JP3973914B2 - Weight loss agent for mammals - Google Patents

Weight loss agent for mammals Download PDF

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JP3973914B2
JP3973914B2 JP2002019211A JP2002019211A JP3973914B2 JP 3973914 B2 JP3973914 B2 JP 3973914B2 JP 2002019211 A JP2002019211 A JP 2002019211A JP 2002019211 A JP2002019211 A JP 2002019211A JP 3973914 B2 JP3973914 B2 JP 3973914B2
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enzyme
weight loss
loss agent
mammals
weight
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JP2003221346A (en
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文榮 首藤
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
National Institute of Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、哺乳動物用体重減量剤、特に、ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3を有効成分とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ボツリヌス菌は、グラム陽性の嫌気性の大桿菌であり、芽胞を偏在性に形成し、広く土壌に分布する。菌が、缶詰や瓶詰のような保存食品中で増殖すると著しく毒性の強い神経毒を産生し、食中毒を起すことで知られている。従来より、このボツリヌス菌の毒素を疾患の治療に利用することが行われている。例えば、眼瞼痙攣・顔面痙攣の治療にボツリヌス菌の毒素を局所投与することが行われており、また腋窩多汗症(過剰発汗)に、ボツリヌス菌の毒素を使用することが報告されている。
【0003】
近年、種々の疾病に対する予防や治療に、ボツリヌス菌の毒素を利用することが開示されている。例えば、筋痙攣やそれに関連する疼痛のような神経筋疾患の症状の軽減、緩和のためにボツリヌス菌の毒素を用いることについて(特表平8−508241号公報、特表平8−511537号公報、特表平10−500406号公報、特表2000−508629号公報、特表2002−501033号公報)、前立腺肥大のような神経−泌尿器疾患の治療に、ボツリヌス菌の毒素を用いることについて(特表2001−510163号公報)、過度の発汗、流涙及び粘液分泌を包含するコリン性分泌の処置や、心臓血管細動脈、胃腸系、泌尿器、胆嚢及び直腸の括約筋の痙攣のような平滑筋疾患に伴う疼痛の軽減にボツリヌス菌の毒素を用いることについて、開示されており、また、ボツリヌス菌の毒素を、ボツリヌス症に対するワクチンとして利用することについても(特表平10−508834号公報、特表平11−507827号公報、特表2001−522783号公報)開示されている。
【0004】
ボツリヌス菌は、産生する神経毒素の抗原性の異なりにより、A〜Gの型に分類されている(Microbiol. Rev. 44(3), 419-448, 1980)。上記のような疾患に対する利用には、従来、多くはA型のものが利用されている。ボツリヌス菌の中でC型及びD型菌は、神経毒素の他に当初C3毒素と命名された酵素(C3酵素)も産生することが知られている(FEBS Lett. 212, 109-113, 1987)。この酵素は、細胞内の低分子量GTP結合タンパク質Rhoを特異的にADP−リボシル化するADP−リボシル基転移酵素である(Bioche. J. 247, 363-368, 1987)。C3酵素を初代培養神経細胞の培養系に添加すると、神経突起の伸長を特徴とする分化様形態的変化が起こり、分化の伸展に伴い誘導される各種酵素の活性も上昇することが報告されている(J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000、渡邊康子:外因性神経細胞分化誘導因子としてのC3酵素. 獣医生化学 36, 11-19 ,2000)。その他、C3酵素については、培養神経細胞のエネルギー代謝系酵素(LDH)のアイソザイムパターンの変化が誘導されることも報告されている(J.
Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 249-254, 2000)。
【0005】
上記のように、C3酵素は、細胞レベル(in vitro)では多くの生理的機能を持っていることが知られているが、個体レベル(in vivo)では、どのような機能を持っているのか、その点に関する研究はほとんどなく、実態は明らかにされていない。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の課題は、哺乳動物用の体重減量剤を提供すること、特に、ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3を利用した哺乳動物用の体重減量剤を提供することにある。
最近、人の生活環境の変化により伴侶動物の飼育が盛んになっているが、人のみならず、犬や猫のようなペット動物の肥満が増加し、問題となっている。肥満は単なる肥満に止まらず、多くの疾患の原因にもなるものであるから、その防止は健康を維持する上で極めて重要である。肥満防止には何よりも適切な管理が必要であるが、有効な体重減量剤の開発が要望されるところでもある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記課題を解決すべく鋭意研究の結果、ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3が、マウスの腸管粘膜細胞には形態学的には変化を及ぼすことなく、成体マウスの体重を減少させることを見い出し本発明を完成するに至った。即ち、本発明者は、新生仔ラットの腸管粘膜上皮の発達過程と栄養素吸収機能の関係を研究する過程で、C3酵素の分化促進作用を観察した。そこでは、C3酵素の経口投与により、小腸粘膜上皮細胞は新生仔型から成体型へと急速に変化し、増体率の抑制傾向が見られた。そこで、C3酵素の、成体における体重抑制の効果を調べるために、C3酵素を経口的に成体のマウスに投与して、腸管粘膜細胞への影響と体重の変動とを調査した結果、マウスの腸管粘膜細胞には形態学的には変化を及ぼすことなく、成体マウスの体重の減少が起こることを見い出した。
【0008】
本発明のC3酵素を有効成分とする体重減量剤は、哺乳動物用の体重減量剤として用いることができ、基本的には経口投与剤として、適宜医薬的に許容し得る賦形剤・安定剤、稀釈剤等を配合し、製剤として用いることができる。また、有効成分が蛋白質であることから、賦形剤・安定剤、稀釈剤及びその他の添加剤を添加し、凍結乾燥処理して保存性のある医薬製剤とし、生体への投与にあたって再構成して用いることもできる。また、本発明の体重減量剤は、経口投与するにあたって、飲食品或いは飲料水、食餌の形で、投与することができる。
【0009】
すなわち本発明は、ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3を有効成分とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項1)や、ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3に、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤を配合したことを特徴とする請求項1記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項2)や、賦形剤・安定剤が、医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項3)や、医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質が、ヒト血清アルブミン及び/又はゼラチンであることを特徴とする請求項3記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項4)や、ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3に、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤を配合し、凍結乾燥処理して保存性医薬製剤としたことを特徴とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項5)や、賦形剤・安定剤が、医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質に、糖類を配合したものであることを特徴とする請求項5記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項6)や、糖類が、トレハロース、マルトトリオース、セリビオース、スクロース、グルコース及びマンニトールからなるグループから選ばれた1又は2以上の糖類であることを特徴とする請求項6記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項7)からなる。
【0010】
また本発明は、請求項1〜7のいずれか記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤が、経口投与用に製剤化されていることを特徴とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤(請求項8)からなる。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明は、ボツリヌス菌の産生する菌体外酵素C3を、哺乳動物用の体重減量剤として用いることよりなる。該菌体外酵素C3は、既報(J. Bacteriol. 173, 6025-6029, 1991、J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000)の方法により、ボツリヌスC型菌およびD型菌の培養上清から、調製することができる。例えば、クロストリジウム ボツリナム タイプCストレイン ストックホルム(Clostridium botulinum type C strain Stockholm)を用いて、透析培養し、培養物を塩析、透析、ゲル濾過等の精製手段を用いて精製し、精製酵素を調製することができる。
【0012】
本発明の酵素C3からなる体重減量剤を、哺乳動物の生体に投与するには、基本的には経口投与により行われる。本発明の体重減量剤の製剤化は、菌体外酵素C3に、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤等、医薬的に許容し得る配合剤を配合して製剤化することができる。好ましい賦形剤・安定剤としては、医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質、例えばヒト血清アルブミン及び/又はゼラチンを用いることができる。稀釈剤としては、水や生理的食塩水等適宜のものを用いることができる。また、必要により、pH調節剤を用いることもできる。
【0013】
本発明の体重減量剤の有効成分であるC3酵素が蛋白質であることから、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤等を配合したものを凍結乾燥処理して保存性医薬製剤として製剤化し、投与にあたって再構成し用いることができる。凍結乾燥処理して保存性医薬製剤として製剤化するに際しては、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤に糖類を配合するのが望ましい。糖類としては、トレハロース、マルトトリオース、セリビオース、スクロース、グルコース及びマンニトール等が用いられるが、保存安定性を付与するために、トレハロースが特に好ましい。
本発明の体重減量剤を、哺乳動物に投与するには、上記のように製剤化した体重減量剤或いは該体重減量剤から再構成したものを、通常は、経口投与により投与できるが、対象により、飲食品や飲料水、食餌のような形で投与することができる。
【0014】
【実施例】
以下、実施例により本発明をより具体的に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲はこれらの例示に限定されるものではない。
[材料及び方法]
(マウス)
ICR系マウスのオス成体(体重35〜43.5g)10匹を実験に供した。C3酵素投与前1週間に亘って、全個体の外観的健康状態を観察した。
【0015】
(C3酵素の調製)
C3酵素は、既報の方法(J. Bacteriol. 173, 6025-6029, 1991、J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000)により精製したものを使用した。精製法の概要は以下の通りである。
Clostridium botulinum type C strain Stockholmを33℃で5日間透析培養した後、13,500rpmで35分間遠心分離して菌体を除き、上清を得た。かかる上清を硫安1/3飽和で塩析して毒素を除き、上清に固形硫安を加えて80%飽和で塩析される画分を得た。この画分を0.05MのBorax-phosphate buffer(pH6.0)(以下「B−Nap」という。)に溶解後、100倍量のB−Napで16時間透析した。不溶性の沈殿を遠心除去した後、同緩衝液で平衡化したCM-Toyopearl 650Mカラムに負荷し、濃度勾配溶出法で展開してC3酵素画分を得た。この画分を、Sephadex G-100 superfineカラムでゲル濾過して、精製酵素を得、以下の実施例に使用した。C3酵素の含有量は、280nmにおける吸収から、吸光係数10.0を用いて算出した。
【0016】
(薬剤投与及び観察、測定方法)
薬剤投与と体重測定方法
10匹のマウスについて、1週間にわたって体重を測定し、平均的な変動を求めた。ついで、2匹、4匹および4匹の3群に分けた。体重は各個体により異なっていたので、体重分布が均等になるように配慮した。10匹のうち、2匹を無投与の対照群とし、4匹に1μg/mlのC3酵素入り飲料水を、他の4匹に10μg/mlのC3酵素入り飲料水を与えた。飲料水は、自由摂取とした。給水瓶は自作したものを用いた。毎日一定時刻に給水瓶の重量を測定し、飲水量を算出した。
【0017】
外観観察方法
実験開始日から毎日定時に体重、飲水量および摂取飼料量を測定した。また、皮毛の光沢、糞の状態、活動性など外観的状態を観察した。10日目に安楽死させ、臓器病変を肉眼的に観察した後、腸管の長さおよび重量を測定し、宿糞の状況を調べた。
【0018】
組織観察方法
腸管を、幽門部より1cmの部分(小腸)および10cmの部分(空回腸)で切除してホルマリン固定し、ヘマトキシリン−エオシン染色により組織切片を作製した。作製した切片について、変性や壊死などの病的変化がないかどうかを光学顕微鏡で観察した。
【0019】
[実施例の観察、測定結果]
(外観的観察)
実験期間を通して、各群のマウスの活動はいずれも活発であり、異常行動や運動失調は見られなかった。また、皮毛失沢、発疹、脱毛などの外観的変化や下痢、便秘などの消化器症状も観察されなかった。さらに、観察した全ての点について、1μg/mlの投与群と10μg/ml投与群の間に全く差が見られないことから、C3酵素は10日間に亘る摂取においても、外観的に何らかの症状を示すほどの障害は引き起こさないと考えられる。
【0020】
(腸管と体重の変化)
腸管の長さと重量は、10μg/ml投与群では減少がみられ、1cmあたりの腸管重量も減少していたが、体重に対する腸管重量の比には変化がみられなかった(表1)。したがって、生体が全体的に削痩していると考えられる。一方、体重は劇的な変化を示すことが明らかとなった(図1)。図に示されるように、10μg/ml投与群(図2)では、11日間で平均18%以上の減少が見られた。体重減少の程度には差があったが、減少傾向は、4個体とも全て同じであることが確認できた。なお、図1は、C3酵素投与による体重の相対的変化を示す。それぞれの群のマウスに、C3酵素を1μg/ml又は10μg/mlの濃度で含んでいる飲料水を与えて、体重の変化を測定し、実験開始時の体重を100として変化率を算出した値を示す。各点は、各群の平均値を示す。図2は、10μg/ml投与群の体重の変化率を示す。C3酵素を10μg/mlになるように飲料水にとかし、自由に飲水させたときの各個体の相対的体重減少率を示したものである。
【0021】
【表1】

Figure 0003973914
【0022】
(摂食量および飲水量)
C3酵素投与により摂食量および飲水量に変化が見られた(図3,4)。1日の摂食量は、対照群では平均6.1gであったが、1μg/mlのC3酵素溶液を給水した群では、4.4gであり、10μg/mlの群では、2.8gに低下していた。10μg/ml投与群では、とくに、8日目以降の低下が大きく、対照の1/4〜1/5に減少した。体重減少の最大の原因は、摂食量の減少と考えられる。
各群の個体平均飲水量は、対照群では11.1ml/日で全期間を通じて大きな変化はなかったが、1μg/mlの群では7.2ml/日に減少し、10μg/mlの群では5.9ml/日に減少した。10μg/ml投与群では、摂食量と同様に、とくに、8日目以降の減少が大きく、対照の35%近くまで減少した。
これらの結果から、C3酵素は摂食および飲水を強く抑制することが判明したが、その機構については不明である。
なお、図3は、C3酵素投与による摂食量の変化を示す。C3酵素を10μg/ml又は1μg/mlになるように飲料水に溶かして摂取させた結果を示す。摂取量は、各群における個体の平均値として示している。図4は、C3酵素投与による飲水量の変化を示す。C3酵素を、10μg/ml又は1μg/mlになるように飲料水に溶かして摂取させた結果を示す。飲水量は、各群における個体の平均値として示している。
【0023】
(病理学的所見)
肝臓、胃、腎臓、副腎および腸管については、萎縮、腫脹、出血などの肉眼的所見は認められなかった。したがって、C3酵素は、器官レベルにおいても、肉眼的変化を引き起こすような作用を持たないと考えられる。一方、宿糞の個数は、平均的には数個であったが、対照群との比較では、C3酵素投与群で増加する傾向が見られた。便の性状には、変化が見られなかった。
【0024】
(組織学的所見)
十二指腸および空腸について組織学的検査を行ったが、図5〜7(参考写真1〜3参照)に示したように病理学的に異常所見はみられなかった。成体においては、C3酵素の投与により形態的に大きな変化は誘導されない。
なお、図5A(参考写真1参照)は、対照群の十二指腸(×20)、図5B(参考写真1参照)は、対照群の空腸(×10)、図6A(参考写真2参照)は、C3酵素1μg/ml投与群の十二指腸(×10)、図6B(参考写真2参照)は、C3酵素1μg/ml投与群の空腸(×10)、図7A(参考写真3参照)は、C3酵素10μg/ml投与群の十二指腸(×10)、図7B(参考写真3参照)は、C3酵素10μg/ml投与群の空腸(×10)の、それぞれヘマトキシリン−エオシン染色組織切片の光学顕微鏡写真を示す。
【0025】
(実験結果からの考察)
C3酵素は、前記のとおり、神経細胞の分化を促進し、神経回路網の形成を促進する(J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 249-254, 2000)。また、C3酵素を初代培養神経細胞に添加すると、LDHアイソザイムパターンの変化が誘導される(J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000)。このように、C3酵素の細胞レベルでの作用は解明されつつあるが、個体レベルの作用については報告がない。この実験に先立ち、予備的実験として10日齢のラットに投与したところ、腸管粘膜の新生仔型から成体型への移行と増体率の抑制傾向が見られた。このことは個体レベルでの代謝抑制の存在を予想させ、この発明の動機になった。このような背景から、上記のとおり、C3酵素の個体レベルでの作用、とくに体重抑制について、成体動物を用いて確認を行った。
【0026】
はじめに、C3酵素の有効量について検討した。体重抑制効果は、どれくらいのC3酵素により発現されるのか。マウスのC3酵素摂取量を計算してみると、マウスに1μg/mlのC3酵素溶液を飲料水として給水した場合、平均飲水量は7.2ml/日であるから、1匹のマウスは毎日7.2μgのC3酵素を摂取したことになる。この群の平均体重は38gであるから、189μg/kgの割合でC3酵素を摂取していることになる。この段階では、胃液によりどの程度消化されるのか、また、小腸内でどの程度消化されるのかは不明であるから、正確な有効量は不明である。しかしながら、本発明のC3酵素を、体重減量剤として哺乳動物に投与するには、その対象によって、有効量が相違するから、それぞれの対象に応じて、投与量と薬効との関係を調査し、有効量を推定して、薬剤の投与量を決定すれば良い。いずれにしても、1μg/mlの濃度でも体重の減少傾向が見られており、10μg/ml投与群では著しい減少が見られるから、これらの濃度から投与量を決定することが可能である。例えば、1μg/mlのC3酵素を長期間投与により、徐々に体重を減少させることが可能である。
【0027】
次に、体重減少の原因は、摂食量および飲水量の減少によると考えられるが、その他に、エネルギー代謝の抑制があることが考えられる。C3酵素を初代培養神経細胞に添加するとLDHアイソザイムパターンの変化が見られ、酸素消費型から非消費型に変わる。この変化が、摂食量の抑制につながっている可能性がある。
体重の減少に連れて腸管重量の減少も見られたが、腸管重/体重比には変化が見られなかった。したがって、腸管だけが削痩しているのではなく、前進的に削痩していると考えられる。また、腸管内の宿糞数は増加傾向が見られたが、下痢や便秘も見られないことから、腸管運動が影響を受けている可能性は低い。
【0028】
病理学的な組織検査においては、小腸および空腸には、C3酵素による病変は見られなかった。C3酵素1μg/ml投与群では、腸管壁の厚さの増加傾向が、10μg/ml投与群では減少傾向が見られたが、細胞形態の異常や炎症像、壊死像などは見られなかった。したがって、C3酵素には光学顕微鏡レベルで病変を起こすような作用はないと考えられる。
【0029】
【発明の効果】
本発明の哺乳動物用体重減量剤は、体重減量効果を得ることができるが、薬剤投与個体の肝臓、胃、腎臓、副腎、腸管等の肉眼的所見や、十二指腸及び空腸の組織学的検査等の病理学的所見では、異常は発見されず、したがって、全個体の外観的健康状態には、影響を与えず体重の減量を行うことができる。
また、本発明の体重減量剤は、体重減量剤や凍結乾燥した体重減量剤を再構成した薬剤を経口投与により、或いは飲食品や飲料水、食餌のような形で経口投与により、投与することができるから、簡便な方法で哺乳動物の体重の減量を図ることができる。
現代は、生活様式の変化に伴い、ヒトのみならず、イヌやネコのようなペットの肥満が増加し、問題化しており、生活習慣病の一つとして進行していることから、本発明は、これらの動物の肥満防止にも、その利用が期待できるものである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例において、マウスにC3酵素を1μg/ml又は10μg/mlの濃度で投与した場合の体重の相対的変化を示す図である。
【図2】本発明の実施例において、マウスにC3酵素を10μg/mlの濃度で投与した場合の、投与群の体重変化率を示す図である。
【図3】本発明の実施例において、マウスにC3酵素を10μg/ml又は1μg/mlの濃度で投与した場合の摂食量の変化を示す図である。
【図4】本発明の実施例において、マウスにC3酵素を10μg/ml又は1μg/mlの濃度で投与した場合の、飲水量の変化を示す図である。
【図5】本発明の実施例において、マウスの対照群のヘマトキシリン−エオシン染色組織切片の光学顕微鏡写真を示す図である。図5Aは、対照群の十二指腸(×20)、
図5Bは、対照群の空腸(×10)の組織切片を示す。
【図6】本発明の実施例において、マウスのC3酵素1μg/ml投与群のヘマトキシリン−エオシン染色組織切片の光学顕微鏡写真を示す図である。図6Aは、C3酵素1μg/ml投与群の十二指腸(×10)、図6Bは、C3酵素1μg/ml投与群の空腸(×10)の組織切片を示す。
【図7】本発明の実施例において、マウスのC3酵素10μg/ml投与群のヘマトキシリン−エオシン染色組織切片の光学顕微鏡写真を示す図である。図7Aは、C3酵素10μg/ml投与群の十二指腸(×10)、図7Bは、C3酵素10μg/ml投与群の空腸(×10)の組織切片を示す。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a weight loss agent for mammals, and more particularly to a weight loss agent for mammals containing botulinum extracellular enzyme C3 as an active ingredient.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive anaerobic gonococcus that forms spores ubiquitously and is widely distributed in soil. It is known that when bacteria grow in preserved foods such as canned and bottled, they produce a highly toxic neurotoxin and cause food poisoning. Conventionally, this Clostridium botulinum toxin has been used to treat diseases. For example, botulinum toxin is locally administered to treat blepharospasm / facial spasm, and botulinum toxin is reported to be used for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
[0003]
In recent years, it has been disclosed to use Clostridium botulinum toxin for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. For example, the use of a botulinum toxin for the reduction or alleviation of symptoms of neuromuscular diseases such as muscle spasm and related pain (Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-508241, Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-511537) JP-T-10-500406, JP-T 2000-508629, JP-T 2002-501333), and the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of neuro-urological diseases such as prostatic hypertrophy (special Table 2001-510163), treatment of cholinergic secretions including excessive sweating, lacrimation and mucus secretion, and smooth muscle diseases such as cardiovascular arteriole, gastrointestinal system, urinary organs, gallbladder and rectal sphincter spasms The use of botulinum toxin to reduce pain associated with the disease is disclosed, and the botulinum toxin is a vaccine against botulism. Also be utilized in (Kohyo 10-508834 and JP Kohyo 11-507827 and JP-T-2001-522783 Patent Publication) discloses.
[0004]
Clostridium botulinum is classified into types A to G depending on the antigenicity of the neurotoxin produced (Microbiol. Rev. 44 (3), 419-448, 1980). Conventionally, the A type is often used for the above-mentioned diseases. Among the Clostridium botulinum, type C and type D bacteria are known to produce an enzyme (C3 enzyme) originally named C3 toxin in addition to neurotoxin (FEBS Lett. 212, 109-113, 1987). ). This enzyme is an ADP-ribosyltransferase that specifically ADP-ribosylates a low molecular weight GTP-binding protein Rho in cells (Bioche. J. 247, 363-368, 1987). It has been reported that when C3 enzyme is added to the culture system of primary cultured neurons, differentiation-like morphological changes characterized by neurite outgrowth occur, and the activities of various enzymes induced with the extension of differentiation increase. (J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000, Yasuko Watanabe: C3 enzyme as an inducer of exogenous neuronal differentiation. Veterinary biochemistry 36, 11-19, 2000). In addition, it has been reported that the C3 enzyme induces a change in the isozyme pattern of energy metabolism enzyme (LDH) in cultured neurons (J.
Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 249-254, 2000).
[0005]
As mentioned above, the C3 enzyme is known to have many physiological functions at the cellular level (in vitro), but what function does it have at the individual level (in vivo)? There is almost no research on this point, and the actual situation has not been clarified.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a weight loss agent for mammals, and in particular, to provide a weight loss agent for mammals using botulinum extracellular enzyme C3.
Recently, companion animals have been bred due to changes in the living environment of people. However, not only humans but also pet animals such as dogs and cats have increased obesity, which is a problem. Obesity is not only obesity but also causes many diseases, and its prevention is extremely important for maintaining health. In order to prevent obesity, proper management is necessary, but there is also a demand for the development of an effective weight loss agent.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the inventors of the present invention have reduced the body weight of adult mice without morphologically changing the intestinal mucosal cells of the mouse botulinum extracellular enzyme C3. As a result, the present invention has been completed. That is, the present inventor observed the differentiation promoting action of the C3 enzyme in the course of studying the relationship between the developmental process of intestinal mucosal epithelium and the nutrient absorption function of newborn rats. There, the oral administration of the C3 enzyme rapidly changed the small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells from the neonatal type to the adult type, and showed a tendency to suppress the body growth rate. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of C3 enzyme on body weight suppression in adults, C3 enzyme was orally administered to adult mice, and the effects on intestinal mucosal cells and fluctuations in body weight were investigated. It was found that mucosal cells did not undergo morphological changes and that weight loss in adult mice occurred.
[0008]
The weight loss agent comprising the C3 enzyme of the present invention as an active ingredient can be used as a weight loss agent for mammals. Basically, as an oral administration agent, an excipient / stabilizer that is pharmaceutically acceptable as appropriate. In addition, a diluent or the like can be blended and used as a preparation. In addition, since the active ingredient is protein, excipients / stabilizers, diluents and other additives are added, and lyophilized to form a preservative pharmaceutical preparation that is reconstituted for administration to the living body. Can also be used. Moreover, the weight loss agent of this invention can be administered in the form of food / beverage products or drinking water, and a diet, when administering orally.
[0009]
That is, the present invention includes a weight-reducing agent for mammals containing botulinum extracellular enzyme C3 as an active ingredient (Claim 1), and an excipient / stabilizer and a diluent in botulinum extracellular enzyme C3. The weight-reducing agent for mammals according to claim 1 (claim 2) or the excipient / stabilizer is a pharmaceutically acceptable protein according to claim 1 or The weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 2 (Claim 3) or the pharmaceutically acceptable protein is human serum albumin and / or gelatin. (Claim 4) or botulinum extracellular enzyme C3, which contains excipients / stabilizers and diluents, and freeze-dried to obtain a preservative pharmaceutical preparation, wherein the weight loss for mammals Agents (Claim 5) and excipients / stabilizers are pharmaceutically acceptable. 6. A weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 5 (claim 6) or a saccharide comprising trehalose, maltotriose, cellobiose, sucrose, glucose and mannitol, wherein the saccharide is mixed with a saccharide. It consists of 1 or 2 or more saccharides selected from the group consisting of the weight-reducing agents for mammals according to claim 6 (claim 7).
[0010]
The present invention is a mammalian weight reduction agent according to any one of claims 1 to 7, a mammalian weight loss agent characterized in that it is formulated for oral administration (claim 8) or al Become.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention comprises using the extracellular enzyme C3 produced by Clostridium botulinum as a weight loss agent for mammals. The extracellular enzyme C3 can be obtained by the method described previously (J. Bacteriol. 173, 6025-6029, 1991, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000). It can be prepared from the culture supernatant. For example, dialysis culture using Clostridium botulinum type C strain Stockholm, and purifying the culture using a purification means such as salting out, dialysis, gel filtration, etc. to prepare a purified enzyme Can do.
[0012]
In order to administer the weight loss agent comprising the enzyme C3 of the present invention to a living body of a mammal, it is basically carried out by oral administration. The weight loss agent of the present invention can be formulated by blending pharmaceutically acceptable compounding agents such as excipients / stabilizers and diluents with the extracellular enzyme C3. As a preferable excipient / stabilizer, pharmaceutically acceptable proteins such as human serum albumin and / or gelatin can be used. As a diluent, an appropriate one such as water or physiological saline can be used. Moreover, a pH adjuster can also be used if necessary.
[0013]
Since the C3 enzyme, which is the active ingredient of the weight loss agent of the present invention, is a protein, a combination of excipients / stabilizers and diluents is freeze-dried to prepare a preservative pharmaceutical preparation for administration. Can be reconfigured and used. In preparing a preservative pharmaceutical preparation by lyophilization, it is desirable to add a saccharide to the excipient / stabilizer and diluent. As the saccharide, trehalose, maltotriose, cellibiose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and the like are used, and trehalose is particularly preferable in order to impart storage stability.
In order to administer the weight loss agent of the present invention to a mammal, the weight loss agent formulated as described above or a reconstituted one from the weight loss agent can usually be administered by oral administration. It can be administered in the form of food, drink, drinking water or food.
[0014]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention more concretely, the technical scope of this invention is not limited to these illustrations.
[Materials and methods]
(mouse)
Ten adult male ICR mice (35 to 43.5 g body weight) were subjected to the experiment. The appearance and health of all individuals were observed for one week prior to C3 enzyme administration.
[0015]
(Preparation of C3 enzyme)
The C3 enzyme used was purified by a previously reported method (J. Bacteriol. 173, 6025-6029, 1991, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000). The outline of the purification method is as follows.
Clostridium botulinum type C strain Stockholm was dialyzed and cultured at 33 ° C. for 5 days, and centrifuged at 13,500 rpm for 35 minutes to remove the cells and obtain a supernatant. The supernatant was salted out with 1/3 ammonium sulfate to remove toxin, and solid ammonium sulfate was added to the supernatant to obtain a fraction salted out with 80% saturation. This fraction was dissolved in 0.05 M Borax-phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) (hereinafter referred to as “B-Nap”) and dialyzed against 100 times the amount of B-Nap for 16 hours. The insoluble precipitate was removed by centrifugation, then loaded onto a CM-Toyopearl 650M column equilibrated with the same buffer, and developed by a concentration gradient elution method to obtain a C3 enzyme fraction. This fraction was subjected to gel filtration with a Sephadex G-100 superfine column to obtain a purified enzyme, which was used in the following examples. The content of C3 enzyme was calculated from absorption at 280 nm using an extinction coefficient of 10.0.
[0016]
(Drug administration and observation, measurement method)
Drug Administration and Body Weight Measurement Method For 10 mice, the body weight was measured over one week, and the average fluctuation was determined. Then it was divided into 3 groups of 2 animals, 4 animals and 4 animals. Since the body weight was different for each individual, consideration was given so that the body weight distribution was uniform. Of the 10 animals, 2 animals were treated as a non-administered control group, 4 animals were given 1 μg / ml C3 enzyme-containing drinking water, and the other 4 animals were given 10 μg / ml C3 enzyme-containing drinking water. Drinking water was ad libitum. A self-made water bottle was used. The weight of the water bottle was measured every day at a certain time, and the amount of drinking water was calculated.
[0017]
Appearance Observation Method Body weight, water consumption and feed intake were measured every day from the start of the experiment. In addition, appearance conditions such as the gloss of the hair, the state of feces, and the activity were observed. On day 10, the animals were euthanized and the lesions of the intestines were examined by measuring the length and weight of the intestinal tract after visually observing organ lesions.
[0018]
Tissue observation method The intestinal tract was excised from the pyloric part at 1 cm (small intestine) and 10 cm (jejunum) and formalin fixed, and tissue sections were prepared by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The prepared sections were observed with an optical microscope for the presence of pathological changes such as degeneration and necrosis.
[0019]
[Observation of Example, Measurement Result]
(Appearance observation)
Throughout the experimental period, all groups of mice were active, and no abnormal behavior or ataxia was observed. In addition, appearance changes such as loss of hair, rash, hair loss, and digestive symptoms such as diarrhea and constipation were not observed. Furthermore, since there is no difference between the 1 μg / ml administration group and the 10 μg / ml administration group for all the observed points, the C3 enzyme does not show any symptom even when ingested for 10 days. It is not considered to cause the obstacles shown.
[0020]
(Changes in intestinal tract and body weight)
The length and weight of the intestinal tract decreased in the 10 μg / ml administration group, and the intestinal weight per 1 cm also decreased, but the ratio of the intestinal weight to the body weight did not change (Table 1). Therefore, it can be considered that the living body is totally shaved. On the other hand, it became clear that the body weight showed a dramatic change (FIG. 1). As shown in the figure, in the 10 μg / ml administration group (FIG. 2), an average decrease of 18% or more was observed in 11 days. Although there was a difference in the degree of weight loss, it was confirmed that the decrease tendency was the same for all four individuals. In addition, FIG. 1 shows the relative change of the body weight by C3 enzyme administration. Each group of mice was given drinking water containing C3 enzyme at a concentration of 1 μg / ml or 10 μg / ml, the change in body weight was measured, and the change rate was calculated with the body weight at the start of the experiment as 100 Indicates. Each point shows the average value of each group. FIG. 2 shows the rate of change in body weight in the 10 μg / ml administration group. It shows the relative weight loss rate of each individual when the C3 enzyme is dissolved in drinking water at 10 μg / ml and allowed to drink freely.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003973914
[0022]
(Eating and drinking)
Changes in food intake and water consumption were observed with C3 enzyme administration (FIGS. 3 and 4). The daily food intake was 6.1 g on average in the control group, but 4.4 g in the group fed with 1 μg / ml C3 enzyme solution, and decreased to 2.8 g in the 10 μg / ml group. Was. In the 10 μg / ml administration group, the decrease after the 8th day was particularly large and decreased to ¼ to 5 of the control. The greatest cause of weight loss is thought to be a reduction in food intake.
The average individual water consumption in each group was 11.1 ml / day in the control group and did not change significantly throughout the whole period, but decreased in the 1 μg / ml group by 7.2 ml / day and in the 10 μg / ml group by 5 Reduced to 9 ml / day. In the 10 μg / ml administration group, the decrease after the 8th day was particularly large, similar to the amount of food intake, and decreased to nearly 35% of the control.
From these results, it was found that the C3 enzyme strongly suppresses food intake and drinking water, but the mechanism is unknown.
In addition, FIG. 3 shows the change of the amount of food intake by C3 enzyme administration. The result of ingesting C3 enzyme dissolved in drinking water to 10 μg / ml or 1 μg / ml is shown. The intake is shown as an average value of individuals in each group. FIG. 4 shows changes in the amount of water consumed by administration of the C3 enzyme. The results of ingesting C3 enzyme dissolved in drinking water to 10 μg / ml or 1 μg / ml are shown. The amount of drinking water is shown as the average value of individuals in each group.
[0023]
(Pathological findings)
Macroscopic findings such as atrophy, swelling, and bleeding were not observed in the liver, stomach, kidney, adrenal gland, and intestinal tract. Therefore, it is considered that the C3 enzyme does not have an action that causes macroscopic changes even at the organ level. On the other hand, although the number of feces was several on average, there was a tendency to increase in the C3 enzyme administration group as compared with the control group. There was no change in the stool properties.
[0024]
(Histological findings)
Histological examination was performed on the duodenum and jejunum, but no pathologically abnormal findings were seen as shown in FIGS. In adults, no significant morphological changes are induced by administration of the C3 enzyme.
5A (see reference photo 1) is the duodenum (× 20) of the control group, FIG. 5B (see reference photo 1) is the jejunum (× 10) of the control group, and FIG. 6A (see reference photo 2) is The duodenum (× 10) in the C3 enzyme 1 μg / ml administration group, FIG. 6B (see Reference Photo 2) shows the jejunum (× 10) in the C3 enzyme 1 μg / ml administration group, and FIG. 7A (see Reference Photo 3) shows the C3 enzyme. The duodenum (× 10) in the 10 μg / ml administration group and FIG. 7B (see Reference Photo 3) show optical micrographs of hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections of the jejunum (× 10) in the C3 enzyme 10 μg / ml administration group, respectively. .
[0025]
(Consideration from experimental results)
As described above, the C3 enzyme promotes the differentiation of nerve cells and the formation of neural networks (J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 249-254, 2000). Moreover, when C3 enzyme is added to primary cultured neurons, changes in the LDH isozyme pattern are induced (J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 473-478, 2000). Thus, although the action at the cell level of the C3 enzyme is being elucidated, there is no report on the action at the individual level. Prior to this experiment, when administered to a 10-day-old rat as a preliminary experiment, the transition of the intestinal mucosa from a neonatal type to an adult type and a tendency to suppress the body weight gain were observed. This predicted the existence of metabolic suppression at the individual level, which motivated the present invention. From such a background, as described above, the action of the C3 enzyme at the individual level, particularly the suppression of body weight, was confirmed using adult animals.
[0026]
First, the effective amount of C3 enzyme was examined. How much C3 enzyme expresses the body weight suppression effect? When the amount of C3 enzyme intake of the mouse was calculated, when 1 μg / ml C3 enzyme solution was supplied to the mouse as drinking water, the average water consumption was 7.2 ml / day, so that one mouse was 7 daily. .2 μg of C3 enzyme. Since the average body weight of this group is 38 g, the C3 enzyme is ingested at a rate of 189 μg / kg. At this stage, it is unknown how much it is digested by the gastric juice and how much it is digested in the small intestine, so the exact effective amount is unknown. However, in order to administer the C3 enzyme of the present invention to a mammal as a weight loss agent, the effective amount differs depending on the subject. Therefore, depending on each subject, the relationship between the dose and the drug efficacy is investigated, The effective dose may be estimated to determine the dose of the drug. In any case, a tendency to decrease in body weight is observed even at a concentration of 1 μg / ml, and a significant decrease is observed in the 10 μg / ml administration group. Therefore, the dose can be determined from these concentrations. For example, body weight can be gradually decreased by long-term administration of 1 μg / ml C3 enzyme.
[0027]
Next, the cause of weight loss is thought to be due to a decrease in food intake and water consumption, but there may also be a suppression of energy metabolism. When C3 enzyme is added to primary cultured neurons, a change in LDH isozyme pattern is observed, changing from an oxygen-consuming type to a non-consuming type. This change may lead to a reduction in food intake.
There was also a decrease in intestinal weight with decreasing body weight, but no change in the intestinal weight / body weight ratio. Therefore, it is considered that only the intestinal tract is not shaved but is progressively shaved. Moreover, although the number of feces in the intestinal tract showed an increasing trend, diarrhea and constipation were not observed, so it is unlikely that intestinal motility was affected.
[0028]
Pathological histological examination revealed no lesions due to C3 enzyme in the small intestine and jejunum. In the C3 enzyme 1 μg / ml administration group, the intestinal wall thickness increased, but in the 10 μg / ml administration group, the cell morphology abnormality, inflammation, necrosis, etc. were not observed. Therefore, it is considered that the C3 enzyme has no action causing lesions at the optical microscope level.
[0029]
【The invention's effect】
The weight-reducing agent for mammals of the present invention can obtain a weight-loss effect, but is a macroscopic finding of the liver, stomach, kidney, adrenal gland, intestinal tract, etc. of a drug-administered individual, histological examination of the duodenum and jejunum, etc. No pathological findings are found and no weight loss can be achieved without affecting the overall appearance of the individual.
In addition, the weight loss agent of the present invention is administered by oral administration of a weight loss agent or a reconstituted lyophilized weight loss agent, or by oral administration in the form of food, drink, water or food. Therefore, the weight of the mammal can be reduced by a simple method.
In modern times, with changes in lifestyle, obesity of pets such as dogs and cats as well as humans has increased and has become a problem, and the present invention is progressing as one of lifestyle-related diseases. These animals can also be used to prevent obesity in these animals.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relative changes in body weight when C3 enzyme is administered to mice at a concentration of 1 μg / ml or 10 μg / ml in Examples of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the weight change rate of the administration group when C3 enzyme was administered to mice at a concentration of 10 μg / ml in the examples of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing changes in food intake when C3 enzyme is administered to mice at a concentration of 10 μg / ml or 1 μg / ml in Examples of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing changes in the amount of drinking water when C3 enzyme is administered to mice at a concentration of 10 μg / ml or 1 μg / ml in the examples of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a view showing an optical micrograph of a hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue section of a mouse control group in an Example of the present invention. FIG. 5A shows the duodenum (× 20) of the control group,
FIG. 5B shows a tissue section of the jejunum (× 10) of the control group.
FIG. 6 is a view showing an optical micrograph of a hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue section of a mouse administration group of 1 μg / ml of C3 enzyme in an Example of the present invention. FIG. 6A shows the duodenum (× 10) of the C3 enzyme 1 μg / ml administration group, and FIG. 6B shows the jejunum (× 10) tissue section of the C3 enzyme 1 μg / ml administration group.
FIG. 7 is a view showing an optical micrograph of a hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue section of a mouse administration group of 10 μg / ml of C3 enzyme in an Example of the present invention. FIG. 7A shows the tissue section of the duodenum (× 10) of the C3 enzyme 10 μg / ml administration group, and FIG. 7B shows the jejunum (× 10) tissue section of the C3 enzyme 10 μg / ml administration group.

Claims (8)

ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3を有効成分とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 A weight loss agent for mammals, comprising botulinum extracellular enzyme C3 as an active ingredient. ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3に、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤を配合したことを特徴とする請求項1記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 The weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 1, wherein an excipient / stabilizer and a diluent are blended with the Clostridium botulinum extracellular enzyme C3. 賦形剤・安定剤が、医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 3. The weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the excipient / stabilizer is a pharmaceutically acceptable protein. 医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質が、ヒト血清アルブミン及び/又はゼラチンであることを特徴とする請求項3記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 The weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 3, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable protein is human serum albumin and / or gelatin. ボツリヌス菌菌体外酵素C3に、賦形剤・安定剤及び稀釈剤を配合し、凍結乾燥処理して保存性医薬製剤としたことを特徴とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 A weight loss agent for mammals, characterized in that an exogenous botulinum extracellular enzyme C3 is mixed with an excipient / stabilizer and a diluent, and freeze-dried to prepare a preservative pharmaceutical preparation. 賦形剤・安定剤が、医薬的に許容し得る蛋白質に、糖類を配合したものであることを特徴とする請求項5記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 6. The weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 5, wherein the excipient / stabilizer is a pharmaceutically acceptable protein mixed with a saccharide. 糖類が、トレハロース、マルトトリオース、セリビオース、スクロース、グルコース及びマンニトールからなるグループから選ばれた1又は2以上の糖類であることを特徴とする請求項6記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 The weight loss agent for mammals according to claim 6, wherein the saccharide is one or more saccharides selected from the group consisting of trehalose, maltotriose, cellibiose, sucrose, glucose and mannitol. 請求項1〜7のいずれか記載の哺乳動物用体重減量剤が、経口投与用に製剤化されていることを特徴とする哺乳動物用体重減量剤。 A weight loss agent for mammals, wherein the weight loss agent for mammals according to any one of claims 1 to 7 is formulated for oral administration.
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