JP4236665B2 - Self-lubricating sintered sliding material and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Self-lubricating sintered sliding material and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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本発明は、自己潤滑性焼結摺動材およびその製造方法に関し、より詳しくは鉄系基材における摺動側に鉄系材料を含む焼結摺動材料よりなる焼結摺動層が設けられてなる自己潤滑性焼結摺動材およびその製造方法に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a self-lubricating sintered sliding material and a manufacturing method thereof, and more specifically, a sintered sliding layer made of a sintered sliding material containing an iron-based material is provided on the sliding side of an iron-based substrate. The present invention relates to a self-lubricating sintered sliding material and a manufacturing method thereof.
従来、無給脂作業機ブッシュに用いられる自己潤滑性焼結摺動材として、銅系，スレンレス系等の母層に黒鉛，二硫化モリブデン，二硫化タングステン等の固体潤滑剤を混合させたもの（例えば、東芝タンガロイ製、ＳＬ合金）がある。また、安価な自己潤滑性焼結摺動材として、特殊なプラスチックに固体潤滑剤を含有させたものがある。また、本発明者らは、先に、高荷重に耐え得るものとして、鉄系焼結材よりなる母材に黒鉛等の固体潤滑剤を混合，分散させてなる自己潤滑性焼結摺動材を提案している（特許文献１，２参照）。 Conventionally, as a self-lubricating sintered sliding material used for non-greased working machine bushes, a solid lubricant such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc., is mixed with a copper-based, slenless-based base layer ( For example, there is a SL alloy manufactured by Toshiba Tungaloy. Further, as an inexpensive self-lubricating sintered sliding material, there is a special plastic containing a solid lubricant. In addition, the present inventors previously described a self-lubricating sintered sliding material obtained by mixing and dispersing a solid lubricant such as graphite in a base material made of an iron-based sintered material, as a material capable of withstanding a high load. (See Patent Documents 1 and 2).
しかしながら、前記プレスチック系の自己潤滑性焼結摺動材は摺動面圧が２００ｋｇ／ｃｍ２を越えると、他の自己潤滑性焼結摺動材でも摺動面圧が５００ｋｇ／ｃｍ2を越えると、所謂「ヘタリ」現象を示すとともに耐摩耗寿命が著しく短くなるという問題点がある。 However, when the sliding surface pressure exceeds 200 kg / cm 2 , the pressure surface pressure of other self-lubricating sintered sliding materials becomes 500 kg / cm 2 . On the other hand, there is a problem that the so-called “sagging” phenomenon is exhibited and the wear-resistant life is remarkably shortened.
また、偏荷重，ピーク的な高荷重のかかるブッシュとして、内周面から約１ｍｍの深さの部分が熱処理による硬化によって強化された鉄系自己潤滑性摺動材の内側層とされ、この内側層を包囲する部分を通常の高強度鉄系焼結材料よりなる外側層とされる２層成形ブッシュがある。しかしながら、この２層成形ブッシュにおいても、過度の偏荷重が加わると、前記鉄系焼結材料の母層に分散された固体潤滑剤粒子等の固体潤滑剤，この固体潤滑剤の周辺を繋ぐように多数のマイクロクラックが発生する、異常摩耗を引き起こす等の問題点がある。 In addition, as a bush with an uneven load and a peak high load, the inner layer of an iron-based self-lubricating sliding material whose depth of about 1 mm from the inner peripheral surface is reinforced by hardening by heat treatment is used. There is a two-layer molded bush in which a portion surrounding the layer is an outer layer made of a normal high-strength iron-based sintered material. However, even in this two-layer molded bush, when an excessive offset load is applied, the solid lubricant such as solid lubricant particles dispersed in the base layer of the iron-based sintered material and the periphery of the solid lubricant are connected. Have a number of microcracks and cause abnormal wear.
このような自己潤滑性焼結摺動材において生じる問題は、摺動後の組織を観察すると、次のような現象（１）〜（５）が関与していると考えられる。 The problems occurring in such a self-lubricating sintered sliding material are considered to involve the following phenomena (1) to (5) when the structure after sliding is observed.
（１）固体潤滑剤粒子の偏析、プレス成形時の加圧による偏平化による固体潤滑剤粒子同士の接近，接触により脆弱部分から破壊が生じる。
（２）例えば、鉄系焼結母層と黒鉛との組み合わせの場合のように、黒鉛周辺，焼結母層の結晶粒界に焼結時の反応でセメンタイトのような脆い炭化物が生成して焼結母層が脆弱になるので、破壊されやすく、異常摩耗を引き起こしやすい。
（３）固体潤滑剤粒子のサイズをできるだけ大きくし、粒子間の距離を大きくさせることによって、（１）の現象は幾分軽減できると考えられるが、プレス成形時の加圧による粒子の著しい偏平化、更に母層金属粒子の食い込み等による形状的な切り欠き効果が大きくなるために応力が集中し、破壊が生じる。
（４）前述の原因で異常摩耗が進行しても、初期においては大量の固体潤滑剤を含んだ摩耗粉が用いられているために、異音の発生も無く順調に稼働しているようにみられるが、ある時点から摩耗粉の潤滑作用が不足するようになり異音が発せられるようになる。
（５）固体潤滑剤は強度の点からむやみに添加できないためにブッシュは初期の馴染みがとれないので、異音の発生，初期の焼き付き等を防ぐために充分な馴らし運転が必要になる、また摺動相手材に凝着，カジリ等を発生させる。
(1) Segregation of solid lubricant particles, destruction due to approach and contact between solid lubricant particles due to flattening due to pressurization during press molding, and breakage occurs from the fragile portion.
(2) For example, as in the case of a combination of an iron-based sintered mother layer and graphite, brittle carbides such as cementite are generated by the reaction during sintering around the graphite and at the crystal grain boundaries of the sintered mother layer. Since the sintered mother layer becomes brittle, it is easily broken and easily causes abnormal wear.
(3) By increasing the size of the solid lubricant particles as much as possible and increasing the distance between the particles, the phenomenon of (1) is considered to be somewhat mitigated, but the particles are significantly flattened by pressurization during press molding. In addition, since the shape notch effect due to the formation of the matrix metal particles is increased, the stress is concentrated and the fracture occurs.
(4) Even if abnormal wear progresses due to the above-mentioned causes, wear powder containing a large amount of solid lubricant is used in the initial stage, so that it is operating smoothly without generating abnormal noise. Although it is seen, the lubricating action of the wear powder becomes insufficient from a certain point and an abnormal noise is generated.
(5) Since the solid lubricant cannot be added unnecessarily from the standpoint of strength, the bush cannot be adapted to the initial stage. Causes adhesion, galling, etc. on the moving material.
一方、焼結体を母層とする場合の前記（１）〜（３）の問題点を改善したものとして、溶製材に機械加工により穴，溝部を形成し固体潤滑剤を充填したブッシュが市販（例えば、三協オイルレス製 ＳＯ＃５０ ＳＰ２）されているが、多数の穴，溝部を機械加工するために非常にコスト高になる、前記（４），（５）の問題点が解決されない等の問題点がある。また、ブッシュの揺動角が小さくなると固体潤滑剤の埋め込みピッチを細かくしないと、焼き付き，異常摩耗を引き起こすために、埋め込み穴をより多数加工しなければならず、より高コストになるという問題点がある。 On the other hand, as a solution to the above problems (1) to (3) when a sintered body is used as a base layer, a bushing in which a hole and a groove are formed in a molten material by machining and filled with a solid lubricant is commercially available. (For example, SO # 50 SP2 manufactured by Sankyo Oil-less) However, the problems of (4) and (5), which are very expensive to machine a large number of holes and grooves, are not solved. There are problems such as. In addition, if the bushing swing angle is reduced, if the solid lubricant embedding pitch is not made fine, seizure and abnormal wear will occur, so a larger number of embedding holes must be processed, resulting in higher costs. There is.
本発明は、このような問題点を解消するために成されたものであり、偏荷重，高荷重下においても非常に優れた耐焼付性，耐摩耗性を示す自己潤滑性焼結摺動材およびその製造方法を提供することを目的とするものである。 The present invention has been made to solve such problems, and is a self-lubricating sintered sliding material that exhibits excellent seizure resistance and wear resistance even under uneven load and high load. And an object of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method thereof.
前述された目的を達成するために、本発明による自己潤滑性焼結摺動材は、
鉄系基材の摺動側に鉄系材料を含む焼結摺動材料よりなる焼結摺動層が設けられてなる自己潤滑性焼結摺動材であって、
前記焼結摺動層の表面に、前記焼結摺動層に予め含まれている表面部分の固体潤滑剤粒子を除去した後の穴痕である凹部が形成され、その凹部内も含んでその表面上に固体潤滑剤層が設けられることを特徴とするものである（第１発明）。
In order to achieve the aforementioned object, the self-lubricating sintered sliding material according to the present invention is:
A self-lubricating sintered sliding member ing and consisting sintered sliding material containing iron-based material sintered sliding layer is provided on the sliding side of the iron-based substrate,
On the surface of the sintered sliding layer, a recess that is a hole mark after removing the solid lubricant particles on the surface portion previously included in the sintered sliding layer is formed , including the inside of the recess. A solid lubricant layer is provided on the surface (first invention).
前記固体潤滑剤粒子は、粒径が０．１〜３．０ｍｍであり、前記焼結摺動層がその固体潤滑剤粒子を１５〜５０体積％含むのが好ましい（第２発明）。 The solid lubricant particles preferably have a particle size of 0.1 to 3.0 mm, and the sintered sliding layer preferably contains 15 to 50% by volume of the solid lubricant particles ( second invention).
本発明において、前記固体潤滑剤粒子としては、黒鉛，ＢＮ，ＷＳ２，ＭｏＳ２，ＣａＦ２ より選ばれる固体潤滑剤のうちの一種または二種以上の粒子を用いることができる（第３発明）。 In the present invention, as the solid lubricant particles, one kind or two or more kinds of particles selected from graphite, BN, WS 2 , MoS 2 , and CaF 2 can be used ( third invention). .
前記焼結摺動材料は、鉄系材料以外に銅系材料を含んでなるものであるのが好ましい（第４発明）。 The sintered sliding material preferably contains a copper-based material in addition to the iron-based material ( fourth invention).
前記焼結摺動材料は、前記銅系材料を１０〜８０体積％含むのが好ましい（第５発明）。 The sintered sliding material preferably contains 10 to 80% by volume of the copper-based material ( fifth invention).
前記焼結摺動材料は、さらに炭素を含むのが好ましい（第６発明）。 The sintered sliding material preferably further contains carbon ( sixth invention).
また、前記焼結摺動層は９０％以上に緻密化されているのが好ましい（第７発明）。 The sintered sliding layer is preferably densified to 90% or more ( seventh invention).
また、このように高い緻密化を得るために、前記焼結摺動材料の成分として、２５０メッシュ以下にされた鉄系材料が用いられるのが好ましい（第８発明）。 In order to obtain such high densification, it is preferable to use an iron-based material having a mesh size of 250 mesh or less as a component of the sintered sliding material ( eighth invention).
前記焼結摺動層は前記鉄系基材の摺動側に拡散接合されているのが好ましい（第９発明）。 The sintered sliding layer is preferably diffusion-bonded to the sliding side of the iron-based substrate ( ninth invention).
次に、本発明による自己潤滑性焼結摺動材の製造方法は、
鉄系基材の摺動側に鉄系材料を含む焼結摺動材料よりなる焼結摺動層が設けられ、この焼結摺動層の表面に固体潤滑剤層が設けられてなる自己潤滑性焼結摺動材の製造方法であって、
前記鉄系材料を含む焼結摺動材料に固体潤滑剤粒子を含ませ、この焼結摺動材料を焼結した後に前記固体潤滑剤粒子を焼結摺動層の表面から除去することにより前記焼結摺動層の表面に凹部を形成し、その表面上に前記固体潤滑層を形成することを特徴とするものである（第１０発明）。
Next, the manufacturing method of the self-lubricating sintered sliding material according to the present invention is as follows.
A self-lubricated structure in which a sintered sliding layer made of a sintered sliding material containing an iron-based material is provided on the sliding side of the iron-based substrate, and a solid lubricant layer is provided on the surface of the sintered sliding layer. A method for producing a property-sintered sliding material,
Solid lubricant particles are included in the sintered sliding material containing the iron-based material, and the solid lubricant particles are removed from the surface of the sintered sliding layer after sintering the sintered sliding material. a recess in the surface of the sintered sliding layer, is characterized in that to form the solid lubricant layer on a surface thereof (tenth aspect).
前記固体潤滑剤粒子として粒径が０．１〜３．０ｍｍのものを使用し、前記焼結摺動層にその固体潤滑剤粒子を１５〜５０体積％含ませるのが好ましい（第１１発明）。 The solid lubricant particles preferably have a particle size of 0.1 to 3.0 mm, and the sintered sliding layer preferably contains 15 to 50% by volume of the solid lubricant particles ( 11th invention). .
第１発明によれば、焼結摺動層の表面に凹部が形成され、固体潤滑剤層が下方からその凹部により捕捉される（アンカー効果）ために、この固体潤滑剤層が摺動の際に除去され難く、偏荷重，高荷重下においても、初期馴染み性を含む優れた潤滑性を維持することができる。 According to the first invention, a recess is formed on the surface of the sintered sliding layer, and the solid lubricant layer is captured by the recess from below (anchor effect). Therefore, it is possible to maintain excellent lubricity including initial conformability even under uneven load and high load.
また、前記凹部が、焼結摺動層に予め含まれている表面部分の固体潤滑剤粒子を除去した後の穴痕とされているので、機械的加工による方法に比べて、手間がかからず簡単に凹部を形成することができ経済的である。 In addition, since the concave portion is a hole mark after removing the solid lubricant particles on the surface portion included in advance in the sintered sliding layer, it is troublesome compared to the method by mechanical processing. Therefore, the recess can be easily formed, which is economical.
第２発明に規定する粒径を選択する理由は、０．１ｍｍより小さいと形成される凹部が小さくなりアンカー効果が期待できなくなり、また３．０ｍｍより大きくなるとかえって焼結摺動層が除去される傾向が出てくるためである。また、固体潤滑剤粒子の量が１５体積％より少なくなると潤滑性が不充分になり、５０体積％を越えると摩耗の程度が著しくなる。 The reason for selecting the particle size prescribed in the second invention is that if the diameter is smaller than 0.1 mm, the formed recess becomes smaller and the anchor effect cannot be expected, and if it is larger than 3.0 mm, the sintered sliding layer is removed. This is because there is a tendency to Further, if the amount of the solid lubricant particles is less than 15% by volume, the lubricity becomes insufficient, and if it exceeds 50% by volume, the degree of wear becomes significant.
また、第４発明のように銅系材料を含むことにより、緻密化がすすみ焼結摺動層の収縮量が大きくなるために前記固体潤滑剤粒子がその焼結摺動層から突起しやすくなり、凸部の形成が容易になるとともに、またその突起の除去による凹部の形成が容易になる。 In addition, the inclusion of the copper-based material as in the fourth invention makes the solid lubricant particles easily protrude from the sintered sliding layer because the densification proceeds and the shrinkage amount of the sintered sliding layer increases. Further, the formation of the convex portion is facilitated, and the formation of the concave portion is facilitated by removing the protrusion.
さらに、第５発明のように銅系材料が１０体積％以上含まれることにより焼結時における固体潤滑剤の黒鉛と鉄系材料との反応が防止され、セメンタイト等の脆弱相の析出が効果的に防止される。なお、１０体積％より少なくなると焼結摺動層があまり緻密化しなくなり、８０体積％を越えると焼結摺動層中の鉄系材料粒子が銅系材料でほぼ完全に囲まれて鉄系材料本来の強度特性，摺動特性を発揮することができなくなるためである。 Further, as in the fifth invention, the inclusion of 10% by volume or more of the copper-based material prevents the reaction between the solid lubricant graphite and the iron-based material at the time of sintering, and the precipitation of fragile phases such as cementite is effective. To be prevented. When the amount is less than 10% by volume, the sintered sliding layer does not become too dense. When the amount exceeds 80% by volume, the iron-based material particles in the sintered sliding layer are almost completely surrounded by the copper-based material. This is because the original strength characteristics and sliding characteristics cannot be exhibited.
また、第６発明のように炭素を含むことにより焼結摺動層の強度を向上させることができる。 Moreover, the strength of the sintered sliding layer can be improved by containing carbon as in the sixth invention.
第７発明のように９０％以上に緻密化するのは、緻密化の程度が９０％よりも低いと必要な強度が得られなくなるからである。 The reason for densification to 90% or more as in the seventh invention is that if the degree of densification is lower than 90%, the required strength cannot be obtained.
第９発明のように拡散接合することによりその焼結摺動層が鉄系基材に強固に接合される。なお、前記鉄系基材として鋼管類を用いることが考えられるが、鉄系焼結材料を用いる場合においては、焼結摺動層と二層成形した後焼結することも、この拡散接合の意味に含まれる。 By performing diffusion bonding as in the ninth invention, the sintered sliding layer is firmly bonded to the iron-based substrate. In addition, although it is possible to use steel pipes as the iron-based substrate, in the case of using an iron-based sintered material, it is also possible to perform sintering after forming two layers with a sintered sliding layer. Included in the meaning.
第１０発明によれば、前述のように焼結摺動層が除去され難く耐焼付性，耐摩耗性が優れた自己潤滑性焼結摺動材を得ることができる。 According to the tenth aspect of the present invention, as described above, a self-lubricating sintered sliding material that is difficult to remove the sintered sliding layer and has excellent seizure resistance and wear resistance can be obtained.
また、凹部を形成するのに利用される固体潤滑剤は通常焼結摺動材料として用いられるものであるから、非常に合理的である。 Further, since the solid lubricant used for forming the recess is usually used as a sintered sliding material, it is very reasonable.
次に、本発明による自己潤滑性焼結摺動材およびその製造方法の具体的な実施例について、図面を参照しつつ説明する。 Next, specific examples of the self-lubricating sintered sliding material and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
（実施例１）
合金鉄粉（神戸製鋼社製アトメル４６００，ヘガネス社製ＡＳＣ３００），カーボニルニッケル（インコネル社製，平均粒径１μｍ）、電解銅粉（福田金属社製、ＣＥ１５）および黒鉛鉄粉（ロンザ社製、ＫＳ６）を用いて表１に示す組成を有するように８種類の混合粉末を調製し、これら混合粉末に対して粒径０．３ｍｍ〜２．５ｍｍの人造黒鉛粒を１０体積％，２０体積％，４０体積％および５０体積％でそれぞれ混合して、本実施例の自己潤滑性焼結摺動材の焼結摺動層用の焼結用粉末（Ａ）を調製した。前記電解銅粉の銅成分については最初に混合せず、成形後の焼結時または焼結前に溶浸させてもよい。また、この焼結用粉末（Ａ）の炭素含量は０．０１〜０．８重量％程度が好ましい。なお、０．８重量％を越えると結晶粒界にネットワーク状の炭化物が析出してしまう恐れがある。さらに、この焼結用粉末（Ａ）には、必要な焼入れ性，浸炭硬化性，窒化硬化性を調整するためにＮｉ，Ｍｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｍｎ，Ｖ，Ｔｉ，Ａｌ，Ｓｉ等の合金成分を通常の添加量で添加してもよい。なお、人造黒鉛粒の体積％は後述する表２に示されている。
Example 1
Alloy iron powder (Atmel 4600 manufactured by Kobe Steel, ASC300 manufactured by Höganäs), Carbonyl nickel (manufactured by Inconel, average particle size 1 μm), electrolytic copper powder (manufactured by Fukuda Metals, CE15) and graphite iron powder (manufactured by Lonza, 8 types of mixed powders were prepared using KS6) so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, and artificial graphite grains having a particle size of 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm were 10% by volume and 20% by volume with respect to these mixed powders. , 40 vol% and 50 vol%, respectively, to prepare a sintering powder (A) for the sintered sliding layer of the self-lubricating sintered sliding material of this example. The copper component of the electrolytic copper powder may not be mixed first but may be infiltrated at the time of sintering after molding or before sintering. The carbon content of the sintering powder (A) is preferably about 0.01 to 0.8% by weight. If it exceeds 0.8% by weight, network-like carbides may be precipitated at the crystal grain boundaries. Furthermore, this sintering powder (A) contains alloy components such as Ni, Mo, Cr, Mn, V, Ti, Al, and Si in order to adjust the necessary hardenability, carburization curability, and nitridation curability. A normal addition amount may be added. The volume% of the artificial graphite particles is shown in Table 2 described later.
また、これとは別に合金鉄粉（神戸製鋼社製、３００Ｍ），黒鉛鉄粉（ロンザ社製、ＫＳ６）および燐鉄合金鉄粉（福田金属社製）を用いてＦｅ−０．６ｗｔ％Ｃ−０．５ｗｔ％Ｐの第２焼結層（鉄系基材）用の焼結用粉末（Ｂ）を調製した Separately, Fe-0.6 wt% C using alloy iron powder (Kobe Steel Co., Ltd., 300M), graphite iron powder (Lonza Co., KS6) and phosphorous iron alloy iron powder (Fukuda Metal Co., Ltd.). A powder for sintering (B) for the second sintered layer (iron-based substrate) of −0.5 wt% P was prepared.
次に、これら粉末（Ａ），（Ｂ）および黒鉛を用いて図１（ａ）に断面図を示すような内側の焼結摺動層１と外側の第２焼結層２とからなる２層円筒形状部品である供試ブッシュ３を４．５ｔ／ｃｍ２の加圧力でＣＩＰ（ｃｏｌｄ ｉｓｏｓｔａｔｉｃ ｐｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ）成形して、１０−２ｔｏｒｒ以下の真空雰囲気中、１１００℃×１時間の条件で焼結後、９５０℃からＮ２ガスによる急速冷却を行い、種々の供試ブッシュを作製した。これら供試ブッシュの水準表（黒鉛粒子サイズ（ｍｍ）、黒鉛粒子添加量（体積％）等）を表２に示す。 Next, these powders (A), (B) and graphite are used to comprise an inner sintered sliding layer 1 and an outer second sintered layer 2 as shown in a sectional view in FIG. The test bush 3, which is a layered cylindrical part, is formed by CIP (cold isostatic pressing) molding at a pressure of 4.5 t / cm 2 and fired in a vacuum atmosphere of 10 −2 torr or less at 1100 ° C. for 1 hour. After the ligation, rapid cooling with N 2 gas was performed from 950 ° C. to prepare various test bushes. Table 2 shows a level table (graphite particle size (mm), graphite particle addition amount (volume%), etc.) of these test bushes.
これら供試ブッシュとしては、次の図２に示すように焼結摺動層の構造が異なるもの（タイプ１，タイプ２，タイプ２'，タイプ３）を作製した。 As these test bushes, those having different sintered sliding layer structures (type 1, type 2, type 2 ′, type 3) were prepared as shown in FIG.
タイプ１焼結摺動層１に黒鉛粒子４を含ませて成形し、焼結により収縮した焼結摺動層１の表面から突起している黒鉛粒子４をサンドブラスト，ショットピーニング等の機械的手段またはコーニング処理のような化学的手段により除去して凹部５を形成した後に、この凹部５の内側も含む焼結摺動層１の表面上に、固体潤滑剤として黒鉛：二硫化モリブデン＝１：１で混合したものを適量のスピンドル油を用いて混練したもの（固体潤滑剤）からなるオーバーレイ６を形成した。このオーバーレイ６の形成は、固体潤滑剤を焼結摺動層１の表面に塗り込んだ後に、ブッシュ内径部にクリアランスを調整したパンチを使ってコーニング（サイジング）しながらオーバーレイ６を焼結摺動層に密着させ、かつオーバーレイ６の厚さを調整した。なお、この凹部５の深さは固体潤滑剤捕捉の効果を発現させるために０．１ｍｍ以上であることが好ましい。 Mechanical means such as sand blasting and shot peening for the graphite particles 4 protruding from the surface of the sintered sliding layer 1 which is formed by including graphite particles 4 in the type 1 sintered sliding layer 1 and contracted by sintering. Alternatively, after removing the recess 5 by chemical means such as coning treatment, graphite: molybdenum disulfide = 1: as a solid lubricant on the surface of the sintered sliding layer 1 including the inside of the recess 5. An overlay 6 made of a material (solid lubricant) kneaded with an appropriate amount of spindle oil was formed. The overlay 6 is formed by applying a solid lubricant to the surface of the sintered sliding layer 1 and then sintering and sliding the overlay 6 while performing coning (sizing) using a punch whose clearance is adjusted on the inner diameter portion of the bush. The thickness of the overlay 6 was adjusted in close contact with the layer. In addition, it is preferable that the depth of this recessed part 5 is 0.1 mm or more in order to express the effect of solid lubricant capture.
タイプ２タイプ１において表面から突起している黒鉛粒子４を凸部７として残し、同様に固体潤滑剤として黒鉛：二硫化モリブデン＝１：１で混合したものを適量のスピンドル油を用いて混練したものからなるオーバーレイ６を形成した。このタイプ２の断面写真が図３（５０倍）および図４（１００倍）に示されている。これら断面写真において、白く写っている部分が焼結摺動層１であり、この焼結摺動層１中から塊状の黒鉛粒子４が突起（凸部７）しておりその上を黒く写っているオーバーレイ６が覆っている。なお、前記凸部７の高さは固体潤滑剤捕捉の効果を発現させるために０．１ｍｍ以上であることが好ましい。 Type 2 Type 1 leaves graphite particles 4 protruding from the surface as projections 7, and similarly kneaded a solid lubricant mixed with graphite: molybdenum disulfide = 1: 1 using an appropriate amount of spindle oil. An overlay 6 made of material was formed. Cross-sectional photographs of this type 2 are shown in FIG. 3 (50 times) and FIG. 4 (100 times). In these cross-sectional photographs, the white portion is the sintered sliding layer 1, and the massive graphite particles 4 protrude from the sintered sliding layer 1, and the upper portion is black. The overlay 6 is covered. In addition, it is preferable that the height of the convex portion 7 is 0.1 mm or more in order to express the effect of capturing the solid lubricant.
タイプ２'、タイプ２においてオーバーレイを形成せず、凸部７としての黒鉛粒子４が露出しているものとした（表２における水準９'，水準１０'）。 In Type 2 ′ and Type 2, no overlay was formed, and the graphite particles 4 as the convex portions 7 were exposed (Level 9 ′ and Level 10 ′ in Table 2).
タイプ３焼結摺動層１に含油処理を施しているが、使用した潤滑油はリン酸エステル系の合成油である。 The type 3 sintered sliding layer 1 is subjected to oil impregnation treatment, and the lubricating oil used is a phosphate ester synthetic oil.
なお、供試ブッシュ３の構造は、前述のように焼結用混合粉末（Ｂ）からなる第２焼結層（外側の層）２の内側に焼結用粉末（Ａ）からなる焼結摺動層１が設けられ（図１参照）、さらにその焼結摺動層１の内側面にタイプ１，２においてはオーバーレイ６が形成されている。また、この焼結摺動層１は第２焼結層２に拡散接合されており、焼結摺動層１の銅成分は焼結時に液相化し第２焼結相に吸引されていると考えられる。また、このように銅成分が第２焼結相に吸引されることと、銅成分の存在により焼結摺動層１が収縮することにより前述のように黒鉛粒子がその焼結摺動層１から突起する。 The structure of the test bush 3 is the same as described above. The sintered bush made of the sintering powder (A) is placed inside the second sintered layer (outer layer) 2 made of the mixed powder (B) for sintering. A dynamic layer 1 is provided (see FIG. 1), and an overlay 6 is formed on the inner side surface of the sintered sliding layer 1 in types 1 and 2. In addition, the sintered sliding layer 1 is diffusion bonded to the second sintered layer 2, and the copper component of the sintered sliding layer 1 becomes a liquid phase at the time of sintering and is sucked into the second sintered phase. Conceivable. Further, as described above, the copper component is attracted to the second sintered phase, and the sintered sliding layer 1 contracts due to the presence of the copper component. Protrusions from.
（実施例２）
本実施例では、オーバーレイ（厚さ０．２ｍｍ）の機能，組成の影響について検討した。本実施例で用いる供試ブッシュは、表２中に示す水準Ｎｏ７，ブッシュタイプ２のものを用いた。また、オーバーレイの固体潤滑剤成分等の配合比は表３に示す重量比であり、この重量比で配合，混合，混練を行った。
(Example 2)
In this example, the function of the overlay (thickness 0.2 mm) and the influence of the composition were examined. As the test bush used in this example, those of level No. 7 and bush type 2 shown in Table 2 were used. The blending ratio of the solid lubricant component and the like of the overlay is the weight ratio shown in Table 3, and blending, mixing, and kneading were performed at this weight ratio.
また、オーバーレイ形成方法としてタイプＡ，Ｂ，Ｃの３種類について実施した。タイプＡは前述と同じグリース（スピンドル油）との混練とブッシュ内径面へのすり込みを行ったものとし、タイプＢは熱硬化性樹脂（フェノール）との混練とブッシュ内径面への塗布，硬化させたものとし、タイプＣは熱可塑性樹脂（ダイセル社製：ナイロン１２ Ｌ１７００）との混練とブッシュ内径面への塗布を行ったものでとする。いずれの場合にもオーバーレイを簡単に塗布できるようにするために有機結合剤の配合割合を多くしている。また、有機結合剤の配合比が高くなると、摺動時のオーバーレイが排出されやすくなるが、本実施例はオーバーレイの摺動面における保持性を明確に把握することを意図したものである。 In addition, three types A, B, and C were carried out as overlay forming methods. Type A is kneaded with the same grease (spindle oil) and rubbed into the inner surface of the bush. Type B is kneaded with thermosetting resin (phenol) and applied to the inner surface of the bush. Type C is obtained by kneading with a thermoplastic resin (manufactured by Daicel: Nylon 12 L1700) and applying to the inner surface of the bush. In any case, the blending ratio of the organic binder is increased so that the overlay can be easily applied. Further, when the blending ratio of the organic binder is increased, the overlay at the time of sliding is easily discharged, but this embodiment is intended to clearly grasp the retention property on the sliding surface of the overlay.
前述の供試ブッシュ３を図５に示される試験装置において、図６に示される偏荷重の加圧パターンを加えて、摩擦係数，摩擦量（オーバーレイの厚さ），（図６中に示す）ピーク荷重のサイクル数の関係を求めた。これらのうちタイプ１でオーバーレイ６の厚さを０．２ｍｍとしたものの結果が図７に、タイプ２でオーバーレイ６の厚さを０．２ｍｍとしたもの、オーバーレイを施さないタイプ２'のもの、さらにタイプ３のものの結果が図８に、タイプ１でオーバーレイ６の厚さを０．２ｍｍ，０．５ｍｍ，０．８ｍｍとしたものの結果が図９に示されている。また、オーバーレイの組成による影響を検討した結果が表３に示されている。 In the test apparatus shown in FIG. 5, the above-mentioned test bush 3 is added to the pressurizing pattern of the unbalanced load shown in FIG. 6, and the friction coefficient, the friction amount (thickness of the overlay), (shown in FIG. 6) The relationship between the number of cycles of peak load was determined. Among these, the result of the type 1 with the overlay 6 thickness of 0.2 mm is shown in FIG. 7, the type 2 with the overlay 6 thickness of 0.2 mm, the type 2 ′ without overlay, Further, FIG. 8 shows the result of the type 3 and FIG. 9 shows the result of the type 1 in which the thickness of the overlay 6 is 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.8 mm. Table 3 shows the results of studying the influence of overlay composition.
なお、図５に示す試験装置の試験条件を、次に示す。
シャフト材質 ：Ｓ４５Ｃ ＩＱＴ 試験速度 ：３ｒｐｍ 試験荷重 ：常用荷重；４００ｋｇ／ｃｍ2 最大荷重；９００ｋｇ／ｃｍ２
The test conditions of the test apparatus shown in FIG.
Shaft material: S45C IQT Test speed: 3 rpm Test load: Normal load; 400 kg / cm 2 maximum load; 900 kg / cm 2
図７、図８の結果から、オーバーレイの処理によって初期の摩擦特性が改善され、固体潤滑剤としての黒鉛粒子が略１５体積％以上含まれていれば、長期間においても安定した摺動特性が得られることがわかる。しかしながら、５０体積％を越えて添加した場合には強度が低下する恐れがある。また、図８の結果にも示したように焼結摺動層に微粉末を使用したことによる強度向上の効果も認められる。 From the results shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the initial friction characteristics are improved by the overlay process, and if the graphite particles as a solid lubricant are contained in an amount of about 15% by volume or more, stable sliding characteristics can be obtained over a long period of time. It turns out that it is obtained. However, when added over 50% by volume, the strength may decrease. Further, as shown in the results of FIG. 8, the effect of improving the strength by using fine powder in the sintered sliding layer is also recognized.
前述の結果から、焼結摺動層の焼結密度（緻密化の程度）が高いことが重要であり、同様の効果が銅系材料による溶浸法によっても達成できることは当業者にとって周知である。 From the above results, it is important that the sintered sliding layer has a high sintered density (degree of densification), and it is well known to those skilled in the art that the same effect can be achieved by the infiltration method using a copper-based material. .
図９の結果から、オーバーレイ６の厚さが厚いほどテストの進行とともに厚さが薄くなる程度が大きいが、０．２ｍｍ程になると変化が小さくなり、ピン（シャフト）／ブッシュ間のクリアランス調整によってほとんど問題を起こさないと考えられる。現実的には摺動部品の許容されるクリアランスによってオーバーレイの厚さは決められるが、必要性とコスト的な観点から０．５ｍｍ以下にすることが好ましい。 From the results shown in FIG. 9, the thicker the overlay 6, the greater the decrease in thickness as the test progresses. However, the change decreases when the thickness reaches about 0.2 mm, and the clearance between the pin (shaft) / bushing is adjusted. Almost no problems are expected. Actually, the thickness of the overlay is determined by the allowable clearance of the sliding component, but is preferably 0.5 mm or less from the viewpoint of necessity and cost.
表３の結果から、オーバーレイ６の中には固体潤滑剤だけでなくＣｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｓｎ，Ｚｎ等の軟質で、鉄との凝着性の小さい金属粉末の共存によって、オーバーレイ６の摺動面に於ける保持性が大きく改善され、特にＣｕ、Ｚｎの添加は効果的であることが判る。テスト終了時点での摺動面を観察すると非常に薄いＣｕ系薄膜が形成されており、摺動面においてオーバーレイ中の金属粉末と固体潤滑剤がメカニカルアロイングされて自己潤滑性に優れているものと考えられる。また、有機結合剤にナイロン１２を用いた場合には顕著に小さな摩擦係数を示すようになることは特徴的で、これはナイロン１２が本来優れた摺動材料であることに起因すると考えられる。比較例として、ナイロン１２だけのオーバーレイの場合（水準（１５））と前述の黄銅溶製材に機械加工により穴を形成し、固体潤滑剤（三協オイルレス製 ＳＯ＃５０ ＳＰ２）を充填した市販ブッシュの結果も表示してある。ナイロン１２だけのコーティングブッシュは早期の摩耗がなくなった時点でテストを中止しているが、コーティング膜がなくなる時点でベース材料の摩耗係数にまで急激に高まっている。なお、表３において摩耗係数０．１３５以上のものはオーバーレイの効果なしとして×印を付してある。 From the results shown in Table 3, the overlay 6 has a sliding surface in the overlay 6 due to the coexistence of not only the solid lubricant but also a soft metal powder such as Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn, and the like and having low adhesion to iron. It can be seen that the retentivity is greatly improved, and the addition of Cu and Zn is particularly effective. When the sliding surface at the end of the test is observed, a very thin Cu-based thin film is formed, and the metal powder and solid lubricant in the overlay are mechanically alloyed on the sliding surface and have excellent self-lubricating properties it is conceivable that. In addition, when nylon 12 is used as the organic binder, it is characteristic that the coefficient of friction becomes remarkably small. This is considered to be due to the fact that nylon 12 is originally an excellent sliding material. As a comparative example, in the case of an overlay of only nylon 12 (level (15)) and the above-mentioned brass melted lumber, holes were formed by machining and filled with a solid lubricant (SO # 50 SP2 manufactured by Sankyo Oilless). Bush results are also displayed. The test for the coating bush of only nylon 12 was stopped when the early wear disappeared, but when the coating film disappeared, the wear coefficient of the base material rapidly increased. In Table 3, those having a wear coefficient of 0.135 or more are marked with “x” as no overlay effect.
本実施例においては、固体潤滑剤粒子として黒鉛粒子を用いたが、ＢＮ，ＷＳ2 ，ＭｏＳ2 ，ＣａＦ2 等の粒子を用いてもよい。さらに、これら黒鉛，ＢＮ，ＷＳ2 ，ＭｏＳ2 ，ＣａＦ2 等の粒子のうちの二種以上を混合して用いてもよい。但し、黒鉛粒子がコスト的にも焼結時の熱的安定性においても最適である。なお、黒鉛粒子の潤滑性を高めるためにＢ2 Ｏ3 ，ＭｎＯ2 等の補助機能剤を用いてもよい。なお、黒鉛以外のＷＳ2 ，ＭｏＳ2 を固体潤滑剤として用いる場合には、高温の焼結時に鉄系，銅系材料と反応性を示し、これを抑制する方法としては、特願昭６３−１９０９９４号公報，特願平２−１４３８０号公報で提案している、水ガラス等による固体潤滑剤のコーティングが非常に効果的であるが、本実施例ではＷＳ2 ，ＭｏＳ2 より硫化物形成傾向の強いＴｉ，Ａｌ，Ｃａ，Ｚｒ等の合金または金属粉末を微量添加することが効果的である。 In this embodiment, graphite particles are used as the solid lubricant particles, but particles such as BN, WS 2 , MoS 2 , and CaF 2 may be used. Furthermore, two or more of these particles such as graphite, BN, WS 2 , MoS 2 , and CaF 2 may be mixed and used. However, the graphite particles are optimal in terms of cost and thermal stability during sintering. An auxiliary function agent such as B 2 O 3 or MnO 2 may be used to improve the lubricity of the graphite particles. When WS 2 or MoS 2 other than graphite is used as a solid lubricant, a method for suppressing the reactivity with iron-based and copper-based materials during high-temperature sintering is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 63-63. The coating of solid lubricant with water glass or the like proposed in Japanese Patent Application No. 190994 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2-14380 is very effective, but in this embodiment, it tends to form sulfides from WS 2 and MoS 2. It is effective to add a small amount of a strong alloy such as Ti, Al, Ca, Zr or metal powder.
なお、比較のために一般鋼管の内径部（凹凸を設けない）に実施例１と同じオーバーレイを施し、同じテストを実施したところ、オーバーレイは１００００回テスト後に摺動面から排出されてしまって、その後のテスト途中で焼き付きを発生した。これに対し、本実施例のものはタイプ１を例として図１（ｂ）に示されているように、オーバーレイを構成する固体潤滑剤がシャフトにより高荷重をかけられても、この固体潤滑剤が焼結摺動層に設けられる凹部内で循環してその凹部により捕捉されるアンカー効果により摺動面からその固体潤滑剤が除去され難いので耐摩耗性が維持されるとともに焼付が生じない。 For comparison, the same overlay as in Example 1 was applied to the inner diameter portion (not provided with irregularities) of a general steel pipe, and the same test was performed. The overlay was discharged from the sliding surface after 10,000 tests, Burn-in occurred during the subsequent test. On the other hand, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1B by taking Type 1 as an example, even if the solid lubricant constituting the overlay is subjected to a high load by the shaft, this solid lubricant Since the solid lubricant is difficult to be removed from the sliding surface due to the anchor effect that circulates in the recessed portion provided in the sintered sliding layer and is captured by the recessed portion, wear resistance is maintained and seizure does not occur.
本発明による自己潤滑性焼結摺動材において、焼結摺動層中に用いられる固体潤滑剤のサイズ（径）をその焼結摺動層の厚さの１／２〜２．０程度にすれば、この固体潤滑剤への補助潤滑用の潤滑油の含油性を高めることができる。また、固体潤滑剤の粒径を０．１〜３．０ｍｍ程度にし、焼結摺動層に用いられる他の金属成分粉末の平均粒径がその約１／８以下となるように制御することにより、固体潤滑剤に起因する応力集中を緩和させることができるとともに、固体潤滑剤同士の接触確率を低減させることができる。 In the self-lubricating sintered sliding material according to the present invention, the size (diameter) of the solid lubricant used in the sintered sliding layer is set to about 1/2 to 2.0 of the thickness of the sintered sliding layer. Then, the oil impregnation property of the lubricating oil for auxiliary lubrication to this solid lubricant can be improved. In addition, the particle size of the solid lubricant should be about 0.1 to 3.0 mm, and the average particle size of other metal component powders used in the sintered sliding layer should be controlled to be about 1/8 or less thereof. As a result, the stress concentration caused by the solid lubricant can be relaxed and the contact probability between the solid lubricants can be reduced.
また、本発明による自己潤滑性焼結材料に大きな荷重がかけられる場合、この荷重が固体潤滑剤層を通して疑似静水圧的に焼結摺動層に均一に伝わり、この焼結摺動層に局部的に大きな荷重がかかることが防止される。この固体潤滑剤層には、摺動面に永らく保持される保持性も重要な機能となるが、特にオーバーレイとする自己潤滑性膜（固体潤滑剤層）には、黒鉛，ＭｏＳ2 等の固体潤滑剤以外にＣｕ，Ｚｎ等の金属粉末を含ませることによって、摺動面での保持性が顕著に向上し、さらには摺動面でのメカニカルアロイング効果によって、鉄との凝着性が非常に小さい自己潤滑性膜が摺動面に形成され、長時間にわたる摺動条件下においても安定した摩擦特性の得られることが確認できた。なお、この固体潤滑剤層には、増長剤の役目、摺動面への塗布性の改善のために、グリース，ナイロン，フェノール樹脂等の有機結合剤などを混合することができる。 Also, when a large load is applied to the self-lubricating sintered material according to the present invention, this load is uniformly transmitted to the sintered sliding layer in a pseudohydrostatic manner through the solid lubricant layer, and the sintered sliding layer is locally localized. Large load is prevented. The solid lubricant layer also has an important function of holding ability to be maintained on the sliding surface for a long time. Especially, the self-lubricating film (solid lubricant layer) used as an overlay has a solid such as graphite and MoS 2. By including metal powders such as Cu and Zn in addition to the lubricant, the retention on the sliding surface is remarkably improved. Furthermore, the mechanical alloying effect on the sliding surface improves the adhesion with iron. It was confirmed that a very small self-lubricating film was formed on the sliding surface, and that stable friction characteristics were obtained even under sliding conditions for a long time. The solid lubricant layer can be mixed with an organic binder such as grease, nylon, phenol resin, etc. in order to improve the role of the thickener and the applicability to the sliding surface.
１ 焼結摺動層
２ 第２焼結層
３ 供試ブッシュ
４ 黒鉛粒子
５ 凹部
６ オーバーレイ（固体潤滑剤層）
７ 凸部
1 Sintered Sliding Layer 2 Second Sintered Layer 3 Test Bush 4 Graphite Particle 5 Recess 6 Overlay (Solid Lubricant Layer)
7 Convex
Claims (11)
前記焼結摺動層の表面に、前記焼結摺動層に予め含まれている表面部分の固体潤滑剤粒子を除去した後の穴痕である凹部が形成され、その凹部内も含んでその表面上に固体潤滑剤層が設けられることを特徴とする自己潤滑性焼結摺動材。 A self-lubricating sintered sliding member ing and consisting sintered sliding material containing iron-based material sintered sliding layer is provided on the sliding side of the iron-based substrate,
On the surface of the sintered sliding layer, a recess that is a hole mark after removing the solid lubricant particles on the surface portion previously included in the sintered sliding layer is formed , including the inside of the recess. A self-lubricating sintered sliding material, wherein a solid lubricant layer is provided on a surface.
前記鉄系材料を含む焼結摺動材料に固体潤滑剤粒子を含ませ、この焼結摺動材料を焼結した後に前記固体潤滑剤粒子を焼結摺動層の表面から除去することにより前記焼結摺動層の表面に凹部を形成し、その表面上に前記固体潤滑層を形成することを特徴とする自己潤滑性焼結摺動材の製造方法。 A self-lubricated structure in which a sintered sliding layer made of a sintered sliding material containing an iron-based material is provided on the sliding side of the iron-based substrate, and a solid lubricant layer is provided on the surface of the sintered sliding layer. A method for producing a property-sintered sliding material,
Solid lubricant particles are included in the sintered sliding material containing the iron-based material, and the solid lubricant particles are removed from the surface of the sintered sliding layer after sintering the sintered sliding material. method for producing a self-lubricating sintered sliding material forming the concave portion on the surface of the sintered sliding layer, and forming the solid lubricant layer on its surface.
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