JP4263817B2 - Antibacterial agent - Google Patents

Antibacterial agent Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4263817B2
JP4263817B2 JP24601299A JP24601299A JP4263817B2 JP 4263817 B2 JP4263817 B2 JP 4263817B2 JP 24601299 A JP24601299 A JP 24601299A JP 24601299 A JP24601299 A JP 24601299A JP 4263817 B2 JP4263817 B2 JP 4263817B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
extract
saponin
antibacterial agent
yucca
ysm
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JP24601299A
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JP2001039812A (en
Inventor
正純 宮腰
幸吉 田村
健二 水谷
治 田中
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Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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Maruzen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、食品、医薬品、化粧料等の分野において有害酵母の増殖阻止のために使用可能な天然物系抗菌剤に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
微生物類の繁殖による変質や腐敗を起こしやすい食品、医薬品、化粧料等の保存性向上のために配合する抗菌剤としては、従来各種の合成品や天然物由来のものが使用されているが、人の口や皮膚を経由して体内に入ることが多い上記用途の抗菌剤としては合成品よりも安全性の高い天然物由来のものが好ましい。また、天然物由来のものも、添加対象物の色、匂い、味、物性等には悪影響を及ぼさないものであることが望まれる。
【0003】
しかしながら、細菌類に対して有効な天然物系抗菌剤は幾つか提供されているが、真菌類とくに酵母に対して優れた活性を示す天然物系抗菌剤は少ない。
【0004】
酵母に対して有効な天然物系抗菌剤の一例は、リュウゼツラン科の低木植物・ユッカ(Yucca)の抽出物から単離された幾つかのスピロスタン型ステロイドサポニンを有効成分とするものである(特開平7−149608号公報)。上記ステロイドサポニンは抗酵母活性が強力であり且つ強い味や匂いを有するものでもないから、特に食品用途に有用な抗菌剤となる。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明者らは、ユッカ抽出物構成成分とその抗菌活性について詳細な検討を加えた結果、ユッカ抽出物中にはほかにも未確認の抗酵母活性物質が存在することを知った。
本発明の目的は、ユッカ抽出物から新規な抗酵母活性物質を単離しそれを有効成分とする抗菌剤を提供することにある。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、本発明者らによりユッカ抽出物から新たに単離され且つ優れた抗菌作用が確認された下記化5〜化8のスピロスタン型ステロイドサポニンを主たる有効成分とする抗菌剤を提供するものである(但し、各式においてRおよびRは一方が水素原子であり他方はメチル基である。Glcはβ−D−グルコース残基を、Galはβ−D−ガラクトース残基を、Xylはβ−D−キシロース残基を、それぞれ示す。)。
【0007】
【化5】

Figure 0004263817
【0008】
【化6】
Figure 0004263817
【0009】
【化7】
Figure 0004263817
【0010】
【化8】
Figure 0004263817
【0011】
上記4種類のサポニン(以下、サポニンYSMと総称する)は、いずれも酵母に対して優れた抗菌作用を示す。また、食品用の抗菌剤に要求される他の特性、たとえば熱や光に対する安定性、味、匂い等においても問題がない。
【0012】
サポニンYSMは前述のようにユッカ抽出物から初めて単離されたものであるが、ユッカ以外の植物体、たとえばユッカと同じリュウゼツラン科の植物や近縁のユリ科、ヤマノイモ科、ヒガンバナ科、ヤシ科、パイナップル科等の単子葉植物、ゴマノハグサ科、ナス科、ニガキ科、マメ科等の植物中にも存在する可能性があり、したがって、サポニンYSMを含有するものであればいずれも本発明の抗菌剤構成成分の抽出原料とすることができる。しかしながら、ユッカは入手が容易であり且つサポニンの抽出とその後の精製が容易であるなど、有利な性質を備えているので、抽出原料として好ましい。
【0013】
次に、本発明の抗菌剤構成成分であるサポニンYSMをユッカから単離する方法について詳述する。
【0014】
ユッカは、地下部、地上部(種子を含む)とも、抽出原料として使用することができる。原料は適当な大きさに粉砕してから、水、親水性有機溶媒またはこれらの混合物で抽出処理する。抽出用の親水性有機溶媒としては、メタノール、エタノール等の低級アルコール;グリセリン、1,3−ブチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール等の多価アルコール;アセトン等が好ましい。抽出方法に制限はなく、簡単には、常温ないし沸騰点付近の温度に維持した溶媒中に原料を浸漬しておけばよい。
【0015】
溶剤抽出によらずにステロイドサポニン含有エキスを得る方法として、新鮮な植物体を原料にして搾汁する方法もある。
【0016】
得られたユッカ抽出物は、サポニンYSMの含有率が高いものであれば、活性炭による脱色処理、脱臭処理等の簡単な精製を施すだけで本発明の抗酵母剤として使用することができる。
【0017】
サポニンYSMを濃縮もしくは単離するには、上記ユッカ抽出物を液一液分配抽出、各種クロマトグラフィー、膜分離等、サポニンを濃縮するのに有効な精製手段を適宜採用して精製、分画を行う。サポニンYSMの含有率を高くするほど、活性が強く着色やにおいの少ない抗菌剤を製造することができる。
【0018】
サポニンYSMの抗酵母活性は、アルカリ性よりはpH5前後の弱酸性において強く、中性での活性に比べても約2倍の強さを示す。水溶液は、単なるユッカ抽出物のそれよりも着色が少なく、澄明性にもすぐれている。
【0019】
本発明の抗菌剤は、医薬品、化粧品(医薬部外品を含む)、食品等の有効成分として、または保存性向上剤として、広い分野で利用可能である。本発明の抗菌剤の有効成分であるサポニンYSMは安定性がよく溶解性も良い化合物であるから、これを配合して食品、医薬品、化粧品等を製造するのに格別の困難はない。
【0020】
本発明の抗菌剤を食品の保存性向上のために使用する場合は、その食品の製造原料または製造工程の任意の段階で、混入、塗布、噴霧、浸漬等の方法により、食品に添加するか付着させる。
【0021】
本発明の抗菌剤の好適使用量は、その組成、剤形、添加対象物の種類等によって異なるが、一般的には、添加対象物中での濃度がサポニンYSMとして約0.0001〜0.1重量%になるように使用することが望ましい。
【0022】
本発明の抗菌剤は、その用途に応じて、粉剤、粒剤、乳剤、水和剤等、任意の剤形で利用に供することができる。その場合、他の抗菌剤、保存料その他任意の成分と共に製剤化しても差支えない。併用可能なものの例を挙げると、合成品では安息香酸またはその塩類、オルトフェニルフェノールまたはその塩類、ジフェニル、ソルビン酸またはその塩類、チアベンダゾール、デヒドロ酢酸またはその塩類、パラオキシ安息香酸アルキルエステル類、プロピオン酸またはその塩類、さらし粉、次亜塩素酸またはその塩類、ビタミンBラウリル硫酸塩等があり、天然物由来のものでは、アニスエキス、エゾウコギエキス、カワラヨモギエキス、しらこたん白、ヒノキエキス、ホオノキエキス、ε−ポリリジン、レンギョウエキス、カンゾウエキス、クローブエキス、セージエキス、ピメンタエキス、プロポリスエキス、ペパーエキス、ローズマリーエキス、アチートエキス、イチジク葉エキス、オレガノエキス、カルダモンエキス、キャラウェイエキス、柑橘種子エキス、クミンエキス、クランペリーエキス、クワエキス、ケイヒエキス、コウジ酸、ササエキス、サフランエキス、サンショウエキス、シソエキス、シナモンエキス、ショウガエキス、(ヤナギ)タデエキス、チャエキス、タイムエキス、ターメリックエキス、ダイズエキス、トウガラシエキス、ナツメグエキス、ニンニクエキス、バジルエキス、ハッカエキス、バニラエキス、パプリカエキス、ブドウ果皮エキス、フェンネルエキス、ベニコウジ分解物、ペパーミントエキス、ホコツシエキス、ホップエキス、マジョラムエキス、メースエキス、モウソウチクエキス、モミガラエキス、ユーカリエキス、ワサビエキス、リゾチーム、ローレルエキス等がある。
【0023】
【実施例】
製造実施例
ユッカ・シジゲラ(Yucca schidigera)の根茎部1kgにエタノール10リットルを加え、沸騰水浴中で2時間、還流下に加熱した。得られた抽出液を減圧下に濃縮したのち乾燥して、ユッカ抽出物201gを得た。
【0024】
このユッカ抽出物を水3リットルに溶解し、ダイヤイオンHP−20樹脂(三菱化学)3リットルのカラムに通液、次いで水、40%含水メタノール、60%含水メタノール、80%含水メタノール、95%含水メタノール(濃度はいずれもメタノール濃度)、および100%メタノールを、それぞれ10リットルずつ、順次通液して分画した。これにより、水溶出画分72g、40%含水メタノール溶出画分8g、60%含水メタノール溶出画分41g、80%含水メタノール溶出画分42g、95%含水メタノール溶出画分19g、100%のメタノール溶出画分2gを得た。
【0025】
次に、強い抗菌活性が認められた95%メタノール溶出画分18gをとり、これをシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(クロロホルム/メタノール/水=30/10/1および40/10/1による2段展開)およびODSカラムクロマトグラフィー(アセトニトリル/水=74/26および80/20による2段展開)により更に分画し、得られた画分中の4種の画分より下記のサポニンを確認した。
【0026】
【表1】
Figure 0004263817
YSM−1 110
YSM−2 110
YSM−3 160
YSM−4 1430
【0027】
試験例
前記製造実施例によるユッカエタノール抽出物およびサポニン類について、下記の酵母5種類に対する抗菌活性を、ポテトデキストロース寒天培地を用いた寒天培地希釈法における最小生育阻止濃度・MICを求めることにより測定した。
【0028】
A:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B:Candida albicans
C:Hansenula anomala
D:Pichia nakazawae
E:Debaryomyces hansenii
なお、培養は温度30℃で2日間行い、生育の有無は肉眼で判定した。
また、前記製造実施例でYSM−1〜YSM−4と共に単離された他の2種類のサポニン(参考例1,2)についても同様の測定を行なった。
結果を表2に示す(抗菌活性が強いほど最小生育阻止濃度・MICは小さい)。
【0030】
【表2】
Figure 0004263817
注:参考例1 下記化9におけるRとRが共通の基・メチレン基であるもの参考例2 下記化9におけるRとRの一方がメチル基であり他方が水素
原子であるもの
参考例3 RとRが共通の基・メチレン基である以外は化8のサポニン
(サポニンYSM−4)と同じ構造のもの
【0031】
【化9】
Figure 0004263817
【0032】
表2から、サポニンYSMが単なるユッカ抽出物よりもはるかに強い抗酵母活性を示し、ユッカ抽出物の抗酵母活性の原因物質の一つであることがわかる。
【0033】
サポニンYSMと化学構造が類似するステロイドサポニンでも、参考例1,2のように糖部分が二糖であるものや2位に水酸基を有するものは活性が弱い。
【0034】
参考例3のサポニンは、12位のカルボニル基をメチレン基まで還元すると前記特開平7−149608号公報に記載されている強力な抗酵母活性物質・サポニンYS−1となるものであるが、このままでは活性が弱い。
【0035】
【発明の効果】
上述のように、ユッカから分離されたサポニンYSMを主たる有効成分とする本発明の抗菌剤は酵母類に対して強力な抗菌活性を示す。したがって、完全滅菌が困難な食品等に本発明の抗菌剤を使用すれば、安全な天然物系抗菌剤のみによる大幅な保存性向上が可能になる。[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to a natural antibacterial agent that can be used to prevent the growth of harmful yeast in the fields of foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and the like.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As antibacterial agents to be added to improve the preservability of foods, medicines, cosmetics, etc. that are prone to deterioration and spoilage due to the propagation of microorganisms, various synthetic products and natural products have been used. As the antibacterial agent for the above-mentioned use, which often enters the body via the human mouth and skin, those derived from natural products having higher safety than synthetic products are preferable. In addition, it is desirable that those derived from natural products do not adversely affect the color, smell, taste, physical properties, etc. of the object to be added.
[0003]
However, some natural product antibacterial agents effective against bacteria are provided, but few natural product antibacterial agents exhibit excellent activity against fungi, particularly yeast.
[0004]
An example of a natural product antibacterial agent effective against yeast is one containing several spirostan steroid saponins isolated from extracts of the agave shrub plant Yucca as an active ingredient (specialty) Kaihei 7-149608). Since the steroid saponin has a strong anti-yeast activity and does not have a strong taste or smell, it is an antibacterial agent particularly useful for food applications.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As a result of detailed studies on the components of yucca extract and its antibacterial activity, the present inventors have found that there are other unidentified anti-yeast active substances in the yucca extract.
An object of the present invention is to provide a novel anti-yeast active substance isolated from a yucca extract and to provide an antibacterial agent containing the same as an active ingredient.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention provides an antibacterial agent comprising, as a main active ingredient, a spirostan type steroid saponin of the following chemical formulas 5 to 8, which has been newly isolated from a yucca extract by the present inventors and whose excellent antibacterial activity has been confirmed. (In the formulas, one of R 1 and R 2 is a hydrogen atom and the other is a methyl group. Glc represents a β-D-glucose residue, Gal represents a β-D-galactose residue, and Xyl. Represents a β-D-xylose residue, respectively).
[0007]
[Chemical formula 5]
Figure 0004263817
[0008]
[Chemical 6]
Figure 0004263817
[0009]
[Chemical 7]
Figure 0004263817
[0010]
[Chemical 8]
Figure 0004263817
[0011]
The above four types of saponins (hereinafter collectively referred to as saponin YSM) all exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against yeast. In addition, there are no problems in other properties required for food antibacterial agents, such as stability to heat and light, taste, and smell.
[0012]
As described above, saponin YSM was first isolated from a yucca extract, but plants other than yucca, for example, the same agave plant as in yucca, the related lilies, yamaceae, antaceae, and palmaceae , May be present in monocotyledonous plants such as pineapples, scorpionaceae, eggplants, oysters, legumes, etc. Therefore, any antimicrobial agent of the present invention can be used as long as it contains saponin YSM. It can be used as an extraction raw material for the agent component. However, yucca is preferable as a raw material for extraction because it has advantageous properties such as easy acquisition and easy extraction and subsequent purification of saponin.
[0013]
Next, a method for isolating saponin YSM, which is a component of the antibacterial agent of the present invention, from yucca will be described in detail.
[0014]
Yucca can be used as an extraction raw material in both the underground part and the above-ground part (including seeds). The raw material is pulverized to an appropriate size and then extracted with water, a hydrophilic organic solvent or a mixture thereof. As the hydrophilic organic solvent for extraction, lower alcohols such as methanol and ethanol; polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, 1,3-butylene glycol and propylene glycol; acetone and the like are preferable. There is no limitation on the extraction method, and simply, the raw material may be immersed in a solvent maintained at room temperature or a temperature near the boiling point.
[0015]
As a method of obtaining a steroid saponin-containing extract without using solvent extraction, there is also a method of squeezing juice from a fresh plant.
[0016]
If the obtained yucca extract has a high content of saponin YSM, it can be used as the anti-yeast agent of the present invention only by simple purification such as decolorization treatment and deodorization treatment with activated carbon.
[0017]
In order to concentrate or isolate saponin YSM, the above-mentioned yucca extract is appropriately purified and fractionated by appropriately adopting purification means effective for concentrating saponin, such as liquid-liquid partition extraction, various chromatographies, membrane separation, etc. Do. As the content of saponin YSM is increased, an antibacterial agent having strong activity and less coloring or smell can be produced.
[0018]
The anti-yeast activity of saponin YSM is stronger in weak acidity around pH 5 than alkaline, and is about twice as strong as neutral activity. The aqueous solution is less colored than that of a simple yucca extract and is also more clear.
[0019]
The antibacterial agent of the present invention can be used in a wide range of fields as an active ingredient of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (including quasi-drugs), foods, etc., or as a preservative improving agent. Since saponin YSM, which is an active ingredient of the antibacterial agent of the present invention, is a compound having good stability and good solubility, there is no particular difficulty in producing foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and the like by blending it.
[0020]
When the antibacterial agent of the present invention is used to improve the storage stability of food, is it added to the food by a method such as mixing, coating, spraying, or dipping at any stage of the food production raw material or production process? Adhere.
[0021]
The preferred amount of the antibacterial agent of the present invention varies depending on the composition, dosage form, type of the object to be added, etc., but generally, the concentration in the object to be added is about 0.0001 to 0.00 as saponin YSM. It is desirable to use so that it may become 1 weight%.
[0022]
The antibacterial agent of the present invention can be used in any dosage form such as powder, granule, emulsion, wettable powder and the like depending on its use. In that case, it may be formulated together with other antibacterial agents, preservatives and other optional ingredients. Examples of those that can be used in combination include benzoic acid or salts thereof, orthophenylphenol or salts thereof, diphenyl, sorbic acid or salts thereof, thiabendazole, dehydroacetic acid or salts thereof, paraoxybenzoic acid alkyl esters, propionic acid. Or its salts, bleached powder, hypochlorous acid or its salts, vitamin B 1 lauryl sulfate, etc., and those derived from natural products, such as anise extract, sagebrush extract, Chinese mugwort extract, shirako protein, hinoki extract, honoki extract , Ε-polylysine, forsythia extract, licorice extract, clove extract, sage extract, pimenta extract, propolis extract, pepper extract, rosemary extract, atito extract, fig leaf extract, oregano extract, cardamom extract, character Aye extract, citrus seed extract, cumin extract, clampery extract, mulberry extract, cinnamon extract, kojic acid, sasa extract, saffron extract, salamander extract, perilla extract, cinnamon extract, ginger extract, (willow) tade extract, tea extract, thyme extract, turmeric extract , Soybean extract, capsicum extract, nutmeg extract, garlic extract, basil extract, mint extract, vanilla extract, paprika extract, grape skin extract, fennel extract, red pepper extract, peppermint extract, pepper extract, hop extract, marjoram extract, mace extract, moso bamboo extract , Wormwood extract, eucalyptus extract, wasabi extract, lysozyme, laurel extract and the like.
[0023]
【Example】
Production Example 10 liters of ethanol was added to 1 kg of the rhizome part of Yucca schidigera and heated under reflux in a boiling water bath for 2 hours. The obtained extract was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried to obtain 201 g of Yucca extract.
[0024]
This yucca extract is dissolved in 3 liters of water and passed through a 3 liter column of Diaion HP-20 resin (Mitsubishi Chemical), followed by water, 40% aqueous methanol, 60% aqueous methanol, 80% aqueous methanol, 95% Water-containing methanol (both concentrations were methanol concentration) and 100% methanol were sequentially passed through 10 liters each for fractionation. Thus, water elution fraction 72g, 40% aqueous methanol elution fraction 8g, 60% aqueous methanol elution fraction 41g, 80% aqueous methanol elution fraction 42g, 95% aqueous methanol elution fraction 19g, 100% methanol elution 2 g of fraction was obtained.
[0025]
Next, 18 g of a 95% methanol elution fraction in which strong antibacterial activity was observed was taken, and this was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (chloroform / methanol / water = 30/10/1 and two-stage development with 40/10/1) and Further fractionation was performed by ODS column chromatography (two-stage development with acetonitrile / water = 74/26 and 80/20), and the following saponins were confirmed from the four fractions in the obtained fractions.
[0026]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004263817
YSM-1 110
YSM-2 110
YSM-3 160
YSM-4 1430
[0027]
Test Example About the yucca ethanol extract and the saponins according to the above production examples, the antibacterial activity against the following five yeasts was measured by determining the minimum growth inhibition concentration / MIC in the agar medium dilution method using a potato dextrose agar medium. .
[0028]
A: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B: Candida albicans
C: Hansenula anomala
D: Pichia Nakazawa
E: Debaryomyces hansenii
The culture was performed at a temperature of 30 ° C. for 2 days, and the presence or absence of growth was determined with the naked eye.
In addition, the same measurement was performed for the other two types of saponins (Reference Examples 1 and 2) isolated together with YSM-1 to YSM-4 in the production examples.
The results are shown in Table 2 (the stronger the antibacterial activity, the smaller the minimum growth inhibition concentration / MIC).
[0030]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004263817
Note: Reference Example 1 R 1 and R 2 in Chemical Formula 9 below are a common group / methylene group Reference Example 2 One of R 1 and R 2 in Chemical Formula 9 below is a methyl group and the other is a hydrogen atom Reference Example 3 Except for R 1 and R 2 being a common group / methylene group, having the same structure as saponin (saponin YSM-4) of Chemical Formula 8
[Chemical 9]
Figure 0004263817
[0032]
From Table 2, it can be seen that saponin YSM exhibits much stronger anti-yeast activity than mere yucca extract, and is one of the causative substances of the anti-yeast activity of yucca extract.
[0033]
Even steroid saponins having a chemical structure similar to that of saponin YSM, those having a sugar moiety that is a disaccharide as in Reference Examples 1 and 2 and those having a hydroxyl group at the 2-position are weak in activity.
[0034]
The saponin of Reference Example 3 becomes a powerful anti-yeast active substance, saponin YS-1 described in JP-A-7-149608 when the carbonyl group at the 12-position is reduced to a methylene group. Then the activity is weak.
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the antibacterial agent of the present invention comprising saponin YSM isolated from yucca as a main active ingredient exhibits a strong antibacterial activity against yeasts. Therefore, if the antibacterial agent of the present invention is used for foods and the like that are difficult to sterilize completely, it is possible to significantly improve the storage stability with only a safe natural antibacterial agent.

Claims (2)

下記化1ないし化4のいずれかで表されるサポニンの1種または2種以上を主たる有効成分として含有することを特徴とする抗菌剤(但し、各式においてRおよびRは一方が水素原子であり他方はメチル基である。Glcはβ−D−グルコース残基を、Galはβ−D−ガラクトース残基を、Xylはβ−D−キシロース残基を、それぞれ示す。)。
Figure 0004263817
Figure 0004263817
Figure 0004263817
Figure 0004263817
An antibacterial agent containing one or more saponins represented by any one of the following chemical formulas 1 to 4 as a main active ingredient (provided that in each formula, one of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen An atom and the other is a methyl group, Glc represents a β-D-glucose residue, Gal represents a β-D-galactose residue, and Xyl represents a β-D-xylose residue.
Figure 0004263817
Figure 0004263817
Figure 0004263817
Figure 0004263817
サポニンがユッカより得られたものである請求項1記載の抗菌剤。The antibacterial agent according to claim 1, wherein the saponin is obtained from Yucca.
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