JP3976330B1 - Measuring device - Google Patents

Abstract

A precise position display / detection device is provided.
FIG. 3 shows a method of creating a plurality of fine patterns by controlling the overlapping of pixels and displaying an image by overlapping the patterns. The area indicated by 8 in the pattern 7 is left as it is, and only the area 9 is inverted in black and white and synthesized as shown in 11. Only when the positions 7 and 11 are overlapped with matching positions, the image is displayed as in the case of 12. As shown in FIG. 23, by arranging the combinations of patterns for displaying images by changing the relative positional relationship, the images can be switched and displayed by changing the positional relationship of the plates. This method is not limited to one-dimensional but can be used for displaying two-dimensional or rotation angles, and can be replaced with the display of other measuring instruments such as a clock. In addition, this method has a merit that it is resistant to noise as a scale of a device using a photodetector. Arbitrary characters can be displayed with a combination of meaningless patterns, so it can be used for encryption and watermarking.
[Selection] Figure 3

Description

  The present invention clarifies a technique for displaying and detecting the mutual positional relationship and rotation angle of a plurality of objects or planes and a method for realizing the apparatus. Used in measuring instruments such as precision measuring instruments and devices, measuring tools, and design supplies. Further, it is possible to align the processing object and the processing machine, and between the measuring device and the object to be measured, and to adjust the position and inspection of the manufacturing process of the industrial product and the printing process using a plurality of plates.

  Further, the present invention is not limited to display / detection of position and angle, and can be used for display / detection of various measurements such as a clock.

Since the present invention can display and change a specific character or image only in a specific positional relationship from two completely meaningless images, it can be used for encryption recording.

  As a method of aligning two or more objects or paper, and detecting a position, there has been a method of aligning a line visually or reading a position on a scale visually. Lines are also used for alignment between the processing machine and the workpiece, and between the measuring instrument and the non-measurement object, and a combination of lines called register marks is used for printing plate alignment. It can be said that the display indicating the scale with a needle is one type. When accuracy is required, there is known a method for distinguishing line matches such as the caliper vernier scale. However, the method by which a human sees the overlap, coincidence, and scale of these lines depends largely on human judgment. In addition, there may be a mistake in reading the number of lines.

  When seeking accuracy beyond visual inspection, an accurate and periodic pattern is read by optical and electrical means such as a photodetector, counted using an electronic circuit, integrated, and displayed. . Moreover, a precise mechanical mechanism represented by a differential screw such as a micrometer is used. However, the method of reading a periodic pattern with a detector requires an electric system for processing a detection signal, and when using a mechanical mechanism, there is a drawback that not only accuracy is required but also the structure becomes complicated.

  As described above, the alignment and length measuring device are bipolarized into a method that performs measurement by relying on visual resolution and a method that can be realized by a complicated and expensive apparatus with high accuracy.

  A display means is realized that is simple in structure and can be manufactured at low cost, and that can be easily read visually for position alignment and values in precise alignment and measurement.

  Moreover, a detector is combined with the display means to realize a highly reliable measuring instrument.

  Although not the gist of the present invention, the display means of the present invention is expected to be applied to a cryptographic system.

  The present invention uses the basic principle of the phenomenon that moire produces a light quantity distribution in an advanced manner, and by superimposing a plurality of fine patterns that are used in a seemingly disordered dither method that looks halftone when viewed as a whole, It is characterized by using a method for generating a light quantity distribution in the form of an arbitrary image or character.

  The dither method is one of methods for expressing shading in a printing or display device, and is a method for expressing an intermediate gradation by dividing an image into fine pixels and controlling the number and arrangement of pixels used for display. It is used for screen display, offset printing, printer printing, etc. with few gradations that can be expressed at each point.

Takeshi Aoi, Masayuki Nakajima “Fundamentals of Image Engineering” Shoshodo 1986

  Moire, which has been known for a long time, is a phenomenon in which a light quantity distribution is generated by overlapping a plurality of one-dimensional or two-dimensional periodic structures having a degree equal to or less than the spatial resolution of eyes or an imaging system. This can be seen when a striped pattern is projected on the screen. The cause of moire is said to be due to the short period, but when viewed locally, the fundamental cause is that the amount of transmitted light or reflected light in each region changes depending on the presence or absence of overlap between multiple patterns It has become. In the case of general moire, a newly generated pattern appears in a wide range with a difference frequency, and even if there is some movement, the striped pattern persists, so it can be considered that it is easily recognized.

  FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the reason why a light quantity distribution can be created by overlapping two transmission plates on which fine patterns are printed. 1 is a transmission plate A, and 2 is a transmission plate B. Both transmission plates are printed with a pattern with a lightness of 100% and 0%, which is as fine as or higher than the resolution that can be visually observed as used in the dither method.

  Here, the term “compartment” is used as a unit of width that is recognized as one image by a human or a detector in a wider range than pixels. The observer or the imaging system recognizes the gray pattern as a halftone gray plate because the fine pattern is too fine, and distinguishes the shades of the sections.

In each section, it is assumed that a transmission part and a non-transmission part exist at a probability of T _{1 in} the plate A and T _{2 in} the plate B.

Area indicated by 3 shows the case where a fine pattern of the plates are coincident, the light transmitted through the transmission plate B is to be passed through all transmission plate A, and transmits light of T _1. Since the fine pattern is reversed in the area 4, all the light transmitted through the transmission plate B is blocked by the transmission plate A. 5 indicates a case where the fine patterns do not match or the position is shifted. If there is no correlation between the fine patterns, light of T ₁ × T ₂ is transmitted.

When the above results are combined, the transmittance T _total is expressed by the following equation.

(Equation 1)
T _total = T ₁ × q _1,2

Here, q _{1 and 2} represent the probability that the plate 2 is a transmission region in the transmission region of the plate 1. Therefore, arbitrary images and characters can be displayed by controlling q ₁ and ₂ for each area. When the average transmittance of the two plates is 50%, the transmittance of the portion where the fine pattern positions do not match is 25% on the average, the average transmittance of the matched portion is 50%, and the position is changed by inverting the fine pattern. The transmittance of the matched portion is 0%.

  FIG. 2 shows a specific combination of elements for performing display. The following combinations are possible for the plate for display.

  Observe both as transmission plates (shown in FIGS. 2 and 6),

  Observe with reflected light with one passing through and the other white or mirrored (shown in Figures 2 and 7),

  One side is a light-emitting device such as a cathode ray tube or a liquid crystal that displays an image, and the other side is a transmission plate and is observed from the transmission plate side (shown in FIGS. 2 and 8).

  Draw a fine pattern using polarized light on both plates and observe as transmission (shown in FIGS. 2 and 9).

  Draw a fine pattern using polarized light on both plates and observe with reflected light with white or mirrored back (shown in FIGS. 2 and 10),

  Among the above methods, 6, 7, and 8 can be used by projecting a fine pattern of a plate by using an optical system instead of one of the transmission plates.

  Of the above methods, 9 and 10 can be substituted by entering polarized light and using a wave plate instead of one polarizing plate.

  In addition to the method of printing the shades in monochrome, any color or a plurality of colors can be used.

  It is conceivable that the elements of the fine pattern use not only regular structures such as triangles and hexagons but also random distributions of shapes having different sizes. However, in reality, it is considered preferable to use a rectangle in consideration of calculations such as pattern inversion.

  FIG. 3 shows a method for determining a fine pattern for showing an image or a character by overlapping using the principle shown in FIGS.

  16 is an image to be displayed, and 17 is a fine pattern without periodicity. The area 18 to be brightly displayed is left as it is, the part 19 to be darkly displayed is inverted as 20, and 18 and 20 are combined again as 21. By superimposing 21 which is synthesized with the original fine pattern 17, an image appears as 22.

  In other words, a new image is created from two images that have no meaning by two processes: creating a plurality of plates so that images and characters can be displayed by the above method and overlaying them in a specific positional relationship. It can be displayed.

  In addition, for the portion where the transmittance is 0%, one of the corresponding pixels is randomly selected to be black, and for the portion where the transmittance is maximum, a fine pattern is randomly determined, and the corresponding pixels of both plates are determined to be black. Even with this method, a combination of plates with a transmittance of 50% can be made. Further, when displaying an image having a halftone, it is possible to express gradation by transferring a fine pattern as it is with a probability twice as much as the expected transmitted light amount and inverting the others.

Since the display according to the present invention uses a plurality of superposed fine patterns, images and characters disappear with a slight movement, unlike a moire pattern in which periodic patterns are generated. This characteristic that is sensitive to a change in position and the characteristic that can arbitrarily determine the image and size can be used for display and detection of measurement.

  An example of producing a plate for one-dimensional position detection is shown in the lower part of FIG. Reference numerals 23a and 23b denote plates A and B, respectively, and a fine pattern is printed on the contact surfaces. The section A-1 of the plate A indicated by 24a and the section B-1 of the plate B indicated by 24b correspond to each other, and a fine pattern is determined and printed so that images and characters are displayed when the sections overlap. . Similarly, a fine pattern in which symbols and symbols are displayed is printed also on a section B-2 indicated by 25a, a section B-2 indicated by 25b, and a section B-3 indicated by 26a.

  An enlarged view of the lower part of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. In plate A and plate B, the spacing between the compartments is different. When the plate B is placed on the plate A and the section A-1 and the section B-1 coincide with each other, an image or character is displayed only in that section, and the position or position of the other section is shifted, so that no image or character is displayed. Similarly, when section A-2 and section B-2 match, only these sections display images and characters. Therefore, every time the area moves by the difference between the sections, an image or a character is displayed in each area.

  In other words, an image that represents a position by a process of making a combination of fine patterns that display an intended image or character and a process of printing these by arranging them on a plurality of plates at an intended interval, and moving the position in an overlapping manner And characters can be displayed.

  In the example of FIG. 4, since there is an interval of one pixel for one section of 10 pixels, the display moves at a speed 10 times the actual plate movement. Further, the position can be read as a number by using a fine pattern for displaying a number on the display portion.

  On the other hand, there is a merit that the movement can be displayed greatly. On the other hand, there is a limit to the size of the plate. As a solution for this, it is conceivable to make the partitions into a plurality of rows. FIG. 5 shows an example of a plate whose display is a plurality of columns.

  The combination of the plates 31a and 31b shows a method of arranging a plurality of rows in parallel and using them in order. The plate shall move in the lateral direction of the drawing. The sections 33a and 33b, 34a and 34b, and 35a and 35b correspond to the sections. The display moves in the horizontal direction from 33 to 34, and after reaching the end, the display moves to the 35th line.

  The combination of the plates 32a and 32b shows a method of moving the display vertically. The plate shall move in the lateral direction of the drawing. The sections 36a and 36b, 37a and 37b, and 38a and 38b correspond to the sections, respectively, and the display moves in the vertical direction from 36 to 37. When reaching the end, the display moves to the 38th row.

  Further, when used with a measuring instrument such as a caliper, it is considered appropriate to repeatedly display only a fine reading using the method of the present invention, assuming that a large scale reads the scale as usual. Specifically, it is conceivable that characters from 0 to 9 are displayed, and when moved further, the display is returned to 0 again and repeatedly displayed.

  In order to display repeatedly from 0 to 9 in FIG. 4, when the interval of the section is 1 pixel, the same fine pattern is repeated at a cycle of 10 pixels in the moving direction of the plate 23a. On the plate 23b, a fine pattern of the plate 23a is opened pixel by pixel and transferred by the method shown in FIG. As a result, numbers are displayed in order from 0 where the left ends coincide with each other, and when the pixel moves by 10 pixels, an image of 0 appears again.

  The present invention can be extended to two dimensions as well as one dimension. An example used for alignment is shown in FIG.

  A fine pattern having no periodicity is printed on the plate indicated by 39a (hereinafter referred to as a base plate). A fine pattern is cut out from the base plate section with an appropriate gap, and printed on another plate (hereinafter referred to as a moving plate) indicated by 39b with a pattern that displays an image such as a reversal or numerical value without a gap. To do. In FIG. 6, 41a and 41b, 42a and 42b, and 43a and 43b represent the corresponding sections.

  On the moving plate, as indicated by 40, a scale for determining the displayed section is printed on the side. A light source is installed under the base plate and illuminated without spots. By moving the moving plate in this state, an image or a character of a place corresponding to the positional deviation of the plate is displayed. 44 shows an example in which 39a and 39b are overlapped, and the section 45 is matched and the amount of transmitted light is zero. Therefore, it can be seen that the moving plate is shifted by one pixel to the left and one pixel upward.

  The present invention displays the fine pattern on the side surface of the cylinder, and can be used for displaying and detecting the rotation angle. Further, the pixels and sections are formed in a sector shape and are stacked in a planar shape in a ring shape, which can be used for displaying and detecting the rotation of the disk.

  The present invention can be used not only for a measuring instrument that a human reads visually but also for an electronic scale using a photodetector or the like. In position detection using a detector, instead of displaying characters, etc., a pattern that maximizes or minimizes the amount of light on the entire surface of the section when the position of the corresponding section matches is used. Recognize and integrate.

  In a general linear scale, the movement of resolution below the pixel is often calculated from the periodic pattern based on the strength of the detector signal. However, in this method, if the pattern is randomly determined, If is not large enough for a pixel, the detection of sub-pixel resolution may not be reliable and a special pattern must be used.

  FIG. 7 shows an example of pattern design when a photodetector is used. Reference numeral 46 denotes a pattern of 4 × 4 pixels, and this pattern has a characteristic that the transmittance is constant except for the matching portion. Similarly, FIG. 8 shows a pattern in which the amount of transmitted (or reflected) light other than the matching portion is constant during movement. There are two basic patterns of 4 × 4 pixels and nine basic patterns of 6 × 6 pixels. A similar pattern can be created by reversing these shades, rotating 90 degrees, mirror inversion, and circulating columns and matrices (shifting the right three columns to the left and the leftmost column to the right). it can.

  47a is a pattern in which 46 patterns are spread, and 47b is a pattern produced by subtracting one line from 47a every 5 columns and 5 rows. When 47b is overlaid on the 47a base plate, the section indicated by 48 is a coincidence portion, and is transmitted four pixels at a time in the other 4 × 4 pixel sections. It is possible to accurately detect the relative positions of 47a and 47b by placing a total of 16 detectors, one for each 4 × 4 pixel section indicated by the bold line 47b, and monitoring the amount of transmitted light. Become.

In addition, the present invention is not limited to display and detection of one-dimensional and two-dimensional positions and rotation angles, but if it is an apparatus that finally performs a display or detection process using position change or needle rotation, It can be used. When the scale is pointed with a needle, it is necessary to replace it with a rotating disk, but the pattern determination method is the same as the one-dimensional and two-dimensional position and rotation angle display and detection. Specifically, a measuring instrument such as a spring balance or a clock display can be considered.

  The present invention can be used as an encryption recording medium, but the method is equivalent to that shown in the explanation of the principle of FIG.

  However, when used for encryption, even if one plate is stored, if a large number of other plates are acquired, if the character positions are the same, the fine patterns of the overlapping parts of characters and margins match between the plates. This creates the possibility of being deciphered. For example, if you get a plate with 1 as the first character and a plate with 3 characters, there are 3 overlapping parts in the vertical direction, so there is an estimate that one is 1 and the other is 3, 6, 8, or 9. It holds.

  If there is a possibility that a large number of opponent plates may continue to be acquired or copied for one plate, or if there is a risk of serious damage, it is necessary to make the plate larger and change the position of the characters each time. is there. In this case, as long as a fine pattern is created using only meaningless random numbers, there is no possibility of reading. If it is not reasonable to completely change the display position each time, change the position and spacing of the characters each time, change the font size, orientation, type, etc. It is conceivable to take measures such as reversing black and white, and the possibility of decoding is kept low, so that it can be used when the number of uses and damage is limited.

  In addition, it is possible to improve safety by using the fact that it is not displayed unless it is in a specific positional relationship. By processing the outer shape of the two plates so that they cannot be stacked unless they have a specific positional relationship, legitimate users can read them immediately, and those who use illegal copies can search for matching positions. You will be deciding the time.

  Display such as a ruler, caliper, or printing dragonfly requires reading with the naked eye, so reading errors may occur, and accuracy is limited to direct human eye resolution. By using the display of the present invention, it is possible to display a slight change in position, which is difficult to read with the naked eye, with a large display and characters such as images and numbers.

  A fine pattern can be produced by printing and transfer. Since only the accuracy of the in-plane distance is required, it can be manufactured in a compact and inexpensive manner compared to the case of using a precise three-dimensional mechanical structure. Moreover, it can be used not only for length measurement, but also for displaying a rotation angle and detecting a position in a two-dimensional plane.

  The present invention can also be incorporated into a system for electronic processing in combination with a light detector. Since two-dimensional shading is used, many points are involved in detection compared to the case of using a conventional one-dimensional or two-dimensional periodic structure, so it is possible to reduce errors affected by scratches and dust. It becomes. In addition, since the detection can be performed in a wider area compared to the reading scale, an effect such as the omission of an optical system for reading a fine region can be expected.

  The present invention can be used for measuring a rotation angle by being used on a side surface of a cylinder. In addition, the display / detection method of the present invention can be used for a disk with a device that rotates a needle or disk to indicate a value. It can be used for precise display of measuring instruments that measure angles such as tilt sensors, theodolite detection, and encoders of rotating mechanisms. Many of these use electronic encoders when they become precise, but by using the present invention, precise display can be easily realized, so that it can be expected to produce an inexpensive product.

  In addition, the present invention is not only used for display and detection when directly measuring the position and angle, but is also used in a measuring instrument that finally represents the display of the measured value by the movement of the object or rotates and points the needle. Can be used. It can be used to display various measuring instruments such as spring scales, stopwatches, clocks, thermometers, hygrometers, weight scales, voltmeters / ammeters, dial gauges, etc. that display with moving and rotating mechanisms.

  When the display of the present invention is used for encryption, it can be manufactured at a very low cost. It can also be realized by sending it as a bitmap image and printing it on paper or OHP paper. It is easy to use when you need to change the encryption display frequently at hand.

  Although a technique for incorporating a cipher into an electronic image using a dither method is known, the present invention can read a cipher of a printed matter, and can be incorporated as a watermark into an image and directly read from the printed matter. There are benefits. Moreover, even if the printed matter is already printed, if there is an intermediate density portion, there is an advantage that a corresponding pattern can be created and used.

  Examples related to Claims 1 and 2 of the present invention are related to Examples 1 and 2 and Examples related to Claims 1 and 2 and 3 are related to Example 3 and Claims 1 and 4. An example is shown in Example 4.

  An example in which the display of the present invention is adopted for the caliper is shown in FIG.

  A fine pattern 51a is printed in parallel with a normal caliper scale, and a fine pattern 51b displaying numbers 0 to 9 corresponding to 51a is printed on the transmission plate of the movable part. Movement in units of 1 mm is read with a line corresponding to 52 needles and 53 scales, and 1 mm or less is read with the display of the present invention. The pattern 51a is produced with 0.1 mm per pixel, and is repeated every 10 pixels. Each block of 51b is skipped by one pixel from 51a, filling the gap, and printing a pattern in which the number portion is left as it is and the background is reversed.

  Thus, the display moves each time the caliper is moved by 0.1 mm, and reading of 0.1 mm can be easily performed. Further, when a numerical value appears in an adjacent section, it can be recognized as a movement in units of 0.05 millimeters, so that reading of 1/20 millimeter is possible.

  Some analog watch stopwatches display 20 seconds by rotating the hands at high speed. However, by using the method of the present invention, it is possible to display 1 second or less by a plate rotating at the same speed as the second hand.

  FIG. 10 shows an example of a stopwatch that displays 1/20 second. 54 is a display plate, 55 is a rotating plate, 59a and 59b are fine patterns A and B of the present invention, and 60 is a line indicating a second hand. In the case of 100 seconds per round, the fine pattern is 2000 pixels per round, and the same fine pattern is repeated on the display board by 20 pixels in the circumferential direction. The rotating plate makes a round in 100 seconds and displays less than 1 second in 20 minutes per minute with a fine pattern. 58 is a scale for the fine pattern.

  As an embodiment using a detector, it can be considered to be used for a method of detecting a positional relationship between a processing machine and a workpiece, a measuring instrument and a measurement object, a printing machine and a printed material, and the like. Take machining as an example.

  A case is assumed in which a workpiece fixed to a pedestal is placed on a belt conveyor and moved between a plurality of processing machines. First, a transparent base plate indicated by 39a in FIG. 6 is attached horizontally to a place or pedestal that is not related to the processing of the workpiece. Each processing machine projects an image having a light amount distribution of each section 39b onto 39a from below. 39a is picked up from above by a camera installed in the processing machine, the image is analyzed by a computer, the amount of light in each section is calculated, the amount of positional deviation is obtained, and it is passed to the control program of the processing machine as an offset amount.

  In this method, the spatial resolution of the camera only needs to be sufficient for the section, and accuracy in units of pixels is not necessary. As a result, it is possible to always perform processing with a fixed positional relationship in a plurality of processing machines.

  Although the two plates of the present invention alone have no information, they can display images and characters by combining them. Therefore, it can be used for encryption recording. It can be used as a tool for easily discriminating bills, cash cards and credit cards.

  Also, in various WEB services, sales, user support, etc., when sending a password or ID number to a user, it is sent in a sealed letter, but if the mail is stolen, it will be read because the password is written as it is. . With the encryption of the present invention, one plate is directly handed or sent to the user in advance by pasting it on the product, so that the cipher is sent as the other plate in the form of printed matter and read directly. It is possible to send a password at a low cost without worrying about being lost.

  If there is a high-resolution printer, one of them can be sent as an E-mail attached file diagram. By printing this out and superimposing the preliminarily passed transmission plates, it is possible to safely transmit the password.

  The present invention can also be used as a toy or a decorative article because of its unique display method. If the density of each plate pattern is not intermediate, the contrast will deteriorate, but it is not always necessary to be completely uniform, and even if there are some patterns, it is possible to perform display by superposition. It is also possible to create a pattern in which a completely different image appears when two light transmission images having an arbitrary intermediate density are overlapped.

  Similarly, the present technique can also be used as a watermark on printed matter with images. However, the dark print portion cannot be made light even if the plate is placed, and if a plate for displaying a dark image is made with the light print portion, an image as it is can be seen on the plate. This is considered to be an effective technique only for images with a medium density and low contrast.

Explanation of how the amount of transmitted light changes when using a transmission plate Combination of elements used for display An example of a technique for recording an arbitrary image or character. Pattern determination method in one-dimensional measurement Example of a combination of one-dimensional position display plates using multiple rows Examples of plates used for two-dimensional alignment Example of a plate used for two-dimensional position detection using a detector Pattern where the amount of transmitted light is constant except for the matching part Examples of calipers 1/20 second stopwatch

Explanation of symbols

1 Plate A
2 Plate B
3 Same pattern matching section 4 Inverted pattern matching section 5 Pattern mismatch section 6 Transmission + transmission type 7 Transmission + reflection type 8 Transmission + light emitting display type 9 Polarization transmission + polarization transmission type 10 Polarization transmission + polarization reflection type 11 Non-transmission part 12 Reflective surface 13 Light-emitting element 14 Polarizing plate 0 degree 15 Polarizing plate 90 degree 16 Image 17 to be displayed Fine pattern 18 Bright section 19 Dark section 20 19 Inversion pattern 21 Composition of 18 and 20 22 Superposition of 21 and 17 23a Plate A
23b Plate B
24a Section A-1
24b Section B-1
25a Section A-2
25b Section B-2
26a Section A-3
26b Section B-3
27a Multiple row display (display translation) Plate A
27b Multiple row display (display translation) Plate B
28a Multiple row display (display vertical movement) Plate A
28b Multiple row display (display vertical movement) Plate B
29 Margin (not used for display)
30 Clearance (not used for display)
31 Scale of 10 digits 32 Scale of 1 digit 33a Section A-1
33b Section B-1
34a Section A-2
34b Section B-2
35a Section A-3
35b Section B-3
36a Section A-1
36b Section B-1
37a Section A-2
37b Section B-2
38a Section A-3
38b Section B-3
39a Plate A
39 Plate B
40 scale 41a section A-1
41b Section B-1
42a Section A-2
42b Section B-2
43a Section A-3
43b Section B-3
44 Composite of Plate A and Plate B 45 Matching Location 46 Basic Pattern Example 47a Base Plate 47b Moving Plate 48 Matching Location 49a-49b Non-matching Location Density Pattern of 4 × 4 Pixels 50a-50i Non-matching Location Density of 6 × 6 Pixels Constant pattern 51a Base plate pattern 51b Moving plate pattern 52 Index 53 Scale 54 Display plate 55 Rotary plate 56 Display plate and rotary plate 57 Scale (seconds)
58 scales (1/20 seconds)
59a Fine pattern A
59b Fine pattern B
60 second hand 61 1/20 display

Claims (2)

  A main scale provided with a transmission plate or a reflection plate on which a fine pattern is printed in a plurality of formed sections, and the pattern of the main scale is transferred and inverted with respect to the sections formed corresponding to the sections of the main scale. And a vernier composed of a transmission plate on which a fine pattern is printed, and the main scale and the vernier section are formed to have a length obtained by equally dividing a minimum unit of the scale of the main scale into a predetermined number. , The same fine pattern section is repeatedly formed for each predetermined number, and when the main scale and the sub-scale are overlapped, transmission generated depending on the probability of overlap between the fine patterns in the section or A measuring apparatus configured to reflect a measured value in a unit smaller than a minimum unit of the scale of the main scale by reflection and a numerical value displayed on the vernier section.   A main scale provided with a transmission plate or a reflection plate on which a fine pattern is printed in a plurality of formed sections, and the pattern of the main scale is transferred and inverted with respect to the sections formed corresponding to the sections of the main scale. And a vernier composed of a transmission plate on which a fine pattern is printed, and the main scale and the vernier section are formed to have a length obtained by equally dividing a minimum unit of the scale of the main scale into a predetermined number. , The same fine pattern section is repeatedly formed for each predetermined number, and when the main scale and the sub-scale are overlapped, transmission generated depending on the probability of overlap between the fine patterns in the section or A measuring apparatus, wherein a numerical value indicated by an image displayed on the vernier section by reflection represents a measured value in a unit smaller than a minimum unit of the scale of the main scale.

Images