JP4413237B2 - Manufacturing method of solar cell - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a solar cell.

  The solar cell converts light energy such as sunlight incident on the surface into electric energy. Various attempts have been made to improve the conversion efficiency into electric energy. One of them is a technique for reducing the reflection of light incident on the surface of the substrate. By reducing the reflection of incident light, the conversion efficiency to electric energy can be increased.

  Major solar cells are classified into crystalline, amorphous, and compound types depending on the type of materials used. Of these, most of the crystalline silicon solar cells currently on the market are in the market. This crystalline silicon solar cell is further classified into a single crystal type and a polycrystalline type. Single crystal silicon solar cells have the advantage that the substrate quality is good, and thus the efficiency is easy, while the substrate manufacturing cost is high. On the other hand, a polycrystalline silicon solar cell has the merit that it can be manufactured at a low cost although it has a weak point that it is difficult to achieve high efficiency due to poor substrate quality. In recent years, conversion efficiency of about 18% has been achieved at the research level due to the improvement of the quality of the polycrystalline silicon substrate and the advancement of cell technology.

  On the other hand, mass-produced polycrystalline silicon solar cells have been distributed in the market because of their low cost. However, in recent years, demand has increased further as environmental issues have been addressed, and low cost and higher conversion are required. Efficiency has been demanded.

  When a solar cell element is formed using a silicon substrate, if the substrate surface is etched with an alkaline aqueous solution such as sodium hydroxide, fine irregularities are formed on the surface, and reflection on the substrate surface can be reduced to some extent.

  When a single crystal silicon substrate having a (100) plane orientation is used, a pyramid structure called a texture structure can be uniformly formed on the substrate surface by such a method. Since it depends on the orientation, when a solar cell element is formed from a polycrystalline silicon substrate, there is a problem that the pyramid structure cannot be formed uniformly, and therefore the overall reflectance cannot be reduced effectively.

  In order to solve such problems, it has been proposed that when a solar cell element is formed of a polycrystalline silicon substrate, fine protrusions are formed on the substrate surface by a reactive ion etching method. (For example, see Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-27195, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-75152, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-102625). That is, fine protrusions are uniformly formed regardless of the plane orientation of the irregular crystal in the polycrystalline silicon, and the reflectance is more effectively reduced particularly in the solar cell element using the polycrystalline silicon. To do.

  However, since the unevenness forming conditions are very delicate and change depending on the structure of the apparatus, it is often very difficult to examine the conditions. If the fine protrusions cannot be formed uniformly, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell will decrease, and the value of each solar cell will be determined by its power generation efficiency, so in order to reduce its cost, the conversion efficiency of the solar cell Must be improved.

  Moreover, the reactive ion etching apparatus used in the reactive ion etching method is generally a parallel plate electrode type, and an RF voltage is applied to the electrode side on which the substrate is installed, The side wall is connected to ground. The inside of the container is evacuated by a vacuum pump, and after the evacuation is completed, an etching gas is introduced, and the substrate to be etched is etched while keeping the pressure constant. Since such a procedure is followed, the reactive ion etching apparatus has a long waiting time for evacuation and air leakage. Reactive ion etching apparatuses are often used for precision small semiconductor elements such as LSIs, but when used for solar cells, the area of the solar cell itself is large, so the number of treatments per process is small and the cost is low. There was a problem that became high. Therefore, when a reactive ion etching apparatus is used in a solar cell manufacturing process, it is an important point how high-tact processing is performed.

  The present invention has been made in view of such problems of the prior art, and an object thereof is to provide a method for efficiently and uniformly forming irregularities on the surface of a semiconductor substrate, particularly a silicon substrate used in a solar cell. .

Producing a solar cell of the present invention, unevenness of H 2 _O by a reactive ion etching method using the free non-image Tchingugasu, to the surface while the surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate by adhering etching products of the micro-mask It is provided with the uneven | corrugated formation process which forms .

In the method for manufacturing the solar cell, wherein the etching gas comprises SF _6, it is preferred that the amount of the H _{2 O} than the amount of the SF ₆ is small.

  In the method for manufacturing a solar cell, it is preferable that the unevenness having a width and a height of 1 μm or less is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate by the unevenness forming step.

  In the method for manufacturing a solar cell, it is preferable that unevenness having an aspect ratio of 2 or less is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate by the unevenness forming step.

  That is, when the surface of the silicon substrate is roughened by a reactive ion etching method or a similar dry etching method, an etching residue mainly composed of etched silicon is reattached to the silicon surface, and this is etched. By using it as a micromask, a concavo-convex structure is formed on the surface of the silicon substrate.

In the method for manufacturing a solar cell according to the present invention, the method includes a step of forming irregularities on the surface of a polycrystalline silicon substrate by a reactive ion etching method using a first etching gas containing H ₂ O. It is possible to form a concavo-convex structure (rough surface) on the surface of a silicon substrate necessary for an efficient solar cell or the like with high tact and low cost.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 shows the structure of a solar battery cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, 1 is a silicon substrate, 1a is a surface uneven structure, 1b is a light-receiving surface side impurity diffusion layer, 1c is a back surface side impurity diffusion layer (BSF), 1d is a surface antireflection film, 1e is a surface electrode, 1f is a back electrode Is shown.

  The silicon substrate 1 is a monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon substrate. This substrate may be either p-type or n-type. In the case of monocrystalline silicon, it is formed by a pulling method or the like, and in the case of polycrystalline silicon, it is formed by a casting method or the like. Polycrystalline silicon can be mass-produced and is extremely advantageous over single-crystal silicon in terms of manufacturing cost. An ingot formed by a pulling method or a casting method is sliced to a thickness of about 300 μm and cut into a size of about 10 cm × 10 cm or 15 cm × 15 cm to form a silicon substrate.

  On the surface side of the silicon substrate 1, fine irregularities 1a are formed in order to effectively capture incident light without reflecting it. This is because a gas is introduced into a vacuumed chamber, held at a constant pressure, and plasma is generated by applying RF power to an electrode provided in the chamber. The substrate surface is etched by the action of radicals or the like. This method, called the reactive ion etching (RIE) method, is shown in FIGS.

  2 and 3, 2a is a mass flow controller, 2b is a silicon substrate, 2c is an RF electrode, 2d is a pressure regulator, 2e is a vacuum pump, and 2f is an RF power source. An etching gas and an etching residue generation gas are introduced into the apparatus from the mass flow controller 2a portion, and plasma is generated by the RF electrode 2c to activate ions and radicals, and a silicon substrate placed above the RF electrode 2c. Etching by acting on the surface of 2b. In the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, the RF electrode 2c is installed in the apparatus to etch the surface of one silicon substrate 2b. In the apparatus shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of RF electrodes 2c are installed on the outer wall of the apparatus. The surface of the silicon substrate 2b is simultaneously etched.

  Of the generated active species, a method that increases the effect of ions on etching is generally called a reactive ion etching method. Plasma etching is a similar method, but the principle of plasma generation is basically the same, and the distribution of the active species acting on the substrate is simply changed to a different distribution depending on the chamber structure or electrode structure. . Therefore, the present invention is effective not only for the reactive ion etching method but also for the plasma etching method in general.

In the present invention, for example, methane trifluoride (CHF ₃₎ 20 sccm, chlorine (Cl ₂₎ of 50 sccm, oxygen (O ₂₎ of 10 sccm, 80 sccm of SF _6, while passing further 1sccm of H ₂ O in addition to these, Etching is performed at a reaction pressure of 7 Pa and RF power of 500 W for generating plasma for about 3 minutes. Thereby, an uneven structure is formed on the surface of the silicon substrate. During the etching, silicon is etched and basically vaporized, but a part of the silicon is not vaporized and molecules are adsorbed and remain on the substrate surface as a residue.

  In addition, if the gas conditions, reaction pressure, RF power, etc. are set such that a residue whose main component is silicon remains on the silicon substrate surface after etching under the concavo-convex forming gas conditions, the concavo-convex formation can be performed reliably. However, the aspect ratio of the irregularities needs to be optimized depending on conditions. On the other hand, it is impossible to form unevenness under any conditions so long as no residue remains on the surface after etching for forming unevenness.

FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the etching time and the reflectance of the silicon substrate surface when etching is performed with H ₂ O added. 4, 20 sccm methane trifluoride (CHF _3), 50 sccm chlorine (Cl _2), oxygen (O ₂₎ of 10 sccm, a SF ₆ 80 sccm, while passing further 1sccm of H ₂ O In addition to these, the reaction Etching was performed at a pressure of 7 Pa and an RF power of 500 W for generating plasma. Thus, it can be seen that under the conventional conditions in which H ₂ O is not added (■ mark in FIG. 4), an etching time required for 5 minutes can be achieved in 3 minutes if H ₂ O is added (marked with ● in FIG. 4 and ▲). That is, the addition of H ₂ O gas can promote the formation of irregularities and the roughening of the silicon surface. In addition, it was shown that the formation of the unevenness becomes slow when the amount of moisture is equal to the etching gas SF ₆ (sccm).

In this way, the unevenness formation process by dry etching without using an etching mask is mainly performed when the etching product is reattached on the substrate when silicon is etched, and this becomes a micromask in the next step. The underlying silicon is etched to form irregularities. Therefore, when H ₂ O is introduced, the formation of irregularities is promoted mainly because H ₂ O is easily adsorbed on the silicon surface or the etching product surface, and this reattachment is promoted. The optimum value and upper and lower limits of the moisture depend on the type and ratio of the mixed gas for etching, the pressure during the reaction, the RF power, the shape of the etching chamber, and the like.

In addition to the case where H ₂ O gas is added to the etching gas conditions, a method using an original gas containing impurities is also effective. Generally, the gas for semiconductor etching that is generally sold has a purity of about 99.999%. However, for example, when liquid oxygen having a low purity is used for the O ₂ gas, the same effect as that obtained by adding the H ₂ O gas can be obtained. This is because the low purity O ₂ gas contains moisture. The liquid oxygen on the market is usually about 99.5%, and the water content is several tens to several hundred ppm. By using this, the running cost can be kept low because of its low purity, and the supply of H ₂ O is not required separately, so that the cost of the apparatus can be reduced. Further, instead of using a low-purity O ₂ gas, another gas having a low purity can be used. This is because, in any gas, water is very much contained as impurities.

  The fine irregularities 1a have a conical shape or a continuous shape, and the size can be changed by controlling the gas concentration or etching time by the RIE method. The width and height of the fine irregularities 1a are each set to 2 μm or less. In order to form the fine irregularities 1a uniformly and accurately over the entire necessary portion of the silicon substrate 1, a thickness of 1 μm or less is preferable. The aspect ratio of the fine irregularities 1a (the width / height of the irregularities 1a) is desirably 2 or less. When this aspect ratio is 2 or more, fine irregularities 1a are damaged in the manufacturing process, and when a solar battery cell is formed, a leak current increases and good output characteristics cannot be obtained.

After forming irregularities with a reactive ion etching apparatus or a similar plasma etching apparatus, etching residues remaining on the surface of the silicon substrate are removed. Thereby, the characteristic of the solar cell produced can be improved. One method for removing the residue is to perform dry etching by introducing a gas that can be etched. Examples of gases that can be etched include SF ₆ , but any gas type can be used as long as it has the ability to remove residues. By continuously removing the residue in this way, it is not necessary to provide a separate step for removing the residue, and the cost can be reduced. Note that the etching for removing the etching residue may be performed in the same chamber in which the unevenness is formed, or may be performed in a separate chamber. However, in this method, since the surface of the silicon substrate is also etched, the shape of the unevenness tends to collapse, and management of etching conditions is necessary.

  As another method for removing the etching residue, there is also a method in which an ultrasonic wave is applied in a water tank after the substrate is taken out by forming irregularities with a reactive ion etching apparatus or a similar plasma etching apparatus. As the types of devices that apply ultrasonic waves, the frequency of main commercially available ultrasonic cleaning devices is several tens of kHz to several hundreds of kHz, and the vibrator to be applied is of various types such as material, shape, and output. However, this type of device can be selected depending on the ease of removal of residue on the surface. The ease of residue removal varies depending on the shape and size of the unevenness, the remaining amount of residue, the thickness of the substrate, etc., and also varies depending on the frequency of the ultrasonic wave, but even under conditions where residue removal is relatively difficult It is possible to remove the residue by extending the application time, and any of them can be used as the present invention.

On the surface side of the semiconductor substrate 1, a layer 1b in which a reverse conductivity type semiconductor impurity is diffused is formed. The layer 1b in which the reverse conductivity type semiconductor impurity is diffused is provided to form a semiconductor junction in the silicon substrate 1. For example, when n-type impurity is diffused, vapor phase diffusion using POCl ₃ is performed. And a coating diffusion method using P ₂ O ₅ and an ion implantation method for directly diffusing P ⁺ ions. The layer 1 containing the reverse conductivity type semiconductor impurity is formed to a depth of about 0.3 to 0.5 μm.

An antireflection film 1 d is formed on the surface side of the silicon substrate 1. The antireflection film 1 d is provided to prevent light from being reflected from the surface of the silicon substrate 1 and to effectively take light into the silicon substrate 1. This antireflection film is made of a material having a refractive index of about 2 in consideration of the difference in refractive index from the silicon substrate 1, and is made of a silicon nitride film or a silicon oxide (SiO ₂ ) film having a thickness of about 500 to 2000 mm. Composed.

  On the back side of the silicon substrate 1, it is desirable to form a layer 1c in which one conductivity type semiconductor impurity is diffused at a high concentration. The layer 1c in which this one-conductivity-type semiconductor impurity is diffused at a high concentration forms an internal electric field on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 1 in order to prevent a decrease in efficiency due to carrier recombination near the back surface of the silicon substrate 1. is there.

  In other words, as a result of the carriers generated near the back surface of the silicon substrate 1 being accelerated by this electric field, the electric power is effectively extracted, and particularly the long wavelength photosensitivity increases and the deterioration of the solar cell characteristics at high temperatures is reduced. it can. Thus, the sheet resistance on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 1 on which the layer 1c in which one conductivity type semiconductor impurity is diffused at a high concentration is formed is about 15Ω / □.

  A front surface electrode 1 e and a back surface electrode 1 f are formed on the front surface side and the back surface side of the silicon substrate 1. The front electrode 1e and the back electrode 1f are screen-printed and fired with an Ag paste mainly composed of Ag powder, binder, frit, etc., and a solder layer is formed thereon. The surface electrode 1e is composed of, for example, a large number of finger electrodes (not shown) formed with a width of about 200 μm and a pitch of about 3 mm, and two bus bar electrodes (1e) that connect the large number of finger electrodes to each other. The The back electrode 1f is composed of, for example, a large number of finger electrodes (not shown) formed with a width of about 300 μm and a pitch of about 5 mm, and two bus bar electrodes (1f) that connect the large number of finger electrodes to each other. The

It is a figure which shows the solar cell formed by the manufacturing method of the solar cell which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows an example of the reactive ion etching apparatus used for the manufacturing method of the solar cell which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows the other example of the reactive ion etching apparatus used for the manufacturing method of the solar cell which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows the effect of the manufacturing method of the solar cell which concerns on this invention by the surface reflectance of a silicon substrate.

Explanation of symbols

1: silicon substrate, 1a: surface uneven structure, 1b: impurity diffusion layer, 1c: back surface impurity diffusion layer, 1d: antireflection film, 1e: surface electrode, 1f: back surface electrode

Claims (5)

By H 2 _O reactive ion etching using the free non-image Tchingugasu becomes comprise irregularities forming step of forming irregularities on said surface while the surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate by adhering etching products of the micro-mask A method for manufacturing a solar cell. Before disappeared Tchingugasu comprises SF _6, for producing a solar cell according to claim 1 wherein the amount of said H _{2 O} than the amount of the SF ₆ is small.   3. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the unevenness having a width and a height of 1 μm or less is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate by the unevenness forming step.   The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the unevenness having an aspect ratio of 2 or less is formed on the surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate by the unevenness forming step. The method for manufacturing a solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the etching gas contains O ₂ gas .

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