JP4542732B2 - Determination of rheumatoid arthritis - Google Patents
Determination of rheumatoid arthritis Download PDFInfo
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- JP4542732B2 JP4542732B2 JP2001502577A JP2001502577A JP4542732B2 JP 4542732 B2 JP4542732 B2 JP 4542732B2 JP 2001502577 A JP2001502577 A JP 2001502577A JP 2001502577 A JP2001502577 A JP 2001502577A JP 4542732 B2 JP4542732 B2 JP 4542732B2
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Description
技術分野
本発明は慢性関節リウマチの新規な判定法、診断薬、予防薬および治療薬に関する。
背景技術
慢性関節リウマチ(以下、RAと略記することもある)は関節滑膜の病変を主座とする慢性炎症性疾患である〔検査と技術,11,402(1983)〕。RAの発症メカニズムは未だ明確ではなく、遺伝的素因と外的因子(環境因子)が原因となって発症すると考えられている。
RAの病変部(関節滑膜組織)には、CD4陽性、CD45RO陽性のメモリーT細胞の浸潤が認められるため、ある特定の自己抗原を認識するメモリーT細胞が発症に関与しているケースもあると考えられている。
RA疾患の感受性遺伝子としてHLA−DRB1アレルが同定されており、該遺伝子のような、遺伝的要因もRAの発症に関与していると考えられている。
外的要因としてはウイルスの感染が考えられている。該ウイルスとしてはHTLV−1、Epstein−Barrウイルス(以下、EBVと略記することがある)、パルボウイルスB19、coxsackievirusB2、echovirus9、肝炎ウイルス(G型、C型)などのウイルスが考えられている。
これらウイルスのなかでもEBVをトリガーとする報告が多数なされており、EBVの関節滑膜細胞への感染、ならびに滑膜細胞の活性化が、RAの病因の一つとの可能性が示唆されている〔Int.Immunol.,9,739(1997)〕。
現在のRAの診断法は症状に基づいたものであり、発症メカニズムに基づいた診断法は確立されていない。
症状に基づいたRAの診断には、アメリカリウマチ学会(ARA)により作成された、以下の7項目の診断基準からなる診断法が使用されている〔Arthritis and Rheumatism、別冊、45ページ(1987)〕。
▲1▼少なくとも1時間以上持続する朝の関節のこわばり(6週間以上)
▲2▼3個以上の関節の腫脹(6週間以上)
▲3▼手(WRIST)、中手指関節(MCP)、近位指関節(PIP)の腫脹(6週間以上)
▲4▼対称性関節腫脹
▲5▼手、指のX線像の変化
▲6▼皮下結節(リウマチ結節)
▲7▼リウマトイド因子(RF)の存在
これら7項目のうち少なくとも4項目の病変が認められれば、RAであると診断される。
リウマチ性疾患を診断するために実際に行われている臨床検査として、赤血球数、赤沈、生化学的パラメーターの測定等の一般検査、C反応性蛋白質(CRP)、RF等の免疫血清学的検査、病理組織学的検査、X線検査等がある。
また臨床学的なRAの活動性を評価する判定基準としてランズバリー指数がよく用いられている。ランズバリー指数は、朝の関節のこわばり時間、関節点数、握力、および赤沈値等の項目から算定表を参考にして指数を算出するが、合計の指数が高いほどRAの活動性が高いと判定されている。
しかし、上記診断法は発症メカニズムに基づいた診断法ではないため、どのような治療をすべきかの情報を得ることができない。また、長期の診断期間を必要とするという問題点がある。
上記基準のうち、RFの検出は、RAの診断に際して不可欠となっており、RA以外の関節症状(関節痛、関節炎等)を有する疾患との鑑別にも利用されている。しかし、実際には健常人でもRF陽性の人が数〜10%程度存在し、一方リウマチと診断された人でもRFの陽性率は40〜90%で、臨床的感度もそれほど高いものではない〔検査と技術,16,1442(1988)〕。またRFに関しては、臨床的特異性も良くないことが知られている。リウマチ近縁疾患やRA以外の膠原病諸疾患(シェーグレン症候群、アジュバント病、膠原病等)でも、20〜40%の陽性率でRFが検出される。また、肝疾患(特に肝硬変症、慢性肝炎)や心疾患(特に心筋梗塞発作後、亜急性細菌性心内炎)でも30〜50%の高い陽性率を示す。このようにRFの検出によるRAの診断は、その臨床的感度および臨床的特異性ともに臨床の現場では有用性が低いことが広く認識されている。
RFに代わるRA診断法として、RA患者血清中のIgGのFc部位の糖鎖についての構造異常を利用した方法がいくつか提案されている(特開平3−73857、特開平5−87814、特開平3−48700)。本方法は、EBVの感染を発症メカニズムとするRAを診断する方法とは区別される診断法であり、別の発症メカニズムに基づくRAの診断法である可能性はあるが、この診断法には擬陽性の判定が存在するという問題点がある。
現在のRAの治療法は主に症状に基づいた対象療法であり、発症メカニズムに基づいた治療法ではない。
現在RAの治療の中心となっているのが、非ステロイド系抗炎症剤(NSAID)、免疫調整剤、ステロイド剤等を用いた治療である。
NSATDはRA患者の朝の関節のこわばり、関節痛を軽減し、炎症症状を一時的に抑制するが、関節破壊、変形の進行を抑制する効果はなく、赤沈、CRP等の関節炎の指標を改善しない。すなわちNSAIDには基本的には抗リウマチ作用はない。
ステロイド剤は、各種の炎症性疾患における諸症状を顕著に改善するが、投与が長期化すると耐性化がおき、消化器障害、皮膚障害、腎炎等の、ときには重篤である副作用が存在することが知られている。
最近、注目されているのが抗リウマチ作用を有するとされる疾患修飾性抗リウマチ薬(DMARD)であり、注射金製剤あるいは内服金製剤であるオーラノフィン、メトトレキセート(MTX)、サラゾピリン、ブシラミン等がある。しかしながら、DMARDもその有効率は60%未満であり、遅効性の上、連続投与により効果がなくなり、重篤な副作用が高頻度にみられる。
より効果的に炎症をコントロールする薬剤として、近年免疫抑制剤が使用されつつあるが、骨髄抑制等の重篤な副作用が存在する。
以上のことから、より効果が優れ、副作用等の問題がない新しい作用機序の抗リウマチ薬の出現が強く望まれている。
RAの発症メカニズムが明らかになれば、発症メカニズムに基づいた診断、予防、および副作用のない根治的な治療が可能になる。
RAの患者人口は多く、該患者のQuality of Life(QOL)の向上の面からも、発症原因の解明、発症原因に基づくRAの診断法および治療法が強く望まれている。しかし上述のように、RAの病因は未だ明らかではなく、病因に基づく診断、治療法も確立されてはいない。
発明の開示
本発明の課題は、RA発症の原因解明、発症原因に基づくRAの判定法、診断薬、予防薬および治療薬を提供することにある。
本発明者らは、RA患者の白血球において発現量が低下している遺伝子を見いだし、該遺伝子を特定することにより本発明を完成するに至った。
即ち、本発明は以下の(1)〜(15)に関する。
(1) 配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体をコードするDNAの発現量を定量することを特徴とする慢性関節リウマチの判定法。
本明細書において、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドの変異体とは、個人差に基づく遺伝子の多型が原因で生じる該ポリペプチドの変異体であり、具体的には配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列の少なくとも1つのアミノ酸が置換、欠失、もしくは付加したアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドを意味する。以下、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体を含めRA関連ポリペプチドと略すこともある。
(2) 配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの塩基配列中の連続した100〜2276塩基と同じ配列を有するDNAまたは該DNAと相補的な配列を有するDNAを用い、ハイブリダイゼーション法により、RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現量を定量することを特徴とする慢性関節リウマチの判定法。
(3) RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの塩基配列中の連続した5〜60残基と同じ配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドまたは該オリゴヌクレオチドと相補的な配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドを用い、ポリメラーゼ・チェイン・リアクション(以下、PCRと略す)法により、RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現量を定量することを特徴とする慢性関節リウマチの判定法。
(4) 配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAが、配列番号2記載の塩基配列を有するDNAである、上記(1)〜(3)いずれか1つに記載の判定法。
(5) RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNA、該DNAの塩基配列中の連続した100〜2276塩基と同じ配列を有するDNA、およびこれらDNAと相補的な配列を有するDNAからなる群より選ばれるDNAを含む慢性関節リウマチの診断薬。
(6) RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの塩基配列中の連続した5〜60残基と同じ配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドまたは該オリゴヌクレオチドと相補的な配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドを含む慢性関節リウマチの診断薬。
(7) RA関連ポリペプチドを認識する抗体を用いる、慢性関節リウマチの判定法。
(8) 上記(7)の抗体を含有する、慢性関節リウマチ診断薬。
(9) 配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAを含む慢性関節リウマチの予防薬または治療薬。
(10) DNAが、配列番号2記載の塩基配列の103〜486番目の塩基配列を有するDNAである、上記(9)の予防薬または治療薬。
(11) RA関連ポリペプチドを発現する細胞と被験化合物とを接触させ、上記(7)の抗体を用い、該ポリペプチド含量を測定することを特徴とする、該ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現を増加させる化合物のスクリーニング法。
(12) RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAを発現する細胞と被験化合物とを接触させ、ノーザンハイブリダイゼーション法またはPCR法を用い、該DNAの発現量を測定することを特徴とする、該DNAの発現を増加させる化合物のスクリーニング法。
(13) 配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードする遺伝子中に存在するプロモーターDNAおよび該プロモーターDNAの下流に連結させたレポーター遺伝子を含有するプラスミドを用いて動物細胞を形質転換し、該形質転換体と被験化合物とを接触させ、該レポーター遺伝子の翻訳産物の含量を測定することを特徴とする、該プロモーターによる転写の効率を増加させる化合物のスクリーニング法。
(14) レポーター遺伝子が、クロラムフェニコール・アセチルトランスフェラーゼ遺伝子、β−ガラクトシダーゼ遺伝子、β−ラクタマーゼ遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子およびグリーン・フルオレッセント・プロテイン遺伝子より選ばれる遺伝子である、上記(13)のスクリーニング法。
(15) 上記(11)〜(14)いずれか1つに記載のスクリーニング法で得られる化合物を含む慢性関節リウマチの予防薬または治療薬。
配列番号2記載の塩基配列は、X連鎖リンパ増殖性疾患(以下、XLPと略す)およびIgA腎症との関連が示唆されている公知のSAP遺伝子〔Nature,395,462(1998)、Nature Genetics,20,129(1998)、WO98−24899〕の有する塩基配列と同一であることが判明した。SAP遺伝子がRAに関与することは本発明において初めて明らかにされた。
(1)配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体をコードするDNA(以下、RA関連DNAと略すこともある)の発現量を定量することによる慢性関節リウマチ(RA)の判定法
DNA発現の定量方法としては、ノーザンハイブリダイゼーション法〔Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual,Second Edition,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press(1989)(以下、モレキュラー・クローニング 第2版と略す)〕、PCR法〔PCR Protocols,Academic Press(1990)〕、Real Time PCR法〔Junko Stevens,実験医学(増刊),15,46−51(1997)〕等をあげることができる。
特に、定量的PCR法〔Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87,2725(1990)〕、Real Time PCR法は定量性に優れ、RAの診断に利用することができる。
例えば、RA関連DNAの塩基配列中の連続した100〜2276塩基と同じ配列を有するDNA、または該DNAと相補的な配列を有するDNAをプローブとしてノーザンハイブリダイゼーションを行い、RA関連DNAの発現量を定量し、健常者と比較することによりRAを判定することができる。
該判定方法として、例えば、以下の方法をあげることができる。
被検者の白血球細胞由来全RNA(10〜20μg)またはmRNA(1〜5μg)を、変性溶液〔50%(v/v)ホルムアミド、2.2mol/Lホルムアルデヒド、20mmol/L MOPS〔3−(N−モルホリノ)プロパンスルホン酸〕(PH7.0)、5mmol/L酢酸ナトリウム、1mmol/L EDTA〕中、65℃で5分間加熱し、変性させ、2.2mol/Lホルムアルデヒドを含む1%アガロースゲルで電気泳動する。
電気泳動後、ゲル中のRNAをニトロセルロースフィルター(Optimal BA−S85;Schleicher & Schuell社製)上にブロッティングし、減圧下80℃で1時間加熱し固定化する。
該フィルターをハイブリダイゼーション溶液〔5×SSPE(750mmol/L NaCl、50mmol/L NaH2PO4、5mmol/L EDTA;pH7.4)、5×デンハルト溶液(0.1%フィコール、0.1%ポリビニルピロリドン、0.1%ウシ血清アルブミン)、1%SDS(ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム)、0.2mg/mlのサケ精子DNA(Pharmacia Biotech社製)〕中に浸漬しプレハイブリダイゼーションを行う。
プレパイブリダイゼーション後、該溶液にプローブを添加し、65℃でハイブリダイゼーションを行う。
プローブとしては、例えばRA関連DNA断片(100〜2276塩基)をマルチプライムDNA標識システム(アマシャム社)を用いて32Pで標識したものを使用できる。
ハイブリダイゼーション後のフィルターを、以下の順で洗浄する。
(1)0.1%SDSを含む2×SSC(300mmol/L NaCl、30mmol/L クエン酸ナトリウム)溶液中、室温で15分間洗浄する。これを数回繰り返す。
(2)0.1%SDSを含む1×SSC(150mmol/L NaCl、15mmol/L クエン酸ナトリウム)溶液中、50〜70℃で15分間洗浄する。これを数回繰り返す。
(3)50〜70℃の0.1%SDSを含む0.1×SSC(15mmol/L NaCl、1.5mmol/L クエン酸ナトリウム)溶液中、50〜70℃で15分間洗浄する。これを数回繰り返す。
フィルター洗浄後、イメージングプレートを用いてオートラジオグラフィーを行い、バイオイメージングアナライザーBAS2000(富士写真フィルム)でRA関連DNAの発現を検出・定量することができる。
また、例えば、RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAに特異的な1組のオリゴヌクレオチドをプライマーとして用い、被検者の白血球細胞由来全RNA、mRNAまたはこれらRNAから調製したcDNAを鋳型としてPCRを行い、増幅断片を検出・定量し、健常者と比較することによりRAを判定することができる。
上記オリゴヌクレオチドとしては、RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの断片を用いて、モレキュラー・クローニング第2版等に記載の常法により得られる、あるいは該全DNAの塩基配列情報よりDNA合成機により合成された、該DNAの一部の配列を有する、アンチセンス・オリゴヌクレオチド、センス・オリゴヌクレオチド等のオリゴヌクレオチドをあげることができる。
該オリゴヌクレオチドとしては、上記DNAの有する塩基配列中の連続した5〜60塩基と同じ配列を有するDNAまたは該DNAと相補的な配列を有するDNAをあげることができ、具体的には、配列番号2で表される塩基配列中の連続した5〜60塩基と同じ配列を有するDNAまたは該DNAと相補的な配列を有するDNAをあげることができる。
センスプライマーおよびアンチセンスプライマーとして用いる場合には、両者の融解温度(Tm)および塩基数が極端に変わることのない上記記載のオリゴヌクレオチドが好ましい。具体的には、配列番号3〜7に示された塩基配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチド等をあげることができる。
更に、これらオリゴヌクレオチドの誘導体(以下、オリゴヌクレオチド誘導体という)も本発明のオリゴヌクレオチドとして利用することができる。
該オリゴヌクレオチド誘導体としては、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリン酸ジエステル結合がホスフォロチオエート結合に変換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリン酸ジエステル結合がN3’−P5’ホスフォアミデート結合に変換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリボースとリン酸ジエステル結合がペプチド核酸結合に変換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のウラシルがC−5プロピニルウラシルで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のウラシルがC−5チアゾールウラシルで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のシトシンがC−5プロピニルシトシンで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のシトシンがフェノキサジン修飾シトシン(phenoxazine−modified cytosine)で置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリボースが2’−O−プロピルリボースで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、あるいはオリゴヌクレオチド中のリボースが2’−メトキシエトキシリボースで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体等をあげることができる〔細胞工学,16,1463(1997)〕。
増幅させる塩基配列部分としては、RA関連ポリペプチドをコードするDNAのいかなる塩基配列領域でもよいが、塩基配列の長さが50bpから2kbpであり、反復配列あるいはGC(グアニン・シトシン)塩基に富む配列を含まない塩基配列領域が好ましい。
また、該方法を用い、翻訳領域を増幅させることにより、翻訳領域における変異の有無を調べることができる。
白血球細胞としては、軟膜(Buffy coat)または分離・取得した各種白血球細胞を用いることができる。
軟膜は、被検者の末梢血を3,000rpmで約15分間遠心分離し、血漿と赤血球画分の中間層にあたる画分を分取することにより、取得することができる。
各白血球細胞としては、多形核白血球、単球、リンパ球、T細胞、B細胞等をあげることができる。
多形核白血球および単核球は、被検者の末梢血より、ナイコメッド・ファーマ(Nycomed Pharma)社製のキットであるPolymorphprepTMを用いることにより、分離・取得することができる。
取得した単核球より、J.Immunol.,130,706(1983)等に記載の方法により、単球およびリンパ球を、Tissue Antigen,9,153(1977)、J.Immunol.,11,273(1976)、Nycomed社の血球細胞の単離法に関するマニュアル等に記載の方法により、T細胞やB細胞を分離・取得することができる。
T細胞はナイロンウール法〔Eur.J.Immunol,,3,645(1973)〕を用いて取得することもできる。また、T細胞、B細胞、単球/マクロファージにそれぞれ特異的な抗体を結合した磁気ビーズ(例えば、Dynal社製のDynabeads)を用いて、各細胞を分離・取得することができる。
白血球細胞から全RNAを調製する方法としては、チオシアン酸グアニジン−トリフルオロ酢酸セシウム法〔Methods in Enzymol.,154,3(1987)〕等をあげることができる。
全RNAからポリ(A)+RNAを調製する方法としては、オリゴ(dT)固定化セルロースカラム法(モレキュラー・クローニング 第2版)等をあげることができる。
また、ファースト・トラック・mRNA・アイソレーション・キット〔Fast Track mRNA Isolation Kit;Invitrogen社製〕、クイック・プレップ・mRNA・ピュリフィケーション・キット(Quick Prep mRNA Purification Kit;ファルマシア社製)等のキットを用いてmRNAを調製することもできる。
一本鎖cDNAは、全RNAまたはmRNAから、一本鎖cDNA合成キットSuperscript preamplification system(BRL社製)を用いて、合成することができる。合成は、キットに添付のマニュアルに従って行うことができる。
(2)配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドを認識する抗体
配列番号2記載の塩基配列は、WO98−24899「IgA腎症関連遺伝子」の配列番号6記載の塩基配列と同じものであり、該公開特許公報に該塩基配列を有するDNAのコードするポリペプチドを認識する抗体の取得方法が詳述されている。従って、該方法に準じて、本発明に利用可能な抗体を取得することができる。
(3)配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体を認識する抗体を用いた慢性関節リウマチ(RA)の判定法
配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体を認識する抗体を用いて、白血球細胞における該ポリペプチドの発現を免疫学的に検出または定量することにより、RAの判定をすることができる。
免疫学的に検出する方法としては、マイクロタイタープレートを用いるELISA法、蛍光抗体法、ウェスタンブロット法、免疫組織染色法等をあげることができる。
免疫学的に定量する方法としては、液相中でRA関連ポリペプチドと反応する抗体のうちエピトープが異なる2種類のモノクローナル抗体を用いたサンドイッチELISA法、125I等の放射性同位体で標識したRA関連ポリペプチドと該ポリペプチドを認識する抗体を用いるラジオイムノアッセイ法等があげられる。
(4)慢性関節リウマチ(RA)の診断薬
配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体をコードするDNA、該DNAの塩基配列中の連続した100〜2276塩基と同じ配列を有するDNA、上記DNAと相補的な配列を有するDNA、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体をコードするDNAの塩基配列中の連続した5〜60残基と同じ配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチド、該オリゴヌクレオチドと相補的な配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチド、および上記オリゴヌクレオチドの修飾体であるオリゴヌクレオチド修飾体から選ばれるDNAまたはオリゴヌクレオチドを含有してなるRA判定用試薬は、RAの診断薬として、例えば(1)に記載の判定方法に使用することができる。
また、(2)に記載の配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドまたは該ポリペプチドの変異体を認識する抗体を含有してなる試薬は、RA診断薬として、例えば(3)に記載の判定方法に使用することができる。
(5)慢性関節リウマチ(RA)の予防薬および治療薬、または該薬剤の探索法への配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの利用
RA患者の白血球細胞においては、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現量が減少することから、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現量あるいは該ポリペプチドの発現量を増加させることにより、RAの予防または治療が可能である。
白血球細胞において配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現量を増加させる方法としては、白血球細胞または骨髄幹細胞に、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAを導入する方法がある。白血球細胞または骨髄幹細胞にDNAを導入する方法としては、アデノウイルス、レトロウイルス、アデノ関連ウイルス、ヘルペスシンプレックスウイルス、HIVウイルス、他のレンチウイルスなどのウイルスベクターを用いる方法、あるいは非ウイルス性のベクターを用いる方法があり、該方法を用いて遺伝子治療を行うことができる〔Pathology,30,335−347(1998)、Pharmacology & Therapeutics,80,35−47,(1998)、Nippon Rinsho−Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine,56,696−700(1998)、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,15,11495−11399(1996)、Stem Cells,13,106−113(1995)〕。白血球細胞または骨髄幹細胞にDNAを導入する方法としては、他にMammalian artificial chromosomesを用いる方法もある〔Current Opinion in Genetics & Development,8,351−359(1998)〕。
また、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの転写過程、あるいは転写産物からタンパク質への翻訳過程を促進する活性を有する化合物は、該ポリペプチドの発現量を増加させることが可能である。上記活性を有する化合物は、以下の(a)〜(c)に示すスクリーニング法によって取得可能である。
(a)RA関連ポリペプチドを発現する細胞を、被験化合物の存在下で、2時間から1週間培養した後、細胞中の該ポリペプチド量を、上記(2)の抗体を用いて測定し、該ポリペプチド量を増加させる活性を有する化合物を選択・取得する。
RA関連ポリペプチドを発現する細胞としては、WO98−24899「IgA腎症関連遺伝子」の配列番号6記載の塩基配列を有するDNAを発現する該文献に記載の細胞、または該文献に記載の方法に準じて取得される細胞等をあげることができる。該細胞の培養も、WO98−24899に記載の方法に準じて行うことができる。
抗体を用いた測定法としては、例えば、マイクロタイタープレートを用いるELISA法、蛍光抗体法、ウェスタンブロット法、免疫組織染色等を用いた検出法をあげることができる。
(b)RA関連ポリペプチドを発現する細胞を、被験化合物の存在下、2時間から1週間培養後、該ポリペプチドをコードするDNAの発現量を、上記(1)のノーザンハイブリダイゼーション法またはPCR法等の方法を用いて測定し、該発現量を増加させる活性を有する化合物を選択・取得する。
(c)常法に従い、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードする遺伝子中に存在するプロモーターの下流にレポーター遺伝子を連結したDNAを組み込んだプラスミドを作製し、動物細胞に導入して形質転換体を取得する。該形質転換体を被験化合物の存在下2時間から1週間培養後、細胞中のレポーター遺伝子の発現量を、公知の方法〔東京大学医科学研究所 制癌研究部編,新細胞工学実験プロトコール,秀潤社(1993),Biotechniques,20,914(1996)、J.Antibiotics,49,453(1996)、Trends in Biochemical Sciences,20,448(1995)、細胞工学,16,581(1997)〕を用いて測定し、該発現量を増加させる活性を有する化合物を選択・取得する。該化合物はRA関連ポリペプチドの発現量を増加させることができる。
配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードする遺伝子のプロモーターは、公知の方法〔東京大学医科学研究所 制癌研究部編、新細胞工学実験プロトコール、秀潤社(1993年)〕により取得することが可能である。また、配列番号1記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードする遺伝子のプロモーター配列を含むと思われる配列は既に知られている〔GenBank accession number EMBL AL023657〕ため、該配列を利用し、化学合成することにより取得することもできる。
レポーター遺伝子としては、例えば、クロラムフェニコール・アセチルトランスフェラーゼ遺伝子、β−ガラクトシダーゼ遺伝子、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子、グリーン・フルオレッセント・プロテイン(GFP)遺伝子、β−ラクタマーゼ遺伝子等をあげることができる。
(6)配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAを含有する慢性関節リウマチ(RA)の予防薬または治療薬
配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNA、例えば配列番号2に記載の塩基配列の103〜486番目の塩基配列を有するDNAをレトロウィルス、アデノウィルス等のウィルスベクターやその他遺伝子治療用のベクターに組み込んだ遺伝子治療用ベクターを遺伝子治療薬または予防薬として用いるには、該遺伝子治療用ベクターと遺伝子治療剤に用いる基剤を調合することにより製造することができる〔Nature Genet.,8,42(1994)〕。
遺伝子治療剤に用いる基剤としては、通常注射剤に用いる基剤であればどのようなものでもよく、蒸留水、塩化ナトリウム又は塩化ナトリウムと無機塩との混合物等の塩溶液、マンニトール、ラクトース、デキストラン、グルコース等の糖溶液、グリシン、アルギニン等のアミノ酸溶液、有機酸溶液又は塩溶液とグルコース溶液との混合溶液等があげられる。また常法に従い、これらの基剤に浸透圧調整剤、pH調整剤、ゴマ油、ダイズ油等の植物油又はレシチンもしくは非イオン界面活性剤等の界面活性剤等の助剤を用いて、溶液、懸濁液、分散液として注射剤を調製してもよい。これらの注射剤を、粉末化、凍結乾燥等の操作により用時溶解用製剤として調製することもできる。本発明の遺伝子治療剤は、液体の場合はそのままで、個体の場合は必要により滅菌処理をした上記の基剤に遺伝子治療の直前に溶解して治療に使用することができる。本発明の遺伝子治療剤の投与方法としては、患者の治療部位に吸収されるように、局所的に投与する方法をあげることができる。
配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAを、アデノウイルス・ヘキソンポリペプチドに特異的なポリリジン−コンジュゲート抗体と組み合わせてコンプレックスを作製し、得られたコンプレックスをアデノウイルスベクターに結合させることにより、ウイルスベクターを調製することができる。該ウイルスベクターは安定に標的細胞に到達し、エンドソームにより細胞内に取り込まれ、細胞内で分解され効率的に遺伝子を発現させることができる。
(−)鎖RNAウイルスであるセンダイウイルスをベースにしたウイルスベクターも開発されており(特願平9−517213、特願平9−517214)、遺伝子治療を目的として配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAを組み込んだセンダイウイルスベクターを作製することができる。
また、非ウイルス遺伝子移入法によっても目的とする治療部位にDNAを輸送することができる。
当該分野で公知の非ウイルス遺伝子移入法には、リン酸カルシウム共沈法〔Virology,52,456−467(1973);Science,209,1414−1422(1980)〕、マイクロインジェクション法〔Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,77,5399−5403(1980);Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,77,7380−7384(1980);Cell,27,223−231(1981);Nature,294,92−94(1981)〕、リポソームを介した膜融合−介在移入法〔Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,84,7413−7417(1987);Biochemistry,28,9508−9514(1989);J.Biol.Chem.,264,12126−12129(1989);Hum.Gene Ther.,3,267−275,(1992);Science,249,1285−1288(1990);Circulation,83,2007−2011(1992)〕あるいは直接DNA取り込みおよび受容体−媒介DNA移入法〔Science,247,1465−1468(1990);J.Biol.Chem.,266,14338−14342(1991);Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87,3655−3659(1991);J.Biol.Chem.,264,16985−16987(1989);BioTechniques,11,474−485(1991);Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87,3410−3414(1990);Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,88,4255−4259(1991);Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87,4033−4037(1990);Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,88,8850−8854(1991);Hum.Gene Ther.,3,147−154(1991)〕等をあげることができる。 リポソームを介した膜融合−介在移入法ではリポソーム調製物を標的とする組織に直接投与することにより、当該組織の局所的な遺伝子の取り込みおよび発現が可能であることが腫瘍に関する研究において報告されている〔Hum.Gene Ther.3,399−410(1992)〕。DNAを目的とする治療部位に直接ターゲッティングするには、直接DNA取り込み技術が好ましい。受容体−媒介DNA移入は、例えば、ポリリジンを介して、タンパク質リガンドにDNA(通常、共有的に閉環したスーパーコイル化プラスミドの形態をとる)をコンジュゲートすることによって行う。リガンドは、標的細胞または組織の細胞表面上の対応するリガンド受容体の存在に基づいて選択する。当該リガンド−DNAコンジュゲートは、所望により、血管に直接注射することができ、受容体結合およびDNA−ポリペプチドコンプレックスの内在化が起こる標的組織に指向し得る。DNAの細胞内破壊を防止するために、アデノウイルスを同時感染させて、エンドソーム機能を崩壊させることもできる。
(7)配列番号1に記載のアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNAの転写効率または発現を増加させる化合物を含有するRAの予防薬または治療薬
化合物またはその塩を上記の予防薬または治療薬、すなわち医薬組成物として使用する場合、常法に従って製剤化することができる。例えば、必要に応じて糖衣を施した錠剤、カプセル剤、エリキシル剤、マイクロカプセル剤などとして経口的に、あるいは水もしくはそれ以外の薬学的に許容し得る液との無菌性溶液、または懸濁液剤などの注射剤の形で非経口的に使用できる。例えば、該化合物またはその塩を生理学的に認められる担体、香味剤、賦形剤、ベヒクル、防腐剤、安定剤、結合剤などとともに一般に認められた製薬実施に要求される単位用量形態で混和することによって製造することができる。これら製剤における有効成分量は指示された範囲の適当な容量が得られるようにするものである。錠剤、カプセル剤などに混和することができる添加剤としては、例えば、ゼラチン、コーンスターチ、トラガント、アラビアゴムのような結合剤、結晶性セルロースのような賦形剤、コーンスターチ、ゼラチン、アルギン酸などのような膨化剤、ステアリン酸マグネシウムのような潤滑剤、ショ糖、乳糖またはサッカリンのような甘味剤、ペパーミント、アカモノ油またはチェリーのような香味剤などが用いられる。調剤単位形態がカプセルである場合には、前記タイプの材料にさらに油脂のような液状担体を含有することができる。注射のための無菌組成物は注射用水のようなベヒクル中の活性物質、胡麻油、椰子油などのような天然産出植物油などを溶解または懸濁させるなどの通常の製剤実施にしたがって処方することができる。
注射用の水性液としては、例えば、生理食塩水、ブドウ糖やその他の補助薬を含む等張液(例えば、D−ソルビトール、D−マンニトール、塩化ナトリウムなど)などが用いられ、適当な溶解補助剤、例えば、アルコール(例えば、エタノール)、ポリアルコール(例えば、プロピレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコール)、非イオン性界面活性剤(例えば、ポリソルベート80(TM)、HGO−50)などと併用してもよい。油性液としては、例えば、ゴマ油、大豆油などが用いられ、溶解補助剤である安息香酸ベンジル、ベンジルアルコールなどと併用してもよい。また、緩衝剤(例えば、リン酸塩緩衝液、酢酸ナトリウム緩衝液)、無痛化剤(例えば、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩酸プロカインなど)、安定剤(例えば、ヒト血清アルブミン、ポリエチレングリコールなど)、保存剤(例えば、ベンジルアルコール、フェノールなど)、酸化防止剤などと配合してもよい。調整された注射液は通常、適当なアンプルに充填される。このようにして得られる製剤は安全で低毒性であるので、例えば、ヒトや哺乳動物(例えば、ラット、ウサギ、ヒツジ、ブタ、ウシ、ネコ、イヌ、サルなど)に対して投与することができる。該化合物またはその塩の投与量は、投与対象、対象臓器、症状、投与方法などにより差異はあるが、経口投与の場合、一般的に成人(60kgとして)においては、一日につき約0.1〜100mg、好ましくは約1.0〜50mg、より好ましくは約1.0〜20mgである。非経口的に投与する場合は、その1回投与量は投与対象、対象臓器、症状、投与方法などによっても異なるが、例えば、注射剤の形では通常成人(60kgとして)においては、一日につき約0.01〜30mg程度、好ましくは約0.1〜20mg程度、より好ましくは約0.1〜10mg程度を静脈注射により投与するのが好都合である。他の動物の場合も、60kg当たりに換算した量を投与することができる。
発明を実施するための最良の形態
以下に本発明の実施例を示すが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。
実施例1 慢性関節リウマチ患者および健常人の白血球細胞からの全RNAの取得
専門の医師による総合的診察に基づき、RAと診断された患者12名および健常人8名より各々20ml採血した。1,000単位/mlのヘパリンを500μl添加し、凝固を抑制後、遠心チューブに移し、室温で3,300rpm、15分間遠心分離後、白血球画分として軟膜を取得した。
取得した軟膜から、AGPC法〔実験医学,9,1937,(1991)〕またはRNA回収用キット(RNAeasy:QIAGEN社)を用いて全RNAを取得した。
コントロールとして、全身性エリテマトーデス(以下、SLEと略す)の患者7名、微少変化ネフローゼ(以下、MCNSと略す)の患者5名、巣状糸球体硬化症(以下、FGSと略す)の患者1名、慢性腎症(以下CGNと略す)の患者3名、膜性腎症(以下、MNと略す)の患者6名およびメサンギウム増殖性腎炎(以下、MPGNと略す)の患者3名の白血球細胞からも、同様にして全RNAの取得を行った。
また、RA患者4例、シェーグレン症候群患者4例および健常人5例よりT細胞を分取し、上記と同様にして全RNAを取得した。T細胞の取得は以下のように行った。PolymorphprepTM(Nycomed Pharma社製)を用いて血液20mlから単核球画分を取得し、次いでDynal社製の磁気ビーズ〔Dynabeads M−450 Pan−T(CD2)〕を用いて、Technical handbookに記載の方法に準拠してT細胞を取得した。
実施例2 一本鎖cDNAの合成
実施例1で取得した全RNA2μgからBRL社製のキット(SUPERSCRIPTTM Preamplification System)を用いて一本鎖cDNAを合成し(反応液21μl)、399μlの蒸留水を添加後、以下のPCRの鋳型として用いた。
実施例3 Real Time PCR法を用いたRA関連DNAの発現量の測定
Real Time PCR法〔Junko Stevens,実験医学(増刊),15,46−51(1997)〕を用いて、RA関連DNAの定量を、下記の方法で行った。また、どの細胞でも同程度発現していると考えられるヒト・グリセルアルデヒド3−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(以下、G3PDHあるいはGAPDHと略す)遺伝子の転写産物の定量も同時に行い、RA関連DNAの発現量をG3PDHの発現量で割って補正を行った。
Real Time PCRは、PE Applied Biosystems社のABI PRISMTM 7700 Sequence Detection System(SDS7700)を用い、インストラクションマニュアルに記載の方法に準拠して行った。
(1)定量用スタンダードの調製
プラスミドpBluescript SK(−)に、配列番号2記載のDNA(クローン名PHGTINP332A−21−28−1;WO98−24899)を組み込んだプラスミド(WO98−24899)より、PHGTINP332A−21−28−1部分を切り出す制限酵素で完全に切断し、直鎖状DNAを取得した。
該DNAを、酵母のトランスファーRNAを1μg/ml含む水で段階的に希釈し、RA関連DNA転写物定量用のスタンダードDNAとして用いた。
pUC119にG3PDHcDNAを組み込んだプラスミドpUC119−G3PDHを造成した。
pUC119−G3PDHをcDNA部分を切り出す制限酵素で切断し、直鎖状DNAを取得した。該DNAを、酵母のトランスファーRNAを1μg/ml含む水で段階的に希釈し、G3PDH遺伝子転写産物定量用のスタンダードDNAとして用いた。
(2)Real Time PCR法を用いたRA関連DNAの発現量の定量
実施例2で調製した白血球細胞由来の一本鎖cDNAを鋳型として用い、Real Time PCRを行った。
RA関連DNAの発現量を定量するためのPCR用プライマーとしては、配列番号3および配列番号4に記載の塩基配列をそれぞれ有するオリゴヌクレオチドを使用した。
Real Time PCRには、PE Applied Biosystems社から購入したTaqManプローブを用いた。該プローブは、配列番号5に記載の塩基配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドの5’末端および3’末端をそれぞれフルオレッセイン系の蛍光色素である6−carboxyfluorescein(レポーター色素)およびローダミン系の蛍光色素である6−carboxy−tetramethylrhodamine(クエンチャー色素)で標識したものである。
PCRに用いる反応液50μlの組成は、1X Universal Master Mix(PE Applied Biosystems社製のTaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix、商品番号4304447を使用)、フォワードプライマー(最終濃度200nmol/L)、リバースプライマー(最終濃度200nmol/L)、TaqManプローブ(最終濃度100nmol/L)、鋳型(スタンダードDNAまたは白血球由来一本鎖cDNA)10μlである。
サーマルサイクラーを、50℃で2分間、95℃で10分間処理した後、95℃で30秒間、62℃で1分30秒間の反応を1サイクルとして50サイクル行う条件に設定し、PCRを行った。
RA関連DNA転写物定量用のスタンダードDNAを用いて検量線を作成し、各一本鎖cDNA中のRA関連遺伝子の発現量を定量した(第1〜4表)。
G3PDH遺伝子の発現量も同様に、G3PDH遺伝子転写産物定量用のスタンダードDNAを用いて検量線を作成し、定量した(第1〜4表)。プライマー及びTaqManプローブにはTaqMan GAPDH Control Reagents(PE Applied Biosystems社製、商品番号402869)を用いた。
RA関連DNA転写物の発現量をG3PDH遺伝子転写物の発現量で割り、RA関連遺伝子の相対発現量を求めた。
RA患者は、健常者と比較し、相対的にRA関連DNAの相対発現量が少なく、非常に少ない患者(RA2、RA8、RA9)も存在することが判明した。
RA患者、健常者、SLE患者におけるRA関連DNAの相対発現量の平均値を用いた比較結果を第1図に示した。
RA患者において、明らかに平均発現量の低いことがわかる。
また、実施例2で調製したT細胞由来の一本鎖cDNAを鋳型として用い、上記と同様にしてReal Time PCRを行った。
健常人5例、RA患者4例およびシェーグレン症候群患者4例のT細胞におけるRA関連DNAの発現量を測定した結果、RA関連DNA(RA−RD)のG3PDHに対する相対発現量(RA−RD/G3PDH)の平均は、健常人で0.0779±0.01、RA患者で0.0198±0.0124、シェーグレン症候群患者で0.0389±0.0159となり、RA患者では健常人やシェーグレン症候群患者に比べて有意に低いことが判明した。
以上の結果より、RA関連DNA発現量を調べることにより、RAの発症の予測、判定が可能と考えられる。RA患者においてRA関連DNAの発現量が低下していることより、RA関連DNAの発現量を増加させることにより、RAの予防や治療が可能と考えられる。
実施例4 RA患者白血球由来RA関連DNAの塩基配列解析
RA患者白血球由来のRA関連DNAについて変異が存在するかどうか解析を行った。
実施例2で調製したRA患者の白血球細胞由来の一本鎖cDNAを鋳型、配列番号6および配列番号7に記載の塩基配列を有するオリゴヌクレオチドをプライマーとして用い、PCRを行うことにより、RA患者のRA関連DNAを増幅した。
即ち、5μlの白血球一本鎖cDNAに、蒸留水7.4μl、10×PCR用緩衝液(宝酒造社製)2μl、2.5mmol/L dNTP 1.6μl、DMSO 1μl、10μmol/L RA関連DNA特異的フォワードプライマー(配列番号6)1μl、10μmol/L RA関連DNA特異的リバースプライマー(配列番号7)1μl、1単位/μlに希釈したTaq DNAポリメラーゼEX Taq(宝酒造社製)1μlを添加し反応液を調製した。
該反応液を用い、94℃で3分間加熱し、氷中で5分間冷却した後、94℃で30秒間、60℃で1分間、72℃で2分間の反応工程を1サイクルとして30サイクル行う条件で、PCRを行った。
PCR後、ダイレクトシークエンス法〔実験医学(増刊),12,60(1994)〕を用いて、上記RA関連DNAの塩基配列を決定した。塩基配列の決定には、パーキンエルマー社のDNAシークエンサー377と反応キット(ABI PrismTM BigDyeTM Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit:Applied Biosystems社)を使用した。
第2表で示したRA患者の中から、RA5、RA7、RA10、RA11の4名について、RA関連DNAの塩基配列を決定した。
これら4名のRA患者いずれにも、翻訳領域における変異は認められなかった。
産業上の利用可能性
本発明により、RA患者の白血球において発現量が低下しているRA関連DNAまたは該DNAのコードするポリペプチドの発現量の低下を検出することに基づくRAの判定法、RA関連蛋白質の発現を上昇させることを特徴とするRAの予防法および治療剤、およびRA関連DNAまたはRA関連ポリペプチドの発現を増加させる化合物のスクリーニング法を提供することができる。
「配列表フリーテキスト」
配列番号3−人工配列の説明:合成DNA
配列番号4−人工配列の説明:合成DNA
配列番号5−人工配列の説明:合成DNA
配列番号6−人工配列の説明:合成DNA
配列番号7−人工配列の説明:合成DNA
【配列表】
【図面の簡単な説明】
第1図 Real Time PCR法を用いて、慢性関節リュウマチ患者12名、全身性エリテマトーデス患者7名および健常人8名の、白血球におけるRA関連DNA(RA−RD)の発現量の各々の平均を比較した結果を示した。誤差範囲はp=0.01で示した。 Technical field
The present invention relates to a novel determination method, diagnostic agent, preventive agent and therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis.
Background art
Rheumatoid arthritis (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose main component is lesions of the synovial membrane [examination and technology,11, 402 (1983)]. The onset mechanism of RA is not yet clear, and it is thought to develop due to genetic predisposition and external factors (environmental factors).
Invasion of memory T cells that are CD4-positive and CD45RO-positive is observed in the lesioned part (articular synovial tissue) of RA, and therefore memory T cells that recognize a specific self-antigen may be involved in the onset. It is believed that.
The HLA-DRB1 allele has been identified as a susceptibility gene for RA disease, and genetic factors such as this gene are also considered to be involved in the development of RA.
Virus infection is considered as an external factor. Examples of the virus include viruses such as HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr virus (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as EBV), parvovirus B19, coxsackievirus B2, echovirus 9, hepatitis virus (G type, C type).
Among these viruses, there have been many reports triggered by EBV, suggesting that EBV infection of synovial cells and activation of synovial cells may be one of the causes of RA. [Int. Immunol. ,9739 (1997)].
Current diagnostic methods for RA are based on symptoms, and no diagnostic method based on the onset mechanism has been established.
For the diagnosis of RA based on symptoms, a diagnostic method comprising the following seven criteria prepared by the American College of Rheumatology (ARA) is used [Arthritis and Rheumatism, separate volume, page 45 (1987)]. .
(1) Stiffness of morning joint that lasts for at least 1 hour (6 weeks or more)
(2) Swelling of 3 or more joints (6 weeks or more)
(3) Swelling of hand (WRIST), middle finger joint (MCP), proximal finger joint (PIP) (more than 6 weeks)
(4) Symmetric joint swelling
(5) Changes in X-ray images of hands and fingers
(6) Subcutaneous nodule (rheumatic nodule)
(7) Presence of rheumatoid factor (RF)
If at least 4 of these 7 items are found, RA is diagnosed.
The clinical tests actually conducted to diagnose rheumatic diseases include general tests such as measurement of red blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation, biochemical parameters, and immunoserologic tests such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and RF. , Histopathological examination, X-ray examination and the like.
The Landsbury index is often used as a criterion for evaluating clinical RA activity. The Landsbury index is calculated based on items such as morning stiffness time, number of joints, grip strength, and red sink value, with reference to the calculation table. The higher the total index, the higher the RA activity. Has been.
However, since the above diagnostic method is not a diagnostic method based on the onset mechanism, information on what kind of treatment should be performed cannot be obtained. There is also a problem that a long diagnosis period is required.
Among the above criteria, detection of RF is indispensable for the diagnosis of RA, and is also used for differentiation from diseases having joint symptoms other than RA (arthralgia, arthritis, etc.). However, in reality, there are about 10% to 10% of RF-positive persons in healthy individuals, while those who are diagnosed with rheumatism have an RF positive rate of 40-90% and clinical sensitivity is not so high [ Inspection and technology,161442 (1988)]. It is also known that RF has poor clinical specificity. RF is detected at a positive rate of 20 to 40% even in rheumatic diseases and various diseases of collagen other than RA (Sjogren's syndrome, adjuvant disease, collagen disease, etc.). In addition, a high positive rate of 30 to 50% is exhibited even in liver diseases (especially cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis) and heart diseases (especially after acute myocardial infarction, subacute bacterial endocarditis). Thus, it is widely recognized that diagnosis of RA by detection of RF has low clinical sensitivity and clinical specificity in clinical practice.
As a method for diagnosing RA in place of RF, several methods have been proposed that utilize structural abnormality in the sugar chain of the Fc site of IgG in the serum of RA patients (JP-A-3-73857, JP-A-5-87814, 3-48700). This method is a diagnostic method that is distinct from the method of diagnosing RA that has EBV infection as the onset mechanism, and may be a diagnostic method of RA based on another onset mechanism. There is a problem that there is a false positive determination.
Current treatment of RA is mainly targeted therapy based on symptoms, not treatment based on onset mechanism.
At present, the main treatment of RA is treatment using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID), an immunomodulator, a steroid or the like.
NSATD reduces stiffness and joint pain in the morning of RA patients and temporarily suppresses inflammatory symptoms, but has no effect of suppressing joint destruction and progression of deformation, improving index of arthritis such as erythema and CRP do not do. That is, NSAID basically has no antirheumatic effect.
Steroids significantly improve various symptoms in various inflammatory diseases, but they become resistant with prolonged administration, and there are sometimes serious side effects such as digestive disorders, skin disorders, nephritis, etc. It has been known.
Recently, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that are considered to have anti-rheumatic activity are attracting attention. Auranofin, methotrexate (MTX), salazopyrine, bucillamine, etc., which are gold preparations for injection or internal use. There is. However, DMARD also has an effective rate of less than 60%, has a slow effect and is ineffective due to continuous administration, and serious side effects are frequently observed.
In recent years, immunosuppressive agents have been used as drugs for more effectively controlling inflammation, but there are serious side effects such as bone marrow suppression.
From the above, the emergence of an anti-rheumatic drug with a new mechanism of action that is more effective and has no problems such as side effects is strongly desired.
If the onset mechanism of RA becomes clear, diagnosis, prevention, and radical treatment without side effects based on the onset mechanism will be possible.
RA has a large patient population, and from the standpoint of improving the quality of life (QOL) of the patient, elucidation of the cause of the onset, and a diagnosis and treatment method for RA based on the cause of the onset are strongly desired. However, as described above, the etiology of RA has not yet been clarified, and diagnosis and treatment methods based on the etiology have not been established.
Disclosure of the invention
An object of the present invention is to provide an elucidation of the cause of the onset of RA, a method for determining RA based on the cause of the onset, a diagnostic agent, a preventive agent and a therapeutic agent.
The present inventors have found a gene whose expression level is decreased in leukocytes of RA patients and has identified the gene to complete the present invention.
That is, the present invention relates to the following (1) to (15).
(1) A method for determining rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by quantifying the expression level of a DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant of the polypeptide.
In the present specification, the variant of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 is a variant of the polypeptide caused by a polymorphism of a gene based on individual differences, specifically, SEQ ID NO: 1 A polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid of the described amino acid sequence is substituted, deleted, or added. Hereinafter, the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant of the polypeptide may be abbreviated as RA-related polypeptide.
(2) Using DNA having the same sequence as 100 to 2276 bases in the base sequence of DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or DNA having a sequence complementary to the DNA, A method for determining rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by quantifying the expression level of DNA encoding an RA-related polypeptide by a hybridization method.
(3) Using an oligonucleotide having the same sequence as 5 to 60 residues in the nucleotide sequence of DNA encoding an RA-related polypeptide or an oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to the oligonucleotide, the polymerase chain A method for determining rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by quantifying the expression level of DNA encoding an RA-related polypeptide by a reaction (hereinafter abbreviated as PCR) method.
(4) The determination method according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 is a DNA having the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 2. .
(5) DNA selected from the group consisting of DNA encoding an RA-related polypeptide, DNA having the same sequence as 100 to 2276 bases in the base sequence of the DNA, and DNA having a sequence complementary to these DNAs Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis including
(6) Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis comprising an oligonucleotide having the same sequence as 5 to 60 residues in the base sequence of DNA encoding an RA-related polypeptide or an oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to the oligonucleotide medicine.
(7) A method for determining rheumatoid arthritis using an antibody that recognizes an RA-related polypeptide.
(8) A diagnostic agent for rheumatoid arthritis, comprising the antibody of (7) above.
(9) A prophylactic or therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis comprising DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
(10) The prophylactic or therapeutic agent according to (9) above, wherein the DNA is a DNA having the nucleotide sequence 103 to 486 of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
(11) Expression of DNA encoding the polypeptide, wherein a cell expressing a RA-related polypeptide is contacted with a test compound, and the content of the polypeptide is measured using the antibody of (7) above. For screening compounds that increase
(12) Contacting a cell expressing a DNA encoding an RA-related polypeptide with a test compound, and measuring the expression level of the DNA using a Northern hybridization method or a PCR method, Methods for screening for compounds that increase expression.
(13) transforming an animal cell with a plasmid containing a promoter DNA present in a gene encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and a reporter gene linked downstream of the promoter DNA; A method for screening a compound that increases the efficiency of transcription by the promoter, which comprises contacting the transformant with a test compound and measuring the content of the translation product of the reporter gene.
(14) The screening according to (13) above, wherein the reporter gene is a gene selected from a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, a β-galactosidase gene, a β-lactamase gene, a luciferase gene, and a green fluorescent protein gene. Law.
(15) A prophylactic or therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis comprising a compound obtained by the screening method according to any one of (11) to (14) above.
The nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 2 is a known SAP gene [Nature, which has been suggested to be associated with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (hereinafter abbreviated as XLP) and IgA nephropathy.395462 (1998), Nature Genetics,20, 129 (1998), WO 98-24899]. It was first demonstrated in the present invention that the SAP gene is involved in RA.
(1) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by quantifying the expression level of a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a DNA encoding a variant of the polypeptide (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as RA-related DNA). ) Judgment method
As a method for quantifying DNA expression, Northern hybridization method [Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989) (hereinafter abbreviated as Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition), PCR method] , Academic Press (1990)], Real Time PCR method [Junko Stevens, Experimental Medicine (extra number),15, 46-51 (1997)].
In particular, the quantitative PCR method [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,872725 (1990)], Real Time PCR method is excellent in quantification and can be used for diagnosis of RA.
For example, Northern hybridization is performed using DNA having the same sequence as 100 to 2276 bases in the base sequence of RA-related DNA or DNA having a sequence complementary to the DNA as a probe, and the expression level of RA-related DNA is determined. RA can be determined by quantifying and comparing with healthy individuals.
Examples of the determination method include the following methods.
Total RNA (10 to 20 μg) or mRNA (1 to 5 μg) derived from the white blood cells of the subject was added to a denaturing solution [50% (v / v) formamide, 2.2 mol / L formaldehyde, 20 mmol / L MOPS [3- ( N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid] (PH 7.0), 5 mmol / L sodium acetate, 1 mmol / L EDTA], heated at 65 ° C. for 5 minutes, denatured, 1% agarose gel containing 2.2 mol / L formaldehyde Electrophoresis with
After electrophoresis, the RNA in the gel is blotted onto a nitrocellulose filter (Optimal BA-S85; manufactured by Schleicher & Schuell) and immobilized by heating at 80 ° C. for 1 hour under reduced pressure.
The filter was mixed with a hybridization solution [5 × SSPE (750 mmol / L NaCl, 50 mmol / L NaH2PO45 mmol / L EDTA; pH 7.4), 5 × Denhardt's solution (0.1% Ficoll, 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.1% bovine serum albumin), 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), 0.2 mg / Ml salmon sperm DNA (Pharmacia Biotech)] and prehybridization is performed.
After pre-pibing, a probe is added to the solution and hybridization is performed at 65 ° C.
As a probe, for example, an RA-related DNA fragment (100 to 2276 bases) is used using a multi-prime DNA labeling system (Amersham).32Those labeled with P can be used.
The filter after hybridization is washed in the following order.
(1) Wash in a 2 × SSC (300 mmol / L NaCl, 30 mmol / L sodium citrate) solution containing 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes at room temperature. Repeat this several times.
(2) Wash in a 1 × SSC (150 mmol / L NaCl, 15 mmol / L sodium citrate) solution containing 0.1% SDS at 50 to 70 ° C. for 15 minutes. Repeat this several times.
(3) Wash in a 0.1 × SSC (15 mmol / L NaCl, 1.5 mmol / L sodium citrate) solution containing 0.1% SDS at 50 to 70 ° C. for 15 minutes at 50 to 70 ° C. Repeat this several times.
After washing the filter, autoradiography is performed using an imaging plate, and the expression of RA-related DNA can be detected and quantified with a bioimaging analyzer BAS2000 (Fuji Photo Film).
In addition, for example, PCR is performed using a set of oligonucleotides specific for DNA encoding RA-related polypeptides as primers and using the subject's white blood cell-derived total RNA, mRNA, or cDNA prepared from these RNAs as a template. RA can be determined by detecting and quantifying the amplified fragment and comparing it with a healthy person.
As the above oligonucleotide, a DNA fragment encoding an RA-related polypeptide is used and obtained by a conventional method described in Molecular Cloning, 2nd edition, or synthesized by a DNA synthesizer from the base sequence information of the total DNA. And oligonucleotides such as antisense oligonucleotides and sense oligonucleotides having a partial sequence of the DNA.
Examples of the oligonucleotide include DNA having the same sequence as 5 to 60 bases in the base sequence of the DNA or DNA having a sequence complementary to the DNA. Specifically, SEQ ID NO: Examples thereof include DNA having the same sequence as 5 to 60 bases in the base sequence represented by 2 or DNA having a sequence complementary to the DNA.
When used as a sense primer and an antisense primer, the above-mentioned oligonucleotides in which the melting temperature (Tm) and the number of bases of both do not change extremely are preferable. Specifically, the oligonucleotide etc. which have the base sequence shown by sequence number 3-7 can be mention | raise | lifted.
Furthermore, derivatives of these oligonucleotides (hereinafter referred to as oligonucleotide derivatives) can also be used as the oligonucleotide of the present invention.
The oligonucleotide derivative includes an oligonucleotide derivative in which a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide is converted into a phosphorothioate bond, and a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide is converted into an N3′-P5 ′ phosphoramidate bond. Oligonucleotide derivatives, oligonucleotide derivatives in which the ribose and phosphodiester bonds in the oligonucleotide are converted to peptide nucleic acid bonds, oligonucleotide derivatives in which the uracil in the oligonucleotide is replaced with C-5 propynyluracil, in the oligonucleotide Derivative in which uracil is substituted with C-5 thiazole uracil, oligonucleotide derivative in which cytosine in the oligonucleotide is substituted with C-5 propynylcytosine, oligonucleotide An oligonucleotide derivative in which cytosine is substituted with phenoxazine-modified cytosine, an oligonucleotide derivative in which ribose in the oligonucleotide is substituted with 2′-O-propylribose, or ribose in the oligonucleotide is And oligonucleotide derivatives substituted with 2′-methoxyethoxyribose [cell engineering,161463 (1997)].
The base sequence part to be amplified may be any base sequence region of DNA encoding RA-related polypeptide, but the base sequence length is 50 bp to 2 kbp, and the sequence is rich in repetitive sequences or GC (guanine / cytosine) bases. A base sequence region that does not contain is preferred.
Moreover, the presence or absence of a mutation in the translation region can be examined by amplifying the translation region using the method.
As white blood cells, buffy coat or various separated white blood cells can be used.
The buffy coat can be obtained by centrifuging the subject's peripheral blood at 3,000 rpm for about 15 minutes, and collecting the fraction corresponding to the intermediate layer of the plasma and red blood cell fractions.
Examples of each white blood cell include polymorphonuclear white blood cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, T cells, B cells and the like.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells are obtained from the peripheral blood of the subject by using Polymorphprep, a kit manufactured by Nycomed Pharma.TMCan be separated and acquired.
From the obtained mononuclear cells, J. Immunol. ,130, 706 (1983) and the like, monocytes and lymphocytes are treated with Tissue Antigen,9, 153 (1977), J.A. Immunol. ,11, 273 (1976), T cells and B cells can be isolated and obtained by the method described in the manual for blood cell isolation method of Nycomed.
T cells are obtained by the nylon wool method [Eur. J. et al. Immunol,3, 645 (1973)]. Further, each cell can be separated and obtained using magnetic beads (for example, Dynabeads manufactured by Dynal) in which specific antibodies are bound to T cells, B cells, and monocytes / macrophages.
As a method for preparing total RNA from white blood cells, guanidine thiocyanate-cesium trifluoroacetate method [Methods in Enzymol. ,154, 3 (1987)].
Poly (A) from total RNA+As a method for preparing RNA, an oligo (dT) -immobilized cellulose column method (Molecular Cloning, Second Edition) can be used.
Also, kits such as First Track mRNA Isolation Kit (Fast Track mRNA Isolation Kit; manufactured by Invitrogen), Quick Prep mRNA Purification Kit (Quick Prep mRNA Purification Kit; manufactured by Pharmacia), etc. MRNA can also be prepared.
Single-stranded cDNA can be synthesized from total RNA or mRNA using a single-stranded cDNA synthesis kit Superscript preparation system (manufactured by BRL). The synthesis can be performed according to the manual attached to the kit.
(2) An antibody that recognizes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1
The nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 2 is the same as the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 6 of WO 98-24899 “IgA nephropathy-related gene”, and the polypeptide encoded by the DNA having the nucleotide sequence is described in the published patent publication. The method for obtaining the antibody to be recognized is described in detail. Therefore, an antibody that can be used in the present invention can be obtained according to the method.
(3) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) determination method using an antibody that recognizes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant of the polypeptide
RA is determined by immunologically detecting or quantifying the expression of the polypeptide in white blood cells using an antibody that recognizes the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant of the polypeptide. can do.
Examples of the immunological detection method include an ELISA method using a microtiter plate, a fluorescent antibody method, a Western blot method, and an immunohistochemical staining method.
As an immunological quantification method, a sandwich ELISA method using two types of monoclonal antibodies having different epitopes among antibodies that react with RA-related polypeptides in a liquid phase,125And radioimmunoassay using an RA-related polypeptide labeled with a radioisotope such as I and an antibody recognizing the polypeptide.
(4) Diagnostic agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant of the polypeptide, DNA having the same sequence as 100 to 2276 bases in the base sequence of the DNA, and a sequence complementary to the DNA An oligonucleotide having the same sequence as 5 to 60 residues in a base sequence of a DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant of the polypeptide, and the oligonucleotide An RA determination reagent comprising an oligonucleotide having a complementary sequence and a DNA or oligonucleotide selected from oligonucleotide modifications that are modifications of the above oligonucleotides is used as a diagnostic agent for RA, for example (1) It can use for the determination method of description.
In addition, a reagent comprising an antibody that recognizes the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 described in (2) or a variant of the polypeptide is used as an RA diagnostic agent, for example, as described in (3) It can be used for the determination method.
(5) Use of DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 for prophylactic and therapeutic agents for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or a method for searching for such agents
Since the expression level of DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 is decreased in leukocyte cells of RA patients, the expression level of DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 Alternatively, RA can be prevented or treated by increasing the expression level of the polypeptide.
As a method for increasing the expression level of DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 in white blood cells, DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 is used in white blood cells or bone marrow stem cells. There is a way to introduce. Methods for introducing DNA into white blood cells or bone marrow stem cells include methods using viral vectors such as adenovirus, retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes simplex virus, HIV virus, other lentiviruses, or non-viral vectors. There is a method to be used, and gene therapy can be performed using this method [Pathology,30335-347 (1998), Pharmacology & Therapeutics,80, 35-47, (1998), Nippon Rinsho-Japan Journal of Clinical Medicine,56696-700 (1998), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,15, 11495-11399 (1996), Stem Cells,13106-113 (1995)]. As another method for introducing DNA into white blood cells or bone marrow stem cells, there is also a method using Mammalian artifical chromosomes [Current Opinion in Genetics & Development,8351-359 (1998)].
In addition, a compound having an activity of promoting the transcription process of a DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 or the translation process from a transcription product to a protein may increase the expression level of the polypeptide. Is possible. The compound having the above activity can be obtained by the screening methods shown in the following (a) to (c).
(A) After culturing cells expressing an RA-related polypeptide in the presence of a test compound for 2 hours to 1 week, the amount of the polypeptide in the cells is measured using the antibody of (2) above, A compound having an activity of increasing the amount of the polypeptide is selected and obtained.
Examples of cells that express RA-related polypeptides include cells described in the above-described literature that express a DNA having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 of WO 98-24899 “IgA nephropathy-related gene”, or the methods described therein. The cell etc. acquired according to it can be mention | raise | lifted. The cells can also be cultured according to the method described in WO98-24899.
Examples of the measurement method using an antibody include an ELISA method using a microtiter plate, a fluorescent antibody method, a Western blot method, and a detection method using immunohistochemical staining.
(B) After culturing cells expressing the RA-related polypeptide in the presence of the test compound for 2 hours to 1 week, the expression level of the DNA encoding the polypeptide is determined using the Northern hybridization method or PCR of (1) above. A compound having an activity of increasing the expression level is selected and obtained by measurement using a method such as a method.
(C) In accordance with a conventional method, a plasmid incorporating a reporter gene linked DNA downstream of a promoter present in a gene encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 is prepared and introduced into animal cells. Obtain a transformant. After culturing the transformant in the presence of the test compound for 2 hours to 1 week, the expression level of the reporter gene in the cells is determined by a known method [New Cell Engineering Experiment Protocol, Institute of Cancer Research, University of Tokyo, Institute of Medical Science, Shujunsha (1993), Biotechniques,20, 914 (1996), J. Am. Antibiotics,49, 453 (1996), Trends in Biochemical Sciences,20448 (1995), cell engineering,16, 581 (1997)], and a compound having an activity to increase the expression level is selected and obtained. The compound can increase the expression level of RA-related polypeptide.
The promoter of the gene encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 is obtained by a known method [Edited by the Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, New Cell Engineering Experiment Protocol, Shujunsha (1993)]. It is possible to obtain. In addition, since a sequence that seems to include a promoter sequence of a gene encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 is already known [GenBank accession number EMBL AL023657], the sequence is used for chemical synthesis. Can also be obtained.
Examples of the reporter gene include chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, β-galactosidase gene, luciferase gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, β-lactamase gene, and the like.
(6) A prophylactic or therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comprising DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, for example, DNA having the nucleotide sequence 103 to 486 of the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is used as a virus vector such as retrovirus or adenovirus, or other gene therapy In order to use a gene therapy vector incorporated in a vector for a gene as a gene therapy drug or a prophylactic drug, it can be produced by preparing a gene therapy vector and a base used for a gene therapy agent [Nature Genet. ,8, 42 (1994)].
The base used for the gene therapy agent may be any base as long as it is usually used for injections, such as distilled water, sodium chloride or a salt solution such as a mixture of sodium chloride and an inorganic salt, mannitol, lactose, Examples thereof include sugar solutions such as dextran and glucose, amino acid solutions such as glycine and arginine, organic acid solutions, or a mixed solution of a salt solution and a glucose solution. In addition, according to a conventional method, these bases are mixed with an osmotic pressure adjusting agent, a pH adjusting agent, a vegetable oil such as sesame oil and soybean oil, or an auxiliary agent such as a surfactant such as lecithin or a nonionic surfactant. An injection may be prepared as a suspension or dispersion. These injections can be prepared as preparations for dissolution at the time of use by operations such as pulverization and freeze-drying. The gene therapy agent of the present invention can be used for treatment as it is in the case of a liquid, and in the case of an individual, it can be dissolved in the above-mentioned base that has been sterilized if necessary before the gene therapy. As a method for administering the gene therapy agent of the present invention, a method of locally administering the gene therapeutic agent so as to be absorbed at the treatment site of the patient can be mentioned.
A DNA encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is combined with a polylysine-conjugated antibody specific for an adenovirus hexon polypeptide to prepare a complex, and the resulting complex is used as an adenovirus vector. A viral vector can be prepared by linking to. The viral vector stably reaches the target cell, is taken up into the cell by the endosome, is degraded in the cell, and can efficiently express the gene.
A virus vector based on (−) strand RNA virus has also been developed (Japanese Patent Application Nos. 9-517213 and 9-517214), and the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 1 for the purpose of gene therapy A Sendai virus vector in which a DNA encoding a polypeptide having the above is incorporated can be prepared.
In addition, DNA can be transported to a target treatment site by non-viral gene transfer method.
Non-viral gene transfer methods known in the art include calcium phosphate coprecipitation [Virology,52456-467 (1973); Science,209, 1414-1422 (1980)], microinjection method [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,77, 5399-5403 (1980); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,77, 7380-7384 (1980); Cell, 27, 223-231 (1981); Nature,294, 92-94 (1981)], membrane fusion-mediated transfer via liposomes [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84, 7413-7417 (1987); Biochemistry,289508-9514 (1989); Biol. Chem. ,H.264, 12126-12129 (1989); Hum. Gene Ther. ,3, 267-275, (1992); Science,249, 1285-1288 (1990); Circulation,83, 2007-2011 (1992)] or direct DNA uptake and receptor-mediated DNA transfer [Science,247, 1465-1468 (1990); Biol. Chem. ,266, 14338-14342 (1991); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,873655-3659 (1991); Biol. Chem. ,H.264, 16985-16987 (1989); BioTechniques,11474-485 (1991); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,873410-3414 (1990); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88, 4255-4259 (1991); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,87, 4033-4037 (1990); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88, 8850-8854 (1991); Hum. Gene Ther. ,3, 147-154 (1991)]. It has been reported in tumor studies that liposome-mediated membrane fusion-mediated transfer allows local administration and uptake of the gene by direct administration of the liposome preparation to the target tissue. [Hum. Gene Ther.3399-410 (1992)]. Direct DNA uptake techniques are preferred for direct targeting of DNA to the intended treatment site. Receptor-mediated DNA transfer is performed, for example, by conjugating DNA (usually in the form of a covalently closed supercoiled plasmid) to a protein ligand via polylysine. The ligand is selected based on the presence of the corresponding ligand receptor on the cell surface of the target cell or tissue. The ligand-DNA conjugate can be injected directly into the blood vessel, if desired, and can be directed to a target tissue where receptor binding and internalization of the DNA-polypeptide complex occurs. In order to prevent intracellular destruction of DNA, adenovirus can be co-infected to disrupt endosomal function.
(7) A prophylactic or therapeutic agent for RA comprising a compound that increases the transcription efficiency or expression of DNA encoding the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
When the compound or a salt thereof is used as the above-mentioned prophylactic or therapeutic agent, that is, a pharmaceutical composition, it can be formulated according to a conventional method. For example, tablets, capsules, elixirs, microcapsules and the like, as needed, or aseptic solutions or suspensions with water or other pharmaceutically acceptable liquids It can be used parenterally in the form of injections. For example, the compound or salt thereof is admixed in a unit dosage form generally accepted in accepted pharmaceutical practice with physiologically acceptable carriers, flavoring agents, excipients, vehicles, preservatives, stabilizers, binders, and the like. Can be manufactured. The amount of active ingredient in these preparations is such that an appropriate volume within the indicated range can be obtained. Additives that can be mixed into tablets, capsules and the like include binders such as gelatin, corn starch, tragacanth and gum arabic, excipients such as crystalline cellulose, corn starch, gelatin, alginic acid and the like. Leavening agents, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sweeteners such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin, flavorings such as peppermint, red oil and cherry. When the dispensing unit form is a capsule, a liquid carrier such as fats and oils can be further contained in the above-mentioned type of material. Sterile compositions for injection can be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice, such as dissolving or suspending active substances in vehicles such as water for injection, naturally occurring vegetable oils such as sesame oil, coconut oil and the like. .
As an aqueous solution for injection, for example, isotonic solutions (eg, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, sodium chloride, etc.) containing physiological saline, glucose and other adjuvants are used. For example, you may use together with alcohol (for example, ethanol), polyalcohol (for example, propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol), a nonionic surfactant (for example, polysorbate 80 (TM), HGO-50), etc. As the oily liquid, for example, sesame oil, soybean oil and the like are used, and they may be used in combination with solubilizing agents such as benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol. Buffers (eg, phosphate buffer, sodium acetate buffer), soothing agents (eg, benzalkonium chloride, procaine, etc.), stabilizers (eg, human serum albumin, polyethylene glycol, etc.), storage You may mix | blend with an agent (for example, benzyl alcohol, phenol, etc.), antioxidant, etc. The adjusted injection solution is usually filled into a suitable ampoule. Since the preparation thus obtained is safe and has low toxicity, it can be administered to, for example, humans and mammals (eg, rats, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cows, cats, dogs, monkeys, etc.). . The dose of the compound or a salt thereof varies depending on the administration subject, target organ, symptom, administration method and the like, but in the case of oral administration, generally about 0.1 per day for an adult (60 kg). -100 mg, preferably about 1.0-50 mg, more preferably about 1.0-20 mg. When administered parenterally, the single dose varies depending on the administration subject, target organ, symptom, administration method, and the like. For example, in the form of an injection, it is usually an adult (60 kg) per day. It is convenient to administer about 0.01 to 30 mg, preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg, more preferably about 0.1 to 10 mg by intravenous injection. In the case of other animals, an amount converted per 60 kg can be administered.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Examples of the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
Example 1 Acquisition of total RNA from white blood cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals
Based on a comprehensive examination by a specialist doctor, 20 ml of blood was collected from 12 patients diagnosed with RA and 8 healthy individuals. After adding 500 μl of 1,000 unit / ml heparin to suppress coagulation, it was transferred to a centrifuge tube, centrifuged at room temperature at 3,300 rpm for 15 minutes, and a buffy coat was obtained as a leukocyte fraction.
From the acquired buffy coat, the AGPC method [experimental medicine,9, 1937, (1991)] or RNA recovery kit (RNAeasy: QIAGEN).
As controls, seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (hereinafter abbreviated as SLE), five patients with minimal change nephrosis (hereinafter abbreviated as MCNS), and one patient with focal glomerulosclerosis (hereinafter abbreviated as FGS) White blood cells from 3 patients with chronic nephropathy (hereinafter abbreviated as CGN), 6 patients with membranous nephropathy (hereinafter abbreviated as MN) and 3 patients with mesangial proliferative nephritis (hereinafter abbreviated as MPGN) In the same manner, total RNA was obtained.
T cells were collected from 4 RA patients, 4 Sjogren's syndrome patients, and 5 healthy individuals, and total RNA was obtained in the same manner as described above. T cells were obtained as follows. PolymorphprepTM(Nycomed Pharma) was used to obtain a mononuclear cell fraction from 20 ml of blood, and then using the magnetic beads [Dynabeads M-450 Pan-T (CD2)] of Dynal, the method described in Technical handbook T cells were obtained according to the above.
Example 2 Synthesis of single-stranded cDNA
From 2 μg of total RNA obtained in Example 1, a kit manufactured by BRL (SUPERSCRIPTTM Single-stranded cDNA was synthesized using Preamplification System (21 μl of reaction solution), 399 μl of distilled water was added, and used as a template for the following PCR.
Example 3 Measurement of the expression level of RA-related DNA using Real Time PCR method
Real Time PCR method [Junko Stevens, Experimental Medicine (extra number),15, 46-51 (1997)], RA-related DNA was quantified by the following method. In addition, transcripts of the human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (hereinafter abbreviated as G3PDH or GAPDH) gene, which is considered to be expressed to the same extent in any cell, are simultaneously quantified, and the expression level of RA-related DNA is determined. Correction was made by dividing by the expression level of G3PDH.
Real Time PCR is an ABI PRISM from PE Applied Biosystems.TM 7700 Sequence Detection System (SDS7700) was used in accordance with the method described in the instruction manual.
(1) Preparation of standard for quantification
A PHGTINP332A-21-28-1 portion is excised from a plasmid (WO98-24899) in which the DNA described in SEQ ID NO: 2 (clone name PHGTINP332A-21-28-1; WO98-24899) is incorporated into the plasmid pBluescript SK (−). Completely cleaved with a restriction enzyme, linear DNA was obtained.
The DNA was diluted stepwise with water containing 1 μg / ml of yeast transfer RNA and used as standard DNA for quantifying RA-related DNA transcripts.
A plasmid pUC119-G3PDH in which G3PDH cDNA was incorporated into pUC119 was constructed.
pUC119-G3PDH was cleaved with a restriction enzyme that cleaves the cDNA portion to obtain linear DNA. The DNA was diluted stepwise with water containing 1 μg / ml of yeast transfer RNA and used as a standard DNA for quantifying G3PDH gene transcripts.
(2) Quantification of expression level of RA-related DNA using Real Time PCR method
Real Time PCR was performed using the single-stranded cDNA derived from white blood cells prepared in Example 2 as a template.
As primers for PCR for quantifying the expression level of RA-related DNA, oligonucleotides having the base sequences described in SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 were used.
For Real Time PCR, TaqMan probe purchased from PE Applied Biosystems was used. The probe is a fluorescein fluorescent dye, 6-carboxyfluorescein (reporter dye) and a rhodamine fluorescent dye, at the 5 ′ end and 3 ′ end of the oligonucleotide having the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, respectively. Labeled with 6-carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine (quencher dye).
The composition of 50 μl of the reaction solution used for PCR was 1 × Universal Master Mix (using TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix, product number 4304447 manufactured by PE Applied Biosystems), forward primer (final concentration 200 nmol / L), reverse primer (final concentration 200 nmol / L). / L), TaqMan probe (final concentration 100 nmol / L), template (standard DNA or leukocyte-derived single-stranded cDNA) 10 μl.
After the thermal cycler was treated at 50 ° C. for 2 minutes and at 95 ° C. for 10 minutes, PCR was carried out under the conditions of performing 50 cycles with 95 ° C. for 30 seconds and 62 ° C. for 1 minute 30 seconds as one cycle. .
A standard curve was prepared using standard DNA for quantifying RA-related DNA transcripts, and the expression level of RA-related genes in each single-stranded cDNA was quantified (Tables 1 to 4).
Similarly, the expression level of the G3PDH gene was quantified by preparing a calibration curve using standard DNA for quantifying the G3PDH gene transcript (Tables 1 to 4). TaqMan GAPDH Control Reagents (manufactured by PE Applied Biosystems, product number 402869) were used as the primer and TaqMan probe.
The expression level of the RA-related DNA transcript was divided by the expression level of the G3PDH gene transcript to determine the relative expression level of the RA-related gene.
RA patients were found to have relatively few RA-related DNAs (RA2, RA8, RA9) as compared to healthy individuals, with relatively little relative expression level of RA-related DNA.
The comparison results using the average value of the relative expression level of RA-related DNA in RA patients, healthy subjects, and SLE patients are shown in FIG.
It can be seen that the average expression level is clearly low in RA patients.
In addition, Real Time PCR was performed in the same manner as described above using the single-stranded cDNA derived from T cells prepared in Example 2 as a template.
As a result of measuring the expression level of RA-related DNA in T cells of 5 healthy subjects, 4 RA patients and 4 Sjogren's syndrome patients, the relative expression level of RA-related DNA (RA-RD) to G3PDH (RA-RD / G3PDH) ) Is 0.0779 ± 0.01 for healthy individuals, 0.0198 ± 0.0124 for RA patients, and 0.0389 ± 0.0159 for patients with Sjogren's syndrome. It was found to be significantly lower than that.
From the above results, it is considered possible to predict and determine the onset of RA by examining the expression level of RA-related DNA. Since the expression level of RA-related DNA is decreased in RA patients, it is considered possible to prevent or treat RA by increasing the expression level of RA-related DNA.
Example 4 Nucleotide sequence analysis of RA-related DNA derived from leukocytes of RA patients
It was analyzed whether or not there was a mutation in RA-related DNA derived from leukocytes of RA patients.
By performing PCR using a single-stranded cDNA derived from leukocyte cells of RA patient prepared in Example 2 as a template and oligonucleotides having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 7 as primers, RA related DNA was amplified.
That is, 5 μl of leukocyte single-stranded cDNA, distilled water 7.4 μl, 10 × PCR buffer (Takara Shuzo) 2 μl, 2.5 mmol / L dNTP 1.6 μl, DMSO 1 μl, 10 μmol / L RA-specific DNA specific Forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 6) 1 μl, 10 μmol / L RA-related DNA-specific reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 7) 1 μl, Taq DNA polymerase EX Taq (Takara Shuzo) 1 μl diluted to 1 unit / μl was added and the reaction solution Was prepared.
The reaction solution is heated at 94 ° C. for 3 minutes, cooled in ice for 5 minutes, and then subjected to 30 cycles of 94 ° C. for 30 seconds, 60 ° C. for 1 minute, and 72 ° C. for 2 minutes. PCR was performed under the conditions.
After PCR, direct sequencing method [experimental medicine (extra number),12, 60 (1994)], the nucleotide sequence of the RA-related DNA was determined. For determination of the base sequence, DNA sequencer 377 of PerkinElmer and reaction kit (ABI Prism)TM BigDyeTM Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems) was used.
From the RA patients shown in Table 2, RA-related DNA nucleotide sequences were determined for four patients, RA5, RA7, RA10, and RA11.
None of these four RA patients had mutations in the translation region.
Industrial applicability
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a method for determining RA based on detecting a decrease in the expression level of RA-related DNA or a polypeptide encoded by the DNA whose expression level is decreased in leukocytes of RA patients, and increasing the expression of RA-related protein And a method for screening for a compound that increases the expression of RA-related DNA or RA-related polypeptide.
"Sequence Listing Free Text"
SEQ ID NO: 3 Description of Artificial Sequence: Synthetic DNA
SEQ ID NO: 4-Description of Artificial Sequence: Synthetic DNA
SEQ ID NO: 5-description of artificial sequence: synthetic DNA
SEQ ID NO: 6 Description of Artificial Sequence: Synthetic DNA
SEQ ID NO: 7--Description of Artificial Sequence: Synthetic DNA
[Sequence Listing]
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 Using Real Time PCR, the average expression level of RA-related DNA (RA-RD) in leukocytes of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 8 healthy individuals is compared. The results were shown. The error range is indicated by p = 0.01.
Claims (11)
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