JP3887460B2 - Fiber dyeing method - Google Patents

Fiber dyeing method Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3887460B2
JP3887460B2 JP15676997A JP15676997A JP3887460B2 JP 3887460 B2 JP3887460 B2 JP 3887460B2 JP 15676997 A JP15676997 A JP 15676997A JP 15676997 A JP15676997 A JP 15676997A JP 3887460 B2 JP3887460 B2 JP 3887460B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
dyed
dyeing
cotton cloth
fibers
cotton
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JP15676997A
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JPH1112955A (en
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郁妃 岸
信晴 漏留
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Mitsui Sugar Co Ltd
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Mitsui Sugar Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、繊維の染色方法に関するものであり、更に詳細には、自然の風合いが豊かであり、且つ耐光堅牢性及び洗濯堅牢性に優れた染色物を安定的且つ再現性良く得ることのできる染色方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術及び発明が解決しようとする課題】
従来、繊維を染色する方法としては、合成染料による染色が一般的であったが、近年においては、合成染料の安全性に対する不安や、天然の風合い豊かな色彩が好まれる社会的風潮から、天然素材による染色への関心が高まってきている。このようなことから、染色に天然素材を用いることが望まれているが、天然素材を用いる場合には、植物の葉、花、果実及び根等の染色基材からの色素抽出作業が煩雑な上に合成染料に比べて、染色に長時間を要するばかりでなく、染色基材の成分が収穫の季節及び地域等に大きく左右されるため、抽出色素の成分品質にばらつきがあり、従って安定した色合いに染色できないという問題があった。更に、天然素材の色素を用いて染色した布は日光や洗濯又は汗等により変色、色落ち及び退色のしやすいものである。
また、青色系の染色物が得られる天然の染色基材は少なく、殆どの場合、藍が用いられている。藍は、古くより使用されてきているが、古来からの藍草による染色方法は極めて煩雑で、染液の調製に熟練した技術を要するばかりでなく、染液への浸漬や大気による酸化乾燥の繰り返し等のため生産性が極めて低い。そこで、近年においては、藍草の栽培そのものが伝統的工芸を支える規模程度にしか行われていない。また、藍草の他に印度藍を用いる染色方法として、薬品建、発酵建、硫酸鉄建等が知られているが、藍草と同様に染色と酸化を繰り返す必要があり、その上多量の薬品を必要とすることから、環境の汚染が問題視されている。
【0003】
また、従来より、アントラキノン系の色素を除いて一般の天然色素は繊維に対する親和性染着性が低いため単独では十分な濃度に染色できず、染色前にカチオン化剤等で繊維を化学的に処理して反応性に富んだ官能基を導入することも行われているが、そのような染色法により得られた染色物は、その染色堅牢度が低いものが殆どである。上記食品着色用の天然色素のうち青色系のものとして、特開昭53−134824号公報にイリドイド配糖体より得られる青色素の染料として可能性が開示されている。しかし、この青色素より得られる染色物はその耐光堅牢性及び洗濯堅牢性において劣っており、実用的に利用し得る染色方法ではなかった。
従って、本発明は、自然の風合いが豊かで安全であり、且つ耐光堅牢性及び洗濯堅牢性に優れた染色物を再現性良く且つ大量生産規模で生産することができる繊維の染色方法を提供することにある。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、鋭意検討した結果、タンニン類で前処理された繊維を、特定の色素を用い、且つ繊維を金属イオンで媒染処理することにより上記目的を達成し得るという知見を得た。
本発明は、上記知見に基づいてなされたもので、タンニン類で前処理された繊維を色素を用いて染色する方法であって、上記色素が、アルギニン、リジン及びオルニチンからなる群から選択される1種以上のアミノ化合物含有物質とアカネ科クチナシ属植物に含まれるイリドイド配糖体のアグリコンとを好気的条件下で共存させて得られる青色素であり、上記繊維の染色を金属イオンの存在下で行うか、又は繊維の染色後に該繊維を金属イオンで媒染処理することを特徴とする繊維の染色方法を提供するものである。
【0005】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の繊維の染色方法について詳述する。
本発明の繊維の染色方法は、タンニン類で前処理された繊維を金属イオンの存在下で特定の色素で染色するか、又は繊維を染色した後に該繊維を金属イオンで媒染処理することからなる。
本発明において、染色に用いられる繊維としては特に制限はないが、例えば、絹、羊毛、木綿及び麻等の天然繊維、更にはレーヨン、キュプラ、ポリエステル、ナイロン、アクリル及びアセテート等の合成繊維が挙げられる。また、上記繊維からなる糸、布及び上記繊維を用いた裁断物加工製品等も本発明において用いることができる。
本発明において用いられるタンニン類としては、植物から抽出されたタンニン含有抽出物及びその精製物や、合成されたタンニン類等が挙げられる。上記タンニン類は、単独で用いてもよく、又は2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。上記タンニンの使用量は、用いられる繊維100重量部に対して、好ましくは1〜70重量部であり、更に好ましくは2.5〜50重量部であるが、必ずしも上記範囲に限定されるものではない。
【0006】
本発明において、タンニン類で前処理された繊維を染色するための色素は、アルギニン、リジン及びオルニチンからなる群から選択される1種以上のアミノ化合物含有物質とアカネ科クチナシ属植物に含まれるイリドイド配糖体のアグリコンとを好気的条件下で共存させて得られる青色素である。
上記イリドイド配糖体は、植物界に比較的広く存在するが、アカネ科クチナシ属植物(Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS, Gardenia augusta MERRILL var. grandiflora HORT.) の果実から黄色素を抽出した副産物として効率的且つ経済的に多量に得ることができる。本発明においては、上記アカネ科クチナシ属植物に含まれるイリドイド配糖体のアグリコンを用いる。上記イリドイド配糖体をアカネ科クチナシ属植物から得る方法としては、例えば、クチナシ果実から水又はアルコール類等により抽出される黄色素と共に含有される成分として用いることができる。また、上記水又はアルコール類等により抽出された抽出物を、合成吸着樹脂、UF膜又は活性炭による分離、有機溶媒による分配分離等によって精製したものを用いることもできる。
また、上記アミノ化合物含有物質としては、アルギニン、リジン又はオルニチンを含むか、又はこれらを主成分とする、アミノ化合物含有物質をいう。本発明においては、上記アミノ化合物含有物質を単独で用いてもよく、又は2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
【0007】
本発明において用いられる色素は、上記アミノ化合物含有物質と上記アカネ科クチナシ属植物に含まれるイリドイド配糖体のアグリコンとを好気的条件下で共存させることにより得られる。上記色素は、上記アミノ化合物含有物質と上記アカネ科クチナシ属植物に含まれるイリドイド配糖体のアグリコンとを好気的条件下で作用させるか、又は上記アミノ化合物含有物質と上記アカネ科クチナシ属イリドイド配糖体とを共存させ、好気的条件下でβ−グルコシダーゼ活性を有する酵素を作用させることにより得ることができる。この際のアミノ化合物含有物質とイリドイド配糖体との混合割合(アミノ化合物含有物質のモル/イリドイド配糖体のモル)は、好ましくは10/1〜1/3であり、更に好ましくは2/1〜1/2である。上記βグルコシダーゼ活性を有する酵素としては、例えば、セルラーゼ、ペクチナーゼ及びプロテアーゼ等が挙げられる。上記色素を得るには、上記β−グルコシダーゼ活性を有する酵素をゲルや固定化担体として用いることができ、また、β−グルコシダーゼ活性を有する酵素を産生する微生物を培養し、該微生物又は該微生物から得られた酵素を固定化等して用いることができる。上記β−グルコシダーゼの使用量は、イリドイド配糖体をアグリコンに加水分解することができる量である。また、上記β−グルコシダーゼを作用させる場合の温度は好ましくは20〜70℃であり、より好ましくは酵素の至適温度である。また、作用時間は特に限定されるものではなく、イリドイド配糖体が加水分解される時間でよい。酵素反応におけるpHは、酵素を直ちに失活させてしまうpHでなければ、特に制約を受けない。
本発明において、上記色素は、溶液の形態で用いることが好ましく、この場合、その濃度を極大吸収波長における1cmセルでの吸光度として0.1〜100とすることが好ましく、0.5〜50とすることが更に好ましい。
【0008】
上記金属イオンとしては、繊維の媒染処理に一般的に用いられるものを用いることができ、例えば、銅塩、鉄塩、コバルト塩、ニッケル塩、亜鉛塩、鉛塩及びアルミニウム塩等からもたらされるものが挙げられ、上記金属イオンの中でも、銅塩及び鉄塩からもたらされるものが好ましい。上記金属塩の具体例としては、例えば、硫酸銅、酢酸銅、硫酸第一鉄及び硫酸第二鉄等が挙げられるが、その他にも、例えば、グルコン酸銅及びクエン酸鉄等の食品添加用の金属塩が挙げられる。本発明においては、上記金属塩を単独で用いても、又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。上記金属イオンの使用量は、染色する繊維100重量部に対して、好ましくは1〜100重量部であり、更に好ましくは5〜50重量部である。
【0009】
本発明の繊維の染色方法において、繊維をタンニン類で前処理する方法について説明する。繊維をタンニン類で前処理するには、先ず、繊維をタンニン類を含む水溶液に浸漬するが、この場合のタンニン類を含む水溶液におけるタンニン類の濃度は、好ましくは0.1〜30重量%であり、更に好ましくは0.5〜10重量%である。この場合、繊維とタンニン類の割合は上述した通りである。次いで、繊維を浸漬したタンニン類の水溶液を好ましくは30〜120℃、更に好ましくは50〜80℃の温度に、好ましくは1〜120分間、更に好ましくは5〜40分間維持する。
上記繊維を色素を用いて染色する場合の色素溶液と繊維との重量比(色素溶液/繊維):浴比は、10〜300であることが好ましく、20〜150であることが更に好ましい。上記繊維の染色は、色素溶液に繊維を浸漬し、攪拌しながら好ましくは30〜120℃、更に好ましくは50〜90℃の温度に、好ましくは10〜300分間、更に好ましくは10〜60分間維持する。
【0010】
本発明の繊維の染色方法においては、上記繊維の染色を金属イオンの存在下で行うか、又は繊維の染色後に該繊維を金属イオンで媒染処理する。
上記繊維の染色を金属イオンの存在下で行うには、上記タンニン類で前処理された繊維を金属イオンで処理した後色素で染色してもよいし、また、金属イオンを含有する色素を用いて繊維を染色してもよい。
上記タンニン類で前処理された繊維を金属イオンで処理する方法としては、上記繊維を上記金属塩の水溶液に浸漬し、好ましくは5〜80℃、更に好ましくは10〜60℃の温度に、好ましくは5〜300分間、更に好ましくは60〜180分間維持する方法が挙げられる。また、この場合の金属塩の水溶液中の金属イオンの濃度は好ましくは0.1〜10重量%、更に好ましくは0.5〜5重量%である。
また、金属イオンを含有する色素溶液を用いて繊維を染色するには、金属イオンを好ましくは0.01〜5重量%、更に好ましくは0.1〜2重量%含有する色素溶液を用いて繊維を染色する。
また、上記繊維を染色した後に該繊維を金属イオンで媒染処理する方法としては、上記繊維を上記金属塩の水溶液に浸漬し、好ましくは5〜80℃、更に好ましくは10〜60℃の温度に、好ましくは1〜200分間、更に好ましくは5〜100分間維持する方法が挙げられる。また、この場合の金属塩の水溶液中の金属イオンの濃度は好ましくは0.1〜10重量%、更に好ましくは0.5〜5重量%である。
【0011】
【実施例】
本発明を、以下の実施例を用いて具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
実施例1
クチナシ果実抽出物から黄色素を除いた残渣3.5gとアルギニン1.0gとを水に溶解した後、水酸化ナトリウムを用いてpHを5に調整し、次いで、水で全量を40mlとした。次いで、ヤクルト薬品工業(株)製食用セルラーゼオノズカ3Sを0.2g加え、50℃の温度で42時間通気攪拌した後、90℃で30分間加熱して青色素溶液を得た。
得られた青色素溶液の一部を抜き取り、極大吸収波長での吸光度が3.1になるように40mlの水に溶解し、更に硫酸銅を0.1g加えて染色液とした。該染色液に、予め0.2重量%タンニン酸溶液(浴比1:100)中、70℃の温度で10分間処理した綿布0.4gを入れ、70℃の温度で20分間染色した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。
染色された綿布について、下記の評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
(1) 綿布の表面色の測定
日本電色工業(株)製SZ−Σ80IIにより測定した。
(2) 洗濯堅牢度試験
JIS−L−0844−1986 B−4法により行った。
(3) 耐光堅牢度試験
JIS−L0841 第3露光法により行った。
【0012】
実施例2
アルギニンをオルニチンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
実施例3
アルギニンをリジンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青紫色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
【0013】
実施例4
綿布0.4gを、0.2重量%タンニン酸溶液(浴比1:100)中、70℃の温度で10分間処理し、次いで、該綿布を0.25重量%硫酸銅水溶液(浴比1:100)中、50℃の温度で60分間処理した。
また、クチナシ果実抽出物から黄色素を除いた残渣3.5gとアルギニン1.0gとを水に溶解した後、水酸化ナトリウムを用いてpHを5に調整し、次いで、水で全量を40mlとした。次いで、ヤクルト薬品工業(株)製食用セルラーゼオノズカ3Sを0.2g加え、50℃の温度で42時間通気攪拌した後、90℃で30分間加熱して青色素溶液を得た。
得られた青色素溶液の一部を抜き取り、極大吸収波長での吸光度が3.1になるように40mlの水に溶解し、染色液とした。上記綿布を、上記染色液中に入れ、70℃の温度で20分間染色した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
実施例5
アルギニンをオルニチンに代えた以外は実施例4と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
実施例6
アルギニンをリジンに代えた以外は実施例4と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青紫色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
【0014】
実施例7
クチナシ果実抽出物から黄色素を除いた残渣3.5gとアルギニン1.0gとを水に溶解した後、水酸化ナトリウムを用いてpHを5に調整し、次いで、水で全量を40mlとした。次いで、ヤクルト薬品工業(株)製食用セルラーゼオノズカ3Sを0.2g加え、50℃の温度で42時間通気攪拌した後、90℃で30分間加熱して青色素溶液を得た。得られた青色素溶液の一部を抜き取り、極大吸収波長での吸光度が3.1になるように40mlの水に溶解し、染色液とした。
次いで、該染色液に、予め0.2重量%タンニン酸溶液(浴比1:100)中、70℃の温度で10分間処理した綿布0.4gを入れ、70℃の温度で20分間染色した後、0.25重量%硫酸銅水溶液(浴比1:100)で50℃の温度で60分間処理した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
実施例8
アルギニンをオルニチンに代えた以外は実施例7と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
実施例9
アルギニンをリジンに代えた以外は実施例7と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青紫色に染色された。染色された綿布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
【0015】
比較例1
アルギニンをグリシンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。染色された綿布の表面色及び洗濯堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
比較例2
アルギニンをロイシンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。染色された綿布の表面色及び洗濯堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
比較例3
アルギニンをグルタミン酸に代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。染色された綿布の表面色及び洗濯堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
比較例4
アルギニンをフェニルアラニンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。染色された綿布の表面色及び洗濯堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
比較例5
アルギニンをヒスチジンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。染色された綿布の表面色及び洗濯堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
比較例6
アルギニンをチロシンに代えた以外は実施例1と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。染色された綿布の表面色及び洗濯堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
【0016】
比較例7
アルギニンをグリシンに代えた以外は実施例2と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例8
アルギニンをロイシンに代えた以外は実施例2と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例9
アルギニンをフェニルアラニンに代えた以外は実施例2と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例10
アルギニンをヒスチジンに代えた以外は実施例2と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例11
アルギニンをチロシンに代えた以外は実施例2と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例12
アルギニンをグルタミン酸に代えた以外は実施例2と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
【0017】
比較例13
アルギニンをグリシンに代えた以外は実施例3と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例14
アルギニンをロイシンに代えた以外は実施例3と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例15
アルギニンをフェニルアラニンに代えた以外は実施例3と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例16
アルギニンをヒスチジンに代えた以外は実施例3と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例17
アルギニンをチロシンに代えた以外は実施例3と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
比較例18
アルギニンをグルタミン酸に代えた以外は実施例3と同様操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布の染色は非常に色が薄く、色素がほとんど染着しなかった。
【0018】
【表1】

Figure 0003887460
【0019】
比較例19
染色液に硫酸銅を加えず、タンニン酸溶液で処理していない綿布を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は水色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例20
染色液に硫酸銅を加えず、タンニン酸溶液で処理していない綿布を用いた以外は実施例2と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青紫色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例21
染色液に硫酸銅を加えず、タンニン酸溶液で処理していない綿布を用いた以外は実施例3と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青紫色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例22
染色液に硫酸銅を加えないこと以外は実施例1と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青緑色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例23
染色液に硫酸銅を加えないこと以外は実施例2と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例24
染色液に硫酸銅を加えないこと以外は実施例3と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。綿布は青色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
【0020】
比較例25
染色液に硫酸銅を加えず、タンニン酸溶液で処理していない綿布を用いた以外は実施例1と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。次いで、該綿布を0.25重量%硫酸銅水溶液で処理した。綿布は水色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例26
染色液に硫酸銅を加えず、タンニン酸溶液で処理していない綿布を用いた以外は実施例2と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。次いで、該綿布を0.25重量%硫酸銅水溶液で処理した。綿布は水色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
比較例27
染色液に硫酸銅を加えず、タンニン酸溶液で処理していない綿布を用いた以外は実施例3と同様に操作を行い、綿布を染色した。次いで、該綿布を0.25重量%硫酸銅水溶液で処理した。綿布は水色に染色された。染色された綿布の表面色及び耐光堅牢度について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表2に示す。
【0021】
【表2】
Figure 0003887460
【0022】
実施例10
綿布に代えて麻布を用い、タンニン酸溶液の濃度を0.1重量%とした以外は実施例1と同様に操作を行い、麻布を染色した。麻布は青緑色に染色された。染色された麻布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表3に示す。
実施例11
綿布に代えてレーヨン布を用い、タンニン酸溶液の濃度を0.05重量%とした以外は実施例1と同様に操作を行い、レーヨン布を染色した。レーヨン布は青緑色に染色された。染色されたレーヨン布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表3に示す。
実施例12
綿布に代えて絹布を用い、タンニン酸溶液の濃度を0.1重量%とした以外は実施例1と同様に操作を行い、絹布を染色した。絹布は青緑色に染色された。染色された絹布について、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。その結果を表3に示す。
【0023】
【表3】
Figure 0003887460
【0024】
【発明の効果】
以上、詳述した通り、本発明の繊維の染色方法によれば、従来技術による染色方法に比して、より簡単に天然の風合い豊かな染色物を安定的且つ再現性よく得ることができる。また、このようにして得られた染色物は、耐光堅牢性及び洗濯堅牢性に優れたものである。また、本発明の繊維の染色方法は、大規模生産にも十分対応可能であり、食品着色用の天然色素及び食品添加物用の金属塩を用いることによって、ニーズに応じた染色物をより多く消費者に提供することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for dyeing fibers, and more specifically, it is possible to stably and highly reproducibly obtain a dyed product having a rich natural texture and excellent in light fastness and washing fastness. It relates to a dyeing method.
[0002]
[Prior art and problems to be solved by the invention]
Traditionally, dyeing with synthetic dyes has been common as a method for dyeing fibers, but in recent years, natural dyes have been used due to concerns over the safety of synthetic dyes and social trends that favor rich natural textures. Interest in dyeing with materials is increasing. For this reason, it is desired to use natural materials for dyeing, but when natural materials are used, the work of extracting pigments from dyeing substrates such as plant leaves, flowers, fruits and roots is complicated. Above, compared to synthetic dyes, not only does dyeing take a long time, but the components of the dyeing substrate are greatly affected by the season and region of harvesting, so the component quality of the extracted pigment varies and is therefore stable. There was a problem that the color could not be dyed. Furthermore, fabrics dyed with natural pigments are prone to discoloration, discoloration and fading due to sunlight, washing or sweat.
In addition, there are few natural dye base materials from which blue dyeings can be obtained, and in most cases, indigo is used. Indigo has been used for a long time, but the traditional dyeing method with indigo grass is extremely complicated and requires not only skilled techniques for preparing the dyeing solution, but also immersing in dyeing solution and oxidizing and drying in the atmosphere. Productivity is extremely low due to repetition. Therefore, in recent years, cultivation of indigo grass itself has been carried out only on a scale that supports traditional crafts. In addition to indigo plants, chemical building, fermentation building, iron sulfate building, etc. are known as dyeing methods using Indian indigo. Environmental pollution is regarded as a problem.
[0003]
In addition, conventional natural dyes, except for anthraquinone dyes, have a low affinity dyeing property to fibers, so that they cannot be dyed at a sufficient concentration by themselves, and the fibers are chemically treated with a cationizing agent before dyeing. Although functional groups rich in reactivity are introduced by treatment, most of the dyed products obtained by such a dyeing method have low dyeing fastness. Among the natural pigments for coloring foods described above, as a blue pigment, JP-A-53-134824 discloses a possibility as a blue pigment dye obtained from an iridoid glycoside. However, the dyed product obtained from the blue dye is inferior in light fastness and wash fastness, and is not a dyeing method that can be used practically.
Therefore, the present invention provides a method for dyeing fibers that can produce a dyed product that is rich in natural texture, safe, and excellent in light fastness and wash fastness with high reproducibility and on a mass production scale. There is.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that the above object can be achieved by using a specific dye and mordanting the fiber with metal ions for the fiber pretreated with tannins.
The present invention has been made on the basis of the above findings, and is a method for dyeing fibers pretreated with tannins with a dye, wherein the dye is selected from the group consisting of arginine, lysine and ornithine. A blue pigment obtained by coexisting one or more amino-compound-containing substances and an aglycone of an iridoid glycoside contained in a plant of the genus Rubiaceae under the aerobic condition. The present invention provides a method for dyeing fibers, characterized in that the fiber is dyed or mordanted with metal ions after the fibers are dyed.
[0005]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the fiber dyeing method of the present invention will be described in detail.
The fiber dyeing method of the present invention comprises dyeing a fiber pretreated with tannins with a specific dye in the presence of metal ions, or dyeing the fibers and then mordanting the fibers with metal ions. .
In the present invention, the fiber used for dyeing is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include natural fibers such as silk, wool, cotton and hemp, and synthetic fibers such as rayon, cupra, polyester, nylon, acrylic and acetate. It is done. Moreover, the thread | yarn consisting of the said fiber, cloth, the cut product processed product using the said fiber, etc. can be used in this invention.
Examples of tannins used in the present invention include tannin-containing extracts extracted from plants and purified products thereof, synthesized tannins, and the like. The said tannins may be used independently or may be used in mixture of 2 or more types. The amount of the tannin used is preferably 1 to 70 parts by weight and more preferably 2.5 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the fibers used, but is not necessarily limited to the above range. Absent.
[0006]
In the present invention, pigments for dyeing fibers pretreated with tannins include at least one amino compound-containing substance selected from the group consisting of arginine, lysine, and ornithine, and iridoids contained in Rubiaceae plants It is a blue pigment obtained by coexisting aglycone, a glycoside, under aerobic conditions.
The above-mentioned iridoid glycosides are relatively widespread in the plant kingdom, but are efficient and economical as a by-product of the extraction of chlorophyll from the fruits of the Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS, Gardenia augusta MERRILL var. Grandiflora HORT. Can be obtained in large amounts. In the present invention, an aglycone of an iridoid glycoside contained in the Rubiaceae Gardenia plant is used. As a method for obtaining the iridoid glycoside from a plant belonging to the genus Rubiaceae, for example, it can be used as a component contained together with yellow pigment extracted from gardenia fruit with water or alcohols. Moreover, what refine | purified the extract extracted with the said water or alcohol etc. by the isolation | separation by synthetic adsorption resin, UF membrane or activated carbon, the partition separation by an organic solvent, etc. can also be used.
The amino compound-containing substance is an amino compound-containing substance containing arginine, lysine or ornithine or containing these as the main components. In the present invention, the amino compound-containing substance may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0007]
The pigment used in the present invention is obtained by allowing the amino compound-containing substance and the aglycone of the iridoid glycoside contained in the Rubiaceae Gardenia plant to coexist under aerobic conditions. The dye is a substance that causes the amino compound-containing substance and the aglycone of the iridoid glycoside contained in the Rubiaceae gardenia plant to act under aerobic conditions, or the amino compound-containing substance and the Rubiaceae gardenia iridoid It can be obtained by allowing a glycoside to coexist and allowing an enzyme having β-glucosidase activity to act under aerobic conditions. In this case, the mixing ratio of the amino compound-containing substance and the iridoid glycoside (mol of amino compound-containing substance / mol of iridoid glycoside) is preferably 10/1 to 1/3, more preferably 2 / 1 to 1/2. Examples of the enzyme having β-glucosidase activity include cellulase, pectinase, and protease. In order to obtain the dye, the enzyme having the β-glucosidase activity can be used as a gel or an immobilizing carrier, and a microorganism producing the enzyme having the β-glucosidase activity is cultured, and the microorganism or the microorganism is used. The obtained enzyme can be used after immobilization. The amount of β-glucosidase used is an amount capable of hydrolyzing the iridoid glycoside to aglycone. In addition, the temperature when the β-glucosidase is allowed to act is preferably 20 to 70 ° C., more preferably the optimum temperature of the enzyme. In addition, the action time is not particularly limited, and may be a time during which the iridoid glycoside is hydrolyzed. The pH in the enzyme reaction is not particularly limited as long as the pH does not immediately deactivate the enzyme.
In the present invention, the dye is preferably used in the form of a solution. In this case, the concentration is preferably 0.1 to 100 as the absorbance in a 1 cm cell at the maximum absorption wavelength, and is 0.5 to 50. More preferably.
[0008]
As said metal ion, what is generally used for the mordanting of a fiber can be used, for example, what is brought about from copper salt, iron salt, cobalt salt, nickel salt, zinc salt, lead salt, aluminum salt, etc. Among these metal ions, those derived from copper salts and iron salts are preferable. Specific examples of the metal salt include, for example, copper sulfate, copper acetate, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, etc. In addition, for example, for food addition such as copper gluconate and iron citrate The metal salt is mentioned. In the present invention, the above metal salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The amount of the metal ion to be used is preferably 1 to 100 parts by weight, more preferably 5 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the fiber to be dyed.
[0009]
In the fiber dyeing method of the present invention, a method for pretreating fibers with tannins will be described. In order to pretreat the fibers with tannins, first, the fibers are immersed in an aqueous solution containing tannins. In this case, the concentration of tannins in the aqueous solution containing tannins is preferably 0.1 to 30% by weight. More preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight. In this case, the ratio of fiber and tannin is as described above. Subsequently, the aqueous solution of tannins in which the fibers are immersed is preferably maintained at a temperature of 30 to 120 ° C., more preferably 50 to 80 ° C., preferably 1 to 120 minutes, more preferably 5 to 40 minutes.
The weight ratio of the dye solution to the fiber (dye solution / fiber): bath ratio when dyeing the fiber with a dye is preferably 10 to 300, and more preferably 20 to 150. The above-mentioned fiber dyeing is performed by immersing the fiber in a dye solution and stirring, preferably at a temperature of 30 to 120 ° C., more preferably 50 to 90 ° C., preferably 10 to 300 minutes, more preferably 10 to 60 minutes. To do.
[0010]
In the fiber dyeing method of the present invention, the fiber is dyed in the presence of metal ions, or after fiber dyeing, the fibers are mordanted with metal ions.
In order to dye the fibers in the presence of metal ions, the fibers pretreated with the tannins may be treated with metal ions and then dyed with a dye, or a dye containing metal ions may be used. The fiber may be dyed.
As a method of treating the fibers pretreated with the tannins with metal ions, the fibers are immersed in an aqueous solution of the metal salt, preferably at a temperature of 5 to 80 ° C., more preferably at a temperature of 10 to 60 ° C. For 5 to 300 minutes, more preferably 60 to 180 minutes. In this case, the concentration of the metal ion in the aqueous solution of the metal salt is preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight.
Moreover, in order to dye | stain a fiber using the pigment | dye solution containing a metal ion, Preferably it is fiber using the pigment | dye solution which contains 0.01 to 5 weight% of metal ions, More preferably, 0.1 to 2 weight%. Stain.
As a method of mordanting the fiber with metal ions after dyeing the fiber, the fiber is immersed in an aqueous solution of the metal salt, preferably at a temperature of 5 to 80 ° C., more preferably at a temperature of 10 to 60 ° C. Preferably, the method is maintained for 1 to 200 minutes, more preferably 5 to 100 minutes. In this case, the concentration of the metal ion in the aqueous solution of the metal salt is preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight.
[0011]
【Example】
The present invention will be specifically described with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1
After 3.5 g of residue obtained by removing yellow pigment from gardenia fruit extract and 1.0 g of arginine were dissolved in water, the pH was adjusted to 5 using sodium hydroxide, and then the total volume was adjusted to 40 ml with water. Next, 0.2 g of edible cellulase Onozuka 3S manufactured by Yakult Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was added and stirred by aeration at a temperature of 50 ° C. for 42 hours, and then heated at 90 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a blue pigment solution.
A part of the obtained blue pigment solution was extracted, dissolved in 40 ml of water so that the absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength was 3.1, and 0.1 g of copper sulfate was further added to obtain a staining solution. In this dyeing solution, 0.4 g of a cotton cloth treated in advance at a temperature of 70 ° C. for 10 minutes in a 0.2 wt% tannic acid solution (bath ratio 1: 100) was added and dyed at a temperature of 70 ° C. for 20 minutes. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green.
The following evaluation was performed on the dyed cotton fabric. The results are shown in Table 1.
(1) Measurement of surface color of cotton cloth Measurement was performed with SZ-Σ80II manufactured by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.
(2) Washing fastness test It was carried out according to JIS-L-0844-1986 B-4 method.
(3) Light fastness test JIS-L0841 The third exposure method was used.
[0012]
Example 2
A cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that arginine was replaced with ornithine. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 3
Except for replacing arginine with lysine, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-violet. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0013]
Example 4
0.4 g of cotton fabric is treated in a 0.2 wt% tannic acid solution (bath ratio 1: 100) for 10 minutes at a temperature of 70 ° C., and then the cotton fabric is treated with a 0.25 wt% copper sulfate aqueous solution (bath ratio 1 : 100) at a temperature of 50 ° C. for 60 minutes.
In addition, 3.5 g of residue obtained by removing yellow pigment from gardenia fruit extract and 1.0 g of arginine were dissolved in water, pH was adjusted to 5 using sodium hydroxide, and then the total amount was adjusted to 40 ml with water. did. Next, 0.2 g of edible cellulase Onozuka 3S manufactured by Yakult Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was added and stirred by aeration at a temperature of 50 ° C. for 42 hours, and then heated at 90 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a blue pigment solution.
A part of the obtained blue dye solution was extracted and dissolved in 40 ml of water so that the absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength was 3.1 to obtain a staining solution. The cotton cloth was put in the dyeing solution and dyed at a temperature of 70 ° C. for 20 minutes. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 5
Except that arginine was replaced with ornithine, the same operation as in Example 4 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 6
Except that arginine was replaced with lysine, the same operation as in Example 4 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-violet. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0014]
Example 7
After 3.5 g of residue obtained by removing yellow pigment from gardenia fruit extract and 1.0 g of arginine were dissolved in water, the pH was adjusted to 5 using sodium hydroxide, and then the total volume was adjusted to 40 ml with water. Next, 0.2 g of edible cellulase Onozuka 3S manufactured by Yakult Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was added and stirred by aeration at a temperature of 50 ° C. for 42 hours, and then heated at 90 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a blue pigment solution. A part of the obtained blue dye solution was extracted and dissolved in 40 ml of water so that the absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength was 3.1 to obtain a staining solution.
Next, 0.4 g of a cotton cloth treated in advance at a temperature of 70 ° C. for 10 minutes in a 0.2 wt% tannic acid solution (bath ratio 1: 100) was added to the dyeing solution, and dyed at a temperature of 70 ° C. for 20 minutes. Thereafter, it was treated with a 0.25 wt% aqueous copper sulfate solution (bath ratio 1: 100) at a temperature of 50 ° C. for 60 minutes. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 8
A cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 7 except that arginine was replaced with ornithine. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 9
Except for replacing arginine with lysine, the same operation as in Example 7 was performed to dye the cotton cloth. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-violet. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0015]
Comparative Example 1
Except that arginine was replaced with glycine, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The surface color and wash fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 2
Except that arginine was replaced with leucine, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The surface color and wash fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 3
A cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that arginine was replaced with glutamic acid. The surface color and wash fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 4
Except that arginine was replaced with phenylalanine, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The surface color and wash fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 5
Except that arginine was replaced with histidine, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The surface color and wash fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 6
Except that arginine was replaced with tyrosine, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The surface color and wash fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0016]
Comparative Example 7
Except that arginine was replaced with glycine, the same operation as in Example 2 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 8
Except for replacing arginine with leucine, the same operation as in Example 2 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 9
Except that arginine was replaced with phenylalanine, the same operation as in Example 2 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 10
Except that arginine was replaced with histidine, the same operation as in Example 2 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 11
Except for replacing arginine with tyrosine, the same operation as in Example 2 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 12
A cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that arginine was replaced with glutamic acid. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
[0017]
Comparative Example 13
Except that arginine was replaced with glycine, the same operation as in Example 3 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 14
A cotton cloth was dyed by the same operation as in Example 3 except that arginine was replaced by leucine. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 15
Except that arginine was replaced with phenylalanine, the same operation as in Example 3 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 16
Except that arginine was replaced with histidine, the same operation as in Example 3 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 17
Except for replacing arginine with tyrosine, the same operation as in Example 3 was performed, and cotton cloth was dyed. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
Comparative Example 18
A cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that arginine was replaced with glutamic acid. The dyeing of the cotton cloth was very light and the pigment was hardly dyed.
[0018]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003887460
[0019]
Comparative Example 19
The cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a cotton cloth not added with copper sulfate and not treated with a tannic acid solution was used. The cotton fabric was dyed light blue. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 20
The cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that no cotton sulfate was added to the dyeing solution and a cotton cloth not treated with the tannic acid solution was used. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-violet. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 21
The cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that a cotton cloth not added with copper sulfate and not treated with a tannic acid solution was used. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-violet. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 22
The cotton cloth was dyed by the same operation as in Example 1 except that copper sulfate was not added to the dyeing solution. The cotton fabric was dyed blue-green. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 23
The cotton cloth was dyed by the same operation as in Example 2 except that copper sulfate was not added to the dyeing solution. The cotton fabric was dyed blue. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 24
The cotton cloth was dyed by the same operation as in Example 3 except that copper sulfate was not added to the dyeing solution. The cotton fabric was dyed blue. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0020]
Comparative Example 25
The cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a cotton cloth not added with copper sulfate and not treated with a tannic acid solution was used. The cotton fabric was then treated with a 0.25 wt% aqueous copper sulfate solution. The cotton fabric was dyed light blue. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 26
The cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that no cotton sulfate was added to the dyeing solution and a cotton cloth not treated with the tannic acid solution was used. The cotton fabric was then treated with a 0.25 wt% aqueous copper sulfate solution. The cotton fabric was dyed light blue. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 27
The cotton cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that a cotton cloth not added with copper sulfate and not treated with a tannic acid solution was used. The cotton fabric was then treated with a 0.25 wt% aqueous copper sulfate solution. The cotton fabric was dyed light blue. The surface color and light fastness of the dyed cotton fabric were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0021]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003887460
[0022]
Example 10
The linen was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that linen was used instead of cotton and the concentration of the tannic acid solution was 0.1% by weight. Linen was dyed blue-green. The dyed linen was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3.
Example 11
The rayon cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a rayon cloth was used instead of the cotton cloth and the concentration of the tannic acid solution was changed to 0.05% by weight. The rayon cloth was dyed blue-green. The dyed rayon cloth was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3.
Example 12
The silk cloth was dyed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a silk cloth was used instead of the cotton cloth and the concentration of the tannic acid solution was changed to 0.1% by weight. The silk fabric was dyed blue-green. The dyed silk cloth was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0023]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003887460
[0024]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the fiber dyeing method of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a dyed product rich in natural texture more stably and with good reproducibility more easily than the dyeing method according to the prior art. Further, the dyed product thus obtained is excellent in light fastness and washing fastness. In addition, the fiber dyeing method of the present invention can sufficiently cope with large-scale production, and by using natural pigments for food coloring and metal salts for food additives, more dyeings according to needs are used. Can be provided to consumers.

Claims (2)

タンニン類で前処理された繊維を色素を用いて染色する方法であって、
上記色素が、アルギニン、リジン及びオルニチンからなる群から選択される1種以上のアミノ化合物含有物質とアカネ科クチナシ属植物に含まれるイリドイド配糖体のアグリコンとを好気的条件下で共存させて得られる青色素であり、
上記繊維の染色を金属イオンの存在下で行うか、又は繊維の染色後に該繊維を金属イオンで媒染処理することを特徴とする繊維の染色方法。
A method of dyeing a fiber pretreated with tannins using a pigment,
The aforesaid pigment coexists with one or more amino compound-containing substances selected from the group consisting of arginine, lysine and ornithine and an aglycone of an iridoid glycoside contained in the Rubiaceae planta genus plant under aerobic conditions. The resulting blue pigment,
A method for dyeing fibers, wherein the fibers are dyed in the presence of metal ions, or the fibers are mordanted with metal ions after the fibers are dyed.
上記金属イオンが、銅塩及び/又は鉄塩からもたらされるものである、請求項1記載の繊維の染色方法。The method for dyeing fibers according to claim 1, wherein the metal ions are derived from a copper salt and / or an iron salt.
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