JP3940892B2 - Bar coater equipment - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a bar coater apparatus, and more particularly to an improvement of a bar coater apparatus for manufacturing a photographic photosensitive material or a magnetic recording medium by applying a coating solution to a flexible support (hereinafter referred to as “web”).
[0002]
[Prior art]
Examples of the coating apparatus that applies the coating liquid to the web surface include a bar coater apparatus, a reverse roll coating apparatus, a gravure roll coater apparatus, and an extrusion coater apparatus. Among these, the bar coater apparatus is employed as a coating apparatus in the production of a magnetic recording medium because the equipment is simple and thin layer coating is possible.
[0003]
The bar coater device can be roughly classified into the following two types. One is that a coating bar that rotates a continuously running web is brought into contact with the coating bar to transfer the coating liquid to the web and measure the desired coating amount. Is an integrated application and metering system. Another method is to apply an excess coating solution to the web with a pre-coating device, and then contact the rotating coating bar to scrape off the excess coating solution to obtain a desired coating amount. This is a separate application / weighing type system that performs weighing.
[0004]
In any case, the bar coater device supports the coating bar such as a flat bar and a wire bar in the support groove of the bar support base so that bending does not occur, and rotates both sides of the coating bar. It was directly connected to the rotating shaft. Then, by rotating the coating bar with the rotation drive device, foreign matter is prevented from being trapped between the coating bar and the web, thereby preventing the occurrence of coating stripes due to the foreign matter.
[0005]
By the way, in recent years, magnetic recording media such as magnetic recording tape have been rapidly improved in capacity and recording density for broadcasting and computers, and there is a coating technique capable of obtaining an extremely thin magnetic layer having a thickness of 2 μm or less. It has been demanded. For this reason, in order to reduce the coating thickness, the bar coater apparatus has come to use a coating bar having a very small diameter of 1 to 6 mm, which is unprecedented.
[0006]
When the diameter of the coating bar is large as in the past, even if there is a problem that the coating bar is not evenly supported in the support groove due to the misalignment between the coating bar and the rotation drive device, The coating bar did not bend enough to cause unevenness.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, if the coating bar becomes thin and the rigidity is reduced, the coating bar may not be evenly supported in the support groove due to a slight misalignment between the coating bar and the rotary drive device. The problem arises that the working bar is bent. As a result, rotation unevenness occurs in the coating bar, and application unevenness occurs in the coating layer applied to the web. In addition, there is a problem that the web contacting the coating bar meanders due to rotation unevenness in the coating bar.
[0008]
In order to eliminate uneven rotation of the coating bar, the coating bar and the rotation drive device are aligned with high precision so that the entire length of the coating bar is evenly supported with respect to the support groove. However, it takes a long time for centering, which is problematic in terms of productivity.
[0009]
The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and since the coating bar does not bend even if the coating bar has a small diameter in order to make the thickness of the coating film extremely thin, It is an object of the present invention to provide a bar coater device that does not cause coating unevenness due to unevenness and that does not require centering between the coating bar and the rotary drive device.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a bar coater device in which a thin coating bar having a bar diameter of 1 to 6 mm supported by a support groove of a bar support base is rotated by a rotary drive device. Between the rotation driving device and the coating bar, the rotational force of the rotation driving device can be transmitted to the coating bar, and the vertical / horizontal parallel deviation of the coating bar with respect to the support groove When the vertical / correcting the horizontal angular deviation while connected by the coupling member having flexibility, to form a straightness of the supporting groove, or better than, the straightness of the coating bar, the coupling A pair of connecting shafts that are connected to the rotary drive device and the coating bar with the rotation axis aligned with each other, and provided at the distal ends of the connection shafts, are perpendicular to the rotation axis. A pair of discs and the pair of discs One of the pair of long holes formed in the radial direction of the disk at a symmetric position across the rotation axis of the disk, and the other of the pair of disks, the rotation of the disk A pair of bar members provided at symmetrical positions across the shaft core, and a structure in which the elongated hole and the bar member are engaged with each other so that the total weight of the coating bar is the support groove. The rotational force of the rotary drive device can be transmitted to the coating bar in a supported state .
[0011]
According to the present invention, the vertical / horizontal parallel deviation of the coating bar with respect to the support groove can be transmitted between the rotary driving device and the coating bar. And a coupling member having a degree of freedom for correcting the vertical / horizontal angular deviation. Thereby, even if there is some axial misalignment between the rotation drive device and the coating bar, the coating bar is evenly supported by the support groove. Therefore, even if the diameter of the coating bar is reduced to reduce the coating thickness and the rigidity is reduced, the coating bar does not bend due to axial misalignment.
[0012]
On the other hand, when the rotation drive device and the coating bar are connected by the coupling member having the above-mentioned degree of freedom, the coating bar has its own weight applied to the support groove. It becomes easy to be influenced by the straightness. Therefore, if the straightness of the support groove is poor, a slight amount of bending due to the straightness of the support groove is generated in the coating bar, which causes rotation unevenness. Therefore, in the present invention, since the straightness of the support groove is equal to or higher than the straightness of the coating bar, the bending due to the straightness of the support groove is less likely to occur.
[0013]
As described above, in the present invention, the bending of the coating bar due to the axial misalignment between the rotation drive device and the coating bar and the bending of the coating bar due to the straightness of the support groove are eliminated. Application unevenness due to rotation unevenness of the coating bar can be prevented. Further, since it is not necessary to center the shaft between the rotation driving device and the coating bar, the coating bar can be attached to and detached from the rotation driving device easily and in a short time.
[0014]
Here, “axial misalignment” means the misalignment between the axis of the coating bar and the axis of the rotary shaft of the rotation drive device, and “core blur” means the misalignment of the axis of the coating bar itself. Says that the linearity is worse.
[0015]
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable to form the straightness of the support groove so that the amount of core blurring over the entire length of the coating bar when the coating bar is supported by the support groove is 30 μm or less. . This is the core blur amount of the coating bar that is acceptable for forming a good coating layer when forming an ultra-thin coating layer of 2 μm or less, and coating is performed so as to satisfy the core blur amount. It is preferable to form straightness between the bar and the support groove.
[0016]
In this way, in the present invention, the thin and easy-to-bend coating bar eliminates all the elements that cause rotation unevenness, and therefore, it is possible to perform good application without application unevenness. In particular, the present invention is effective when the diameter of the coating bar is 1 to 6 mm.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of a bar coater according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0018]
FIG. 1 is an overall configuration diagram of a bar coater device 10 according to the present invention, which will be described with an example of a separate coating / metering type.
[0019]
The bar coater apparatus 10 mainly scrapes an excess of the extrusion-type precoat apparatus 16 that applies the coating liquid 14 to the web 12 in excess of a desired amount of coating liquid, and the coating liquid 14 that is excessively applied to the web 12. It comprises a coating bar device 18 to be taken and a plurality of guide rollers 20, 20, 20 provided along the web conveyance path.
[0020]
The extrusion-type precoat device 16 travels at a constant speed in the direction of the arrow, with the coating liquid 14 pumped into the pocket 22 mounted on the guide roller 20 from the outlet 24A of the slit 24 communicating with the pocket 22. The head 12 is continuously ejected while pressing the head end face 26 against the web 12. Thereby, an excessive coating liquid is applied to the lower surface of the web 12 immediately before the coating bar device 18. The pre-coating device 16 is not limited to the extrusion type, and any coating machine that applies a coating solution to the web 12 can be used.
[0021]
The coating bar device 18 is configured by supporting a cylindrical coating bar 28 disposed in parallel with the width direction of the web 12 in a support groove 30 </ b> A of the bar support base 30. The web 12 is brought into contact with the coating bar 28 with a predetermined wrap angle. Further, the coating bar 28 is rotationally driven in the same direction as the web 12 or in the opposite direction by a rotational drive device 32 described later. As a result, the excess of the coating liquid 14 that has been excessively applied to the web 12 by the pre-coating device 16 is scraped off by the coating bar 28 and measured to a desired coating liquid amount. Further, by rotating the coating bar 28, foreign matter is prevented from being trapped between the web 12 and the coating bar 28, and the occurrence of a coating failure due to the foreign matter is prevented.
[0022]
As the coating bar 28, a flat coating bar having a flat bar surface, a wire-type coating bar in which a wire is tightly wound around the bar, or the like can be used. The diameter of the coating bar 28 is 1 mm to 6 mm. As the shape of the support groove 30A for supporting the coating bar 28, a V-shaped groove shown in FIG. 2 or a U-shaped groove (not shown) is generally used. The straightness in the longitudinal direction (same as the web width direction) of the wall surface 30B forming the support groove 30A is equal to or greater than the straightness in the longitudinal direction (same as the web width direction) of the coating bar 28. It is processed as follows.
[0023]
FIG. 3 shows that the coating bar 28 and the rotary drive device 32 are connected by a coupling member 34 that can transmit the rotational force of the rotary drive device 32 to the coating bar 28 and has a degree of freedom. FIG. 3 shows the rotation drive system 38 side of the rotation drive device 32. 4 and 6 show an example of the coupling member 34. FIG.
[0024]
The rotation drive device 32 includes a pair of bearing means 36 disposed on both sides of the coating bar 28 and a rotation drive system 38. Inside the housing 37, bearing means 36 including a radial bearing mechanism 40 and a thrust bearing mechanism 42 is provided, and a rotating shaft 44 is rotatably supported by the bearing means 36. One end of the rotating shaft 44 is connected to a rotation drive system 38 including a pulley 46, an endless belt 48, and a motor (not shown), and the other end (coating bar side) of the rotating shaft 44 connects the coupling member 34. To one end of the coating bar 28.
[0025]
Further, the leg portion 50 of the housing 37 is supported by a slide base 56 that is slidably supported by a base 54 fixed on the frame 52 in the direction of arrow CD, that is, in the axial direction of the coating bar 28. At the same time, a feed screw 58 supported at one end of the base 54 is screwed onto the slide base 56. Thereby, the bearing means 36 slides in the direction of arrow CD by rotating the feed screw 58.
[0026]
As shown in FIG. 4, the coupling member 34 is connected to the fixing member 60 connected to the rotating shaft 44 of the rotation driving device 32 and the coating bar 28 and is free to move with respect to the fixing member 60. It is comprised with the moving member 62 which has. When the rotary drive device 32 and the coating bar 28 are connected via the coupling member 34, the coupling member 34 can transmit the rotational force of the rotary drive device 32 to the coating bar 28 and support it. It is preferable to have at least a degree of freedom for correcting the vertical / horizontal parallel deviation of the coating bar 28 with respect to the groove 30A and the vertical / horizontal angular deviation.
[0027]
That is, the fixing member 60 of the coupling member 34 is formed with a connecting shaft 66 perpendicular to the surface of the disk 64 at the axial center position that is the center of the disk 64. The connecting shaft 66 is fitted into a fitting hole 68 (see FIG. 3) drilled in the rotating shaft 44 of the rotary drive device 32 and fastened with a fixing bolt 70 (see FIG. 3). As a result, the fixing member 60 of the coupling member 34 is coupled to the rotating shaft 44 of the rotation driving device 32. Accordingly, the axis of the fixing member 60 coincides with the axis A of the rotary drive device 32. Further, a pair of engaging rods 72 are provided on the surface of the fixing member 60 on the side of the coating bar of the disc 64 at symmetrical positions with the shaft core sandwiched between them. The member 74 is screwed. On the other hand, the moving member 62 of the coupling member 34 is formed with a connecting shaft 78 perpendicular to the surface of the disk 76 at an axial center position that is the center of the disk 76. The connecting shaft 78 is fitted into a fitting hole 80 (see FIG. 3) formed in the coating bar 28, and in this state, fastened with a fixing bolt 82 (see FIG. 3). Thereby, the moving member 62 of the coupling member 34 is connected to the coating bar 28. Accordingly, the axis of the moving member 62 coincides with the axis A of the coating bar 28. The disk 76 of the moving member 62 is formed with a pair of square hole-like engaging holes 84 into which the engaging rods 72 are inserted at symmetrical positions with the shaft core interposed therebetween. The engagement hole 84 is formed to be a square hole that is long in the radial direction of the disk 76. Although the fixing member 60 is a member having the engaging rod 72 and the moving member 62 is a member having the engaging hole 84, the fixing member 60 is a member having the engaging hole 84, and the moving member 62 is the engaging rod. A member having 72 may be used.
[0028]
In order to connect the rotation drive device 32 and the coating bar 28 via the coupling member 34, the engaging rod 72 of the fixing member 60 is inserted into the engaging hole 84 of the moving member 62, and in this state A nut member 74 is screwed onto the tip of the engagement rod 72. Similarly, the other end of the coating bar 28 is also supported by the bearing means 36 of the rotation drive device 32 via the coupling member 34. As described above, when the rotation driving device 32 and the coating bar 28 are connected by the coupling member 34, the axis A of the rotation driving device 32 and the axis A of the coating bar do not coincide with each other. Furthermore, the degree of freedom for correcting the vertical / horizontal parallel deviation in order to uniformly support the coating bar 28 in the support groove 30A, and the axis of the bearing means 36 at both ends of the coating bar 28 are not matched. When the coating bar 38 is inclined with respect to the support groove 30A, a degree of freedom for correcting the vertical / horizontal angle deviation is formed in order to support the coating bar 28 evenly in the support groove 30A.
[0029]
Next, the slide base 56 that supports the bearing means 36 is moved by the feed screw 58 in the direction of the arrow C, so that there is no gap between the nut member 74 and the disk 76 of the moving member 62. A tension in the axial direction is applied to the moving member 62. As a result, the coating bar 28 can be prevented from being displaced in the axial direction, and the web contacting the coating bar 28 can be prevented from meandering due to the axial displacement of the coating bar 28. . In this case, if the tension applied between the fixed member 60 and the moving member 62 is too large, the degree of freedom function of the coupling member 34 is hindered, so that the coating bar 28 is small enough not to be displaced in the axial direction. It is necessary to apply tension. Therefore, it is convenient to provide a scale (not shown) for detecting whether or not the coating bar 28 is displaced in the axial direction.
[0030]
The slide base 56 that supports the bearing means 36 is slid so as to apply axial tension between the fixed member 60 and the moving member 62, but the engagement rod 72 of the fixed member 60 is moved in reverse. The slide base 56 may be slid in a direction in which the disc 64 of the fixed member 60 and the disc 76 of the moving member 62 are pressed against each other while being inserted into the engagement hole 84 of the member 62. In this case, the nut member of the fixing member 60 is not necessary.
[0031]
As described above, according to the bar coater device 10 of the present invention in which the rotation drive device 32 and the coating bar 28 are connected via the coupling member 34, there is a slight amount between the rotation drive device 32 and the coating bar. As shown in FIG. 5, the engagement rod 72 and the engagement hole 84 are engaged so as not to be disengaged as shown in FIG. Can be communicated to. Further, even if there is an axial misalignment between the rotation drive device 32 and the coating bar 28 or an axial misalignment between the bearing means 36 on both sides of the coating bar 28, the coupling member 34 will always act. The entire length of the coating bar 28 is evenly supported by the support groove 30A. Therefore, even if the diameter of the coating bar 28 is reduced to reduce the coating thickness and the rigidity is reduced, a part of the coating bar 28 does not lift from the support groove 30A due to axial misalignment. The coating bar 28 does not bend.
[0032]
Furthermore, by making the engagement hole 84 a square hole, the engagement rod 72 engages with the radial surface 84 </ b> A of the engagement hole 84 when the coating bar 28 is rotated. As a result, as in the case where the engagement hole 84 is a round hole, the alignment force that attempts to match the axis of the rotary drive device 32 and the axis of the coating bar 28 does not work. The force separating the 28 from the support groove 30A and the force pressing the support groove 30A do not work. Thereby, the coating bar 28 is supported by the support groove 30 </ b> A only by its own weight. Therefore, the coating bar 28 supported by the support groove 30A transmits the rotational force of the rotation drive device 32 to the coating bar 28 without any excessive external force. Can be rotated.
[0033]
By the way, when the coupling member 34 is used, unlike the conventional case in which the coating bar 28 is supported by the support groove 30A and both ends of the coating bar 28 are directly connected to the rotary drive device 32, the coating is performed. The total weight of the bar 28 is applied to the support groove 30A. Therefore, the straightness of the support groove 30A is easily affected by the straightness of the coating bar 28, and the coating bar 28 is easily bent due to the straightness of the support groove 30A. Therefore, in the present invention, the straightness of the support groove 30A is equal to or higher than the straightness of the coating bar 28, thereby preventing the coating bar 28 from being bent due to the straightness of the support groove 30A. I did it. Further, since the coating bar 28 supported by the support groove 30A conforms to the shape of the support groove 30A while being used, it is important to ensure sufficient straightness of the support groove 30A. Specifically, the straightness of the support groove 30A is formed such that when the coating bar 28 is supported by the support groove 30A, the core blur amount over the entire length of the coating bar 28 is 30 μm or less. It is preferable.
[0034]
As described above, in the bar coater device 10 of the present invention, the thin and easy-to-bend coating bar 28 eliminates all the elements that cause the rotation unevenness, and therefore, it is possible to perform a good application without the application unevenness.
[0035]
FIG. 6 shows another aspect of the coupling member 34, and the same components as those in FIG.
[0036]
As shown in FIG. 6, the fixing member 60 of the coupling member 34 is formed with a connecting shaft 66 perpendicular to the surface of the disk 64 at the axial center position that is the center of the disk 64. Is fitted into a fitting hole 68 formed in the rotary shaft 44 of the rotary drive device 32 and fastened with a fixing bolt 70. As a result, the fixing member 60 of the coupling member 34 is coupled to the rotating shaft 44 of the rotation driving device 32. Accordingly, the axis of the fixing member 60 coincides with the axis A of the rotary drive device 32. In addition, a pair of U-shaped engagement arms 86 project in parallel from the surface on the coating bar side of the disc 64 of the fixing member 60 at symmetrical positions with the axis A interposed therebetween. A long hole 86 </ b> A parallel to the axis A is formed in a portion surrounded by the engagement arm 86. On the other hand, the moving member 62 of the coupling member 34 is configured such that an engaging pin 90 passes through the tip end portion of the shaft rod 88 at right angles to the axis A of the shaft rod 88. Is detachably attached. This shaft rod 88 is fitted into a fitting hole 80 formed in the coating bar 28 and fastened with a fixing bolt 82 in this state. Thereby, the moving member 62 of the coupling member 34 is connected to the coating bar 28. Accordingly, the axis of the moving member 62 coincides with the axis A of the coating bar 28. In order to connect the rotation drive device 32 and the coating bar 28 via the coupling member 34, the tip of the shaft rod 88 is moved with the engaging pin 90 removed from the shaft rod 88 of the moving member 62. The engaging pin 90 is passed through the pair of engaging arms 86 and the shaft rod 88 of the fixing member 60 by being placed at the position of the axis A of the fixing member 60. Next, the slide table 56 that supports the bearing means 36 is moved in the direction of arrow C with the feed screw 58, and the fixed member 60 is moved to such an extent that the engagement pin 90 is engaged with the long hole tip of the engagement arm. A tension in the axial direction is applied between the member 62 and the member 62. This prevents the coating bar from being displaced in the axial direction and prevents the web contacting the coating bar 28 from meandering due to the axial displacement of the coating bar 28. .
[0037]
Even when the coupling member 34 of FIG. 6 is used, the same operation and effect as the coupling member 34 of FIG. 4 can be obtained. Thereby, since the thin and easy-to-flex coating bar 28 eliminates all the elements that cause rotation unevenness, it is possible to perform satisfactory application without application unevenness.
[0038]
The web 12 used in the present invention is generally polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate, cellulose having a width of 0.3 to 1 m, a length of 45 to 10,000 m, and a thickness of 2 to 200 μm. 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as diacetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyamide and other plastic films, paper, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene butene copolymer, etc. Examples include a flexible strip made of paper or the like coated or laminated with α-polyolefins, or a strip having a processed layer formed on the surface of the strip as a base material.
[0039]
The coating solution 14 is not limited to a non-Newtonian fluid such as a magnetic tape coating solution, but may be a Newtonian fluid using a gelatin solution having a relatively low viscosity of the photographic photosensitive layer as a binder.
[0040]
Note that the structure of the coupling member 34 is not limited to that described in the embodiment, and can transmit the rotational force of the rotary drive device 32, and the vertical / horizontal parallel deviation and the vertical / horizontal direction. Others may be used as long as they have a degree of freedom with respect to the angle deviation. Further, in the present embodiment, the coupling member 34 is provided on both the rotational drive system side and the opposite side of the rotational drive device 32. However, even if the coupling member 34 is provided only on the rotational drive system side, a certain effect can be obtained. In the embodiment of the present invention, the example of the separate application / metering type is described, but the present invention can also be applied to a bar coater apparatus of separate application / metering type.
[0041]
【The invention's effect】
As explained above, according to the bar coater device of the present invention, even if the coating bar is made thin to make the thickness of the coating film extremely thin, there is no occurrence of coating unevenness due to rotational unevenness, In addition, it is not necessary to center between the coating bar and the rotary drive device.
[0042]
Therefore, it is suitable as a bar coater device for obtaining an extremely thin coating layer having a layer thickness of 2 μm or less.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a bar coater device of a separate coating / metering type in a bar coater according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side view of a coating bar supported by a V-shaped support groove. FIG. 4 is an explanatory view for explaining the structure of the coupling member. FIG. 5 is an explanatory view for explaining the action of the coupling member. FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram for explaining another aspect of the coupling member.
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Bar coater apparatus, 12 ... Web, 14 ... Coating liquid, 16 ... Precoat apparatus, 18 ... Coating bar apparatus, 20 ... Guide roller, 22 ... Pocket, 24 ... Slit, 30 ... Bar support stand, 30A ... Support groove , 32 ... Rotation drive device, 34 ... Coupling member, 36 ... Bearing means, 38 ... Rotation drive system, 40 ... Radial bearing mechanism, 42 ... Thrust bearing mechanism, 44 ... Rotating shaft, 46 ... Pulley, 48 ... Endless belt , 52 ... Frame, 54 ... Base, 56 ... Slide base, 58 ... Feed screw, 60 ... Fixing member for coupling member, 62 ... Moving member for coupling member, 64 ... Disc, 66 ... Connecting shaft, 68 ... Fitting hole, 70 ... fixing bolt, 72 ... engagement rod, 74 ... nut member, 76 ... disc, 78 ... connecting shaft, 80 ... fitting hole, 84 ... engagement hole, 86 ... engagement arm, 88 ... Shaft bar, 90 ... Pin

Claims (3)

In a bar coater device in which a thin coating bar with a bar diameter of 1 to 6 mm supported by a support groove of a bar support base is rotated by a rotary drive device,
Between the rotation driving device and the coating bar, the rotational force of the rotation driving device can be transmitted to the coating bar, and the vertical / horizontal parallel deviation of the coating bar with respect to the support groove And coupling with a coupling member having a degree of freedom to correct the vertical / horizontal angular deviation,
The straightness of the support groove is formed to be equal to or greater than the straightness of the coating bar,
The coupling member;
A pair of connecting shafts that are respectively connected to the rotation driving device and the coating bar so as to match the rotation axis;
A pair of discs each provided at the tip of the connecting shaft and perpendicular to the rotational axis;
One of the pair of disks, a pair of elongated holes formed in the radial direction of the disk at a symmetric position across the rotation axis of the disk,
The other of the pair of disks, and a pair of bar members provided at symmetrical positions across the rotation axis of the disk,
With the structure in which the elongated hole and the bar member are engaged, the rotational force of the rotation driving device can be transmitted to the coating bar in a state where the total weight of the coating bar is supported by the support groove. A bar coater device characterized by that.   2. The bar coater device according to claim 1, wherein the elongated hole is a rectangular hole elongated in a radial direction of the disk. A pair of the long holes are formed in a portion surrounded by a pair of U-shaped engagement arms protruding from the disk, and the connection is made to the pair of long holes formed by the pair of engagement arms. 2. The bar coater device according to claim 1, wherein a bar-shaped member penetrating perpendicularly to the bar is engaged.

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