδとして規定され、更に[Δδ*(臭化ロクロニウムモル%)]vs.[臭化ロクロニウムモル%]のプロットはいわゆる連続変化法によるジョブプロットをもたらす(Connors K.A.;Binding constants,The measurement of Molecular Complex Stability;Wiley−Interscience;New York,1987,pp24−28)。このプロットでの最大値が錯体の化学量論を示している。臭化ロクロニウム/γ−シクロデキストリン錯体のジョブプロットはロクロニウム50モル%の時に最大値を有し、これは臭化ロクロニウムとγ−シクロデキストリンが1:1錯体を形成することを示している。
【0085】
結合定数の決定
臭化ロクロニウムの原液:D2O中0.821mMを調製した。D2O中13.1、6.57、1.64および0.411mMの濃度を双方共に有するβ−シクロデキストリン(9)およびγ−シクロデキストリン(15)の原液を調製した。これらの溶液50〜400μlの所定量を次いで取り出し、(必要な場合に)D2Oを加えて400μlにし、臭化ロクロニウム溶液400μlと混合した。γ−シクロデキストリン(15)に関するデータ範囲をより高いシクロデキストリン濃度まで拡げるために、さらに追加の3種の溶液を調製した:D2O中16.4、24.6、32.8mM。前記と同様にこれらの溶液を臭化ロクロニウム溶液400μlと混合した。
【0086】
1H NMRスペクトルは前記と同様に記録した。
【0087】
錯体の結合定数を曲線当てはめ法を使用して、シクロデキストリンおよび/または臭化ロクロニウムのシグナル(Δδ)vs.シクロデキストリンのモル%のプロトン化学シフト変化のプロットから算出した(Loukas Y.L.,J.Pharm.Pharmacol.1997,49,941:Bisson A.P.,他、Chem.Eur.J.1998,4,845).結合定数を表Aに記載した。
【0088】
表A 303KでのNMR分光法により決定された臭化ロクロニウムと環式ホスト化合物との1:1錯体の結合定数(Ka、M−1)
【0089】
【表2】
【0090】
実施例5
in vivoでの神経筋遮断の回復:麻酔されたモルモット
オスのDunkin−Hartleyモルモット(体重:600〜900g)にペントバルビトン10mg/kgおよびウレタン1000mg/kgを腹腔内投与することによりにより麻酔をかけた。気管切開の後に動物を、Harvard小動物用人工呼吸器を使用して人工呼吸を施した。動脈血圧を継続的にモニタリングし、血液ガス分析のための血液資料を採るために、カテーテルを頚動脈に挿入した。心拍数を血圧信号から誘導した。坐骨神経を刺激し(Grass S88刺激装置を使用して最大上電圧で10秒間隔で0.5ミリ秒の矩形パルス(0.1Hz))、ひ腹筋収縮の力をGrass FT03力−変位トランスデューサを使用して測定した。収縮、血圧および心拍数をマルチチャンネルGrass7Dレコーダで記録した。カテーテルを両頚静脈に挿入した。一方のカテーテルを神経筋遮断薬の継続的な注入のために使用した。85〜90%の定常状態遮断が得られるまで、神経筋遮断薬の注入速度を高めた。他方のカテーテルを拮抗薬の容量を増加して投与するために使用した。神経筋遮断薬の継続的な注入の間に、拮抗薬の増加濃度を単一用量で与えた。実験の終了時に筋肉収縮の測定された力を拮抗薬の濃度に対してプロットし、回帰分析法を使用して拮抗濃度50%を算出した。
【0091】
α−、β−およびγ−シクロデキストリン(化合物1〜16)の群および変性シクロデキストリンによる、筋弛緩薬の臭化ロクロニウム(Roc)、臭化ベクロニウム(Vec)、臭化パンクロニウム(Pan)、塩化ミバクリウム(Miv)、アトラクリウムベシレート(Atr)、シスアトラクリウム(Cis−Atr)、塩化ツボクラリン(T−C)、塩化スキサメトニウム(Sux;スクシニルコリン)および臭化ラパクロニウム(Rap;Org9487)に起因する神経筋遮断の回復に関する結果を表Iに記載した。この結果は、各神経筋遮断薬の作用はシクロデキストリン誘導体の静脈内投与により回復しうることを示している。
【0092】
【表3】
【0093】
実施例6
in vitroでの神経筋遮断の回復:分離されたマウスの半横隔膜プレパラート
横隔神経に結合している半横隔膜を安楽死させたオスのマウスから取り出した(Institute of Cancer Research;体重20〜60g)。プレパラートを組織ホルダーにマウントし、変性クレブス−ヘンゼライト液を充填した37℃の組織浴に入れ(組成:NaCl118mM、NaHCO330mM、KCl5mM、KH2PO41mM、MgSO41mM、グルコース30mMおよびCaCl22.5mM)、酸素95%および二酸化炭素5%を吹き込んだ。プレパラートの一端をシリコーン処理された絹糸縫合を用いてGrass FT03力−変位トランスデューサに接続した。10mNの初期力を適用した。横隔神経を双極プラチナ電極上に置き、Grass S88刺激器を使用して最大上電圧で20秒間隔で0.2ミリ秒間(0.05Hz)の矩形パルスで刺激した。収縮を4チャネルGrass 79Dレコーダで記録した。
【0094】
安定な収縮が発現した後に、神経筋遮断薬の適切な単一用量を各浴に添加すると、20分の接触時間の後にベースライン値のほぼ5〜10%までの収縮抑制が生じた(この濃度は臭化ロクロニウムでは3.1μMであると判明した)。次いで、拮抗薬の増量を10分間隔で浴に添加した。最大回復%が生じた。実験の終了時に、測定された筋収縮力を拮抗薬の濃度に対してプロットし、回帰分析法を使用して50%回復濃度を算出した。ロクロニウムによる神経筋遮断の誘導の後に、いくつかのγ−シクロデキストリン誘導体(化合物11〜16)、ラムノシル−マンノピラノシル単位4個を含む環式オクタ糖(化合物24)またはいくつかのパラシクロファン誘導体(化合物17〜21および23)を添加することにより生じる最大回復%を表IIに記載した。この結果は、ロクロニウムの神経筋遮断作用が様々な構造の化学的キレート化剤により、即ちγ−シクロデキストリン13、14および15により、ラムノースおよびマンノースからなる環式オリゴ糖(24)により、シクロファン18および23の作用により効果的にブロックされうることを証明している。
【0095】
【表4】
【0096】
実施例7
カリックスアレーン誘導体
4−スルホン酸カリックス[6]アレーンおよび4−スルホン酸カリックス[8]アレーンをAldrichから入手した。
【0097】
臭化ロクロニウムに起因するin vivoでの神経筋遮断の回復を実施例5の記載と同様に実施した。麻酔をかけられたモルモットでの定常状態神経筋遮断の50%回復をもたらすカリックスアレーン誘導体の用量(ED50)は4−スルホン酸カリックス[6]アレーンでは5.1μモル/kgおよび4−スルホン酸カリックス[8]アレーンでは34μモル/kgであると判明した。
【0098】
in vitroでの神経筋遮断の回復を実施例6の記載と同様にマウス半横隔膜プレパラートを使用して実施した。臭化ロクロニウム(浴中3.6μM)での神経筋遮断(95%遮断)の誘導の後に、124%および120%の最大回復が4−スルホン酸カリックス[8]アレーンおよび4−スルホン酸カリックス[6]アレーンでそれぞれ記録されたが、50%回復濃度は36μMおよび34μMであると判明した。[0001]
The present invention relates to the use of chemical chelating agents to prepare agents for restoring drug-induced neuromuscular blockade and kits for providing neuromuscular blockade and its restoration.
[0002]
Neuromuscular blocking agents (referred to as NMBAs or muscle relaxants) facilitate endotracheal intubation and allow surgical access to the body cavity, especially the abdomen and chest without obstruction from voluntary or reflex muscle movement To be used regularly during anesthesia administration. NMBA is also used to treat critically ill patients undergoing intensive care to facilitate compliance with mechanical breathing when it is determined that sedation and analgesia alone are not sufficient .
[0003]
Based on its mechanism of action, NMBA is classified into two categories: depolarizing and non-depolarizing. Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction, similar to the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These stimulate the initial opening of the ion channel resulting in a contraction known as fiber bundle contraction. However, since these drugs are only slowly degraded by the cholinesterase enzyme compared to the very rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase, they bind for a much longer period of time than acetylcholine, resulting in sustained depolarization of the endplates, This results in neuromuscular blockade. Succinylcholine (Squismethonium) is the best known example of depolarizing NMBA.
[0004]
Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents compete with acetylcholine that binds to muscle nAChRs, but unlike depolarizing NMBA, they do not activate channels. They block channel activation by acetylcholine and thus prevent cell membrane depolarization, resulting in muscle relaxation. The most clinically used NMBA belongs to the non-depolarizing category. It includes tubocurarine, atracurium, (cis) atracurium, mibacurium, pancuronium, vecuronium, rocuronium and lapacuronium (Org 9487).
[0005]
At the end of the surgery or intensive care period, NMBA antagonists are often administered to patients to help restore muscle function. The most commonly used antagonists are inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) such as neostigmine, edrophonium and pyridostigmine. Since the mechanism of action of these drugs is to increase acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction by inhibiting the degradation of acetylcholine, they are inappropriate for the recovery of depolarized NMBA such as succinylcholine. is there. The use of AChE inhibitors such as antagonists results in selectivity problems. This is because these drugs enhance neurotransmission to all synapses (both somatic and autonomous), including the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This non-selectivity results in many side effects including non-selective activation of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, including bradycardia, hypotension, increased salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and bronchoconstriction sell. Thus, in practice, these drugs are also administered after administration of atropine (or glycopyrrolate) to antagonize the muscarinic action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors at the autonomic parasympathetic-exchanger junction (eg heart). Can only be used with. The use of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonists such as atropine results in many side effects such as tachycardia, dry mouth, visual impairment, and can also affect cardiac conduction.
[0006]
Another problem with anticholinesterase drugs is that residual neuromuscular activity must be present (twitch activity> 10%) to quickly restore neuromuscular function. Occasionally, due to patient hypersensitivity or accidental overdose, NMBA administration can result in complete blockage of neuromuscular function ("deep block"). Currently, there is no reliable treatment to recover from such “deep blocks”. Attempts to overcome “deep block” with high doses of AChE inhibitors provoke “cholinergic onset” and risk of a wide range of symptoms associated with enhanced stimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors is there.
[0007]
Therefore, there is a need for an alternative method for restoring NMBA activity, ie, restoring muscle contraction.
[0008]
The present invention proposes the use of chemical chelating agents (or sequestering agents) as antagonists. In one aspect, the present invention relates to the use of chemical chelators that can form guest-host complexes to prepare agents for restoring drug-induced neuromuscular blockade.
[0009]
For the use of chemical chelators as antagonists for NMBA, chemical chelators do not compete with NMBA binding to nAChR, so they are effective against both depolarizing and non-depolarizing NMBA effects. There is an advantage of being effective in recovery. These uses do not increase the value of acetylcholine and therefore produce fewer side effects than AChE-based antagonists. In addition, there is no need to use a combination of an AChE inhibitor and a mAChR antagonist (eg, atropine). The chemical chelating agents of the present invention can also be safely used for “deep block” recovery.
[0010]
The term chemical chelating agent (or sequestering agent) as used herein refers to any organic compound that can participate in host-guest complex formation with a neuromuscular blocking agent. Chemical chelators act as host molecules, and neuromuscular blockers are guest molecules. A specific molecular complex, a guest-host complex, is defined as an organized chemical entity that results from the association of two or more components that are fixed together by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
[0011]
The chemical chelators (or sequestering agents) according to the present invention are host molecules, many of which are selected from various types of cyclic organic compounds, which include inclusion complexes with various organic compounds in aqueous solution. For example, cyclic oligosaccharides, cyclophanes, cyclic peptides, calixarenes, crown ethers and azacrown ethers. Inclusion complex formation (ie encapsulation or chemical chelation) is part of the well-known field of “supermolecular chemistry” or “host-guest chemistry”. It is known that many cyclic organic compounds can form inclusion complexes with other organic or inorganic molecules. The structure and chemical properties of these compounds are well described in the literature (Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Volumes 1-11, Atwood JL, Davis JED, MacNicol DD, Vogtle F.). , Eds; Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 1996).
[0012]
Preferred chemical chelating agents for use in the present invention are cyclic oligosaccharides, cyclophanes and calixarenes.
[0013]
Examples of cyclic oligosaccharides suitable for use in the present invention are cyclodextrins, a class of natural cyclomaltooligosaccharides, cyclomannins (5 or more α-D- linked at the 1,4 positions by α linkages). Mannopyranose units), cyclogalactin (5 or more β-D-galactopyranose units linked at the 1 and 4 positions by β bonds), cycloartrin (bonded at the 1 and 4 positions by α bonds) 5 or more α-D-altropyranose units, each of which can form a guest-host complex, a cyclic oligosaccharide composed of various monosaccharide components available by chemical total synthesis Are further representative of other chemical chelators that can interact with neuromuscular blockers, such as cyclo-[(1-4) -α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-4) -α. [-D-mannopyranosyl] tetraoside has been found to be effective in restoring the action of the neuromuscular blocking agent rocuronium bromide.
[0014]
A particularly preferred class of cyclic oligosaccharide chelators according to the invention arises with cyclodextrins:
[0015]
[Chemical 9]
[0016]
Cyclodextrins are cyclic molecules containing 6 or more α-D-glucopyranose units linked at the 1,4 positions by α bonds as in amylose. As a result of this cyclic arrangement, cyclodextrins exist as conical molecules with lipophilic cavities, while they can attract guest molecules because the outside is more hydrophilic and water soluble. Cyclodextrins consisting of 6, 7, 8 and 9 glucopyranose units are commonly known as α-, β-, γ- and δ-cyclodextrins, respectively.
[0017]
Natural cyclodextrins (α, β, γ) prepared by enzymatic degradation of starch, as well as many of its chemically modified forms, are already numerous, especially in the pharmaceutical field due to their ability to form guest-host complexes. The application of has been found. Stella and Rajewski (Pharmaceutical Research, 14, 556-567, 1997) recently wrote a review of the pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. The main application is in pharmaceutical compositions of drugs for solubilizing and / or stabilizing drugs for oral, nasal, ocular, dermal, rectal and parenteral administration.
[0018]
The term cyclodextrin used in connection with the present invention includes both natural cyclodextrins and their chemical variants.
[0019]
An overview of such chemically modified cyclodextrins as drug carriers in drug delivery systems has been described by Uekama et al. (Chemical Reviews 1998, 98, 2045-2076). Chemical modification of cyclodextrins is achieved by reacting a chemical reagent (nucleophile or electrophile) with an appropriately functionalized cyclodextrin directly on the natural α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrin ring. (See Khan AR et al., Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1977-1996 for a recent overview of methods for selective modification of cyclodextrins). To date, more than 1500 cyclodextrin derivatives have been synthesized by chemical modification of natural cyclodextrins (Jicinszky L. et al., Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Volume 3. Cyclodextrins, Att. J. L., J. L. D. MacNicol DD, Vogtle F., eds; Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 1996, pp 57-188).
[0020]
Many direct variations of natural cyclodextrins result in a mixture of isomers where the position of substitution is not precisely defined. Such a mixture of positional isomers is often referred to as a statistical mixture, and the number of substituents attached to each cyclodextrin molecule in such a statistical mixture is indicated as the average degree of substitution (DS). It is. Many cyclodextrin derivatives that have been studied for pharmaceutical applications are statistical mixtures (Szente L. and Szejtli J., Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, 36, 17-28). The configuration or structure of the repeating unit of α-D-glucopyranosyl is not changed by direct modification of cyclodextrin.
[0021]
Cyclodextrins can also be prepared by novel synthesis starting from glucopyranose (Gattuso G. et al., Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1919-1958). In this way, not only natural cyclic (1 → 4) linked cyclodextrins but also cyclic (1 → 3), (1 → 2) and (1 → 6) linked oligopyranosides can be prepared. Such synthesis can be performed using various chemical reagents or biological enzymes such as cyclodextrin transglycosylase. By using different types of sugar units as starting materials, a variety of uniform or heterogeneous cyclic oligosaccharides can be prepared. Thus, chemical modifications of cyclodextrins are known to alter their properties and can be used to design antagonists that are selective for specific neuromuscular blockers.
[0022]
For certain neuromuscular blockers, chemical chelators with hydrophobic cavities of a shape and size compatible with guest molecules can be developed, but in addition to the hydrophobic interaction between host and guest It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that charge interactions are important for complex formation. Since the chemical chelators of the present invention are for parenteral administration, they must be water soluble. For example, a specific host molecule can be attached to a guest molecule so that maximum intermolecular interaction is achieved via hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, van der Waals interaction, and π-π interaction. It can be designed and prepared to include a functional group complementary to the functional group. Thus, for example, for guest molecules containing basic functional groups or positive charges, host molecules containing acidic functional groups or negative charges are prepared to increase the ionic interaction between the guest and the host. When such a host-guest complex is formed through inclusion or partial inclusion, the cavity size of the host molecule is also very important.
[0023]
The interaction between chemical chelators and neuromuscular blocking agents can be analyzed by physical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and microcalorimetry.
[0024]
The most preferred cyclodextrin for use in the present invention is γ-cyclodextrin and its derivatives.
[0025]
Many commonly used neuromuscular blocking agents or muscle relaxants, such as rocuronium, pancuronium, vecuronium, mibacurium, atracurium, (cis) atracurium, succinylcholine and tubocurarine, are usually one or two cations in a neutral aqueous medium. A compound having a moiety. A cyclodextrin having an anion moiety in its structure is one of the preferred chemical chelators according to the present invention.
[0026]
An advantage of the anionic chemical chelator for restoring the neuromuscular blocking agent is that it also applies to the chemical chelator of the present invention belonging to cyclophane.
[0027]
Cyclophanes are a group of bridged aromatic compounds that define a hydrophobic inclusion cavity built by aromatic rings introduced into their macrocyclic structure. By introducing polar and hydrophilic functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups into the artificial host compound, cyclophanes can be made water soluble and suitable for forming inclusion complexes in aqueous media ( Vogle F. et al., Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Volume 2. Molecular recognition: Receptors for molecular guesses, Atdood, J. L., D., D., D. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 1996, pp 211-266). Water-soluble anionic cyclophanes are described as hosts for cationic aromatic guests by Miyake et al. (Tetr. Letters 32, 7295-7298, 1991; Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41, 1211-1213, 1993). Similarly, cationic cyclophanes have been shown to form inclusion complexes with anionic and neutral aromatic compounds in aqueous solution.
[0028]
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the chemical chelator is represented by the general formula A:
[0029]
[Chemical Formula 10]
[0030]
[Wherein R is
[0031]
Embedded image
[0032]
And n is 1 to 5] or general formula B:
[0033]
Embedded image
[0034]
[Where X is
[0035]
Embedded image
[0036]
Is selected from the cyclophanes indicated by
[0037]
R in the formula is CH 2 -Phenyl-CH 2 A compound of formula A wherein n is 2, ie N, N ′, N ″, N ′ ″-tetrakis (3-carboxypropionyl) -3,4,5,6,7,8,26, 27,28,29,30,31-dodecahydro-1,10,24,33-tetraaza [2.2.1.2.2.1] paracyclophane (compound 23) and X in the formula is CH 2 -Phenyl-CH 2 A compound of formula B, ie 1,10,24,33-tetraoxa-12,20,35,43-tetracarboxy- [2.2.1.2.2.1] -paracyclophane (compound 18) Is a preferred cyclophane derivative that restores the action of rocuronium bromide.
[0038]
In another aspect, the present invention provides novel paracyclophane derivatives of formula A or formula B as defined above as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Examples of such salts are potassium, sodium and ammonium salts and the like.
[0039]
The chemical chelating agent used in the present invention is administered parenterally. The injection route may be intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular or intraarterial. The intravenous route is one preferred route. The exact dose to be used will of course depend on the needs of the individual patient to be administered the drug, the degree of muscle activity to be restored and the judgment of the anesthesiologist / severe care professional. In vitro administration of the chemical chelators of the present invention, for example, mixing of chemical chelators with blood during dialysis or plasmapheresis is also contemplated.
[0040]
In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit for effecting and restoring neuromuscular block comprising (a) a neuromuscular blocker and (b) a chemical chelator capable of forming a guest-host complex with the neuromuscular blocker. About. By the kit of the present invention is meant a composition comprising individual pharmaceutical preparations, i.e. neuromuscular blocking agents, and chemical chelating agents, i.e. antagonists. The components of the kit consisting of such parts should be used sequentially. A chemical chelate that can form a guest-host complex with an antagonist, i.e., a neuromuscular blocking agent, when a neuromuscular blocking agent is administered to a patient in need thereof, followed by a recovery of muscle function. Administer the agent.
[0041]
A preferred kit according to the invention consists of a chemical chelating agent selected from the group consisting of cyclic oligosaccharides and cyclophanes and rocuronium, vecuronium, pancuronium, rapacuronium, mivacurium, atracurium, (cis) atracurium, tubocurarine and skisamethonium. A neuromuscular blocking agent selected from the group. A particularly preferred kit of the present invention comprises rocuronium as a neuromuscular blocking agent and γ-cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof as a chemical chelator.
[0042]
For example, the standard reference, Gennaro et al., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, (18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, 1990 Part 8: Pharmaceutical Preparations and Thermanp. A chemical chelating agent, for example for injection, is mixed with a suitable pharmaceutically aid and a suitable pharmaceutically liquid as described in Chapter 85, pp. 1570-1580 for “Intravenous admixtures”, etc. Administer in the form of a solution for use as a formulation It is possible.
[0043]
Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition may be provided in unit-dose or multi-dose containers such as sealed vials and ampoules, and stored in a lyophilized condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, such as water, prior to use. Good.
[0044]
The invention further comprises a pharmaceutical composition as described above in combination with a packaging material suitable as said composition, said packaging material comprising instructions for using the composition for said use.
[0045]
The following examples illustrate the invention.
[0046]
Example 1
Cyclodextrin derivative
Some of the cyclodextrin derivatives used to prove their activity as antagonists according to the present invention were commercially available.
[0047]
[Table 1]
[0048]
Example 2
Cyclophane derivative
Nomenclature: The term paracyclophane relates to a group of compounds in which one or more benzene rings have been introduced into the carbocyclic ring system and constitute part of the ring system at the p-position of the benzene ring. The conventional numbering used below for the paracyclophane ring system is that described in Cram and Abell (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 77, 1179-1186).
[0049]
A: Tetraaza-paracyclophane derivative:
[0050]
Embedded image
[0051]
Scheme A shows the structure of N- (carboxy) acylated cyclophane derivatives 19-23, which were prepared by acylation of the parent cyclophane (for its synthesis Soka T. et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1980, 4351-4) (1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane (I), 1,10,24,33-tetraaza [2.2.1.2.2]. .1] Paracyclophane (II) and 3,4,5,6,7,8,26,27,28,29,30,31-dodecahydro-1,10,24,33-tetraaza [2.2. 1.2.2.1] Paracyclophane (III) and a suitable activated acid derivative.
[0052]
A1: Compound 21
N, N ′, N ″, N ′ ″-tetrakis (3-carboxypropionyl) -1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] para-cyclophane
To a suspension of 1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] -paracyclophane (400 mg, 0.75 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was added triethylamine (1.05 ml, 7.52). Mmol) was added followed by 3- (methoxycarbonyl) propionyl chloride (0.93 ml, 7.52 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (3 ml). The reaction was stirred for 12 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (20 ml), washed with water (2 × 20 ml) and dried (MgSO4). 4 ), The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a yellow oil which was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 5% methanol in dichloromethane. The resulting product crystallized upon standing. The product was recrystallized from chloroform / ether to give N, N ′, N ″, N ′ ″-tetrakis [3- (methoxycarbonyl) propionyl] -1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1. 7.1] paracyclophane (480 mg, 0.48 mmol, 65%) was obtained;
[0053]
Embedded image
[0054]
A mixture of the tetramethyl ester (440 mg, 0.45 mmol), potassium hydroxide pellets (2.51 g, 45 mmol), methanol (9 ml) and water (25 ml) was heated under reflux for 4 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, most of the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was acidified with 2N HCl. The resulting precipitate was filtered and then MeOH / H 2 Recrystallization from O yielded the title compound 21 (142 mg, 0.15 mmol, 34%).
[0055]
Embedded image
[0056]
Produced in a similar way:
A2: Starting from 1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] -paracyclophane and methylmalonyl chloride, N, N ′, N ″, N ′ ″-tetrakis (carboxy Acetyl) -1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane (compound 19).
[0057]
Embedded image
[0058]
A3: Starting from 1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] -paracyclophane and methyl 4- (chloroformyl) butyrate, N, N ′, N ″, N ″ '-Tetrakis (4-carboxybutyryl) -1,7,21,27-tetraaza [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane (Compound 20).
[0059]
Embedded image
[0060]
A4: Starting from cyclophan II and 3- (methoxycarbonyl) propionyl chloride, N, N ′, N ″, N ′ ″-tetrakis (3-carboxypropionyl) -1,10,24,33-tetraaza [2.2.1.2.2.1] Paracyclophane (Compound 22).
[0061]
Embedded image
[0062]
A5: Starting from cyclophane III and 3- (methoxycarbonyl) propionyl chloride, N, N ′, N ″, N ′ ″-tetra (3-carboxypropionyl) -3,4,5,6,7 8, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31-dodecahydro-1,10,24,33-tetraaza [2.2.1.2.2.1] paracyclophane (compound 23).
[0063]
Embedded image
[0064]
B: Tetraoxa-paracyclophane derivative
Ether-linked cyclophanes (compounds 17, 18 and 25) can be synthesized by ring formation as shown in Scheme B.
[0065]
Embedded image
[0066]
Commercially available 5,5′-methylenedisalicylic acid IV was protected as methyl ester V, which was then alkylated with the appropriate dihalide to give VI. Reaction of dihalide VI with an equivalent amount of diphenol IV yielded cyclophanes VII-IX, which were saponified to give the desired carboxylic acid derivative.
[0067]
B1: Compound 17: 1,7,21,27-tetraoxa-9,17,29,37-tetracarboxy [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane.
[0068]
3,3′-dimethoxycarbonyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (V)
3,3′-Dicarboxy-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (10 g, 34.69 mmol) was added in small portions over 30 minutes to methanol (100 ml) saturated with hydrogen chloride gas. The mixture was then heated to reflux for 3 hours, cooled to room temperature and re-saturated with hydrogen chloride gas. After heating for an additional 8 hours under reflux, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 25% ethyl acetate / petroleum ether to give the title compound (2. 40 g, 7.59 mmol, 22%).
[0069]
Embedded image
[0070]
4,4′-bis (5-bromopentoxy) -3,3′-dicarboxymethyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (VIa)
1,4-dibromopentane (21.8 g, 94.9 mmol) and K in anhydrous dimethylformamide (380 ml) at 60 ° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. 2 CO 3 To a stirred suspension of (13.1 g, 94.9 mmol), 3,3′-dicarboxymethyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (3.0 g, 9.4.9 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (190 ml). 49 mmol) of solution was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was heated for an additional hour, cooled and filtered. Dimethylformamide was removed under vacuum and the product was purified by chromatography eluting with 1% methanol in dichloromethane followed by a second purification eluting with ethyl acetate 10% / heptane to give the title compound (3 .51 g, 5.73 mmol, 60%) was obtained.
[0071]
Embedded image
[0072]
1,7,21,27-tetraoxa-9,17,29,37-tetra (methoxycarbonyl) [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane (VII)
4,4′-bis (5-bromopentoxy) -3,3′-dicarboxymethyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (3.51 g, 5.74 mmol) and 3 in anhydrous dimethylformamide (230 ml) , 3′-dicarboxymethyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (1.81 g, 5.74 mmol) was added via a syringe pump at 80 ° C. for 3 hours in anhydrous dimethylformamide (340 ml). 2 CO 3 Was added dropwise to the stirred suspension of. After further stirring at 80 ° C. for 4.5 hours and at room temperature for 12 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered to remove dimethylformamide under vacuum. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 1% methanol / dichloromethane to give the title compound (0.47 g, 0.6 mmol, 10.5%).
[0073]
Embedded image
[0074]
1,7,21,27-tetraoxa-9,17,29,37-tetracarboxy [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane (17)
1,7,21,27-Tetraoxa-9,17,29,37-tetra (methoxycarbonyl) [7.1.7.1] paracyclophane (0. 0.1) in methanol-water (3: 1, 40 ml). To a suspension of 47 g, 0.612 mmol) solid sodium hydroxide (0.49 g, 12.2 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 1 hour, then tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) was added and the mixture was again heated under reflux for 2 hours. The solvent volume was reduced to half by vacuum and insoluble material was removed by filtration. The filtrate was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the resulting precipitate was filtered, dried, further washed with methanol-water and then dried to give the title compound (160 mg, 0.22 mmol, 45%). Obtained.
[0075]
Embedded image
[0076]
Prepared similarly:
B2: starting from 3,3′-dicarboxymethyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane and α, α′-dibromo-p-xylene, 1,10,24,33-tetraoxa-12,20,35, 43-tetracarboxy [2.2.1.2.1] paracyclophane (compound 18).
[0077]
Embedded image
[0078]
B3: Starting from 3,3′-dicarboxymethyl-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethane and 2,6- (dibromomethyl) naphthalene (Golden, JH., J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 3741) Compound 25.
[0079]
Embedded image
[0080]
Example 3
Compound 24: cyclo [(1-4) -α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-4) -α-D-mannopyranosyl] -tetraoside
[0081]
Embedded image
[0082]
The synthesis of this cyclic octasaccharide was described by Ashton et al. In Chem. Eur. J. et al. 1996, 2, 580-591.
[0083]
Example 4
Complexation of rocuronium bromide with chemical chelating agents.
All 1 The H spectrum (303K) was recorded at 400.13 MHz with 128 scans, sw = 12 ppm, TD = 32k and zero-fill measurement conditions up to 64k real points. All experiments were measured at 303K.
[0084]
Determination of stoichiometry
Stock solutions of rocuronium bromide and γ-cyclodextrin (15) were both prepared at a concentration of 6.02 mM. From these, a predetermined amount of 0 to 800 μl of rocuronium bromide solution was taken to prepare 16 solutions (with rocuronium in the range of 0 to 100 mol%). A predetermined amount of 800-0 μl of γ-cyclodextrin solution was added to bring the solution to a total volume of 800 μl and 100 mol% (ie [rocuronium bromide + γ-cyclodextrin] was 6.02 mmol). 1 H-NMR spectra were recorded as before. H in rocuronium bromide 9a The chemical shift change of is defined as Δδ, and [Δδ * (Rocuronium bromide mol%)] vs. The plot of [rocuronium bromide mol%] results in a so-called continuous change job plot (Connors KA; Binding constants, The measurement of Molecular Complexity; Wiley-Interscience; New York 24, 1987). The maximum value in this plot indicates the stoichiometry of the complex. The job plot of rocuronium bromide / γ-cyclodextrin complex has a maximum at 50 mol% rocuronium, indicating that rocuronium bromide and γ-cyclodextrin form a 1: 1 complex.
[0085]
Determination of coupling constants
Stock solution of rocuronium bromide: D 2 0.821 mM in O was prepared. D 2 Stock solutions of β-cyclodextrin (9) and γ-cyclodextrin (15), both having concentrations of 13.1, 6.57, 1.64 and 0.411 mM in O, were prepared. A predetermined volume of 50-400 μl of these solutions is then removed and (if necessary) D 2 O was added to 400 μl and mixed with 400 μl of rocuronium bromide solution. To extend the data range for γ-cyclodextrin (15) to higher cyclodextrin concentrations, three additional solutions were prepared: D 2 16.4, 24.6, 32.8 mM in O. These solutions were mixed with 400 μl of rocuronium bromide solution as before.
[0086]
1 1 H NMR spectra were recorded as before.
[0087]
Using the curve fitting method for the complex binding constants, the signal (Δδ) vs. cyclodextrin and / or rocuronium bromide. It was calculated from a plot of the proton chemical shift change in mol% of cyclodextrin (Loucas YL, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1997, 49, 941: Bisson AP, et al., Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4,845). The binding constants are listed in Table A.
[0088]
TABLE A Binding constants of 1: 1 complexes of rocuronium bromide with cyclic host compounds determined by NMR spectroscopy at 303K (K a , M -1 )
[0089]
[Table 2]
[0090]
Example 5
Restoring neuromuscular blockade in vivo: anesthetized guinea pigs
Male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (weight: 600-900 g) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg / kg of pentobarbitone and 1000 mg / kg of urethane. After tracheotomy, the animals were ventilated using a Harvard small animal ventilator. A catheter was inserted into the carotid artery for continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure and collection of blood data for blood gas analysis. Heart rate was derived from blood pressure signal. Stimulate the sciatic nerve (using a Grass S88 stimulator, a rectangular pulse (0.1 Hz) of 0.5 ms at 10 second intervals at the maximum voltage), and the force of the gastrocnemius muscle contraction with the Grass FT03 force-displacement transducer Measured using. Contractions, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded with a multi-channel Glass7D recorder. A catheter was inserted into both jugular veins. One catheter was used for continuous infusion of neuromuscular blockade. The injection rate of neuromuscular blockade was increased until a steady state blockage of 85-90% was obtained. The other catheter was used to administer an increased volume of antagonist. During continuous infusion of neuromuscular blockers, increasing concentrations of antagonist were given in a single dose. At the end of the experiment, the measured force of muscle contraction was plotted against antagonist concentration, and 50% antagonist concentration was calculated using regression analysis.
[0091]
The muscle relaxants rocuronium bromide (Roc), vecuronium bromide (Vec), pancuronium bromide (Pan), chloride by the group of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins (compounds 1-16) and modified cyclodextrins Due to mivacurium (Miv), atracurium besylate (Atr), cis atracurium (Cis-Atr), tubocurarine chloride (TC), sisamethonium chloride (Sux; succinylcholine) and rapacuronium bromide (Rap; Org 9487) The results for recovery of neuromuscular block are listed in Table I. This result shows that the action of each neuromuscular blocking agent can be recovered by intravenous administration of a cyclodextrin derivative.
[0092]
[Table 3]
[0093]
Example 6
Restoration of neuromuscular blockade in vitro: isolated mouse hemidiaphragm preparation
The hemidiaphragm bound to the phrenic nerve was removed from euthanized male mice (Institut of Cancer Research; body weight 20-60 g). The preparation was mounted on a tissue holder and placed in a 37 ° C. tissue bath filled with denatured Krebs-Henseleit solution (composition: NaCl 118 mM, NaHCO 3. 3 30 mM, KCl 5 mM, KH 2 PO 4 1 mM MgSO 4 1 mM, glucose 30 mM and CaCl 2 2.5 mM), oxygen 95% and carbon dioxide 5%. One end of the preparation was connected to a Grass FT03 force-displacement transducer using a silicone-treated silk suture. An initial force of 10 mN was applied. The phrenic nerve was placed on a bipolar platinum electrode and stimulated with a square pulse of 0.2 milliseconds (0.05 Hz) at 20 second intervals at a maximum voltage using a Grass S88 stimulator. Contractions were recorded with a 4-channel Glass 79D recorder.
[0094]
After the development of stable contraction, an appropriate single dose of neuromuscular blocking agent was added to each bath resulting in contraction suppression to approximately 5-10% of baseline value after a 20 minute contact time (this The concentration was found to be 3.1 μM for rocuronium bromide). An increasing amount of antagonist was then added to the bath at 10 minute intervals. A maximum% recovery occurred. At the end of the experiment, the measured muscle contraction force was plotted against the antagonist concentration and a 50% recovery concentration was calculated using regression analysis. After induction of neuromuscular blockade by rocuronium, some γ-cyclodextrin derivatives (compounds 11-16), cyclic octasaccharides containing 4 rhamnosyl-mannopyranosyl units (compound 24) or some paracyclophane derivatives ( The% maximum recovery caused by the addition of compounds 17-21 and 23) is listed in Table II. This result shows that rocuronium's neuromuscular blocking action is caused by various structures of chelating agents, ie by γ-cyclodextrins 13, 14 and 15, by cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of rhamnose and mannose (24). It proves that it can be effectively blocked by the action of 18 and 23.
[0095]
[Table 4]
[0096]
Example 7
Calixarene derivatives
The 4-sulfonic acid calix [6] arene and the 4-sulfonic acid calix [8] arene were obtained from Aldrich.
[0097]
Recovery of neuromuscular block in vivo due to rocuronium bromide was performed as described in Example 5. The dose of calixarene derivative (ED) resulting in 50% recovery of steady state neuromuscular blockade in anesthetized guinea pigs 50 ) Was found to be 5.1 μmol / kg for the 4-sulphonic acid calix [6] arene and 34 μmol / kg for the 4-sulphonic acid calix [8] arene.
[0098]
Recovery of neuromuscular block in vitro was performed using mouse hemidiaphragm preparation as described in Example 6. After induction of neuromuscular block (95% block) with rocuronium bromide (3.6 μM in bath), maximal recovery of 124% and 120% was observed for calix [8] arenesulfonate and calix [4-sulfonate] [ 6] Recorded in arene respectively, but 50% recovery concentrations were found to be 36 μM and 34 μM.
Claims (7)
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AU2002238939A1 (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2003-09-29 | Nihon University | Cyclic etheramine derivatives as medicaments for malignant tumors |
US8461338B2 (en) * | 2007-03-08 | 2013-06-11 | Chemagis Ltd. | (1R, 1′R)-atracurium salts separation process |
AU2008231470A1 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-02 | Chemagis Ltd. | (1R,1'R)-atracurium salts separation process |
WO2009007946A1 (en) * | 2007-07-09 | 2009-01-15 | Chemagis Ltd. | Process for producing cisatracurium and associated intermediates |
CA2685491A1 (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2008-11-06 | Chemagis Ltd. | Process for producing cisatracurium compounds and associated intermediates |
US8357807B2 (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2013-01-22 | Chemagis Ltd. | Isoquinolinium compounds useful in the preparation of cisatracurium and associated intermediates |
US8357805B2 (en) * | 2007-06-18 | 2013-01-22 | Chemagis Ltd. | (1R,1′R)-atracurium salts separation process |
WO2009057086A1 (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2009-05-07 | Chemagis Ltd. | Novel r,r'-atracurium salts |
US20110185796A1 (en) * | 2008-05-01 | 2011-08-04 | Chemagis Ltd. | Cisatracurium derivatives, preparation and uses thereof |
US8466278B2 (en) | 2008-09-22 | 2013-06-18 | Arcarios B.V. | Carboxyethylated cyclodextrin polysulfates useful as medicaments |
US11013750B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2021-05-25 | Aurin Biotech Inc. | Methods for treating and preventing nociceptive pain |
WO2020028448A1 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-06 | Pliva Hrvatska D.O.O. | Solid state forms of sugammadex sodium |
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