JP3886045B2 - High-efficiency low-temperature heat collection panel and its heat transport system - Google Patents

High-efficiency low-temperature heat collection panel and its heat transport system Download PDF

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JP3886045B2
JP3886045B2 JP2002321912A JP2002321912A JP3886045B2 JP 3886045 B2 JP3886045 B2 JP 3886045B2 JP 2002321912 A JP2002321912 A JP 2002321912A JP 2002321912 A JP2002321912 A JP 2002321912A JP 3886045 B2 JP3886045 B2 JP 3886045B2
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heat
temperature
solar
liquid
water
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JP2004156818A (en
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春樹 佐藤
雄一 山口
祐行 濱田
裕樹 数野
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Keio University
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S90/00Solar heat systems not otherwise provided for
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/90Solar heat collectors using working fluids using internal thermosiphonic circulation
    • F24S10/95Solar heat collectors using working fluids using internal thermosiphonic circulation having evaporator sections and condenser sections, e.g. heat pipes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20Solar thermal
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44Heat exchange systems

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、高効率低温集熱パネルを用いた熱輸送システムおよびこの熱交換システムを用いた蒸留水製造システム、複合的暖冷房・給湯システム並びに冷却デバイスに関する。
【0002】
【技術の背景と従来技術】
人口の急増、地球環境の悪化に伴い、飲料用や農業用の水資源の汚染や不足は深刻な問題になっている。例えば、Kam,S.K. et al., Enviromental Management Vol.28, No.4, 483-496 (2001) によると、バングラディシュ西部では、井戸水に砒素が混入しており、住民は有効な対策を殆ど受けられないまま摂取を余儀なくされ、皮膚などに疾患を持つ人々も少なくないことが記されている。安全な水を安定供給できる設備の開発と普及が急務である。
このような地域への水供給プラントとしては化石燃料の搬入や、電源設備などのインフラ整備が不十分なため、自律運転が可能な太陽熱利用蒸留器が好ましい。しかし、従来の太陽熱蒸留器はその蒸留性能や耐久性に難があり、広く普及した実績をもつ設備は無いのが現状である。
【0003】
一方、地球温暖化が深刻になり、エネルギー消費の低減、二酸化炭素の排出抑制が求められている。大気中の二酸化炭素濃度を調べると、人類が排出している二酸化炭素の量は自然界のバランスを保つことができる許容量を超えている。確かに、生活水準の向上により家庭におけるエネルギー消費量は年々増加しており、その対策として太陽熱、風力、地熱などの自然エネルギーの利用が進められてきている。中でも太陽エネルギーの利用に関しては、太陽光発電や給湯といった形でしか普及しておらず、経済性を考慮してもより有効なエネルギー利用が必要である。そして、一般の住宅における暖冷房・給湯に太陽エネルギーを適用できれば、地球温暖化の防止に大きく寄与できることは明らかである。
【0004】
太陽エネルギーを利用する淡水化装置およびその運転方法については、公表公報97/48646において提示されているが、そのシステムは太陽エネルギーを太陽熱集熱器中の熱媒である水により捕捉し、この熱を蒸発缶内の原水と熱交換させて蒸発缶内に水蒸気を発生させて凝縮器に導き、蒸留水を製造する方法である。この際、蒸発缶の内部を減圧状態にして水蒸気の発生を促進するようにしている。
【0005】
また、提示されている淡水化装置における蒸発缶には、多重効用関係の複数の蒸発缶と協働する凝縮器を備えることにより熱を効率的に捕捉するようになされており、構成の蒸発缶は、缶胴内に伝熱管を傾斜して配置し、伝熱管内で生成した凝縮水が滞留することなく排出されるようになされている。
【0006】
しかし、このように提示されている太陽熱を利用する淡水化装置においては、太陽熱集熱器中の熱媒である水により太陽熱が捕捉されるため媒体である水と外気との温度差が大きく、温度差が大きければ大きいほどエネルギー損失は大きくなるという問題点がある。したがって、熱媒である水温が高ければ、外気との温度差が大きくなりエネルギー損失が増大し、熱媒である水温が低ければサーモサイフォンシステムの作動が鈍るために蒸発缶への熱エネルギーの移送が減少するというジレンマが存在する。
【0007】
さらに、太陽熱集熱器で捕捉されたエネルギーは蒸発缶内に傾斜して配置されている缶胴の伝熱管で熱交換されるが、伝熱管の表面積は管の断面積と対比すると最小であるため効率的な熱捕捉をするには伝熱管の管径あるいは長さを大きくする必要があり、必然的に多重効用蒸発缶部は大きくなり、コンパクトな装置とは言い難い。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
このような状況に鑑みて、本発明の課題は、自然のエネルギー、特に太陽エネルギーの高効率低温集熱パネルを開発し、このパネルを用いた安価で耐久性のある効率的な太陽熱熱交換システムの開発とこの熱輸送システムを利用して輸送・運搬の容易なコンパクトな蒸留装置を確立すること、並びに同様の原理に基づくパネルを用いた効率的な暖房給湯システム、太陽熱等負荷削減システムそしてコンピューター等の電子機器用冷却デバイスを確立することである。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記課題について鋭意研究した結果、温度を低く保ちながら集熱するパネルを得ることができ、この集熱パネルを用いて太陽熱の何倍も水の蒸発潜熱として利用できる、すなわち、多重効用といって一度集熱した太陽熱を何回も蒸発・凝縮のサイクルで使う蒸留器を開発した。
そして、このパネルを利用する新しい方法として太陽熱を利用した太陽光集熱熱交換器を暖房・給湯システムに適用した。これによりソーラーパネルを介して、暖房・給湯への太陽エネルギー利用が可能となり、こうしたソーラーシステムとヒートポンプ等を複合化したシステムを発明し、住宅における暖房・給湯需要に対するエネルギー供給シミュレーションにより完成して前記課題が解決されることを見いだし本発明を完成した。
さらに、パネルの低温集熱能力が高いことから、熱負荷を削減することで必要な環境を提供できる。住宅に用いることで、夏季の屋根や壁の太陽熱を効率的に熱輸送することで熱負荷を削減でき、並びに小型化することでコンピューター等の各種電子機器用冷却デバイスとして、エネルギー消費のないシステムが可能である。パネルが数℃の小さな温度差で稼働することを実験的に明らかにしており、本発明を完成した。
本願発明の主な構成は次のとおりである。
(1)太陽熱集熱部、減圧機、ヘッダー、凝縮器を備え、各機器を連結して熱媒体を循環させる熱媒体循環経路を形成した低温集熱輸送システムであって、熱媒体循環経路は、傾斜して設置された集熱部の上部とヘッダーを介して凝縮器と連結し、該凝縮器と前記集熱部の下部と連結する経路と、ヘッダーから分岐して前記の凝縮器と集熱部の下部と連結する経路の途中に連接された分岐経路を備えており、ヘッダーは、集熱部で発生する突沸による気液混合物から液を分離して前記分岐経路へ液を流す邪魔板を設けて、熱媒体循環経路を減圧にして気液両状態の熱媒体を利用し、かつ循環経路を備えたことを特徴とする低温集熱熱輸送システム。
(2)熱媒体循環経路を減圧にして気液両状態の熱媒体を利用し、かつ循環経路を備えた低温集熱熱輸送システムと多重効用型減圧蒸留器を用いた太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留システムであって、多重効用型減圧蒸留器は、熱交換器の伝熱板としてハニカム構造した傾斜平板熱交換器を用いるものであって、該ハニカム型構造は、傾斜平板熱交換器の傾斜方向にハニカムによって区分されており、上側の区分を蒸発部、下側区分を凝縮部としたものであって、隣接する傾斜平板熱交換器の蒸発部と凝縮部とを蒸気が移動可能に連接したことを特徴とする太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留システム。
(3)蒸発部と凝縮部の組み合わせを複数有する太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留システムであって、蒸発部から凝縮部への連通移動部に原水飛沫の返し板を設けたことを特徴とする太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留システム。
(4)傾斜して設置された太陽熱集熱板と、該太陽熱集熱板の上端部と上方部が連接する第1蒸発部と、該第1蒸発部の上方で蒸気が移動可能に連接する蒸留水槽を下部に備えた第1凝縮部からなる第1蒸留器、前記第1凝縮部と気液の移動が遮断されて区分された第2蒸発部と該第2蒸発部の上方で蒸気が移動可能に連接する蒸留水槽を下部に備えた第2凝縮部からなる第2蒸留器を1〜複数連続して配置し、最後の第2蒸留器に接して冷却部である原水槽を設けた多重効用型減圧蒸留器であって、蒸発部と凝縮部及び原水槽の各間の仕切はハニカム構造を有する伝熱板であって、第1蒸留器から原水槽まで一体に構成されたものであって、各凝縮部には真空ポンプが連接されていることを特徴とする一体型多重効用型蒸留器。
(5)発部と凝縮部の蒸気が移動する連通部に原水飛沫の返し板を設けたことを特徴とする(4)記載の一体型多重効用型蒸留器。
(6)(1)記載の低温集熱熱輸送システム、貯湯槽、蓄熱槽、給湯用ヒートポンプ、空調用ヒートポンプとからなることを特徴とする複合的暖房・給湯システム。
【0010】
【実施の態様】
温度を低く保ちながら集熱するパネルは、通常の集熱ソーラーパネルの水を少し抜いて真空ポンプで空気を抜き減圧する。このようにすると下記の特徴が生ずる。
(1)太陽光がパネルに少しでも当たるとパネル内の水はすぐに沸騰して、わずかな温度差で潜熱として多くの熱量が凝縮部に運ばれる。太陽の入力熱量はまさに天候次第であるので、この特徴は重要である。
(2)環境温度付近で集熱することから、集熱効率はほぼ100%となる。凝縮部の温度が環境温度よりも低温である場合は、環境からも付加的に集熱できることから太陽熱以上の熱を集熱することもある。
(3)また、集熱温度が環境温度に近いので断熱しなくても熱損失は小さい。
【0011】
この減圧蒸発を利用した高効率熱輸送システムの機構を図1で示し、以下に説明する。集熱板101Aに太陽熱が加えられると、装置内が真空ポンプ105Hで減圧されているため、作動流体は低温で蒸発し蒸気となってヘッダー102Bへ移動する。また、集熱板銅管内では突沸現象が発生し、液および液に押し出された蒸気がヘッダーへと移動する。液はヘッダー下部から集熱板入口へと循環し、蒸気はヘッダー上部から凝縮器103Cへ移動し、循環式恒温槽104Dで温度制御された冷却水により凝縮される。凝縮液は再び集熱板入口へ移動し、液が循環される。このシステムでは装置内の非凝縮気体が排気されており、作動流体の蒸発温度を環境温度近くまで下げられる。作動流体は比較的低温の状態で循環するため、環境への熱損失を抑えることができる。また、熱輸送に水の潜熱を利用しているので多量の熱量を輸送することができる。
【0012】
一方、蒸留器本体は直方体で、屏風状の伝熱板で上部が蒸発部、下部が凝縮部に仕切られている一体型の図2に示す構造とした。この伝熱板は、傾斜平板熱交換器であり、段ボールと同じ構造で、容積と対比して伝熱面積を大きくして効率的な熱伝達を達成できるばかりか蒸留器に加わる負圧に対する補強材でもある。この段ボール状のハニカム構造をサインカーブとする波型にしても同様の効果を期待できる。このように集熱部・蒸発部の液面を在来機より大幅に増やし、蒸発促進を図るようにしている。
この補強作用により、平板状の多面積を確保できることとなり、多段状に積み重ねて省スペースで小型になるとともに、上下の蒸留器を連結するパイプを短くすることができ、全体の効率性を向上させることができるものである。
【0013】
次に、この高効率低温集熱ソーラーパネルを用いた太陽熱利用多重効用減圧蒸留器を図3に示す。密閉した蒸留器に原水を入れ、その飽和蒸気圧力まで真空排気すると、この原水はわずかな熱入力でも沸騰・蒸発し、より低温・低圧の凝縮部へと移動する。減圧式蒸留器は、あらかじめ系内部を減圧することで、環境温度付近での蒸留が可能となるため、熱損失が小さい。さらに、蒸気が凝縮する際に生じる潜熱を再利用する多重効用型へと応用することができる。
減圧蒸留器は、単段でも太陽熱を効率よく利用して蒸留することができるが、集熱板における輻射などの回収困難な損失や、装置自体の費用対効果を考える上で、収量増加のための多重効用化は必要不可欠である。
【0014】
本研究で開発した減圧蒸留器は非常に高い蒸留性能をもち、耐久性にも優れている。この蒸留器に利用されているサーモサイフォンシステムは水を作動流体としているが、系内が減圧されているのでソーラーパネルで集熱された熱量を低温で効率よく輸送できる。また、より低温の冷却水を用いることでパネル温度を下げる冷却効果も期待できる。
【0015】
凝集部・冷却部・蒸発部を一体化し、部品点数と熱損失の削減を意図している。
蒸気の流動抵抗を減らすために、蒸発部と凝縮部との間の距離を短くし、原水の飛沫同伴対策にはデミスタではなく返し板を用いた。熱交換器として、安価な鉛直平板を採用し、部材を限界まで薄くして軽量化を図った。
【0016】
この太陽熱蒸留装置の特徴としては、
(1)海水淡水化を目的としてデザインされているので大型化が可能である。
(2)蒸発器内の洗浄が可能である。
(3)自律システムである。
(4)消耗品がほとんどない。
(5)維持管理が簡単である。
(6)真空脱気および太陽光が入らない構造であるから、海水の生物の発生を防げる。
【0017】
更にもう一つの利用法としては、暑さを凌ぐ屋根としての利用である。夏は木の葉が影をつくることで涼しい場所を確保することができる。木を植えることができない空間や住宅の屋根に、このパネルを置くことにより、ある程度の涼しい空間を提供できる。ビルや家屋等の建物の壁体や屋根体等として建築部材の一部の使用すると建物内部の温度上昇を緩和でき、又、外部への輻射等の熱放射を減少でき、環境に負荷の小さい建物を提供できる。
住宅に応用すれば冷房負荷を低減でき、商店街に応用すれば、商店の冷房負荷低減にも寄与し、商店街に自然な快適空間を提供できる可能性がある。新宿や渋谷の商店街に設置すれば、ヒートアイランドへの対策としても役立つ。公園の休憩施設、公衆トイレ、駅や停留所などの屋根に応用することも有効である。
【0018】
凝縮部の冷却は、冷却塔も応用できるが、水道をそのまま利用するなどの方法も考えられる。一方、高温用途にも利用できて便利である。
凝縮部の温度が上昇すると、パネル内部はその温度の水の飽和蒸気圧力となり、蒸発部と凝縮部に水を循環させることで水温は徐々に高くなる。この場合は一般の集熱パネルと同様の効率になると思われる。したがって、一般の給湯用集熱パネルにも低温用集熱パネルとしても、両方に利用できる点も特徴として挙げることができる。
また、このパネルの熱輸送特性向上および水の循環用動力という点で、もう一つの大きな特徴がある。それは、パネル内の減圧下の水に熱エネルギーを与えたとき、とても激しい沸騰が起こり、パネル内で水が飛ばされ自動的に循環が生じる。パネル配管内の内壁が常に濡れる結果にもなり、強制対流効果とともに伝熱が促進されるという点である。
【0019】
そこで、太陽エネルギーを効率よく集熱可能なソーラーパネルを利用して暖房・給湯への太陽エネルギーの利用が可能となる。このようなソーラーシステムとヒートポンプ等を複合化したシステムを発明し、住宅における暖房・給湯需要に対するエネルギー供給シミュレーションによってその有効性を確認した。
【0020】
暖房・給湯システムのシステムダイアグラムは、図4に示すようにソーラーパネル401A、貯湯槽402B、蓄熱槽403C、給湯用ヒートポンプ404D、空調用ヒートポンプ405Eからなるシステムで、分散化電源や床暖房は地域により必要になる。
各構成機器の詳細を以下に述べ、仕様一覧を表2に示す。図4に示している分散化電源や床暖房は地域によっては必要となるが、本報ではシステムに取り込んでいない。システム構成について次に説明する。
(1)ソーラーパネル401A
蒸発部(ソーラーパネル)と凝縮部からなる閉じた系を、飽和蒸気圧力付近まで減圧することで作動流体(水等)の沸点を降下させる。蒸発部へのわずかな熱入力によって作動流体を蒸発させ、蒸発部と凝縮部のわずかな圧力差により蒸気が凝縮部に移動する。これにより、潜熱として多量の熱をすみやかに凝縮部へ高効率に熱輸送することが可能となる(2)。これを減圧蒸発法と呼ぶ。減圧蒸発法を用いることで、大気温度付近で熱輸送が可能となるため、環境への熱損失も小さく、パネル温度も比較的低く抑えることができるため、太陽電池と組み合わせたハイブリッド化も期待できる。
本シミュレーションにおいて減圧蒸発法における潜熱輸送を制御するために、蒸発側と凝縮側との相互作用を記述した式(1)(2)を作成した。これにより、日射量が入力として与えられた時、ある程度以上の圧力差が存在するときに潜熱輸送が行われ凝縮部に熱を与え、十分な圧力差がないときは顕熱として集熱板の温度上昇に使われる制御を行った。
・パネル温度上昇に使われる場合
Pe < Pc +△P 式(1)
→ パネルの温度上昇のため、蒸発側の圧力が上昇
・潜熱輸送が行われる場合
Pe >Pc +△P 式(2)
→ 凝縮側への熱入力により、凝縮側の圧力が上昇
蒸発側の圧力をPe、凝縮側の圧力をPc、蒸発部―凝縮部間の圧力損失分をΔPとする。本例ではΔPを蒸発側が凝縮側温度よりも2 ℃高い温度での飽和蒸気圧力になるように設定した。もっと高温とすることもできるが、低温度差でも蒸発することができ、実用上とても有利な点である。
ソーラーパネルは蓄熱と暖房の2つの効果を得る役割を担っている。その他にも日射遮蔽効果による冷房負荷の低減や積雪時の融雪効果等もある。
減圧蒸発法では凝縮能力の大きさが性能を支配しており、凝縮部の慎重な設計が重要である。本システムでは凝縮部の冷却手段として水と空気の2つの媒体がある。凝縮部内部に配管を通し、その内部に蓄熱槽内の水を循環させ、蒸発部から流入する蒸気とのわずかな温度差で凝縮する。凝縮潜熱を受けた循環水は貯湯槽を経由し熱交換した後(経由しない場合もある)、蓄熱槽に戻り蓄熱される。一方、凝縮部外側をファンを用いて外気による強制冷却効果により蒸気を凝縮させる。この際に凝縮潜熱を得て温められた空気が暖房利用できる場合には室内に取り込み暖房する。
この他にも、ソーラーパネルと屋根との間にある空気層の熱をファンにより室内に取り込むことで暖房として利用することを可能となる。
(2)貯湯槽402B
給湯需要に対する供給は貯湯槽から行われる。
貯湯槽の加熱手段としては凝縮部―蓄熱槽間の循環水の熱を熱交換することで得られる分と、給湯用のヒートポンプによる加熱分とがある。
制御は、例えば、深夜(2時〜5時)に約300 Lの湯を60℃にまで加熱する運転を行い、それ以外の時間帯は常時、約200 Lの湯を60℃に保つような運転を行う。
(3)蓄熱槽403C
凝縮部へ蓄熱槽内の水を循環させ、太陽熱を得て蓄熱槽に戻り蓄熱する。効率的に熱交換(凝縮)させるために、ソーラーパネルの温度により流量を変化させた(最大25 L/min)。また、日射がない場合は水の循環を停止する。暖房・給湯需要がない場合でも、蓄熱の必要がある場合は循環させ蓄熱させた。
蓄熱槽に蓄えられた熱は、各ヒートポンプの熱源としても利用される。また、環境水温よりも高い水温で蓄熱している場合は、貯湯槽へ供給することで給湯負荷の低減を図ることが可能である。また、水量は常に5 m3を蓄えるように市水から給水する。貯湯槽同様、蓄熱槽内は完全混合されるとし温度成層はないものとした。
(4)ヒートポンプ(空調用・給湯用)(404D,405E)
空調用はより高いCOP(成績係数)で運転可能な熱源は限定されないが空気熱源、水熱源が実用上容易である。給湯用は水熱源とした。
図5に過熱度8 ℃、サブクール度5 ℃、圧縮機効率を65%とした理論計算に基づくCOP特性を示す。本シミュレーションでは図5のCOP特性を用い、蒸発部、凝縮部それぞれの熱交換時に10℃の温度差を考慮して計算した。
【0021】
【実施例1】
減圧蒸発を利用した高効率低温集熱熱輸送パネルの熱輸送特性を検討する室内実験装置の概要を図6に示す。本実験装置は主に集熱板601A、ヘッダー602B、凝縮器603C、冷却箱付きビユレット604D、給水槽605E、循環式恒温槽606F、微少流量ポンプ607Gから構成されている。ヘッダーと凝縮器とを繋ぐ配管は、距離を短くし、太くすることにより流動抵抗が小さくなるように配慮した。
a)集熱板601A
集熱板はアルミニウム製の集熱プレート及びリン酸銅管製の通水管(φ9.52 x t0.4)から構成されている。1枚の集熱板の面積は 0.12 m2 であり、熱源として、この集熱板にラバーヒーターを圧着して断熱材で覆っている。
b)ヘッダー602B
ヘッダーはステンレス製で外形が三角柱のようになっている。内部は気液の分離循環経路となっている。集熱板での突沸現象による液体飛沫が凝縮部へ移動できないように邪魔板が取り付けられており、蒸気のみが凝縮器へ移動し凝縮する。凝縮した純水の質量により、樹発熱を用いて熱移動量を求めることが可能となる。
c) 凝縮器603C
凝縮部は円筒の銅配管(φ150×t 3)の中に1/4 inch管の銅管約7 mが螺旋状に封入されている。凝縮能力は、入力熱量1 kW/m2の条件において蒸発部と凝縮部の温度差が1 °C以内となるのに十分な能力となるよう銅管長さを設計した。作動原理は下記の通りである。
集熱板601Aにヒーターの熱が加えられると、装置内が減圧されているため、作動流体は低温で蒸発し蒸気となりヘッダー602Bに移動する。また、集熱板銅管内では突沸現象が発生し液及び液に押し出された蒸気がヘッダーへと移動する。液はヘッダー下部から集熱板入口へと循環し、蒸気はヘッダー上部から凝縮器603Cへ移動し、循環式恒温槽606Fで温度制御された冷却水により凝縮される。凝縮液は再び集熱板入口へ移動し、液が循環される。このシステムでは装置内の非凝縮気体が排気されており、作動流体の蒸発温度を環境温度近くまで下げられる。作動流体は比較的低温の状態で循環するため、環境への熱損失を抑えることができる。また熱輸送に水の潜熱を利用しているので多量の熱量を輸送できる。
試験方法では、装置内に作動流体である水を封入し、冷却水を凝縮器および冷却箱付きビュレットの周りに流す。真空ポンプを用いて真空排気した後、各温度、圧力が安定するまで待つ。その後、ヒーターで定量の熱量を与えると同時に測定を開始する。測定を開始してから2時間後に冷却箱付きビュレットにて潜熱による熱移動量を測定し、突沸によりヘッダーから移動した液体量も測定する。
熱電対による測定対象および測定箇所は、集熱板における銅管表面を流れ方向に40 mm毎26点、集熱板への流入口直前1点、凝縮器の流出口1点、凝縮器への冷却液流入口および流出口各1点、集熱板表面4点、集熱部表面2点である。圧力計をヘッダー上部に取り付け、装置内圧力を測定している。蒸発温度は、水の国際状態方程式(A. Pruβ and W. Wagner., Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur das fluide Zustandsgebiet von Wasser fur Temperaturen von der Schmelzlinie bis zu 1273 K bei Drucken bis zu 1000 MPa, Fortshr.-Ber. VDI 6, No. 320 (VDI, Dusseldorf, 1995); 1999年日本機械学会蒸気表, (1999).)を用いて装置内圧力から計算した。今回行った試験条件を表1に示す。
【表1】
:図6の装置の試験条件( Experimental condition)

Figure 0003886045
以上の実験の結果をまとめると、
a) 各測定について
実験で得られた結果で入力熱量400 W/m2、冷却水温度20 °Cの条件で封入率50%を図7から図9に、封入率75%を図10から図12に示した。図7と図10は集熱板中央に位置する銅管表面の最上端、最下端および流入口直前の温度、凝縮器出口温度、集熱器表面温度、環境温度と測定開始からの時間との関係を示したものであり、図8と図10は集熱板最下端からの銅管表面温度と測定時間、図9と図12は銅管表面5点の167分から177分までの温度分布を示したものである。図7と図10より測定開始から約60分後に各温度が安定し、定常状態では常に集熱板最上端温度よりも集熱板最下端温度の方が高い。また、封入率50%と比較して75%の方が集熱板最上端温度及び最下端温度が低く、温度変動の幅が小さく安定している。次に図8と図11より銅管表面温度は、蒸気側より液側の温度が高い。図9と図12では、封入率50%、75%ともに各測定温度がある一定の割合で上昇し、降下するという挙動が確認された。
これらの結果は、ヒーターの入力熱量により銅管内温度が上昇し、表面の微細なくぼみで発生した気泡が離脱し、急激にパイプの内径いっぱいに膨張し、上方の液層が膜のように薄くなったころで気泡は破裂する、という突沸現象が起因している。突沸により液体が押し上げられ蒸気側は液の薄膜ができ、同時に液が蒸発し潜熱が奪われるので、蒸気側温度が急激に降下し、液側に比べ温度が低いと思われる。また液側は水の存在により蒸気側に比べて温度上昇率が低いが、突沸により集熱板内の液がヘッダーへ移動し、環境温度付近の液が集熱板に循環し、液温度が降下していると思われる。さらに、50%では約3分に1回突沸が発生し、液18gが移動している。それに比べ75%では1分間に4、5回発生しており1回の突沸で液4gが移動し、安定して突沸が発生しているので温度変動が小さいと考えられる。
また、図8と図11で液側の温度分布は弧の形で中央部分が最も温度が高く封入率50%より75%の方が温度分布は安定しているが、液側の最高温度が高いことが分かる。これは、循環している作動流体の水が、集熱板最下端から流入されると、銅管内は一定の熱量が入力されているので、上部へ移動するほど銅管表面及び液の温度は上昇する。しかし蒸発面付近では、頻繁に沸騰が行われており、入力された熱が潜熱として蒸発に使われるので、蒸発面へ移動するほど銅管表面及び液が冷やされて温度が降下していると思われる。
冷却水温度20 ℃では初期圧力は2.1 kPaであり、実験開始後すぐに2.3 kPaまで上昇し、測定中は2.3 kPaで安定しており、凝縮器の凝縮能力が十分であることが確認された。
b) 成績係数
以下に成績係数ηを求める式(3)を示す。
式(3)
Figure 0003886045
η:成績係数 Teva:蒸発温度 [℃] :蒸留質量 [kg/s]
Tin:集熱板流入口への直前温度 [℃]
CP(T):定圧比熱 [kJ/(kg・K)] Qin:入力熱量 [W]
Δh:蒸発温度における蒸発潜熱 [kJ/kg](5)
式(3)を用いて図13に封入率50%での冷却水温度の違いによる成績係数の比較を示し、図14に冷却水温度20℃での封入率の違いによる成績係数の比較を示した。冷却水温度が25 ℃と比較して20 ℃の方が各入力熱量において成績係数が高いことが分かる。これは冷却水温度が25 ℃の条件では、環境温度が25 ℃のためヘッダー内でも凝縮が行われていて、凝縮器に移動する蒸気量が少ないことが考えられる。冷却水温度が20 ℃の場合には、冷却水が環境温度よりも低温であることから、環境からも熱を吸収して全体的に高効率であることが分かる。多くの場合で成績係数は1を超えている。また、突沸により蒸気側の銅管表面は液の薄膜が存在しているため、蒸発面からだけではなく、蒸気側銅管内表面からも蒸発が行われていることが考えられる。また、突沸でヘッダー内に残った液が蒸発し、ヘッダー下方の液溜まりでも蒸発が行われていることが考えられる。さらに、突沸により蒸気がヘッダーを通して凝縮器へ押し出されるため、蒸気速度が速くなることも考えられる。
封入率の違いによる成績係数の違いは見られなかったが、50%に比べて75%のほうが安定していることが明らかになった。
以上の結果から、下記の結論が得られた。
(1)減圧蒸発を用いたソーラーパネルに関して冷却水温度20 ℃の条件で90%以上の効率が得られた。
(2)封入率の違いにより突沸の発生率が異なり、それにより集熱板の温度分布が決定される。
【0022】
【実施例2】
太陽熱利用多重効用減圧蒸留器では、密閉した蒸留器に原水を入れ、その飽和蒸気圧力まで真空排気すると、この原水はわずかな熱入力でも沸騰・蒸発し、より低温・低圧の凝縮部へと移動する。減圧式蒸留器は、あらかじめ系内部を減圧することで、環境温度付近での蒸留が可能となるため、顕熱損失が小さい。さらに、蒸気が凝縮する際に生じる潜熱を再利用する多重効用型へと応用することができる。
なお、蒸留性能の評価には、蒸留の効率を示す蒸留成績係数(COPD)および水の導電率(EC)を用いている。COPDの定義式(4)は下記のとおりである。
式(4)
Figure 0003886045
L [kJ・kg-1] : 蒸発潜熱
ΣMout [kg・m-2・day-1] : 蒸留収量
ΣQin [kJ・m-2・day-1] : 傾斜面全天日射量
操作方法を以下に示す。
(1)集熱部・蒸発部・原水槽へ原水を注入。
(2)密閉して原水の飽和蒸気圧力まで真空排気。
(3)日の出とともに各部の温度・圧力を測定。
(4)適宜、蒸留器内部を真空排気。
(5)運転終了後、蒸留器を大気開放して、蒸留水の収量と電気伝導率を測定。
減圧式蒸留器は、単段でも太陽熱を効率よく利用して蒸留することができる。
集熱板における輻射などの回収困難な損失や、装置自体の費用対効果を考えるうえで、収量増加のための多重効用化を図り、新たに小型2段式蒸留器を開発した。
主な設計は、
(1)蒸発部・凝縮部・冷却部を一体化し、部品点数と熱損失の削減をした。
(2)蒸気の流動抵抗を減らすため、蒸発部と凝縮部との間の距離を短くし、原水の飛沫同伴対策にはデミスタではなく返し板を用いた。
(3)熱交換器として、安価な鉛直平板を採用した。
(4)部材を限界まで薄くして軽量化を図った。
とりわけ、設計において重要となるのは熱交換器の伝熱性能である。
2段式蒸留器の概略を図15に示す。本システムは集熱板1501A、蒸発部1502B、凝縮部1503C、蒸留水槽1504D、原水槽1505E、真空ポンプ1506F、冷却水循環ポンプ1507G、日射計1508H、圧力計1509J、熱電対1510K、データロガー1511Lで構成される。系の最終冷却部である原水槽では、循環ポンプを用いて冷却水を最終冷却部の上部へ放水し、伝熱を促進させた。また、冷却部の水を循環させることで、冷却部温度成層を少なくしている。原水の飛沫が凝縮部へ入ることを防ぐため、蒸気流路に返し板を設置している。
系内部を減圧するための真空ポンプには、油回転式真空ポンプ(200 W, 到達圧力6.7×10-2 Pa)とダイアフラム式真空ポンプ(150 W, 到達圧力1 kPa)の2種類を用いた。原水の初期水温が低い冬季には、より低圧まで排気できる前者が有利であるが、オイルフィルトレーション装置の追設、定期的なポンプオイルの交換が必要で、後者のほうが保守は容易である.
各部の容量は、1段目原水18 L蒸気30 L、2段目原水47 L蒸気42 Lで、約20分で真空排気できる。
本装置を用いた実機試験を、2001年11月~2002年1月、ならびに2002年7月に行った。16に、2002年7月12日の運転における日射量および各部の温度の変化を示す。日射の増加に伴い、各段が2~3 °Cの温度差を確保したまま蒸留が行われている。これは、飽和状態における水の温度差が、そのまま圧力差として作用し、蒸気がより低温・低圧である凝縮部へ絶えず移動していることを意味する。しかし、午後になると日射が減り始め、原水槽の温度が上昇して温度差は解消してしまう。
すべての実機試験結果をUdaらの2段式蒸留器[3]とともにプロットしたのが図17である。本装置の蒸留性能は、Udaらの水平円管群を用いた蒸留器に対し、同等もしくは若干劣る程度の蒸留性能であった。
ダイアフラム式真空ポンプを用いた場合に蒸留性能が低いのは、原水を飽和状態まで減圧することができず、蒸発温度が上がって熱損失を生じるからである。
【0023】
【実施例3】
小型2段式蒸留器およびガラス製屋内実験装置の実験結果を踏まえ、低コストでより高性能な蒸留システムを開発するため、以下の目標を設定し、多重効用型減圧蒸留器の設計・製作を行った。
(1)蒸留器本体の構造をさらに簡素化し、大型3段式蒸留器(Nishikawaら, 1997)に近い蒸留性能10 kg・m-2・day-1を経済的に達成する。
(2)大量生産に適し、ニーズに合わせた規模の製作が容易なデザインとする。
(3)ガラス製の屋内実験装置で確認された知見を活かし、凝縮能力を大きくとり、さらにそれを最大限に引き出す構造を検討する。
(4)真空に近い条件での使用となるため、軽量かつ負圧に強い構造にする。
多重効用減圧蒸留器の構造を図18に示す。蒸留器本体の構造は図2に示したとおりである。
多重効用型減圧蒸留器としての基本的な原理や周辺機器については、従来の蒸留システムをほぼ踏襲した。一方で蒸留器本体は直方体で、屏風状の伝熱板で上部が蒸発部、下部が凝縮部に仕切られている一体型の構造に改良した。
この伝熱板は、傾斜平板熱交換器であり、段ボールと同じ構造で、蒸留器に加わる負圧に対する補強材でもある。傾斜平板の有効伝熱面積は2.9 m2と在来機(小型2段式蒸留器、本研究)の2倍以上の伝熱性能を有し、なおかつ2段式蒸留器で問題となっていた運転時の負圧による変形をほぼ完全に抑えることができた。
また、集熱部・蒸発部の液面を在来機より大幅に増やし、蒸発促進を図るようにしている。
本装置は、最終冷却部に冷却塔を用いているが、実用段階では河川などの流水を用いても運転可能となる。
効用段数は2,3,・・・と多段にすることができ、実用に際しては初期投資と効率のバランスから、最終的な効用段数を決定することになる。また、第1段の凝縮器と集熱板底部を直結することで、比較的腐食しやすい集熱部に原水が入ることを避けることができ、海水などの淡水化においては、ループ式へ容易に変更可能である。
以上の結果から、安価かつ性能の優れた多重効用型減圧蒸留器が可能であることが明らかになった。
【0024】
【実施例4】
本発明を住宅に応用した場合のシミュレーションを示す。用いた暖冷房・給湯システムの仕様一覧を表2に示す。4人家族の住む戸建住宅を対象とし、エネルギー需要モデルを作成した。設定の詳細を表3および表4に示す。需要作成およびシミュレーション計算の際に使用した環境情報を表5に示す。時季は東京における最寒期の 2000 年 2 月を対象に1ヶ月間の計算を行った。
なお、日射量や気温などは実測値( 気象庁年報2000年)および理論計算式から推算した。地中温度は2000年の年間平均気温16.9℃を用いた。
【表2】
:図4のシステムの仕様表( Specification of this system)
Figure 0003886045
【表3】
:住宅設定条件表(Structure information )
Figure 0003886045
【表4】
:居住者設定条件表(Member information)
Figure 0003886045
【表5】
:環境設定条件表(Meteorological information)
Figure 0003886045
エネルギー需要モデル作成の結果から2月1日における時刻別負荷パターンを図19に示す。
ここではエネルギー需要モデルの対象住宅を便宜的に一室と考え、エネルギー供給シミュレーションを行った。
1時間毎に与えられるエネルギー需要に対して、システム概要で述べた制御に基づき、1分間毎のシステムシミュレーションを行った。その計算結果を1時間毎に整理した。なお、各要素機器間の配管における熱損失は簡略式を用いて計算している。また、ポンプ動力は軸動力から、ファン動力は風量ごとの消費電力から概算している。
計算の初期条件はソーラーパネルの温度を環境水温とし、貯湯槽に関しては60℃の湯が200 L、蓄熱槽に関しては30℃の湯が5 m3あるものとした。
以下にシミュレーション結果を示す。システム評価のベースラインとして、本シミュレーションと同じエアコンと熱効率90%のガス給湯器を想定した。また、電力消費量の一次エネルギー換算は商用電力の利用端発電効率を40%として一次エネルギー消費量を算出した。
図20に暖房需要とエアコンによる熱供給量を示す。両者の差が外気を用いたソーラーパネルの凝縮潜熱回収および屋根―ソーラーパネル間の空気層の熱回収による暖房効果であり、太陽エネルギー寄与分に相当する。
日射量の少ない時には太陽エネルギー寄与分は少なく、エアコンによる暖房供給が主となる。しかしながら、太陽エネルギーによって最大で暖房需要の35%、月平均で23%の供給ができた。
また、エアコンの熱源として蓄熱槽(HST : Heat Storage Tank)か大気かを選択できるようにしたが、結果的にはほとんどの場合蓄熱槽に依存した。外気温度よりも15~30℃高い熱源を確保できたことで、エアコンのCOPが最大で10を超える高効率運転となった。この結果、電力消費量を最大で78%、月平均で70%削減できた。
図21に給湯需要と給湯用ヒートポンプによる熱供給量を示す。図21の折れ線が示すように蓄熱槽温度が環境水温より平均的に20℃も高い。このように環境水温よりも高い温度で給水が行われたため、実質の給湯供給熱量が30~50%も削減していることがわかる(図中の需要と供給量の差)。
また、暖房と同様に蓄熱槽をヒートポンプの熱源としているため、ヒートポンプのCOPも3.0以上、最大で4.2といった高効率運転となった。
この結果、一次エネルギー消費量も最大で81%、月平均で71%削減できた。
システム評価
本システムを構成する際に、2つのファンと3つのポンプの動力を考慮した。その1ヶ月間の一次エネルギー消費量を算出し、従来システムと本システムとの比較を図22に示してシステムの評価を行った。この結果、従来システムと比較して最大で79%、月平均で70%の削減ができた。
本システム導入による効果を、一次エネルギー消費量、二酸化炭素排出量、運用コストで評価した結果を表6に示した。その際に用いた二酸化炭素排出原単位は、電力に関しては全電源ベースの値0.106 kg-C/kWh、ガスに関しては0.0139 kg-C/MJを用いた。また、電力を15.58円/kWh、ガスを2.8円/MJで換算し、運用コストを算出した。
【表6】
:本システムによる経済効果(Economical effect by introducing the new system)
Figure 0003886045
【0025】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、自然エネルギーである太陽エネルギーを効率的に利用できる高効率低温集熱ソーラーパネルを開発し、これを用いた多重効用型減圧蒸留器のシステムを確立して飲料用や農業用の水資源の汚染や不足している地域に安全な水を安定供給できるとともに住宅における暖房・給湯システムを確立し並びに同様の原理の低温集熱熱輸送パネルを用いて、夏季の太陽熱や西日等の不快な熱負荷を取り除くなど冷房負荷削減に貢献してエネルギー資源の枯渇および地球温暖化の防止に貢献することができる。
さらに、コンピューター等の小型化で最大の課題となっている冷却デバイスとしても、エネルギー消費のないシステムとすることが可能であり、これからの情報社会構築にも貢献することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】:減圧蒸発を利用した高効率熱輸送システムの機構
【図2】:凝縮器の構造
【図3】:太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留器の原理(The principle of multi-effect solar still)
【図4】:高効率低温集熱ソーラーパネルを用いた複合的暖冷房・給湯システム( System diagram)
【図5】:ヒートポンプの理論特性( Theoretical COP of heat pump)
【図6】:減圧蒸発を利用した高効率低温熱輸送パネルの熱輸送試験装置(Setup of the indoor apparatus)
【図7】:図6の装置の封入率50%時の各部の測定温度図( Temperature variation of solar collector (heat input 400 W/m2, filling rate 50%))
【図8】:図6の装置の封入率50%時の各部の測定温度図(Temperature variation of copper tube(heat input 400 W/m2, filling rate 50%))
【図9】:図6の装置の封入率50%時の各部の測定温度図(Temperature variation of copper tube(heat input 400 W/m2, filling rate 50%))
【図10】:図6の装置の封入率75%時の各部の測定温度図(Temperature variation of solar collector (hea input 400 W/m2, filling rate 75%))
【図11】:図6の装置の封入率75%時の各部の測定温度図(Temperature variation of copper tube(heat input 400 W/m2,filling rate 75%))
【図12】:図6の装置の封入率75%時の各部の測定温度図(Temperature variation of copper tube (heat input 400 W/m2, filling rate 75%))
【図13】:封入率50%・冷却水温度差異における成績係数比較(Comparison of variation in efficiency (filling rate 50%))
【図14】:冷却水20℃の場合の封入率の違いによる成績係数比較(Comparison of variation in efficiency (cooling water 20℃))
【図15】:2段式蒸留器の概略構成( Setup of the double-effect still)
【図16】:試験日の日射量及び機器の温度計測図( Isolation and temperature variations of the double-effect solar still in July 19,2002)
【図17】:2段式蒸留器の蒸留成績図( The performance comparison of the double-effect stills)
【図18】:多重効用型減圧蒸留器の概略構成(Setup of multi-effect solar still)
【図19】:2000年2月1日における住宅の1日のエネルギー付加パターン(Demand pattern ( on 1 February 2000))
【図20】:暖房需要をエアコンによる熱供給量(Simulation results for heating supply)
【図21】:給湯需要とヒートポンプによる熱供給量(Simulation results for hot water supply)
【図22】:本システムと従来システムの一次エネルギー比較(comparison of primary energy consumption)[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a heat transport system using a high-efficiency low-temperature heat collecting panel, a distilled water production system using the heat exchange system, a combined heating / cooling / hot water supply system, and a cooling device.
[0002]
[Technical background and prior art]
With the rapid increase in population and the deterioration of the global environment, contamination and shortage of water resources for drinks and agriculture have become serious problems. For example, according to Kam, SK et al., Environmental Management Vol.28, No.4, 483-496 (2001), in western Bangladesh, arsenic is mixed in well water, and residents can take almost no effective countermeasures. It is noted that there are many people who are forced to ingest and have skin problems. There is an urgent need to develop and disseminate facilities that can stably supply safe water.
As a water supply plant for such a region, a solar-powered distiller capable of autonomous operation is preferable because fossil fuel is not carried in and infrastructure such as power supply facilities is insufficient. However, conventional solar stills have difficulty in distillation performance and durability, and there are currently no facilities with widespread achievements.
[0003]
On the other hand, global warming becomes serious, and there is a demand for reduction of energy consumption and suppression of carbon dioxide emissions. Examining the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide released by mankind exceeds the allowable amount that can maintain the balance of nature. Certainly, energy consumption in households has been increasing year by year due to the improvement of living standards, and the use of natural energy such as solar heat, wind power, and geothermal heat has been promoted as a countermeasure. In particular, the use of solar energy is only widespread in the form of solar power generation and hot water supply, and more effective energy use is required even in consideration of economy. If solar energy can be applied to heating and cooling and hot water supply in ordinary houses, it is clear that it can greatly contribute to the prevention of global warming.
[0004]
A desalination apparatus using solar energy and a method for operating the desalination apparatus are presented in publication 97/48646. The system captures solar energy by water, which is a heat transfer medium in a solar heat collector, and uses this heat. This is a method for producing distilled water by exchanging heat with raw water in the evaporator to generate water vapor in the evaporator and guiding it to the condenser. At this time, the inside of the evaporator is reduced in pressure to promote the generation of water vapor.
[0005]
Further, the evaporator in the presented desalination apparatus is provided with a condenser that cooperates with a plurality of evaporators having a multi-effect relationship, so that heat can be efficiently captured. The heat transfer tube is inclined in the can body so that the condensed water generated in the heat transfer tube is discharged without stagnation.
[0006]
However, in the desalination apparatus using solar heat presented in this way, the solar heat is captured by the water that is the heat medium in the solar heat collector, so the temperature difference between the medium water and the outside air is large, There is a problem that the energy loss increases as the temperature difference increases. Therefore, if the water temperature as the heat medium is high, the temperature difference from the outside air increases and energy loss increases, and if the water temperature as the heat medium is low, the thermosiphon system is slowed down so that the heat energy is transferred to the evaporator. There is a dilemma that decreases.
[0007]
In addition, the energy captured by the solar heat collector is heat-exchanged by the heat transfer tubes in the can body, which is arranged in an inclined manner in the evaporator, but the surface area of the heat transfer tubes is minimal compared to the cross-sectional area of the tubes. Therefore, in order to capture heat efficiently, it is necessary to increase the diameter or length of the heat transfer tube, which inevitably increases the size of the multi-effect evaporator, which is not a compact device.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of such circumstances, the object of the present invention is to develop a high-efficiency low-temperature heat collection panel for natural energy, particularly solar energy, and an inexpensive and durable efficient solar heat exchange system using this panel. Development and establishment of a compact distillation device that can be easily transported and transported using this heat transport system, as well as an efficient heating and hot water supply system using panels based on the same principle, a solar heat load reduction system, and a computer Is to establish a cooling device for electronic equipment.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
  As a result of earnest research on the above problems, the present inventors can obtain a panel that collects heat while keeping the temperature low, and by using this heat collection panel, the solar heat can be used as the latent heat of vaporization of water, that is, Developed a distiller that uses solar heat collected multiple times in multiple evaporation and condensation cycles.
  As a new method using this panel, a solar heat collecting heat exchanger using solar heat was applied to the heating / hot water supply system. This makes it possible to use solar energy for heating and hot water supply via a solar panel, inventing a system that combines such a solar system and a heat pump, etc., completed by an energy supply simulation for heating and hot water demand in a house, and The present invention has been completed by finding that the problems can be solved.
  Furthermore, since the low-temperature heat collection capability of the panel is high, the necessary environment can be provided by reducing the heat load. A system that does not consume energy as a cooling device for various electronic devices such as computers by reducing the heat load by efficiently transporting solar heat on the roof and walls in summer by using it in a house. Is possible. It has been experimentally clarified that the panel operates with a small temperature difference of several degrees Celsius, and the present invention has been completed.
  The main configuration of the present invention is as follows.
(1) A low-temperature heat collection and transportation system that includes a solar heat collection section, a decompressor, a header, and a condenser, and that forms a heat medium circulation path that connects each device to circulate the heat medium. The condenser is connected to the condenser via the header and the upper part of the heat collecting part installed in an inclined manner, the path connecting the condenser and the lower part of the heat collecting part, the branch from the header, and the condenser and the condenser. A baffle plate having a branch path connected in the middle of a path connected to the lower part of the heat section, and a header for separating the liquid from the gas-liquid mixture due to bumping generated in the heat collection section and flowing the liquid to the branch path A low-temperature heat collection heat transport system characterized in that the heat medium circulation path is depressurized to use a heat medium in both gas and liquid states and has a circulation path.
(2) Solar heat-based multi-effect depressurization using a low-temperature heat collection heat transport system and a multi-effect vacuum distillation unit that uses a gas-liquid heat medium with the heat medium circulation path depressurized and a circulation path A multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus using a tilted flat plate heat exchanger having a honeycomb structure as a heat transfer plate of a heat exchanger, the honeycomb type structure being a tilted flat plate heat exchanger It is divided by honeycomb in the direction, the upper section is the evaporation section and the lower section is the condensation section, and the evaporation section and the condensation section of the adjacent inclined plate heat exchanger are connected so that the steam can move A multi-effect vacuum distillation system utilizing solar heat.
(3) A solar-heated, multi-effect vacuum distillation system having a plurality of combinations of an evaporation unit and a condensation unit, wherein a return plate of raw water splash is provided in a communication moving unit from the evaporation unit to the condensation unit Use multiple-effect vacuum distillation system.
(4) A solar heat collecting plate installed at an inclination, a first evaporating portion where the upper end portion and the upper portion of the solar heat collecting plate are connected, and a steam movably connected above the first evaporating portion. A first distiller comprising a first condensing unit having a distilled water tank at the bottom, a second evaporating unit separated from the first condensing unit and the movement of gas and liquid, and steam above the second evaporating unit One or more second distillers each having a second condensing unit with a movable water contiguously connected distilled water tank disposed in the lower part thereof were arranged in series, and a raw water tank serving as a cooling unit was provided in contact with the last second distiller. A multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus, wherein the partition between the evaporation section, the condensation section, and the raw water tank is a heat transfer plate having a honeycomb structure, and is configured integrally from the first distillation apparatus to the raw water tank. An integrated multi-effect distiller characterized in that a vacuum pump is connected to each condensing part.
(5) The integral multi-effect distiller according to (4), wherein a return plate of raw water splash is provided at the communicating portion where the steam of the generating portion and the condensing portion moves.
(6) A combined heating and hot water supply system comprising the low-temperature heat collecting heat transport system, hot water storage tank, heat storage tank, hot water supply heat pump, and air conditioning heat pump according to (1).
[0010]
Embodiment
The panel that collects heat while keeping the temperature low draws out a little water from a normal solar collecting solar panel, and draws out the air with a vacuum pump to reduce the pressure. This produces the following characteristics.
(1) When sunlight hits the panel even a little, the water in the panel boils immediately, and a large amount of heat is transferred to the condensing part as latent heat with a slight temperature difference. This feature is important because the amount of heat input by the sun depends on the weather.
(2) Since heat is collected near the ambient temperature, the heat collection efficiency is almost 100%. When the temperature of the condensing part is lower than the environmental temperature, heat from solar heat may be collected because additional heat can be collected from the environment.
(3) Moreover, since the heat collection temperature is close to the environmental temperature, heat loss is small even without heat insulation.
[0011]
The mechanism of the high-efficiency heat transport system using this vacuum evaporation is shown in FIG. 1 and will be described below. When solar heat is applied to the heat collecting plate 101A, since the inside of the apparatus is depressurized by the vacuum pump 105H, the working fluid evaporates at a low temperature and moves to the header 102B as vapor. In addition, a bumping phenomenon occurs in the heat collecting plate copper pipe, and the liquid and the steam extruded into the liquid move to the header. The liquid circulates from the lower part of the header to the inlet of the heat collecting plate, and the steam moves from the upper part of the header to the condenser 103C and is condensed by the cooling water whose temperature is controlled in the circulating thermostat 104D. The condensate moves again to the heat collecting plate inlet, and the liquid is circulated. In this system, the non-condensable gas in the apparatus is exhausted, and the evaporation temperature of the working fluid can be lowered to near the ambient temperature. Since the working fluid circulates in a relatively low temperature state, heat loss to the environment can be suppressed. Moreover, since the latent heat of water is used for heat transport, a large amount of heat can be transported.
[0012]
On the other hand, the distiller body is a rectangular parallelepiped, and has a structure as shown in FIG. This heat transfer plate is an inclined flat plate heat exchanger, has the same structure as corrugated cardboard, and can not only achieve efficient heat transfer by enlarging the heat transfer area compared to the volume, but also reinforcing against negative pressure applied to the still It is also a material. The same effect can be expected even if this corrugated honeycomb structure is corrugated with a sine curve. In this way, the liquid level of the heat collecting part / evaporating part is greatly increased from that of the conventional machine to promote evaporation.
With this reinforcing action, a flat plate-shaped multi-area can be secured, and it is stacked in a multi-stage shape to save space and size, and the pipe connecting the upper and lower distillers can be shortened, improving the overall efficiency. It is something that can be done.
[0013]
Next, FIG. 3 shows a solar heat multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus using this highly efficient low-temperature heat collecting solar panel. When raw water is put into a closed distiller and evacuated to its saturated vapor pressure, the raw water boils and evaporates even with a slight heat input, and moves to a condensing section of lower temperature and lower pressure. The vacuum distillation apparatus has a low heat loss because it can be distilled near the ambient temperature by reducing the pressure inside the system in advance. Furthermore, it can be applied to a multi-effect type in which latent heat generated when steam condenses is reused.
The vacuum distiller can efficiently distill using solar heat even in a single stage. However, in order to increase the yield, it is difficult to recover radiation such as radiation on the heat collecting plate and the cost effectiveness of the equipment itself. Multi-utilization of is essential.
[0014]
The vacuum distillation apparatus developed in this study has very high distillation performance and excellent durability. The thermosiphon system used in this distiller uses water as the working fluid, but since the system is depressurized, the amount of heat collected by the solar panel can be efficiently transported at a low temperature. In addition, a cooling effect that lowers the panel temperature can be expected by using cooler cooling water.
[0015]
The agglomeration part, cooling part, and evaporation part are integrated to reduce the number of parts and heat loss.
In order to reduce the flow resistance of the steam, the distance between the evaporating part and the condensing part was shortened, and a counterplate was used instead of a demister to prevent entrainment of raw water. As the heat exchanger, an inexpensive vertical flat plate was adopted, and the members were made as thin as possible to reduce the weight.
[0016]
As a feature of this solar thermal distillation device,
(1) Since it is designed for seawater desalination, it can be enlarged.
(2) The inside of the evaporator can be cleaned.
(3) It is an autonomous system.
(4) There are almost no consumables.
(5) Easy maintenance.
(6) Since the structure is free from vacuum deaeration and sunlight, it can prevent the generation of seawater organisms.
[0017]
Yet another use is as a roof that surpasses heat. In summer, a cool place can be secured by the shadow of the leaves. Placing this panel in a space where trees cannot be planted or on the roof of a house can provide some cool space. Use of a part of building material as a wall or roof of a building such as a building or house can alleviate the temperature rise inside the building, reduce heat radiation such as external radiation, and reduce the burden on the environment Can provide buildings.
If applied to a house, the cooling load can be reduced, and if applied to a shopping street, it can contribute to reducing the cooling load of the shopping street and provide a natural comfortable space in the shopping street. If it is installed in a shopping street in Shinjuku or Shibuya, it will be useful as a countermeasure for heat island. It is also effective to apply to the roofs of park rest facilities, public toilets, stations and stops.
[0018]
A cooling tower can be applied to cool the condensing part, but a method of using the water as it is is also conceivable. On the other hand, it can be used conveniently for high temperature applications.
When the temperature of the condensing part rises, the inside of the panel becomes the saturated vapor pressure of water at that temperature, and the water temperature gradually increases by circulating water through the evaporating part and the condensing part. In this case, it seems that it becomes the same efficiency as a general heat collecting panel. Therefore, it can be mentioned as a feature that it can be used for both a general hot water collecting panel and a low temperature collecting panel.
In addition, this panel has another major feature in terms of improving the heat transport characteristics and power for circulating water. That is, when heat energy is applied to the water under reduced pressure in the panel, a very intense boiling occurs, and water is blown out in the panel, and the circulation automatically occurs. The result is that the inner wall of the panel piping always gets wet, and heat transfer is promoted along with the forced convection effect.
[0019]
Therefore, it is possible to use solar energy for heating and hot water supply by using a solar panel that can efficiently collect solar energy. We have invented a system that combines such a solar system and a heat pump, and confirmed its effectiveness through energy supply simulations for heating and hot water demand in homes.
[0020]
As shown in FIG. 4, the system diagram of the heating / hot water supply system is a system comprising a solar panel 401A, a hot water storage tank 402B, a heat storage tank 403C, a hot water supply heat pump 404D, and an air conditioning heat pump 405E. I need it.
Details of each component are described below, and a list of specifications is shown in Table 2. The decentralized power source and floor heating shown in Fig. 4 may be necessary depending on the region, but are not incorporated into the system in this report. Next, the system configuration will be described.
(1) Solar panel 401A
The closed system consisting of the evaporation section (solar panel) and the condensation section is depressurized to near the saturated vapor pressure to lower the boiling point of the working fluid (water, etc.). The working fluid is evaporated by a slight heat input to the evaporator, and the vapor moves to the condenser due to a slight pressure difference between the evaporator and the condenser. This makes it possible to quickly transport a large amount of heat as latent heat to the condensing unit with high efficiency.(2). This is called a vacuum evaporation method. By using the vacuum evaporation method, heat transport is possible near the atmospheric temperature, so heat loss to the environment is small and the panel temperature can be kept relatively low, so hybridization combined with solar cells can also be expected. .
In this simulation, the equations (1) and (2) describing the interaction between the evaporation side and the condensation side were prepared to control the latent heat transport in the vacuum evaporation method. As a result, when the amount of solar radiation is given as an input, latent heat transport is performed when there is a pressure difference of a certain degree or more, and heat is given to the condensing part, and when there is no sufficient pressure difference, Control used for temperature rise was performed.
・ When used to increase panel temperature
Pe <Pc + ΔP Formula (1)
→ Evaporation pressure increases due to panel temperature rise
・ When latent heat transport is performed
Pe> Pc + ΔP Formula (2)
→ The pressure on the condensing side rises due to heat input to the condensing side
The pressure on the evaporation side is Pe, the pressure on the condensation side is Pc, and the pressure loss between the evaporation part and the condensation part is ΔP. In this example, ΔP was set so that the evaporation side had a saturated vapor pressure at a temperature 2 ° C. higher than the condensation side temperature. Although it can be set to a higher temperature, it can be evaporated even at a low temperature difference, which is a very advantageous point in practical use.
Solar panels play two roles: heat storage and heating. In addition, there are a cooling load reduction by solar radiation shielding effect and a snow melting effect at the time of snow accumulation.
In the vacuum evaporation method, the size of the condensing capacity dominates the performance, and careful design of the condensing part is important. In this system, there are two media, water and air, as cooling means for the condensing part. A pipe is passed through the condensing part, and the water in the heat storage tank is circulated inside the condensing part to condense with a slight temperature difference from the steam flowing in from the evaporating part. The circulating water that has received the latent heat of condensation undergoes heat exchange via the hot water storage tank (may not pass through), and then returns to the heat storage tank for heat storage. On the other hand, steam is condensed on the outside of the condensing part by a forced cooling effect by outside air using a fan. At this time, if the air heated by obtaining the latent heat of condensation is available for heating, it is taken into the room and heated.
In addition to this, it is possible to use it as heating by taking in the heat of the air layer between the solar panel and the roof by a fan.
(2) Hot water storage tank 402B
Supply for hot water demand is from the hot water tank.
As a means for heating the hot water storage tank, there are a part obtained by exchanging heat of the circulating water between the condenser and the heat storage tank, and a part heated by a heat pump for hot water supply.
For example, control is performed by heating about 300 L of hot water to 60 ° C at midnight (2 to 5 o'clock), and keeping about 200 L of hot water at 60 ° C at all other times. Do the driving.
(3) Thermal storage tank 403C
The water in the heat storage tank is circulated to the condensing part to obtain solar heat and return to the heat storage tank to store heat. In order to efficiently exchange heat (condensate), the flow rate was changed according to the temperature of the solar panel (maximum 25 L / min). Also, stop water circulation when there is no solar radiation. Even when there is no demand for heating and hot water supply, it is circulated and stored when heat storage is necessary.
The heat stored in the heat storage tank is also used as a heat source for each heat pump. In addition, when heat is stored at a temperature higher than the environmental water temperature, it is possible to reduce the hot water supply load by supplying the hot water storage tank. The water volume is always 5 mThreeWater is supplied from city water so that it can be stored. Like the hot water tank, the heat storage tank was completely mixed and there was no temperature stratification.
(4) Heat pump (for air conditioning and hot water supply) (404D, 405E)
For air conditioning, the heat source that can be operated at a higher COP (coefficient of performance) is not limited, but an air heat source and a water heat source are practically easy. A water heat source was used for hot water supply.
Fig. 5 shows the COP characteristics based on theoretical calculations with a superheat of 8 ° C, a subcooling of 5 ° C, and a compressor efficiency of 65%. In this simulation, the COP characteristic of FIG. 5 was used, and the calculation was performed in consideration of a temperature difference of 10 ° C. at the time of heat exchange between the evaporation section and the condensation section.
[0021]
[Example 1]
FIG. 6 shows an outline of an indoor experimental apparatus for examining the heat transport characteristics of a high-efficiency low-temperature heat collecting heat transport panel using vacuum evaporation. This experimental apparatus is mainly composed of a heat collecting plate 601A, a header 602B, a condenser 603C, a wallet 604D with a cooling box, a water supply tank 605E, a circulating thermostat 606F, and a micro flow pump 607G. The piping connecting the header and the condenser was designed to reduce the flow resistance by shortening the distance and increasing the thickness.
a) Heat collecting plate 601A
The heat collecting plate is composed of an aluminum heat collecting plate and a copper phosphate pipe water pipe (φ9.52 × t0.4). The area of one heat collecting plate is 0.12 m2 As a heat source, a rubber heater is pressure-bonded to the heat collecting plate and covered with a heat insulating material.
b) Header 602B
The header is made of stainless steel and the outer shape is like a triangular prism. The interior is a gas-liquid separation and circulation path. A baffle plate is attached so that liquid splash due to bumping phenomenon on the heat collecting plate cannot move to the condensing part, and only the vapor moves to the condenser and condenses. Based on the mass of condensed pure water, the amount of heat transfer can be determined using tree heat generation.
c) Condenser 603C
The condensing part is a cylindrical copper pipe (φ150 × t 3) in which a 1/4 inch copper pipe of about 7 m is spirally enclosed. Condensing capacity is 1 kW / m of input heat2The length of the copper tube was designed so that the temperature difference between the evaporation section and the condensation section was sufficient to be within 1 ° C under the above conditions. The operating principle is as follows.
When the heat of the heater is applied to the heat collecting plate 601A, since the inside of the apparatus is depressurized, the working fluid evaporates at a low temperature and becomes steam and moves to the header 602B. Further, a bumping phenomenon occurs in the heat collecting copper plate, and the liquid and the steam pushed out of the liquid move to the header. The liquid circulates from the lower part of the header to the heat collecting plate inlet, and the steam moves from the upper part of the header to the condenser 603C and is condensed by the cooling water whose temperature is controlled in the circulating thermostat 606F. The condensate moves again to the heat collecting plate inlet, and the liquid is circulated. In this system, the non-condensable gas in the apparatus is exhausted, and the evaporation temperature of the working fluid can be lowered to near the ambient temperature. Since the working fluid circulates in a relatively low temperature state, heat loss to the environment can be suppressed. Moreover, since the latent heat of water is used for heat transport, a large amount of heat can be transported.
In the test method, water, which is a working fluid, is sealed in the apparatus, and cooling water flows around a condenser and a burette with a cooling box. After evacuating using a vacuum pump, wait until the temperature and pressure stabilize. Then, the measurement is started at the same time as giving a certain amount of heat with a heater. Two hours after the start of measurement, the amount of heat transferred due to latent heat is measured with a burette with a cooling box, and the amount of liquid transferred from the header due to bumping is also measured.
The measurement target and measurement location by the thermocouple are 26 points every 40 mm in the flow direction on the copper tube surface of the heat collecting plate, one point just before the inlet to the heat collecting plate, one point at the outlet of the condenser, There are one coolant inlet and one outlet, four heat collecting plate surfaces, and two heat collecting part surfaces. A pressure gauge is attached to the top of the header to measure the internal pressure. The evaporating temperature is the international equation of state of water (A. Pruβ and W. Wagner., Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur das fluide Zustandsgebiet von Wasser fur Temperaturen von der Schmelzlinie bis zu 1273 K bei Drucken bis zu 1000 MPa, Fortshr.-Ber. 6, No. 320 (VDI, Dusseldorf, 1995); 1999 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers steam table, (1999). Table 1 shows the test conditions conducted this time.
[Table 1]
: Test condition of the device of Fig. 6 (Experimental condition)
Figure 0003886045
To summarize the results of the above experiment,
a) About each measurement
Based on the experimental results, the input heat amount is 400 W / m.2FIG. 7 to FIG. 9 show the sealing rate of 50% and FIGS. 10 to 12 show the sealing rate of 75% under the condition of the cooling water temperature of 20 ° C. 7 and 10 show the temperature at the uppermost end, the lowermost end of the copper tube located at the center of the heat collecting plate, the temperature immediately before the inlet, the condenser outlet temperature, the collector surface temperature, the ambient temperature, and the time from the start of measurement. 8 and 10 show the copper pipe surface temperature and measurement time from the bottom end of the heat collecting plate, and FIGS. 9 and 12 show the temperature distribution from 167 minutes to 177 minutes at the five points on the copper pipe surface. It is shown. 7 and 10, the temperatures are stabilized about 60 minutes after the start of measurement, and the bottom end temperature of the heat collecting plate is always higher than the top end temperature of the heat collecting plate in a steady state. In addition, the heat collection plate uppermost end temperature and lowermost end temperature are lower and the temperature fluctuation width is smaller and more stable when 75% is lower than the enclosure rate of 50%. 8 and 11, the copper tube surface temperature is higher on the liquid side than on the steam side. In FIGS. 9 and 12, it was confirmed that each of the measurement temperatures increased at a certain rate and decreased at both the encapsulation rates of 50% and 75%.
These results show that the temperature inside the copper tube rises due to the amount of heat input to the heater, the bubbles generated in the fine dents on the surface disengage, suddenly expand to the full inner diameter of the pipe, and the upper liquid layer looks like a film This is due to the bumping phenomenon that bubbles burst when they become thinner. The liquid is pushed up by bumping and a thin liquid film is formed on the vapor side. At the same time, the liquid evaporates and the latent heat is taken away. Therefore, the vapor side temperature drops rapidly, and the temperature is considered to be lower than the liquid side. Also, the liquid side has a lower temperature rise rate than the steam side due to the presence of water, but the liquid in the heat collecting plate moves to the header due to bumping, and the liquid near the ambient temperature circulates to the heat collecting plate, and the liquid temperature is It seems that it is descending. Furthermore, at 50%, bumping occurs once in about 3 minutes, and 18 g of liquid moves. Compared to that, 75% occurs 4 or 5 times per minute, and 4g of liquid moves by one bumping and stable bumping occurs, so the temperature fluctuation is considered to be small.
8 and 11, the temperature distribution on the liquid side is in the form of an arc, and the temperature is more stable at 75% than the 50% encapsulation rate in the central part, but the maximum temperature on the liquid side is I understand that it is expensive. This is because when the circulating working fluid water flows in from the bottom end of the heat collecting plate, a certain amount of heat is input in the copper tube, so the copper tube surface and the temperature of the liquid move as it moves upward. Will rise. However, boiling is frequently performed near the evaporation surface, and the input heat is used as the latent heat for evaporation, so the copper tube surface and liquid are cooled and the temperature drops as it moves to the evaporation surface. Seem.
The initial pressure was 2.1 kPa at a cooling water temperature of 20 ° C, and it rose to 2.3 kPa immediately after the start of the experiment, and was stable at 2.3 kPa during the measurement, confirming that the condenser has sufficient condensing capacity. .
b) Coefficient of performance
Equation (3) for obtaining the coefficient of performance η is shown below.
Formula (3)
Figure 0003886045
η: Coefficient of performance Teva: Evaporation temperature [° C]: Distilled mass [kg / s]
Tin: Temperature just before the heat collecting plate inlet [℃]
CP (T): Specific heat at constant pressure [kJ / (kg · K)] Qin: Input heat [W]
Δh: latent heat of vaporization at evaporation temperature [kJ / kg](Five)
Using Equation (3), Fig. 13 shows a comparison of the coefficient of performance due to the difference in cooling water temperature when the filling rate is 50%, and Fig. 14 shows a comparison of the coefficient of performance due to the difference in filling rate when the cooling water temperature is 20 ° C. It was. It can be seen that the coefficient of performance is higher for each input heat quantity when the cooling water temperature is 20 ° C compared to 25 ° C. This is because, under the condition where the cooling water temperature is 25 ° C., the ambient temperature is 25 ° C., so the condensation is also performed in the header, and the amount of steam moving to the condenser is small. When the cooling water temperature is 20 ° C., the cooling water is lower than the environmental temperature, so that it is understood that the cooling water absorbs heat from the environment and is highly efficient as a whole. In many cases, the coefficient of performance exceeds 1. Moreover, since a thin liquid film exists on the surface of the vapor-side copper tube due to bumping, it is conceivable that evaporation is performed not only from the evaporation surface but also from the inner surface of the vapor-side copper tube. It is also conceivable that the liquid remaining in the header evaporates due to bumping, and the evaporation is also performed in the liquid reservoir below the header. Further, it is conceivable that the steam speed is increased because the steam is pushed out through the header to the condenser by bumping.
Although there was no difference in the coefficient of performance due to the difference in the encapsulation rate, it became clear that 75% was more stable than 50%.
From the above results, the following conclusions were obtained.
(1) For solar panels using vacuum evaporation, an efficiency of 90% or more was obtained at a cooling water temperature of 20 ° C.
(2) The occurrence rate of bumping varies depending on the difference in enclosure rate, and thereby the temperature distribution of the heat collecting plate is determined.
[0022]
[Example 2]
In a solar-powered multi-effect vacuum distillation unit, when raw water is put into a closed distiller and evacuated to its saturated vapor pressure, the raw water boils and evaporates even with a slight heat input, and moves to a condensing section of lower temperature and lower pressure. To do. The vacuum distillation apparatus has a low sensible heat loss because it can be distilled near the ambient temperature by reducing the pressure inside the system in advance. Furthermore, it can be applied to a multi-effect type in which latent heat generated when steam condenses is reused.
For evaluation of distillation performance, a distillation performance coefficient (COPD) indicating the efficiency of distillation and water conductivity (EC) are used. The definition formula (4) of COPD is as follows.
Formula (4)
Figure 0003886045
L [kJ ・ kg-1]: Evaporation latent heat
ΣMout [kg ・ m-2・ Day-1]: Distillation yield
ΣQin [kJ ・ m-2・ Day-1]: Total solar radiation on inclined surfaces
The operation method is shown below.
(1) The raw water is injected into the heat collecting section, evaporation section, and raw water tank.
(2) Seal and evacuate to the saturated vapor pressure of raw water.
(3) Measure the temperature and pressure of each part with sunrise.
(4) The inside of the still is evacuated as appropriate.
(5) After the operation is completed, the distiller is opened to the atmosphere, and the yield and electrical conductivity of distilled water are measured.
The vacuum distillation apparatus can perform distillation using solar heat efficiently even in a single stage.
In consideration of losses that are difficult to recover, such as radiation on the heat collector, and the cost effectiveness of the equipment itself, we have developed a new compact two-stage distiller with the aim of multiple effects to increase yield.
The main design is
(1) Evaporation part, condensing part and cooling part are integrated to reduce the number of parts and heat loss.
(2) In order to reduce the flow resistance of the steam, the distance between the evaporating part and the condensing part was shortened, and a return plate was used instead of a demister as a countermeasure against entrainment of raw water.
(3) An inexpensive vertical flat plate was adopted as the heat exchanger.
(4) The member was thinned to the limit to reduce the weight.
Particularly important in the design is the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger.
An outline of the two-stage distiller is shown in FIG. This system is composed of a heat collecting plate 1501A, an evaporator 1502B, a condenser 1503C, a distilled water tank 1504D, a raw water tank 1505E, a vacuum pump 1506F, a cooling water circulation pump 1507G, a solar radiation meter 1508H, a pressure gauge 1509J, a thermocouple 1510K, and a data logger 1511L. Is done. In the raw water tank which is the final cooling part of the system, the cooling water was discharged to the upper part of the final cooling part using a circulation pump to promote heat transfer. Moreover, the cooling part temperature stratification is reduced by circulating the water of the cooling part. In order to prevent the splash of raw water from entering the condensing part, a return plate is installed in the steam channel.
The vacuum pump for reducing the pressure inside the system is an oil rotary vacuum pump (200 W, ultimate pressure 6.7 × 10-2 Two types, Pa) and a diaphragm vacuum pump (150 W, ultimate pressure 1 kPa) were used. In the winter when the initial temperature of the raw water is low, the former is advantageous because it can exhaust to a lower pressure, but additional oil filtration equipment and periodic pump oil replacement are required, and the latter is easier to maintain. .
The capacity of each part can be evacuated in about 20 minutes with the first-stage raw water 18 L steam 30 L and the second-stage raw water 47 L steam 42 L.
Actual machine tests using this device were conducted from November 2001 to January 2002, and in July 2002. 16 shows the amount of solar radiation and the temperature change of each part during the operation on July 12, 2002. As solar radiation increases, distillation is performed while ensuring a temperature difference of 2 to 3 ° C in each stage. This means that the temperature difference of water in the saturated state acts as a pressure difference as it is, and the steam is constantly moving to the condensing part where the temperature is lower and the pressure is lower. However, in the afternoon, solar radiation begins to decrease, and the temperature of the raw water tank rises, eliminating the temperature difference.
Uda et al.'S two-stage distiller with all actual machine test results[3]FIG. 17 is plotted together with FIG. The distillation performance of this apparatus was equivalent to or slightly inferior to that of a distillation apparatus using a horizontal circular tube group of Uda et al.
The reason why the distillation performance is low when a diaphragm vacuum pump is used is that the raw water cannot be decompressed to a saturated state, the evaporation temperature rises and heat loss occurs.
[0023]
[Example 3]
Based on the experimental results of a small two-stage distiller and glass indoor laboratory equipment, the following goals were set in order to develop a low-cost and higher-performance distillation system, and a multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus was designed and manufactured. went.
(1) The structure of the main body of the still is further simplified, and the distillation performance close to that of a large three-stage still (Nishikawa et al., 1997) is 10 kg · m-2・ Day-1Achieve economically.
(2) The design should be suitable for mass production and easy to produce on a scale that meets the needs.
(3) Utilizing the knowledge confirmed by the indoor laboratory equipment made of glass, consider a structure that maximizes condensation capacity and maximizes it.
(4) Since it will be used under conditions close to vacuum, it should have a structure that is lightweight and resistant to negative pressure.
The structure of the multi-effect vacuum still is shown in FIG. The structure of the main body of the distiller is as shown in FIG.
The basic principle and peripheral equipment of a multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus are almost the same as the conventional distillation system. On the other hand, the main body of the distiller is a rectangular parallelepiped, and it has been improved to an integrated structure in which the upper part is partitioned by an evaporating part and the lower part is divided by a condensing part by a screen-like heat transfer plate.
This heat transfer plate is an inclined flat plate heat exchanger, has the same structure as that of corrugated cardboard, and is also a reinforcing material against negative pressure applied to the still. The effective heat transfer area of the inclined flat plate is 2.9 m2And more than twice the heat transfer performance of conventional machines (small two-stage distillers, this research), and almost completely deformed due to negative pressure during operation, which was a problem with two-stage distillers I was able to suppress it.
In addition, the liquid level of the heat collecting and evaporating parts is significantly increased from that of conventional machines to promote evaporation.
Although this apparatus uses a cooling tower in the final cooling section, it can be operated even with running water such as a river in a practical stage.
The number of utility stages can be multistage such as 2, 3,..., And in practical use, the final number of utility stages is determined from the balance between initial investment and efficiency. In addition, by directly connecting the first stage condenser and the bottom of the heat collecting plate, raw water can be prevented from entering the heat collecting part, which is relatively susceptible to corrosion. Can be changed.
From the above results, it has been clarified that a multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus that is inexpensive and excellent in performance is possible.
[0024]
[Example 4]
The simulation at the time of applying this invention to a house is shown. Table 2 shows a list of specifications of the heating / cooling / hot water supply system used. An energy demand model was created for a detached house with a family of four. Details of the setting are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Table 5 shows the environmental information used in the demand creation and the simulation calculation. The time of the month was calculated for February 2000, the coldest season in Tokyo.
In addition, the amount of solar radiation and temperature were estimated from actual measurements (Japan Meteorological Agency Annual Report 2000) and theoretical formulas. As the underground temperature, the annual average temperature in 2000 was 16.9 ° C.
[Table 2]
: Specification of this system
Figure 0003886045
[Table 3]
: Housing setting condition table (Structure information)
Figure 0003886045
[Table 4]
: Resident setting condition table (Member information)
Figure 0003886045
[Table 5]
: Environmental setting condition table (Meteorological information)
Figure 0003886045
FIG. 19 shows the load pattern according to time on February 1 from the result of energy demand model creation.
Here, for the sake of convenience, the target house of the energy demand model was considered as one room, and an energy supply simulation was performed.
Based on the control described in the system overview, a system simulation was performed every minute for the energy demand given every hour. The calculation results were arranged every hour. In addition, the heat loss in piping between each component apparatus is calculated using a simplified formula. Pump power is estimated from shaft power, and fan power is estimated from power consumption for each air volume.
The initial condition of the calculation is the temperature of the solar panel as the ambient water temperature.ThreeIt was supposed to be.
The simulation results are shown below. As the baseline for system evaluation, we assumed the same air conditioner and gas water heater with 90% thermal efficiency as in this simulation. In addition, the primary energy conversion of primary energy consumption was calculated assuming that the power generation efficiency at the end of commercial power consumption was 40%.
FIG. 20 shows the heating demand and the amount of heat supplied by the air conditioner. The difference between the two is the solar panel condensation latent heat recovery using the outside air and the heating effect by the heat recovery of the air layer between the roof and the solar panel, which corresponds to the solar energy contribution.
When the amount of solar radiation is small, the contribution of solar energy is small, and heating is mainly supplied by air conditioners. However, solar energy could supply up to 35% of heating demand and 23% on average per month.
In addition, the heat storage tank (HST: Heat Storage Tank) or the atmosphere can be selected as the heat source of the air conditioner, but as a result, most of the results depended on the heat storage tank. By securing a heat source 15-30 ° C higher than the outside air temperature, the COP of the air conditioner was able to operate efficiently with a maximum exceeding 10. As a result, power consumption was reduced by up to 78% and monthly average of 70%.
FIG. 21 shows the hot water supply demand and the amount of heat supplied by the hot water supply heat pump. As indicated by the broken line in FIG. 21, the heat storage tank temperature is 20 ° C. higher on average than the environmental water temperature. It can be seen that the actual hot water supply heat quantity is reduced by 30 to 50% because the water supply is performed at a temperature higher than the environmental water temperature (the difference between the demand and the supply quantity in the figure).
In addition, since the heat storage tank is used as the heat source of the heat pump, as in the case of heating, the COP of the heat pump is high efficiency operation of 3.0 or more, maximum 4.2.
As a result, primary energy consumption was also reduced by up to 81% and a monthly average of 71%.
System evaluation
When configuring this system, we considered the power of two fans and three pumps. The primary energy consumption for one month was calculated, and the system was evaluated by comparing the conventional system with this system as shown in FIG. As a result, we were able to reduce the maximum by 79% and the monthly average by 70% compared to the conventional system.
Table 6 shows the results of evaluating the effects of introducing this system in terms of primary energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and operation costs. The CO2 emission intensity used at that time was 0.106 kg-C / kWh based on the total power source for power and 0.0139 kg-C / MJ for gas. In addition, the operating cost was calculated by converting electricity to 15.58 yen / kWh and gas to 2.8 yen / MJ.
[Table 6]
: Economical effect by introducing the new system
Figure 0003886045
[0025]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, a high-efficiency low-temperature heat collecting solar panel that can efficiently use solar energy, which is natural energy, was developed, and a system for a multi-effect vacuum distillation using this was established to provide water for drinking and agriculture Establish a residential heating and hot water supply system that can stably supply safe water to areas where resources are polluted or scarce, and use low-temperature heat collection and heat transport panels based on the same principle to ensure that solar heat, It can contribute to the reduction of cooling load such as removing unpleasant heat load, and to the prevention of depletion of energy resources and global warming.
Furthermore, the cooling device, which is the biggest problem in miniaturization of computers and the like, can be a system without energy consumption, and can contribute to the construction of an information society in the future.
[Brief description of the drawings]
[Fig.1]: Mechanism of high-efficiency heat transport system using vacuum evaporation
Figure 2: Condenser structure
[Figure 3] The principle of multi-effect solar still
[Fig.4]: Combined heating / cooling / hot-water supply system using high-efficiency low-temperature solar panels (System diagram)
[Figure 5]: Theoretical COP of heat pump
Fig. 6: High efficiency using vacuum evaporationLow temperature heat transportPanel of the indoor apparatus
[Fig. 7]: Temperature variation of solar collector (heat input 400 W / m2, filling rate 50%)
[Fig. 8]: Measurement temperature diagram of each part when the encapsulation rate of the device of Fig. 6 is 50% (Temperature variation of copper tube (heat input 400 W / m2, filling rate 50%))
[Fig. 9]: Measurement temperature diagram of each part when the encapsulation rate of the device of Fig. 6 is 50% (Temperature variation of copper tube (heat input 400 W / m2, filling rate 50%))
[Fig. 10]: Temperature variation of each part when the filling rate of the device of Fig. 6 is 75% (Temperature variation of solar collector (hea input 400 W / m2, filling rate 75%))
[Fig. 11]: Temperature measurement of each part when the filling rate of the device of FIG. 6 is 75% (Temperature variation of copper tube (heat input 400 W / m2, filling rate 75%))
[Fig. 12]: Measurement temperature diagram of each part of the device of FIG. 6 when the encapsulation rate is 75% (Temperature variation of copper tube (heat input 400 W / m2, filling rate 75%))
[Figure 13] Comparison of coefficient of performance in 50% filling rate and cooling water temperature difference (Comparison of variation in efficiency (filling rate 50%))
[Fig.14] Comparison of coefficient of performance (cooling water at 20 ° C)
FIG. 15: Schematic configuration of a two-stage distiller (Setup of the double-effect still)
[Fig. 16]: Measurement of solar radiation on test day and temperature of equipment (Isolation and temperature variations of the double-effect solar still in July 19,2002)
[Figure 17]: The performance comparison of the double-effect stills
Fig. 18: Schematic configuration of multi-effect vacuum still (Setup of multi-effect solar still)
[Figure 19]: Daily energy addition pattern of a house on February 1, 2000 (Demand pattern (on 1 February 2000))
Fig. 20: Simulation results for heating supply
FIG. 21: Simulation results for hot water supply
Fig. 22: Comparison of primary energy consumption between this system and conventional system

Claims (5)

太陽熱集熱部、減圧機、ヘッダー、凝縮器を備え、各機器を連結して熱媒体を循環させる熱媒体循環経路を形成した低温集熱輸送システムであって、
熱媒体循環経路は、傾斜して設置された集熱部の上部とヘッダーを介して凝縮器と連結し、該凝縮器と前記集熱部の下部と連結する経路と、ヘッダーから分岐して前記の凝縮器と集熱部の下部と連結する経路の途中に連接された分岐経路を備えており、
ヘッダーは、集熱部で発生する突沸による気液混合物から液を分離して前記分岐経路へ液を流す邪魔板を設けて、
熱媒体循環経路を減圧にして気液両状態の熱媒体を利用し、かつ循環経路を備えたことを特徴とする低温集熱熱輸送システム。
A low-temperature heat collection and transportation system comprising a solar heat collection section, a decompressor, a header, and a condenser, and connecting each device to form a heat medium circulation path for circulating the heat medium,
The heat medium circulation path is connected to the condenser via the header and the upper part of the heat collecting part installed at an inclination, and is connected to the condenser and the lower part of the heat collecting part. A branch path connected in the middle of the path connecting the condenser and the lower part of the heat collecting part,
The header is provided with a baffle plate that separates the liquid from the gas-liquid mixture due to bumping generated in the heat collecting part and flows the liquid to the branch path,
A low-temperature heat collection heat transport system characterized in that the heat medium circulation path is depressurized and a heat medium in both gas and liquid states is used and a circulation path is provided.
熱媒体循環経路を減圧にして気液両状態の熱媒体を利用し、かつ循環経路を備えた低温集熱熱輸送システムと多重効用型減圧蒸留器を用いた太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留システムであって、
多重効用型減圧蒸留器は、
熱交換器の伝熱板としてハニカム構造した傾斜平板熱交換器を用いるものであって、
該ハニカム構造は、傾斜平板熱交換器の傾斜方向にハニカムによって区分されており、上側の区分を蒸発部、下側区分を凝縮部としたものであって、
隣接する傾斜平板熱交換器の蒸発部と凝縮部とを蒸気が移動可能に連接した
ことを特徴とする太陽熱利用多重効用型減圧蒸留システム。
A solar-heated multi-effect vacuum distillation system using a low-temperature heat collection heat transport system with a circulation path and a multi-effect vacuum distillation system that uses a gas-liquid heat medium with the heat medium circulation path reduced in pressure. There,
The multi-effect vacuum still is
An inclined flat plate heat exchanger having a honeycomb structure is used as a heat transfer plate of the heat exchanger,
The honeycomb structure is divided by the honeycomb in the inclination direction of the inclined flat plate heat exchanger, the upper section is an evaporation section, and the lower section is a condensation section,
A solar-utilized multi-effect vacuum distillation system characterized in that steam is connected to an evaporation section and a condensation section of adjacent inclined flat plate heat exchangers so that the steam can move.
傾斜して設置された太陽熱集熱板と、
該太陽熱集熱板の上端部と上方部が連接する第1蒸発部と、該第1蒸発部の上方で蒸気が移動可能に連接する蒸留水槽を下部に備えた第1凝縮部からなる第1蒸留器、
前記第1凝縮部と気液の移動が遮断されて区分された第2蒸発部と該第2蒸発部の上方で蒸気が移動可能に連接する蒸留水槽を下部に備えた第2凝縮部からなる第2蒸留器を1〜複数連続して配置し、
最後の第2蒸留器に接して冷却部である原水槽を設けた多重効用型減圧蒸留器であって、
蒸発部と凝縮部及び原水槽の各間の仕切はハニカム構造を有する伝熱板であって、
第1蒸留器から原水槽まで一体に構成されたものであって、
各凝縮部には真空ポンプが連接されていること
を特徴とする一体型多重効用型蒸留器。
Inclined solar heat collecting plate,
A first evaporating unit in which an upper end portion and an upper portion of the solar heat collecting plate are connected to each other, and a first condensing unit having a distilled water tank connected in a lower portion to which steam is movable above the first evaporating unit. Distiller,
The first condensing unit and the second condensing unit are provided with a second condensing unit having a lower portion provided with a second evaporating unit separated from the gas-liquid movement and a distilled water tank connected to the upper part of the second evaporating unit so that steam can move. 1 to a plurality of second distillers are arranged in succession,
A multi-effect vacuum distillation apparatus provided with a raw water tank as a cooling unit in contact with the last second distillation apparatus,
The partition between each of the evaporation section, the condensation section and the raw water tank is a heat transfer plate having a honeycomb structure,
It is constructed integrally from the first distiller to the raw water tank,
An integral multi-effect distiller characterized in that a vacuum pump is connected to each condensing part.
蒸発部と凝縮部の蒸気が移動する連通部に原水飛沫の返し板を設けたことを特徴とする請求項3記載の一体型多重効用型蒸留器。  4. The integrated multi-effect distiller according to claim 3, wherein a return plate for splashing the raw water is provided at the communicating portion where the vapor of the evaporating portion and the condensing portion moves. 請求項1記載の低温集熱熱輸送システム、貯湯槽、給湯用ヒートポンプ、空調用ヒートポンプとからなることを特徴とする複合的暖房・給湯システム。  A combined heating / hot water supply system comprising the low-temperature heat collecting heat transport system according to claim 1, a hot water storage tank, a hot water supply heat pump, and an air conditioning heat pump.
JP2002321912A 2002-11-06 2002-11-06 High-efficiency low-temperature heat collection panel and its heat transport system Expired - Fee Related JP3886045B2 (en)

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