JP4536013B2 - Respiratory aid - Google Patents

Respiratory aid Download PDF

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JP4536013B2
JP4536013B2 JP2006014804A JP2006014804A JP4536013B2 JP 4536013 B2 JP4536013 B2 JP 4536013B2 JP 2006014804 A JP2006014804 A JP 2006014804A JP 2006014804 A JP2006014804 A JP 2006014804A JP 4536013 B2 JP4536013 B2 JP 4536013B2
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cylindrical body
nostril
respiratory
stopper
peripheral wall
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JP2007195604A (en
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富美男 松尾
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有限会社モーメント
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Description

この発明は、呼吸補助具に関し、さらに詳細には、鼻孔を拡げることにより鼻呼吸を促進し、いびき防止や運動能力の向上に役立つ呼吸補助具に関する。   The present invention relates to a respiratory assistance device, and more particularly, to a respiratory assistance device that promotes nasal breathing by expanding a nostril, and is useful for preventing snoring and improving exercise ability.

肥満、アルコール摂取などの種々の原因により鼻孔が狭まると、ヒトは口呼吸をするようになる。この口呼吸を睡眠中にすると、いびきをかきやすくなる。このようなことから、鼻孔を拡げることにより鼻呼吸を促進し、それによっていびきを防止し、あるいは運動能力を高める呼吸補助具が種々提案されている。   When the nostrils narrow due to various causes such as obesity and alcohol consumption, humans breathe in the mouth. This mouth breathing makes it easier to snore when sleeping. For this reason, various respiratory aids that promote nasal breathing by expanding the nostril, thereby preventing snoring or improving exercise ability have been proposed.

例えば、特許文献1には、鼻孔に挿入される1対の円筒体を備えた呼吸補助具が開示されている。しかしながら、この補助具は円筒体を単に鼻孔に挿入するというもので、使用中に鼻孔から抜けやすい。また、円筒体はポリエチレン製のもので柔軟性に乏しく、しかも鼻孔への挿入深さを制限するものがなく、鼻孔内部を傷つけるおそれがある。   For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a respiratory assistance device including a pair of cylindrical bodies that are inserted into a nostril. However, this auxiliary tool simply inserts the cylindrical body into the nostril, and is easily removed from the nostril during use. In addition, the cylindrical body is made of polyethylene, has poor flexibility, and does not limit the insertion depth into the nostril, which may damage the inside of the nostril.

特許文献2には、1対の弾性アームを備えたU字形の呼吸補助具が開示されている。この補助具は、弾性アームを鼻孔に挿入して、そのばね力により鼻孔内に保持しつつ鼻孔を拡げようとするものである。弾性アームは、柔軟なシリコーンゴムで作られているものの、その機能を発揮させるためにはばね力を大きくしなければならず、しかも鼻翼を部分的に押圧して拡げるものであるので、装着時の違和感が強くなる。なお、この従来技術に類似した呼吸補助具が、特許文献3に開示されている。
特開平11−151262号公報 特開平8−280728号公報 特開2002−301153号公報
Patent Document 2 discloses a U-shaped breathing aid having a pair of elastic arms. This auxiliary tool inserts an elastic arm into a nostril and tries to expand the nostril while being held in the nostril by its spring force. Although the elastic arm is made of flexible silicone rubber, the spring force must be increased in order to exert its function, and the nasal wings are partially pressed and expanded. The feeling of discomfort increases. A respiratory aid similar to this conventional technique is disclosed in Patent Document 3.
JP-A-11-151262 JP-A-8-280728 JP 2002-301153 A

この発明は上記のような技術的背景に基づいてなされたものであって、次の目的を達成するものである。
この発明の目的は、鼻孔を効果的に拡げて鼻呼吸を促進させることができ、しかも鼻孔内に確実に保持されて容易に抜け出すことがなく、装着感も優れた呼吸補助具を提供することにある。
The present invention has been made based on the technical background as described above, and achieves the following object.
An object of the present invention is to provide a respiratory aid that can effectively expand a nostril to promote nasal breathing, is securely held in the nostril and does not easily come out, and has an excellent wearing feeling. It is in.

この発明は上記課題を達成するために、次のような手段を採用している。
すなわち、この発明は、柔軟性を有する弾性材料で作られた呼吸補助具であって、
鼻孔に挿入されて該鼻孔を拡げる筒状体(1)からなり、該筒状体にはその周壁の一部が内外面ともに半径方向外方に膨れ出てなる膨出部(3)、該筒状体の軸線方向中間部から鼻孔への挿入方向先端に亘って形成されていることを特徴とする呼吸補助具にある。
The present invention employs the following means in order to achieve the above object.
That is, the present invention is a respiratory aid made of an elastic material having flexibility,
A cylindrical body (1) that is inserted into the nostril and expands the nostril, and the cylindrical body has a bulging portion (3) in which a part of its peripheral wall bulges radially outward both inside and outside , The breathing aid is characterized by being formed from the axially intermediate portion of the cylindrical body to the distal end in the insertion direction into the nostril .

また、この発明は、柔軟性を有する弾性材料で作られた呼吸補助具であって、
鼻孔に挿入されて該鼻孔を拡げる1対の筒状体(1,1)と、これらの筒状体の挿入方向後端部間を連結するストッパ(2)とからなり、
各筒状体にはそれらの周壁の一部が内外面ともに半径方向外方に膨れ出てなる膨出部(3,3)、各筒状体の軸線方向中間部から鼻孔への挿入方向先端に亘って形成されていることを特徴とする呼吸補助具にある。
Moreover, this invention is a respiratory aid made of an elastic material having flexibility,
A pair of cylindrical bodies (1, 1) that are inserted into the nostrils and expand the nostrils, and a stopper (2) that connects the rear end portions in the insertion direction of these cylindrical bodies,
Each tubular body has a bulging portion (3, 3) in which a part of the peripheral wall bulges outward in the radial direction on both the inner and outer surfaces, and the insertion direction from the axially intermediate portion of each tubular body to the nostril It exists in the respiratory assistance device characterized by being formed over the front-end | tip .

より具体的には、前記ストッパ(2)は前記1対の筒状体(1,1)の各軸線を含む平面上にあり、前記膨出部(3,3)はその周方向中心が、前記平面を水平面と一致させたとき、前記ストッパ(2)に対して該ストッパから水平方向に離間する側の斜め上方位置にあるように形成されている。 More specifically, the stopper (2) is on a plane including the axes of the pair of cylindrical bodies (1, 1), and the bulging portion (3, 3) has a circumferential center thereof , When the plane is made to coincide with a horizontal plane, the stopper (2) is formed so as to be at an obliquely upper position on the side separated from the stopper in the horizontal direction .

前記膨出部(3)は、前記筒状体(1)鼻孔への挿入方向先端に向かうにつれて内空が徐々に拡がる周壁(5)を有している。前記周壁(5)は、前記筒状体(1)の軸線方向及び周方向に沿って湾曲している。前記膨出部(3)は、前記筒状体(1)の軸線方向に沿って形成された1対の起立壁(4,4)を有し、これらの起立壁間に前記周壁(5)が形成されている。 The bulging portion (3) has a peripheral wall (5) in which the inner space gradually expands toward the distal end in the insertion direction of the cylindrical body (1) into the nostril . The peripheral wall (5) is curved along the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the cylindrical body (1) . The bulging portion (3) has a pair of upright walls (4, 4) formed along the axial direction of the cylindrical body (1) , and the peripheral wall (5) is interposed between the upright walls. Is formed.

この発明によれば、鼻孔に挿入された筒状体は、その弾性による復元力によって鼻翼全体を押し拡げ、鼻孔を拡張させることができる。特に、筒状体にはその先端部側に膨出部が形成されているので、鼻孔は奥深くまで大きく拡がり、鼻呼吸を促進させることができる。   According to the present invention, the cylindrical body inserted into the nostril can expand the nostrils by expanding the entire nose wings by the restoring force due to its elasticity. In particular, since the tubular body has a bulging portion formed on the distal end side thereof, the nostril is greatly expanded deeply, and nasal breathing can be promoted.

また、膨出部は他の筒状体部分よりも大きなばね力で鼻翼を押圧するので、筒状体は確実に鼻孔内に保持され、容易に抜け出すことがない。また、鼻孔の拡開作用は、鼻翼の部分的な押圧によってではなく、膨出部を含めた筒状体による鼻翼全体に対する押圧によって生じるので、使用者が特に違和感を感じることもなく、使用者に優れた装着感を与えることができる。   Moreover, since the bulging portion presses the nose wing with a larger spring force than the other cylindrical body portions, the cylindrical body is securely held in the nostril and does not easily come out. In addition, the nostril spreading action is caused not by partial pressing of the nasal wing but by pressing the entire nasal wing by the tubular body including the bulging portion, so that the user does not feel particularly uncomfortable. Can give an excellent feeling of wearing.

この発明の実施形態を図面を参照しながら以下に説明する。図1は、この発明の実施形態を示す斜視図、図2は平面図、図3は正面図、図4は図3のB−B線矢視側面図、図5は図2のA−A線矢視断面図である。   Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. 1 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a plan view, FIG. 3 is a front view, FIG. 4 is a side view taken along line BB in FIG. 3, and FIG. FIG.

この発明による呼吸補助具は、実質的に円筒形をなす1対の筒状体1,1とストッパ2とを備えている。ストッパ2は、筒状体1が必要以上に鼻孔に入ってしまうのを制限するものである。したがって、ストッパ2は筒状体1,1の鼻孔への挿入方向後端部間に設けられている。ストッパ2は板状をなし、筒状体1の後端面とほぼ面一となるように設けられている。   The respiratory assistance device according to the present invention includes a pair of cylindrical bodies 1 and 1 and a stopper 2 which are substantially cylindrical. The stopper 2 restricts the cylindrical body 1 from entering the nostril more than necessary. Therefore, the stopper 2 is provided between the rear ends of the cylindrical bodies 1 and 1 in the insertion direction into the nostrils. The stopper 2 has a plate shape and is provided so as to be substantially flush with the rear end surface of the cylindrical body 1.

1対の筒状体1,1及びストッパ2からなる呼吸補助具は、柔軟性を有する弾性材料で作られている。柔軟性を有する弾性材料としては、エラストマー、例えばシリコーンゴムなどのゴム材料を用いることができる。また、シリコーン系、オレフィン系、エチレン系、ポリエステル系などの熱可塑性エラストマーを用いることもできる。ゴム材料、熱可塑性エラストマーのいずれを用いる場合も、型成形により1対の筒状部1,1及びストッパ2を一体成形することができる。   The breathing assistance device including the pair of cylindrical bodies 1 and 1 and the stopper 2 is made of an elastic material having flexibility. As the flexible elastic material, an elastomer, for example, a rubber material such as silicone rubber can be used. Moreover, thermoplastic elastomers, such as a silicone type, an olefin type, ethylene type, and a polyester type, can also be used. In the case of using either a rubber material or a thermoplastic elastomer, the pair of cylindrical portions 1 and 1 and the stopper 2 can be integrally formed by molding.

各筒状体1,1の先端部側には、筒状体1の周壁が外方に膨れ出てなる膨出部3が形成されている。膨出部3は、筒状体1の周方向の一部に所定角度範囲(この実施形態では略45度の角度範囲)に亘って形成されている。また、膨出部3は、筒状体1の軸線方向に関しては、筒状体1の軸線方向略中央から先端に亘って形成されている。膨出部3は、図2を参照して、その周方向中心がストッパ2に対して上方位置、より具体的には斜め上方位置にあるように形成されている。   On the distal end side of each cylindrical body 1, 1 is formed a bulging portion 3 in which the peripheral wall of the cylindrical body 1 bulges outward. The bulging portion 3 is formed in a part of the circumferential direction of the cylindrical body 1 over a predetermined angular range (an angular range of approximately 45 degrees in this embodiment). In addition, the bulging portion 3 is formed from approximately the center to the tip of the cylindrical body 1 in the axial direction of the cylindrical body 1. With reference to FIG. 2, the bulging portion 3 is formed such that its circumferential center is at an upper position, more specifically, at an obliquely upper position with respect to the stopper 2.

膨出部3は、図6(a)にも示すように、筒状体1の軸線方向に沿って形成された1対の起立壁4,4と、起立壁4,4間に形成された周壁5とからなっている。周壁5は、筒状体1の周方向に関して湾曲して形成されている。また、周壁5は、筒状体1の先端に向かうにつれて膨出部3の内空が徐々に拡がるように、筒状体1の軸線方向に関しても湾曲して形成されている。   As shown in FIG. 6 (a), the bulging portion 3 is formed between a pair of upright walls 4, 4 formed along the axial direction of the cylindrical body 1 and the upright walls 4, 4. It consists of a peripheral wall 5. The peripheral wall 5 is curved with respect to the circumferential direction of the cylindrical body 1. The peripheral wall 5 is also curved in the axial direction of the tubular body 1 so that the inner space of the bulging portion 3 gradually expands toward the tip of the tubular body 1.

図6(b)に示すように、膨出部3は、起立壁4を設けることなく、周壁部5のみによって形成することもできる。しかし、図中矢印で示すように、膨出部3に外方から半径方向の力が加わると、起立壁4もばね性を発揮してばね力を大きくすることができるので、起立壁4を設けるのが望ましい態様である。   As shown in FIG. 6B, the bulging portion 3 can be formed only by the peripheral wall portion 5 without providing the standing wall 4. However, as indicated by the arrows in the figure, when a radial force is applied to the bulging portion 3 from the outside, the standing wall 4 can also exhibit springiness and increase the spring force. It is a desirable mode to provide.

筒状体1は先端に傾斜端面6を有している。この傾斜端面6は膨出部3の先端両側部からストッパ2側にかけて筒状体1の長さ寸法が徐々に小さくなるように斜めにカットされた形状の端面である。   The cylindrical body 1 has an inclined end face 6 at the tip. The inclined end surface 6 is an end surface that is cut obliquely so that the length dimension of the cylindrical body 1 gradually decreases from both sides of the tip of the bulging portion 3 to the stopper 2 side.

次に上記呼吸補助具の使用態様について説明する。図7(a)は、ヒトの鼻の内部を示し、鼻孔(外鼻孔)10は鼻中隔11とその両側の鼻翼12との間の空間である。鼻孔10の入口部外側面は鼻前庭13と称され、この鼻前庭13の奥部には弓状の隆起があってこれは鼻限14と称されている。   Next, the usage mode of the respiratory aid will be described. FIG. 7A shows the inside of the human nose, and the nostril (outer nostril) 10 is a space between the nasal septum 11 and the nose wings 12 on both sides thereof. The outer surface of the entrance portion of the nostril 10 is referred to as a nasal vestibule 13, and there is an arcuate ridge at the back of the nasal vestibule 13, which is referred to as a nose limit 14.

呼吸補助具を装着するには、膨出部3を上側として筒状体1,1を鼻孔10,10にそれぞれ挿入する。その際、筒状体1を半径方向に圧縮変形させると、円形ではない鼻孔10への挿入がスムーズとなる。鼻孔10に挿入された筒状体1は、その弾性による復元力によって鼻翼12全体を押し拡げ、鼻孔10を拡張させる。   In order to wear the breathing aid, the tubular bodies 1 and 1 are inserted into the nostrils 10 and 10 with the bulging portion 3 as the upper side. At that time, when the cylindrical body 1 is compressed and deformed in the radial direction, the insertion into the nostril 10 which is not circular becomes smooth. The cylindrical body 1 inserted into the nostril 10 expands the nostril 10 by pushing and expanding the entire nose wing 12 by the restoring force due to its elasticity.

この発明による補助具では、特に筒状体1に膨出部3が形成されているので、膨出部3は隆起している鼻限14に達し、鼻限14を外側に向けて押圧する。すなわち、膨出部3は隆起した鼻限14を押圧することができる位置に形成されているのである。この結果、鼻孔10は奥深くまで大きく拡がり、通気率が上昇して鼻呼吸が促進される。また、膨出部3は、先端に向けて内空が徐々に拡がっているので、鼻呼吸は一層促進される。   In the assisting device according to the present invention, since the bulging portion 3 is formed in the tubular body 1 in particular, the bulging portion 3 reaches the raised nose limit 14 and presses the nose limit 14 outward. That is, the bulging portion 3 is formed at a position where the raised nose limit 14 can be pressed. As a result, the nostril 10 greatly expands deeply, the air permeability increases, and nasal breathing is promoted. Moreover, since the inner space of the bulging portion 3 gradually expands toward the tip, nasal breathing is further promoted.

そして、膨出部3は他の筒状体1部分よりも大きなばね力で鼻翼12を押圧するので、筒状体1は確実に鼻孔10内に保持されて容易に抜け出すことがない。しかも、鼻孔10の拡開作用は、鼻翼12の部分的な押圧によってではなく、膨出部3を含めた筒状体1による鼻翼12全体に対する押圧によって生じるので、使用者が特に違和感を感じることもない。   And since the bulging part 3 presses the nose wing 12 with a larger spring force than the other cylindrical body 1 part, the cylindrical body 1 is reliably hold | maintained in the nostril 10, and does not come out easily. In addition, the spreading action of the nostril 10 is caused not by partial pressing of the nose wing 12 but by pressing the entire nose wing 12 by the tubular body 1 including the bulging portion 3, so that the user particularly feels uncomfortable. Nor.

また、筒状体1,1間にはストッパ2が設けられているので、筒状体1が鼻孔内に必要以上に奥深く入り込むこんでしまうのを防止できる。さらに、筒状体1,1の先端には傾斜端面が形成されて、ストッパ2側の長さ寸法が短くなっているので、鼻中隔11に接する長さが短くなり、その粘膜などを傷めるのを防止することができる。   Moreover, since the stopper 2 is provided between the cylindrical bodies 1 and 1, the cylindrical body 1 can be prevented from entering the nostril more deeply than necessary. Furthermore, since the inclined end face is formed at the tip of the cylindrical bodies 1 and 1 and the length dimension on the stopper 2 side is shortened, the length in contact with the nasal septum 11 is shortened, and the mucous membrane and the like are damaged. Can be prevented.

以上のように、この発明による呼吸補助具は、鼻呼吸を促進するので、これを装着して就寝することによりいびきを防止することができる。また、この補助具を運動中に装着することにより、運動能力を向上させることができる。   As described above, since the respiratory assistance device according to the present invention promotes nasal breathing, snoring can be prevented by wearing this device and sleeping. In addition, the ability to exercise can be improved by wearing this auxiliary tool during exercise.

上記実施形態は例示にすぎず、この発明は種々の態様を採ることができる。例えば、上記実施形態では、膨出部を1つのみ設けたが、膨出部は筒状体の周方向に適宜間隔を置いて複数設けるようにしてもよい。   The above embodiment is merely an example, and the present invention can take various aspects. For example, in the above embodiment, only one bulging portion is provided, but a plurality of bulging portions may be provided at appropriate intervals in the circumferential direction of the cylindrical body.

また、上記実施形態では、膨出部は筒状体の周壁を外方に膨れ出させることにより形成されている。これに限らず、筒状体の一部を他の部分よりも厚肉とすることによっても膨出部を形成することができる。しかし、この場合は、呼吸気の流路断面積が大きくならず、通気性という観点では上記実施形態が望ましい態様である。   Moreover, in the said embodiment, the bulging part is formed by making the surrounding wall of a cylindrical body bulge outward. Not only this but a bulging part can be formed also by making a part of cylindrical body thicker than another part. However, in this case, the flow passage cross-sectional area of the respiratory air is not increased, and the above embodiment is a desirable aspect from the viewpoint of air permeability.

さらに、商品化する際には、上記実施形態のようにストッパを設けて1対の筒状体を連結した態様に限らず、ストッパをなくした筒状体のみという態様を採ることも可能である。   Furthermore, when commercializing, not only the aspect which provided the stopper and connected a pair of cylindrical bodies like the said embodiment, it is also possible to take the aspect only of the cylindrical body which eliminated the stopper. .

この発明の実施形態を示す斜視図である。It is a perspective view which shows embodiment of this invention. 同実施形態の平面図である。It is a top view of the embodiment. 同実施形態の正面図である。It is a front view of the embodiment. 図3のB−B線矢視側面図である。It is a BB arrow directional side view of FIG. 図2のA−A線矢視断面図である。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 2. 膨出部の正面図である。It is a front view of a bulging part. 使用状態を説明する図である。It is a figure explaining a use condition.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

1:筒状体
2:ストッパ
3:膨出部
4:起立壁
5:周壁
6:傾斜端面
10:鼻孔
11:鼻中隔
12:鼻翼
13:鼻前庭
14:鼻限
1: cylindrical body 2: stopper 3: bulging part 4: standing wall 5: peripheral wall 6: inclined end surface 10: nostril 11: nasal septum 12: nose wing 13: nasal vestibule 14: nasal limit

Claims (6)

柔軟性を有する弾性材料で作られた呼吸補助具であって、
鼻孔に挿入されて該鼻孔を拡げる筒状体(1)からなり、該筒状体にはその周壁の一部が内外面ともに半径方向外方に膨れ出てなる膨出部(3)、該筒状体の軸線方向中間部から鼻孔への挿入方向先端に亘って形成されていることを特徴とする呼吸補助具。
A respiratory aid made of a flexible elastic material,
Cylindrical body to expand the inserted and the nasal holes nostril consists (1), the bulge portion a part of the peripheral wall in the tubular body formed by bulging radially outwardly in both the inner and outer surfaces (3), A respiratory aid characterized by being formed from the axially intermediate portion of the cylindrical body to the distal end in the insertion direction into the nostril .
柔軟性を有する弾性材料で作られた呼吸補助具であって、
鼻孔に挿入されて該鼻孔を拡げる1対の筒状体(1,1)と、これらの筒状体の挿入方向後端部間を連結するストッパ(2)とからなり、
各筒状体にはそれらの周壁の一部が内外面ともに半径方向外方に膨れ出てなる膨出部(3,3)、各筒状体の軸線方向中間部から鼻孔への挿入方向先端に亘って形成されていることを特徴とする呼吸補助具。
A respiratory aid made of a flexible elastic material,
A pair of cylindrical bodies (1, 1) that are inserted into the nostrils and expand the nostrils, and a stopper (2) that connects the rear end portions in the insertion direction of these cylindrical bodies,
Each tubular body has a bulging portion (3, 3) in which a part of the peripheral wall bulges outward in the radial direction on both the inner and outer surfaces, and the insertion direction from the axially intermediate portion of each tubular body to the nostril A respiratory aid characterized by being formed over the tip .
前記ストッパ(2)は前記1対の筒状体(1,1)の各軸線を含む平面上にあり、前記膨出部(3,3)はその周方向中心が、前記平面を水平面と一致させたとき、前記ストッパ(2)に対して該ストッパから水平方向に離間する側の斜め上方位置にあるように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項2記載の呼吸補助具。 The stopper (2) is located on a plane containing the respective axes of the cylindrical body of the pair (1,1), said bulging portion (3,3) is coincident the circumferential direction center, said plane and the horizontal plane 3. The respiratory assistance device according to claim 2, wherein the respiratory assisting device is formed so as to be obliquely above the stopper (2) when it is spaced apart from the stopper in the horizontal direction . 前記膨出部(3)は、前記筒状体(1)鼻孔への挿入方向先端に向かうにつれて内空が徐々に拡がる周壁(5)を有していることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1記載の呼吸補助具。 The said bulging part (3) has the surrounding wall (5) in which an inner space expands gradually as it goes to the insertion direction to the nostril of the said cylindrical body (1) . 4. The respiratory aid according to any one of 3 above. 前記周壁(5)は、前記筒状体(1)の軸線方向及び周方向に沿って湾曲していることを特徴とする請求項4記載の呼吸補助具。 The respiratory assistance device according to claim 4, wherein the peripheral wall (5) is curved along an axial direction and a circumferential direction of the cylindrical body (1) . 前記膨出部(3)は、前記筒状体(1)の軸線方向に沿って形成された1対の起立壁(4,4)を有し、これらの起立壁間に前記周壁(5)が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項4又は5記載の呼吸補助具。 The bulging portion (3) has a pair of upright walls (4, 4) formed along the axial direction of the cylindrical body (1) , and the peripheral wall (5) is interposed between the upright walls. The respiratory assistance device according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that is formed.
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USD737965S1 (en) 2014-04-23 2015-09-01 Anthonius Fredericus Maria Bende Nasal dilator
WO2017219327A1 (en) * 2016-06-23 2017-12-28 彭鹏 Nasal obstruction relieving device
FR3086531B1 (en) * 2018-10-01 2020-10-30 Bone 3D NARINARY CONFORMER
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