JP3973322B2 - Method for producing particle layer - Google Patents
Method for producing particle layer Download PDFInfo
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- JP3973322B2 JP3973322B2 JP18418399A JP18418399A JP3973322B2 JP 3973322 B2 JP3973322 B2 JP 3973322B2 JP 18418399 A JP18418399 A JP 18418399A JP 18418399 A JP18418399 A JP 18418399A JP 3973322 B2 JP3973322 B2 JP 3973322B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、高分子フィルム上に連続的に行う粒子層の形成方法に関する。更に詳しくは、反射シート及び拡散反射シート等の光学部材に用いられる凹凸加工を施した高分子フィルムの製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
液晶表示装置には反射シート、拡散シート等の高分子フィルムをベースとした光学材料が使用されている。これらの部材が液晶の明るさや視野角といった性能を左右する重要な部材であることは言うまでもないが、特に液晶表示装置の中でも、外光を利用して表示を行う反射型の液晶表示装置では、用いる反射シートの性能が液晶の明るさや視野角等の性能に大きく影響する。このことより、特に反射型の液晶表示装置においては、反射シートのより一層の性能向上が切望されている。
【0003】
反射型液晶表示装置の一例を図1に示す。人側より、偏光板10、位相差板20、液晶表示パネル30、偏光板10、反射体40である。白黒表示の反射型液晶表示装置では上記構成が用いられるが、今後増加すると考えられる反射型カラー液晶表示装置では、上記部材以外にカラーフィルターが用いられることが考えられる。また、反射型カラー液晶表示装置では反射体側の偏光板がないものや、偏光板が全くないもの、カラーフィルターのないものも考案されている。
【0004】
理想的な液晶表示とは、明るく、そしてどこからみても同様な表示品質が得られるものであり、私たちが普段使用している本などの印刷物のようなものであると言われている。よって反射型液晶表示装置に用いられる反射体も紙のように四方八方に均一に光を拡散する反射体(ペーパーホワイトタイプ)が好ましいと考えられている。しかしながら液晶表示装置では偏光板、液晶パネル等により入射光の半分以上が吸収されるため、四方八方に均一に光を拡散する反射体を液晶表示装置に用いると、実際には暗くなり使用できない。そこで、これまでは金属光沢を持つ正反射成分の大きい反射体を用い、ある範囲に光を集中することによって限られた視野角の中で明るい表示を実現している。明るい表示と広い視野角を得るには反射体の反射特性(光の集中と分散)を制御することはもちろん、光の利用効率を更に高めることが必要であり、これまでに多くの検討がなされてきた。
【0005】
反射シートの反射特性を制御する方法としては、反射面(金属薄膜層)を形成する基材(高分子フィルム)を凹凸化する方法が一般的である。凹凸化方法としては、(1)高分子フィルム表面を金属ブラシで一方向にこする方法(ヘヤーライン)や、(2)高分子フィルム表面にSiO2等の粒子を高圧空気とともに吹き付ける方法(サンドブラスト)や、(3)高分子フィルムの原料である樹脂中に白色顔料等の粒子(フィラー)を混入し成膜する方法、(4)高分子フィルム上に粒子を含む樹脂を塗布する方法等がある。しかしながらこれらの方法では広い視野角を得ることができるものの、全光線反射率が低下するという問題があった。これは反射面の凹凸により光の多重反射や光の閉じこめが起こり、よって入射光の利用効率が落ちたためと考えられる。本発明者らはこれまでに、より制御された凹凸表面について鋭意研究した結果、高分子フィルム上に密に詰まった実質的に一層からなる粒子層を形成した図2に示すような凹凸面を持つ反射体が、入射光の利用効率が高く、且つ優れた反射特性を持つことを見いだした(特開平11−6907)。また、塗布方法について鋭意研究した結果、コートロールを高分子フィルムの進行方向とは逆に回転させることにより筋がなく、粒子密度が均一な塗布面が得られること、更にコートロールにグラビヤロールを用い、グラビヤの深さとピッチを塗布粒子の粒径に対して選択することで密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を連続的に製造できることを見いだした。
【0006】
上記塗布方法により一定の品質が得られているが、一層の品質向上及び生産性を考えたときに、以下のような問題があった。一つは塗布液のゲル化によるブツの発生であり、一つは塗布量制御の困難さである。
【0007】
塗布液のゲル化は、ドクターによりグラビヤロール上の余分な塗布液を掻き取る際に起こっているようである。おそらく、塗布液掻き取り時のせん断応力により粒子が凝集したものと思われる。塗布液がゲル化しブツとなると、ブツがドクターとグラビヤロールとの間に挟まりロール回転方向に筋が発生する。筋はそのまま塗布面に反映され製品の品質を低下させ、歩留まりを低下させる。塗布量の制御は、例えばグラビヤリバースコート法ではグラビヤ版及びリバース比の変更で、リバースコート法ではドクターロールとコートロールとの間隙(ギャップ)及びリバース比の変更で行う。ここで、グラビヤリバースコート法ではグラビヤ版で大まかな塗布量を、リバース比で細部の塗布量を調整するが、リバース比を上げて塗布量を多くしようとしたところ逆に塗布量が低下した。また、リバースコート法においても同様な現象が見られるとともに、ドクターロールとコートロールとの間隙(ギャップ)を調整しても意図したとは逆の塗布量となる現象が見られた。
【0008】
これは本発明で製造する密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層が非常に薄く、例えば図2より明らかなように、乾燥後はその塗布厚みが用いる粒子の直径より少ないか又は粒子直径程度であることによると考えられる。つまり塗布量が多い際には、例えばドクターロールとコートロールとの間隙(ギャップ)が粒子径に比べ大きい為に塗布液中の粒子の影響が少なく粒子を含まない塗布液と同様な挙動を示すが、塗布量が少ない領域においては、上記間隙(ギャップ)が粒子径に比べてあまり大きくないことから粒子の影響が大きくなる。このため、間隙(ギャップ)において塗布液の粘弾性が特異な挙動を示し通常とは逆に塗布量が変化しているものと思われる。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、かかる問題を解決するために鋭意研究した結果、塗布液にかかるせん断応力が少なく、且つ、塗布液の供給量とライン速度で塗布量を調整できるダイコート法を用いることにより、従来問題であったせん断応力により発生するブツを抑制するとともに、塗布量を細部まで制御できることを見出した。本発明はかかる知見によりなされるに至ったものである。
【0010】
すなわち、本発明は、(1)粒子を分散した溶液を、高分子フィルム上に、ダイコート法を用いて、式(1)に示す塗布量の範囲で高分子フィルム上に連続的に塗布することを特徴とする、密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層の製造方法。
式(1):(2×3 0.5 /9)×π×10 4 ×r×(dp/(N×P))×0.3≦塗布量(g/cm 2 )≦(2×3 0.5 /9)×π×10 4 ×r×(dp/(N×P))×1.3
π :円周率
r :用いた粒子の半径の平均値(cm)
dp:用いた粒子の密度(g/cm 3 )
N :塗布液の固形分(重量%)
P :固形分中の粒子の割合(重量%)
【0011】
(2) 粒子を分散した溶液が、平均粒径1μm以上15μm以下である高分子からなる粒子を分散した溶液であることを特徴とする(1)に記載の粒子層の製造方法。
【0012】
(3) 粒子を分散した溶液が、アクリル系粒子を分散した溶液であることを特徴とする(1)または(2)に記載の粒子層の製造方法。
【0013】
(4) 粒子を分散した溶液の、固形分中の粒子の割合(P)が30〜90重量%であることを特徴とする(1)乃至(3)に記載の粒子層の製造方法。に関する。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明における高分子フィルムには、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリスチレン(PS)、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルスルホン(PES)、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン(PEEK)、ポリカーボネート(PC)、ポリイミド(PI)、三酢酸セルロース系樹脂、ポリアリレート系樹脂、ポリスルホン系樹脂、フッ素系樹脂等が使用できるが、必ずしもこれらに限定されるわけではなく、ある程度平滑なフィルム表面持つものであれば使用できる。
【0015】
高分子フィルムの厚みには限定的な値はないが、好ましくは10〜400μm程度が、より好ましくは10〜200μm程度が、更により好ましくは25〜100μm程度が用いられる。ダイコート法によるコーティングの一例を示す概略図を図3に示す。バックアップロール50に沿って流れる高分子フィルム60上に、ダイ70から塗布液が供給され塗布される。塗布液は送出ポンプ80によって、塗布液タンク90からダイ70へ送り出される。
【0016】
ダイコート法では通常供給された塗布液のすべてが再循環することなくフィルム上に塗布される。よって塗布量はポンプ送出量とラインスピードによって決定される。また、非常に低い粘度の塗布液を用いる際には幅方向で十分なダイ内部圧が得られず塗布量が不均一になることがあるが、その際にはフィード部分のオリフィスギャップを狭くすることによりダイ内部圧を均一とすることが好ましい。また、ダイの先端部は計量ブレードとして用いられ、幅方向の塗布量の均一性を高めている。例えば先端部を唇状に丸めたダイコート法はリップコート法とも呼ばれているが、塗布量の均一性のみならず良好な塗布面を得るにはこのようにダイの先端部に工夫を凝らしたものが好ましく用いられる。ダイコート法では、塗布量はダイとバックアップロールの距離(L)に依存している。つまり、フィルム厚み+塗布厚み(塗布量)=Lの関係が成り立つ。よってフィルム厚みにバラツキがあると塗布量がばらつく原因となるので好ましくない。
【0017】
密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層とは、一例を示すと図2に示すような、高分子フィルム上に、重なることなく隙間なく並んだ粒子からなる層を言う。更に詳細に説明すると、本発明の実質的に一層である粒子層の示す範囲は、充填率が30%以上及び重複率が30%以下である粒子層であり、好ましくは充填率が50%以上及び重複率が20%以下である粒子層であり、更に好ましくは充填率が70%以上及び重複率が10%以下である粒子層である。粒子の充填率とは、用いた粒子の平均粒径と等しい粒子が平面内で(2次元で)最密充填したときの単位面積あたりの粒子数に対する、実際の単位面積あたりの粒子数(高分子フィルム上の1層目の粒子のみを計数し、2層目以上の粒子を除くこととする)の割合で表す。例えば粒径6μm(半径r=3μm)の粒子が最密充填したとすると、1cm2の正方形中には、(π×30.5/6)×1/(π×(3×10-4)2)=3.21×106個の粒子が入る。よって充填率30%とは1cm2の正方形上に9.63×105個の粒子が存在する状態を示し、同様にして充填率50%とは1.61×106個の粒子が存在する状態を、充填率70%とは2.25×106個の粒子が存在する状態を言う。重複率とは高分子フィルム上の1層目の粒子数に対する、2層目以上の粒子数の割合で示す。
【0018】
密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層からなる、凹凸層は、例えば、高分子フィルム上に粒子とバインダーからなる液(粒子分散液)を塗布することにより形成することができる。また、粒子分散液を塗布し粒子層を形成した後に、更に該粒子層上に樹脂を塗布することによっても形成できる。樹脂を粒子層上に塗布するのはなだらかな凹凸面とすることで散乱光を減少させるためである。粒子とバインダーからなる液(粒子分散液)を塗布することにより、密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を高分子フィルム上に形成するには、該粒子分散液の塗布量を式(1)に示す範囲とすることが好ましい。
【0019】
式(1):(2×30.5/9)×π×104×r×(dp/(N×P))×0.3≦塗布量(g/cm2)≦(2×30.5/9)×π×104×r×(dp/(N×P))×1.3
π :円周率
r :用いた粒子の半径の平均値(cm)
dp:用いた粒子の密度(g/cm3)
N :塗布液の固形分(重量%)
P :固形分中の粒子の割合(重量%)
より好ましくは、式(2)に示す範囲である。
【0020】
式(2):(2×30.5/9)×π×104×r×(dp/(N×P))×0.5≦塗布量(g/cm2)≦(2×30.5/9)×π×104×r×(dp/(N×P))×1.2
ここでいう塗布量とはウェット(乾燥前)での値である。ウエットでの塗布量はコーティングに用いるグラビヤ版、メイヤーバーの番手を選ぶ上で有用であるが、一方で実測が困難である。そこで実際には乾燥後の膜厚や、乾燥後の塗布重量が測定されることが多い。粒子層は凹凸層であるので必ずしも塗布量と膜厚が一致しない。そこで乾燥後の塗布重量で評価することが好ましいと考えられる。乾燥後の塗布重量と塗布量の間には、実質的に、乾燥後の塗布重量(g/cm2)=塗布量(g/cm2)×N/100の関係がある。よって式(1)は式(3)と表すことができる。
【0021】
式(3):(2×30.5/9)×π×102×r×(dp/P)×0.3≦塗布重量(g/cm2)≦(2×30.5/9)×π×102×r×(dp/P)×1.3
同様にして、式(2)は式(4)と表すことができる。
【0022】
式(4):(2×30.5/9)×π×102×r×(dp/P)×0.5≦塗布重量(g/cm2)≦(2×30.5/9)×π×102×r×(dp/P)×1.2
粒子を分散した溶液(粒子分散液)とは、粒子とバインダーからなる溶液であり、必要に応じてぬれ剤や増粘剤、分散剤、消泡剤等の添加剤を加えた溶液である。
【0023】
粒子を分散した溶液に用いられる溶媒としては、トルエン、メチルエチルケトン、酢酸エチル、イソプロピルアルコール等の溶媒が好ましく用いられる。これらは塗布(コーティング)で一般的に用いられる溶媒であるが、これら以外でも高分子フィルムや粒子に影響を与えない溶媒であれば適宜使用できる。また、水系のバインダーを用いる場合には主に水が用いられるが、高分子フィルムや粒子に影響を与えない範囲で溶媒を添加することがある。例えばイソプロピルアルコールを少量添加し濡れ性を改善することがしばしば行なわれる。
【0024】
バインダーとしては、ポリアミド系、ポリエステル系、ポリウレタン系、アクリル系等の熱可塑性樹脂、及び尿素樹脂、メラミン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂等が用いられる。熱可塑性樹脂においては硬化剤を用いて樹脂の耐候性、耐熱性を向上させることは当業者の常套手段であろう。これらの樹脂は、高分子フィルム及び粒子との密着性を考慮して選択される。
【0025】
耐溶剤性に劣る粒子、例えば未架橋の高分子からなる粒子を用いる場合には、バインダーとして水系のラテックスが好ましく用いられる。
【0026】
ラテックスとしては、天然ラテックス、乳化重合等により製造された合成ラテックス、固形ポリマーを水性媒質中に分散させた人工ラテックス等が用いられるが、品質・性能面から合成ラテックスが好ましく用いられる。
【0027】
粒子としては、ポリスチレン、ポリメタクリル酸メチル、スチレンメタクリレート、スチレンアクリレート、スチレンブタジエン等の高分子(有機物)からなる粒子が、また、アルミナ、チタニア(チタン白)、酸化鉛(鉛白)、酸化亜鉛(亜鉛華)、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸バリウム、硫酸バリウム、チタン酸カリウム、珪酸ソーダ等のいわゆる白色顔料系の粒子や、酸化珪素等の無機系の粒子が用いられる。粒子の材質については特に限定されないが、粒子分散液の分散安定性を考慮した際には、密度の小さい高分子(有機物)からなる粒子が好ましく用いられる。
【0028】
高分子からなる粒子の調整方法としては、乳化重合法、懸濁重合法、分散重合法が挙げられる。乳化重合法が最も一般的であるが、近年、分散重合も盛んに行われている。どの重合法においても生成する高分子は分散媒に難溶であり、分散媒と高分子間の表面張力により粒子化する。高分子粒子は、粒子表面に結合または吸着している保護層によって安定化され、さらに粒子内架橋によっても安定化される。これら3方法の中でも特に分散重合法を用いた粒子作製では、サブミクロンから数十ミクロンまでの広い範囲の粒子が得られる特徴がある。
【0029】
分散重合法では、分散媒として非水溶媒が用いられ、分散剤としては両親媒性高分子が用いられる。モノマーが分散媒中に溶けることが必要であり、モノマーが溶解した分散媒中に開始剤を加えることによりに重合が開始する。重合は溶液中で進行し、粒子析出後は粒子内でも進行する。スチレンの分散重合においては溶媒として用いるアルコールの炭素数により生成する粒子の直径がかなり広い範囲で変化することが知られている(A.J.Paine, J.Polym.Sci.,Polym.Chem.Ed.,38,2485(1990))。また、得られる粒子直径のばらつきも非常に小さいことから有用な重合方法である。
【0030】
粒子の直径(粒径)の平均値は1μm以上、15μm以下であることが好ましい。より好ましくは2μm以上、12μm以下であり、更に好ましくは3μm以上、10μm以下である。粒径があまりに小さいと実質的に一層からなる粒子層を形成するのが難しい。また、粒径があまりに大きいと塗布厚みが厚くなり工業上好ましくないばかりでなく、きめの粗い反射体となる。
【0031】
用いる粒子の粒径分布は小さい方が好ましい。粒径の標準偏差の平均粒径に対する割合は、好ましくは50%以下、より好ましくは30%以下、更に好ましくは20%以下である。あまりに粒径分布が大きいと、密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を得ることが難しくなり、制御された凹凸層が得られず、よって高い全光線反射率が得られない。
【0032】
粒径分布が狭いと密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を形成した際に、光学干渉により着色することがある。このときには、粒径を約5μm以上とすることで着色を防止できる。
【0033】
粒径分布は、少量の粒子を分散させた溶液の動的光散乱法により測定することができる。またSEM写真より、無作意に選んだ100個の粒子の直径より求めることができる。粒子の直径はSEM写真以外に光学顕微鏡写真より読みとることができる。また、得られた写真または像を画像処理することで粒径分布を求めることができる。
【0034】
粒子分散液の固形分中の粒子割合は30%以上、90%以下であることが好ましい。より好ましくは40%以上、80%以下であり、更により好ましくは50%以上、70%以下である。粒子の重量%があまりに小さいと粒子を密に一層塗布することが難しい。また、粒子の重量%があまりに大きいとバインダーに対して粒子が多すぎるために粒子の密着性が悪く、よって粒子の脱落、剥がれ等が起こる。粒子分散液中の全固形分の量は特に限定されないが、粒子の分散安定性の観点からは、固形分が多く粘度が大きい方が好ましい。
【0035】
【実施例】
以下実施例を用いて本発明について説明する。粘度は(株)トキメック製B型粘度計(型式BL)を用いて測定した。
【0036】
〔実施例1〕粒子には平均粒径6.5μmのアクリル系粒子(根上工業(株)製、品名:アートパールF−7P)を、バインダーにはアクリル系ラテックス(三井化学(株)製、品名:アルマテックスE269)を用いて、固形分35%、バインダーと粒子の比が6:4の粒子を分散した水溶液(粒子分散液)を調整した。粘度は約150cpsであった。該粒子分散液を厚み50μmのポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム上に、ダイコート法にて塗布し、密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を得た。この際、塗布量をドライ重量で10〜43g/m2まで変化させたが、ポンプの送出量とラインスピードによって塗布量を制御することができた。また、ブツの発生による筋は観察されず、良好な塗布面が得られた。
【0037】
〔実施例2〕粒子には平均粒径5μmのアクリル系粒子を、バインダーにはアクリル系樹脂を、溶剤にはトルエンとメチルエチルケトンからなる溶剤を用いて、固形分35%、バインダーと粒子の比が6:4の粒子を分散した溶液(粒子分散液)を調整した。粘度は約200cpsであった。該粒子分散液を厚み50μmのポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム上に、ダイコート法にて塗布し、密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を得た。この際、ドライ重量で8〜33g/m2まで変化させたが、ポンプの送出量とラインスピードによって塗布量を制御することができた。また、ブツの発生による筋は観察されず、良好な塗布面が得られた。
【0038】
〔比較例1〕グラビヤリバース法で塗布する以外実施例1と同様に行った。この際、塗布量を10〜43g/m2まで変化させようと試みたが、塗布量をリバース比で制御することは困難であった。また、塗布時間が長くなるに従いブツの発生による筋が多数観察された。
【0039】
〔比較例2〕2本リバース法で塗布する以外実施例2と同様に行った。この際、塗布量を8〜33g/m2まで変化させようと試みたが、塗布量をリバース比で制御することは困難であった。また、塗布時間が長くなるに従いブツの発生による筋が多数観察された。
【0040】
【発明の効果】
本発明の製造方法を用いることにより、これまでよりも容易に塗布量を制御することができ、また、ブツによる筋の発生を抑制することができた。これにより、密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層を、これまでよりも容易に高分子フィルム上に連続的に製造することができた。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】反射型液晶表示装置の一例を示す断面図
【図2】密に詰まった実質的に一層である粒子層からなる凹凸層を有する反射体の表面凹凸の一例を示す光学顕微鏡写真図
【図3】ダイコート法によるコーティングの一例を示す概略図
【符号の説明】
10 偏光板
20 位相差板
30 液晶表示パネル
40 反射
50 バックアップロール
60 高分子フィルム
70 ダイ
80 送出ポンプ
90 塗布液タンク[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for forming a particle layer continuously on a polymer film. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for producing a polymer film subjected to uneven processing used for an optical member such as a reflection sheet and a diffuse reflection sheet.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In the liquid crystal display device, an optical material based on a polymer film such as a reflection sheet or a diffusion sheet is used. It goes without saying that these members are important members that influence the performance of the brightness and viewing angle of the liquid crystal, but in the liquid crystal display device, particularly in the reflective liquid crystal display device that performs display using outside light, The performance of the reflective sheet used greatly affects the performance of the liquid crystal such as brightness and viewing angle. For this reason, particularly in a reflective liquid crystal display device, further improvement in the performance of the reflective sheet is desired.
[0003]
An example of a reflective liquid crystal display device is shown in FIG. From the human side, the polarizing
[0004]
An ideal liquid crystal display is said to be bright and capable of obtaining the same display quality from anywhere, and is said to be a printed material such as a book that we usually use. Therefore, it is considered that the reflector used in the reflective liquid crystal display device is preferably a reflector (paper white type) that diffuses light uniformly in all directions like paper. However, in a liquid crystal display device, more than half of the incident light is absorbed by a polarizing plate, a liquid crystal panel, and the like. Therefore, if a reflector that diffuses light uniformly in all directions is used in a liquid crystal display device, it will actually be dark and cannot be used. Thus, until now, a bright display with a limited viewing angle has been realized by using a reflector having a metallic luster with a large specular reflection component and concentrating light within a certain range. In order to obtain a bright display and a wide viewing angle, it is necessary not only to control the reflection characteristics (concentration and dispersion of light) of the reflector, but also to further improve the light utilization efficiency. I came.
[0005]
As a method for controlling the reflection characteristics of the reflection sheet, a method of making the substrate (polymer film) forming the reflection surface (metal thin film layer) uneven is common. Concavity and convexity methods include (1) a method in which the polymer film surface is rubbed in one direction with a metal brush (hairline), and (2) a method in which particles such as SiO 2 are sprayed onto the polymer film surface with high-pressure air (sand blasting). ), (3) a method of forming a film by mixing particles (filler) such as a white pigment in a resin that is a raw material of the polymer film, and (4) a method of applying a resin containing particles on the polymer film. is there. However, although these methods can obtain a wide viewing angle, there is a problem that the total light reflectance is lowered. This is presumably because multiple reflections of light and confinement of light occur due to the unevenness of the reflection surface, and the use efficiency of incident light is thus reduced. As a result of intensive studies on the more controlled uneven surface, the present inventors have obtained an uneven surface as shown in FIG. 2 in which a substantially monolayer particle layer closely packed on a polymer film is formed. It has been found that a reflector having high incident light utilization efficiency and excellent reflection characteristics (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-6907). In addition, as a result of earnest research on the coating method, it is possible to obtain a coated surface with no streaks and uniform particle density by rotating the coating roll in the direction opposite to the traveling direction of the polymer film. It has been found that by selecting the gravure depth and pitch with respect to the particle size of the coated particles, it is possible to continuously produce a dense, substantially monolayer particle layer.
[0006]
Although a certain quality is obtained by the above coating method, there are the following problems when further quality improvement and productivity are considered. One is the generation of irregularities due to the gelation of the coating solution, and the other is the difficulty in controlling the coating amount.
[0007]
Gelation of the coating solution seems to occur when the doctor removes excess coating solution on the gravure roll. Presumably, the particles are aggregated due to the shear stress during scraping of the coating solution. When the coating solution gels and becomes a gutta, the bun is sandwiched between the doctor and the gravure roll, and a streak is generated in the roll rotation direction. The streaks are reflected on the coated surface as they are, reducing the quality of the product and lowering the yield. The application amount is controlled by, for example, changing the gravure plate and the reverse ratio in the gravure reverse coating method, and changing the gap (gap) and the reverse ratio between the doctor roll and the coating roll in the reverse coating method. Here, in the gravure reverse coating method, the rough coating amount is adjusted with the gravure plate, and the detailed coating amount is adjusted with the reverse ratio. In addition, a similar phenomenon was observed in the reverse coating method, and a phenomenon in which the coating amount was reverse to the intended amount was observed even when the gap (gap) between the doctor roll and the coating roll was adjusted.
[0008]
This is because the densely packed substantially single layer of particles produced in the present invention is very thin, for example, as apparent from FIG. 2, the coating thickness after drying is less than the diameter of the particles used or the particle diameter. It is thought to be due to the degree. In other words, when the coating amount is large, for example, since the gap (gap) between the doctor roll and the coating roll is larger than the particle diameter, the influence of the particles in the coating solution is small and the same behavior as the coating solution containing no particles is exhibited. However, in the region where the coating amount is small, the influence of the particles becomes large because the gap is not so large as compared with the particle diameter. For this reason, it is considered that the viscoelasticity of the coating solution exhibits a unique behavior in the gap (gap), and the coating amount changes in contrast to the normal case.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of diligent research to solve such problems, the present invention uses a die coating method in which the shear stress applied to the coating liquid is small and the coating amount can be adjusted by the supply amount and the line speed of the coating liquid. It was found that the amount of coating can be controlled in detail while suppressing the flaws generated by the shear stress. The present invention has been made based on such findings.
[ 0010 ]
That is, in the present invention, (1) a solution in which particles are dispersed is continuously applied onto a polymer film using a die coating method on the polymer film within the range of the coating amount shown in Formula (1). A process for producing a densely packed particle layer, characterized in that
Formula (1): (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 0.3 ≦ application amount (g / cm 2 ) ≦ (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 1.3
π :Pi
r : Average value of radius of particles used (cm)
dp: density of the particles used (g / cm 3 )
N : Solid content of coating solution (wt%)
P : Ratio of particles in solid content (wt%)
[ 0011 ]
(2) The method for producing a particle layer according to (1) , wherein the solution in which the particles are dispersed is a solution in which particles made of a polymer having an average particle diameter of 1 μm to 15 μm are dispersed.
[ 0012 ]
(3) The method for producing a particle layer according to (1) or (2) , wherein the solution in which the particles are dispersed is a solution in which acrylic particles are dispersed.
[ 0013 ]
( 4 ) The method for producing a particle layer according to any one of ( 1) to (3) , wherein a ratio (P) of particles in a solid content of a solution in which particles are dispersed is 30 to 90% by weight. About.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The polymer film in the present invention includes polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polycarbonate (PC), Polyimide (PI), cellulose triacetate-based resin, polyarylate-based resin, polysulfone-based resin, fluorine-based resin, etc. can be used, but it is not necessarily limited to these, and any material having a somewhat smooth film surface can be used. it can.
[0015]
The thickness of the polymer film is not limited, but is preferably about 10 to 400 μm, more preferably about 10 to 200 μm, and still more preferably about 25 to 100 μm. A schematic diagram showing an example of coating by the die coating method is shown in FIG. The coating liquid is supplied from the
[0016]
In the die coating method, all of the supplied coating solution is usually applied on the film without recirculation. Therefore, the coating amount is determined by the pumping amount and the line speed. Also, when using a coating solution with a very low viscosity, a sufficient die internal pressure cannot be obtained in the width direction, and the coating amount may become non-uniform. In this case, the orifice gap in the feed portion is narrowed. It is preferable to make the die internal pressure uniform. The tip of the die is used as a metering blade to improve the uniformity of the coating amount in the width direction. For example, the die coating method in which the tip is rounded into lips is also called the lip coating method, but in order to obtain not only a uniform coating amount but also a good coating surface, the tip of the die was devised in this way. Those are preferably used. In the die coating method, the coating amount depends on the distance (L) between the die and the backup roll. That is, the relationship of film thickness + application thickness (application amount) = L is established. Therefore, variation in film thickness is not preferable because it causes variation in coating amount.
[0017]
The particle layer, which is substantially one layer closely packed, refers to a layer composed of particles arranged without gaps on the polymer film as shown in FIG. 2 as an example. More specifically, the range of the particle layer which is substantially one layer of the present invention is a particle layer having a filling rate of 30% or more and an overlapping rate of 30% or less, preferably a filling rate of 50% or more. And a particle layer having an overlap rate of 20% or less, more preferably a particle layer having a filling rate of 70% or more and an overlap rate of 10% or less. The particle filling rate is the actual number of particles per unit area (higher than the number of particles per unit area when particles equal to the average particle size of the particles used are closely packed in a plane (in two dimensions). Only the particles in the first layer on the molecular film are counted, and the particles in the second and higher layers are excluded). For example, assuming that particles having a particle diameter of 6 μm (radius r = 3 μm) are closely packed, a square of 1 cm 2 has (π × 3 0.5 / 6) × 1 / (π × (3 × 10 −4 ) 2. ) = 3.21 × 10 6 particles. Therefore, a filling rate of 30% indicates a state where 9.63 × 10 5 particles are present on a 1 cm 2 square, and similarly a filling rate of 50% is that there are 1.61 × 10 6 particles. The state with a filling rate of 70% means a state where 2.25 × 10 6 particles exist. The overlap rate is expressed as a ratio of the number of particles in the second layer to the number of particles in the first layer on the polymer film.
[0018]
The concavo-convex layer composed of a substantially dense particle layer that is closely packed can be formed, for example, by applying a liquid (particle dispersion) composed of particles and a binder onto a polymer film. Alternatively, it can be formed by applying a particle dispersion to form a particle layer and further applying a resin on the particle layer. The reason why the resin is applied on the particle layer is to reduce the scattered light by making the surface uneven. In order to form a tightly packed substantially single particle layer on a polymer film by applying a liquid composed of particles and a binder (particle dispersion), the coating amount of the particle dispersion is expressed by the formula ( The range shown in 1) is preferable.
[0019]
Formula (1): (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 0.3 ≦ application amount (g / cm 2 ) ≦ (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 1.3
π: Circumference ratio r: Average value of used particle radii (cm)
dp: density of the particles used (g / cm 3 )
N: Solid content of coating solution (% by weight)
P: ratio of particles in solid content (% by weight)
More preferably, it is the range shown in Formula (2).
[0020]
Equation (2) :( 2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 0.5 ≦ coating amount (g / cm 2) ≦ ( 2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 1.2
The coating amount here is a value in wet (before drying). The wet coating amount is useful in selecting the gravure plate and Meyer bar count used for coating, but on the other hand, actual measurement is difficult. Therefore, actually, the film thickness after drying and the coating weight after drying are often measured. Since the particle layer is an uneven layer, the coating amount and the film thickness do not always match. Therefore, it is considered preferable to evaluate the coating weight after drying. There is substantially a relationship between the coating weight after drying and the coating amount, that is, the coating weight after drying (g / cm 2 ) = the coating amount (g / cm 2 ) × N / 100. Therefore, Formula (1) can be expressed as Formula (3).
[0021]
Formula (3): (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 2 × r × (dp / P) × 0.3 ≦ application weight (g / cm 2 ) ≦ (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 2 × r × (dp / P) × 1.3
Similarly, equation (2) can be expressed as equation (4).
[0022]
Formula (4): (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 2 × r × (dp / P) × 0.5 ≦ application weight (g / cm 2 ) ≦ (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 2 × r × (dp / P) × 1.2
A solution in which particles are dispersed (particle dispersion) is a solution composed of particles and a binder, and is a solution to which additives such as a wetting agent, a thickener, a dispersant, and an antifoaming agent are added as necessary.
[0023]
As a solvent used for the solution in which the particles are dispersed, a solvent such as toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, or the like is preferably used. These are solvents generally used in coating (coating), but any other solvent that does not affect the polymer film or particles can be used as appropriate. In the case of using an aqueous binder, water is mainly used, but a solvent may be added within a range that does not affect the polymer film or particles. For example, a small amount of isopropyl alcohol is often added to improve wettability.
[0024]
As the binder, thermoplastic resins such as polyamide, polyester, polyurethane, and acrylic, and thermosetting resins such as urea resin, melamine resin, and epoxy resin are used. In a thermoplastic resin, it will be a conventional means of those skilled in the art to improve the weather resistance and heat resistance of the resin using a curing agent. These resins are selected in consideration of the adhesion with the polymer film and the particles.
[0025]
In the case of using particles having poor solvent resistance, such as particles made of an uncrosslinked polymer, an aqueous latex is preferably used as the binder.
[0026]
As the latex, natural latex, synthetic latex produced by emulsion polymerization or the like, artificial latex in which a solid polymer is dispersed in an aqueous medium, and the like are used. Synthetic latex is preferably used from the viewpoint of quality and performance.
[0027]
As particles, particles made of polymer (organic matter) such as polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, styrene methacrylate, styrene acrylate, styrene butadiene, alumina, titania (titanium white), lead oxide (lead white), zinc oxide So-called white pigment particles such as (zinc flower), calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, potassium titanate, and sodium silicate, and inorganic particles such as silicon oxide are used. The material of the particles is not particularly limited, but in consideration of the dispersion stability of the particle dispersion, particles made of a polymer (organic substance) having a low density are preferably used.
[0028]
Examples of a method for preparing particles made of a polymer include an emulsion polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, and a dispersion polymerization method. The emulsion polymerization method is the most common, but in recent years, dispersion polymerization has also been actively performed. The polymer produced in any polymerization method is hardly soluble in the dispersion medium, and is formed into particles by the surface tension between the dispersion medium and the polymer. The polymer particles are stabilized by a protective layer bonded or adsorbed on the particle surface, and further stabilized by intraparticle crosslinking. Among these three methods, in particular, particle production using the dispersion polymerization method is characterized in that particles in a wide range from submicron to several tens of microns can be obtained.
[0029]
In the dispersion polymerization method, a non-aqueous solvent is used as a dispersion medium, and an amphiphilic polymer is used as a dispersant. The monomer needs to be dissolved in the dispersion medium, and the polymerization is started by adding an initiator to the dispersion medium in which the monomer is dissolved. Polymerization proceeds in solution, and also proceeds within the particles after the particles are deposited. In the dispersion polymerization of styrene, it is known that the diameter of particles produced varies depending on the number of carbon atoms of alcohol used as a solvent (AJPaine, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 38 2485 (1990)). In addition, since the obtained particle diameter variation is very small, it is a useful polymerization method.
[0030]
The average diameter (particle diameter) of the particles is preferably 1 μm or more and 15 μm or less. More preferably, they are 2 micrometers or more and 12 micrometers or less, More preferably, they are 3 micrometers or more and 10 micrometers or less. If the particle size is too small, it is difficult to form a particle layer consisting essentially of one layer. On the other hand, if the particle size is too large, the coating thickness becomes thick, which is not preferable industrially, and a rough reflector is obtained.
[0031]
A smaller particle size distribution is preferably used. The ratio of the standard deviation of the particle diameter to the average particle diameter is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 30% or less, and still more preferably 20% or less. If the particle size distribution is too large, it will be difficult to obtain a densely packed substantially single particle layer, and a controlled uneven layer will not be obtained, and thus a high total light reflectance will not be obtained.
[0032]
When the particle size distribution is narrow, there is a case where the particle layer is colored due to optical interference when a particle layer which is substantially packed tightly is formed. In this case, coloring can be prevented by setting the particle size to about 5 μm or more.
[0033]
The particle size distribution can be measured by a dynamic light scattering method of a solution in which a small amount of particles are dispersed. Moreover, it can obtain | require from the diameter of 100 particle | grains chosen at random from a SEM photograph. The particle diameter can be read from an optical micrograph in addition to the SEM photo. Further, the particle size distribution can be obtained by subjecting the obtained photograph or image to image processing.
[0034]
The proportion of particles in the solid content of the particle dispersion is preferably 30% or more and 90% or less. More preferably, it is 40% or more and 80% or less, and still more preferably 50% or more and 70% or less. If the weight percent of the particles is too small, it is difficult to coat the particles more densely. On the other hand, if the weight percent of the particles is too large, there are too many particles with respect to the binder, so that the adhesion of the particles is poor, so that the particles fall off or peel off. The amount of the total solid content in the particle dispersion is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of particle dispersion stability, it is preferable that the solid content is large and the viscosity is large.
[0035]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to examples. The viscosity was measured using a B-type viscometer (model BL) manufactured by Tokimec Co., Ltd.
[0036]
[Example 1] Acrylic particles having an average particle diameter of 6.5 μm (manufactured by Negami Kogyo Co., Ltd., product name: Art Pearl F-7P) are used as particles, and acrylic latex (manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.) is used as a binder. Product name: Almatex E269) was used to prepare an aqueous solution (particle dispersion) in which particles having a solid content of 35% and a binder / particle ratio of 6: 4 were dispersed. The viscosity was about 150 cps. The particle dispersion was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film having a thickness of 50 μm by a die coating method to obtain a substantially monolayer particle layer which was closely packed. At this time, the coating amount was changed from 10 to 43 g / m 2 by dry weight, but the coating amount could be controlled by the pump feed amount and the line speed. Further, no streaks due to the occurrence of bumps were observed, and a good coated surface was obtained.
[0037]
[Example 2] Acrylic particles having an average particle diameter of 5 μm are used for the particles, an acrylic resin is used for the binder, and a solvent composed of toluene and methyl ethyl ketone is used. A solution (particle dispersion) in which 6: 4 particles were dispersed was prepared. The viscosity was about 200 cps. The particle dispersion was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film having a thickness of 50 μm by a die coating method to obtain a substantially monolayer particle layer which was closely packed. At this time, the dry weight was changed from 8 to 33 g / m 2 , but the coating amount could be controlled by the pump feed amount and the line speed. Further, no streaks due to the occurrence of bumps were observed, and a good coated surface was obtained.
[0038]
[Comparative Example 1] The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that the coating was performed by the gravure reverse method. At this time, an attempt was made to change the coating amount from 10 to 43 g / m 2 , but it was difficult to control the coating amount with a reverse ratio. In addition, as the application time became longer, a large number of streaks due to the occurrence of bumps were observed.
[0039]
[Comparative Example 2] The same procedure as in Example 2 was performed except that the coating was carried out by the two reverse method. At this time, although attempted to change the application amount to 8~33g / m 2, it is difficult to control the coating amount in the reverse ratio. In addition, as the application time became longer, a large number of streaks due to the occurrence of bumps were observed.
[0040]
【The invention's effect】
By using the production method of the present invention, it was possible to control the coating amount more easily than before, and to suppress the generation of streaks due to bumps. As a result, a dense, substantially monolayer particle layer could be continuously produced on the polymer film more easily than before.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a reflective liquid crystal display device. FIG. 2 is an optical micrograph showing an example of surface irregularities of a reflector having a concave / convex layer composed of a substantially monolayer particle layer closely packed. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an example of coating by a die coating method.
DESCRIPTION OF
Claims (4)
式(1):(2×3 0.5 /9)×π×10 4 ×r×(dp/(N×P))×0.3≦塗布量(g/cm 2 )≦(2×3 0.5 /9)×π×10 4 ×r×(dp/(N×P))×1.3
π :円周率
r :用いた粒子の半径の平均値(cm)
dp:用いた粒子の密度(g/cm 3 )
N :塗布液の固形分(重量%)
P :固形分中の粒子の割合(重量%) The solution in which the particles are dispersed is densely packed, characterized in that the solution is continuously coated on the polymer film in the range of the coating amount represented by the formula (1) using the die coating method. A method for producing a substantially monolayer particle layer.
Formula (1): (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 0.3 ≦ application amount (g / cm 2 ) ≦ (2 × 3 0.5 / 9) × π × 10 4 × r × (dp / (N × P)) × 1.3
π :Pi
r : Average value of radius of particles used (cm)
dp: density of the particles used (g / cm 3 )
N : Solid content of coating solution (wt%)
P : Ratio of particles in solid content (wt%)
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP18418399A JP3973322B2 (en) | 1999-06-29 | 1999-06-29 | Method for producing particle layer |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP18418399A JP3973322B2 (en) | 1999-06-29 | 1999-06-29 | Method for producing particle layer |
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| JP2001009355A JP2001009355A (en) | 2001-01-16 |
| JP3973322B2 true JP3973322B2 (en) | 2007-09-12 |
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