JP3846949B2 - Toner production method - Google Patents

Toner production method Download PDF

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JP3846949B2
JP3846949B2 JP31646496A JP31646496A JP3846949B2 JP 3846949 B2 JP3846949 B2 JP 3846949B2 JP 31646496 A JP31646496 A JP 31646496A JP 31646496 A JP31646496 A JP 31646496A JP 3846949 B2 JP3846949 B2 JP 3846949B2
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water
toner
emulsion
solvent
insoluble
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JPH10161344A (en
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敏 竹澤
厚紀 皆川
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Fujifilm Business Innovation Corp
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Fuji Xerox Co Ltd
Fujifilm Business Innovation Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は電子写真複写機、電子写真プリンタや静電記録装置などの複写機、プリンタ用のトナーの製造方法に関する。
電子写真法としては光導電性絶縁体(感光体ドラムなど)上に一様な静電荷を与え、様々な手段により該光導電性絶縁体上に光像を照射することによって静電潜像を形成し、次いで、該潜像をトナーと呼ばれる微粉末を用いて現像可視化し、紙等にトナー画像を転写した後に定着させ、印刷物を得る方法が一般的である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電子写真法に用いるトナーとしては、従来より天然または合成高分子物質よりなるバインダー樹脂中に染料、カーボンブラックなどの着色剤等を分散させたものを1〜30μm程度に微粉砕した粒子が用いられていた。
近年、電子写真において高解像度化の要求が高まるにつれて、高解像度化に有利な小粒径トナーの簡易な製造方法である重合法が盛んに検討されている。例えば特開昭51−14895号、特開昭57−53756号には懸濁重合法によるトナー製造方法が、特開昭60−220358号、特開昭63−205665号には乳化重合法によるトナー製造方法が、さらに特開平3−229268号には分散重合によるトナー製造方法が、特開昭60−258203号には二段階膨潤重合法によるトナー製造法がそれぞれ提案されている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記の中で、最も一般的な重合トナー製造方法である懸濁重合法は、予め水中で目的とするトナーの粒子径、粒径分布にそったモノマエマルジョンを調製し、これを加熱重合して樹脂粒子(トナー)化するものである。最終的に得られるトナーの粒径、粒径分布はモノマエマルジョン調製工程で決定されるため、高解像度化に有利な、より小粒径で粒径分布が揃ったトナーを得るためには、入念なモノマエマルジョンの調製が必要である。特に、量産を行う場合、大量のモノマエマルジョンを入念に調製する必要があり、多量のエネルギを消費することが問題であった。
【0004】
また、一般に懸濁重合では、水中でモノマ相を分割してエマルジョン化するため、必然的に粒径分布がややブロードになる問題もある。これに対して、粒径分布が揃ったエマルジョンを調製する目的で、膜乳化法、ノズル振動法などとよばれる乳化方法が開発され、比較的粒径分布の揃ったエマルジョンが調製されているが、現状ではいずれも量産処理は困難な状況にある。
【0005】
以上述べた通り、比較的粒径分布が揃ったトナー粒子を簡易に製造する製造方法の開発が望まれていた。
本発明の目的は、粒度分布が比較的均一なトナーの簡易な製造方法を提供することにある。
また、粒径分布が比較的均一な、可塑剤、離型剤を含んだトナーの簡易な製造方法を提供することにある。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の構成は、懸濁重合法でトナーを作製する際の、モノマエマルジョンの調製にあたり、予め調製した実質上水不溶性の溶剤エマルジョンにおいて、その微分散した溶剤にモノマを吸収させてエマルジョンの粒径を成長させた後、加熱重合を行い、トナー粒子を得るものである。
【0007】
前記実質上水不溶性の溶剤として、可塑剤、離型剤として作用する溶剤を用いることで、可塑剤、離型剤を含んだトナーを得ることができる。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
この方法によれば、モノマの1/10〜1/100程度の少量の水不溶性溶剤をエマルジョン化するだけでよく、多量のモノマを目的とするトナーの粒径、粒径分布に到達するまで入念にエマルジョン化する必要がないため、特に、量産においては工程を簡略化できる。
【0009】
また、一般に膜乳化法、ノズル振動法などと呼ばれる、比較的粒径分布が揃ったエマルジョンを調製できる方法により溶剤エマルジョンを調製すれば、溶剤エマルジョンはその粒径分布の均一性を保ったまま、モノマを吸収して成長するため、比較的粒径分布が揃ったトナーを製造することが可能となる。
さらに、溶剤として可塑剤、離型剤として作用する溶剤を選択すれば、可塑剤、離型剤を含有したトナーを製造することができる。
【0010】
またさらに、溶剤中に実質上水不溶性の着色剤成分を含有させておけば、着色剤成分を含有したトナーを製造することができる。
本発明の方法により、水不溶性溶剤のエマルジョンがモノマを吸収して成長する理由は必ずしも明らかでないが、以下のような考察が可能である。水中に水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンと、モノマのような若干水への溶解性を示す物質のエマルジョンが混在した場合、水中に溶解した若干水への溶解性を示す物質(モノマ)は水不溶性溶剤エマルジョン、およびモノマエマルジョン両方に再吸収される可能性がある。しかし、一旦水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンに吸収されたモノマはラウール則に示される通り、その水溶解度が低下するため、水相に再溶出しにくくなり、最終的には全てのモノマが水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンに吸収される。
(本発明の好適な材料)
▲1▼水不溶性溶剤
水不溶性溶剤としては、比較的低分子量で、実質上水不溶性の溶剤であれば良く、その種類は特に制限されるものではないが、本発明に用いることのできる重合性単量体との相溶性が高いものが望ましい。さらに、トナーの定着性を高める目的で可塑剤、離型剤として作用するものが望ましい。これらの水不溶性溶剤としては、塩化ラウリルなどのハロゲン化アルキル類、フタル酸ジブチルなどのフタル酸エステル類、アジピン酸ジオクチルなどの脂肪酸エステル類、リン酸トリクレジルなどのリン酸エステル類、シリコーンオイルなどがある。
【0011】
これらは、単独もしくは混合して用いることができる。
通常、これらの水不溶性溶剤の量は重合性単量体の1/5〜1/1000重量倍、より好ましくは1/10〜1/300量倍程度である。
▲2▼重合性単量体
水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンに吸収させる重合性単量体としては、一分子中にエチレン性不飽和結合を一つ有するモノマであればよく、スチレン、o−メチルスチレン、m−メチルスチレン、p−メチルスチレン、p−メトキシスチレン、p−フェニルスチレン、p−クロルスチレン、3,4−ジクロルスチレン、p−エチルスチレン、2,4−ジメチルスチレン、p−n−ブチルスチレン、p−tert−ブチルスチレン、p−n−ノニルスチレン、p−n−オクチルスチレン、p−n−ヘキシルスチレン、p−n−ドデシルスチレン等のスチレンおよびその誘導体。エチレン、プロピレン、ブチレン、イソブチレン等のエチレン不飽和モノオレフィン類。塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、臭化ビニル、フッ化ビニル等のハロゲン化ビニル類。酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、ベンゾイル酸ビニル等のビニルエステル類。メタクリル酸メチル、メタクリル酸エチル、メタクリル酸プロピル、メタクリル酸n−ブチル、メタクリル酸イソブチル、メタクリル酸n−オクチル、メタクリル酸ドデシル、メタクリル酸−2−エチルヘキシル、メタクリル酸ステアリル、メタクリル酸フェニル、メタクリル酸ジメチルアミノエチル、メタクリル酸ジエチルアミノエチル等のα−メチレン脂肪酸モノカルボン酸エステル類。アクリル酸メチル、アクリル酸エチル、アクリル酸n−ブチル、アクリル酸イソブチル等のアクリル酸エステル類。ビニルメチルエーテル、ビニルエチルエーテル、ビニルイソブチルエーテル等のビニルエーテル類。ビニルメチルケトン、ビニルヘキシルケトン、メチルイソプロペニルケトン等のビニルケトン類。N−ビニルピロール、N−ビニルカルバゾール、N−ビニルインドール、N−ビニルピロリドン等のn−ビニル化合物。ビニルナフタリン類。アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリル、アクリルアミド等のアクリル酸もしくはメタクリル酸誘導体等がある。
【0012】
これらは、単独もしくは混合して用いることができる。
また、分子量分布を制御する目的で単量体中に架橋剤、連鎖移動剤を添加してもよい。
架橋剤としては、一分子中に二個以上の不飽和二重結合を持つ化合物、例えばジビニルベンゼン、ジビニルナフタレンおよびその誘導体。エチレングリコールジメタクリレート、ジエチレングリコールジメタクリレートなどのジエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸エステル。ジビニルエーテル、N,N−ジビニルアニリンなどのジビニル化合物などが用いられる。これらは、単独もしくは混合して用いることができる。
【0013】
連鎖移動剤としては、t−ドデシルメルカプタン、t−デシルメルカプタン、t−テトラデシルメルカプタン、t−ヘキサデシルメルカプタンなどのメルカプタン系化合物、ジイソプロピルザントゲンジスルフィドなどのジスルフィド系化合物、クロロホルム、三塩化臭化メタン、四塩化炭素、四臭化炭素などのハロゲン系化合物、ジアゾチオエーテル系化合物などが挙げられる。
▲3▼重合開始剤
モノマを吸収して成長した水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンの重合に用いる重合開始剤には、水溶性開始剤、油溶性開始剤のいずれを用いてもよいが、水中での副生成粒子の発生を抑える点で、油溶性開始剤を用いることが好ましい。これらの重合開始剤としては、2,2′−アゾビス(2,4−ジメチルバレロニトリル)、2,2′−アゾビス(イソブチロニトリル)等のアゾ系化合物、過酸化ベンゾイル、過酸化ラウロイル等の過酸化物系化合物を用いることができる。通常、これらの重合開始剤の使用量は、単量体重量の約0.01〜10%(より好ましくは0.05〜7重量%)で充分である。
【0014】
また、水中での副生成粒子の発生を抑える目的で単量体油滴を重合する際に、水中にヒドロキノンなどの水溶性重合禁止剤を添加してもよい。
▲4▼懸濁安定剤
さらに、モノマを吸収して成長した水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンを重合する際、この油滴の安定性を高める目的で懸濁安定剤を用いることも可能である。これら懸濁安定剤としては、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、ゼラチン、メチルセルロースなどの親水性高分子、またはリン酸三カルシウム、硫酸バリウム、水酸化アルミニウム、シリカなどの非水溶性無機粉末、アニオン系、ノニオン系などの界面活性剤などを用いることが望ましい。
▲5▼着色剤
着色剤としては、疎水性の高いものであれば公知の染料、顔料がいずれも使用できる。黒色顔料としては、磁性粉、カーボンブラック等がある。黒色染料としてはニグロシン系化合物などが挙げられる。カラー染、顔料としては、アゾ系、キナクリドン系、アントラキノン系、フタロシアニン系、ベンジジン系など公知の染料、顔料が使用できる。
【0015】
さらに、トナー帯電特性の環境安定性を高める目的で帯電制御剤を添加しても良い。
(本発明の好適な手順)
▲1▼実質上水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンの調製
実質上水不溶性溶剤を界面活性剤の水溶液中に添加し、高速撹拌、加圧衝突、超音波照射などによりエマルジョン化する。この際、より粒径分布の揃ったエマルジョンを調製する目的で膜乳化法、ノズル振動法などによりエマルジョンを調製してもよい。
【0016】
最終的に得られるトナー粒子の粒径分布は、このエマルジョンの粒径分布に大きく影響される。このため、最終的に得られるトナーの粒径分布をより均一なものにしたい場合は、長時間の撹拌、または、膜乳化法、ノズル振動法などの一定の孔径を持つ部材から水不溶性溶剤を水相中に注入するなどの入念なエマルジョン化が必要となる。しかし、後からこのエマルジョンに対し、数百倍ものモノマを吸収させ粒子を成長させるので、調製するエマルジョンの量は非常に少量で良い。
【0017】
このエマルジョン中の溶剤の粒径は一般にサブミクロン〜数μm、好ましくは1〜3μmとする。粒径が3μmより大きいとトナー粒径が大きくなりすぎるか、トナー保持性が低下する。粒径が1μmより小さいとトナー粒径が小さくなりすぎるか、副生成微粉が増加して粒径分布がブロードとなる。
▲2▼水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへの重合性単量体の吸収
次に、前記水不溶性溶剤のエマルジョンに重合性単量体を吸収させる。これは、公知の様々な方法により可能である。通常、エマルジョン化したモノマを、前記水不溶性溶剤のエマルジョンに添加する方法が採られる。ここで、添加されたモノマは、一旦水中に溶出し、さらに水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンに析出する。このため、本発明においてモノマをエマルジョン化する理由は、モノマ−水の界面積を増やしモノマの溶出を促進することにあり、公知の懸濁重合のように得られるトナー粒子径、粒径分布を制御するためではない。よって、モノマエマルジョンの粒径、粒径分布を緻密に制御する必要はなく、簡易な乳化でよい。
【0018】
水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへのモノマ吸収に要する時間は、吸収させるモノマの量にもよるが、通常1〜3時間程度で十分である。
トナーの粒径としては一般に数〜十数μm、好ましくは5〜10μmが採用される。
▲3▼重 合
この後、必要に応じて懸濁安定剤、水溶性重合禁止剤などを添加したのち加熱重合を行う。この重合温度は一般に60〜100℃程度である。
▲4▼着 色
樹脂粒子の着色は公知の様々な方法によって行うことができる。例えば、特開昭60−258203、特開平5−222109号に示される様に、トナー表面に着色剤を静電吸着により付着させる着色法、特開平6−67467号、特開平6−59517号などに示される重合後の樹脂粒子を染着する着色法、重合後の粒子に乾式混合法により着色剤を固定化する着色法などいずれも適応できる。
【0019】
さらに、予め水不溶性溶剤中に水不溶性の着色剤を添加しておいても良い。
こうして、作成した着色樹脂粒子に必要に応じてシリカ、酸化チタンなどの無機粒子および/または樹脂粒子などを外添処理してトナーを完成させる。
【0020】
【実施例】
以下に本発明の実施例を示すが、本発明は以下の実施例により制限されるものではない。
(実施例1)
【表1】

Figure 0003846949
【0021】
次に、イオン交換水750重量部にラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1.5重量部を溶解させた後、前記モノマ相を投入し、ロータステータ型ホモジナイザで乳化させた。
さらに、前項▲1▼で調製したエマルジョン8重量部に前記モノマエマルジョンを投入し、室温で三時間緩やかに撹拌しながら、水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへモノマを吸収させた。この後、系を70℃に昇温し、8時間重合させた。
▲3▼樹脂粒子の着色、トナー化
重合後、この樹脂粒子分散液にMiketon Polyester Bleu 2RF(三井東圧染料製)4.0重量部を添加し、80℃で1時間処理し、粒子を染色した。
【0022】
染色後、粒子を水洗、乾燥し、体積平均粒径13μmのカラートナーを得た。このトナーのC.V.値(=標準偏差/平均粒径)は16%であり、かなり均一な粒径分布を示した。
(実施例2)
▲1▼水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンの作製
塩化ラウリル(和光純薬製)100重量部、油溶性染料SOT Pink−1(保土ヶ谷化学)5重量部を図1の容器1に投入した。また、容器2にイオン交換水1000重量部、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム2.0重量部を混合して水系媒体とし、モジュール3中の多孔質ガラスパイプ4(細孔径0.5μm、10φ×235mm)内を通して循環させた。続いて、容器1内を窒素ガスにより加圧してモノマ混合物を多孔質ガラスパイプの外側から水系媒体側に圧入して、エマルジョンを形成した。
▲2▼水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへのモノマの吸収、重合
スチレン(和光純薬)60重量部、アクリル酸nブチル(和光純薬)15重量部、アゾ系重合開始剤V−65(和光純薬)4.5重量部を混合し、モノマ相とした。
【0023】
次に、イオン交換水750重量部にラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1.5重量部を溶解させた後、前記モノマ相を投入し、ロータステータ型ホモジナイザで乳化させた。
さらに、前項▲1▼で調製したエマルジョン15重量部に前記モノマエマルジョンを投入し、室温で三時間緩やかに撹拌しながら、水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへモノマを吸収させた。この後、系を70℃に昇温し、10時間重合させた。
【0024】
重合後、粒子を水洗、乾燥し、体積平均粒径8.4μmのカラートナーを得た。このトナーのC.V.値は18%であり、かなり均一な粒径分布を示した。
(実施例3)
▲1▼水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンの作製
フタル酸ジブチル(和光純薬製)100重量部を図1の容器1に投入した。また、容器2にイオン交換水1000重量部、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム2.0重量部を混合して水系媒体とし、モジュール3中の多孔質ガラスパイプ4(細孔径0.5μm、10φ×235mm)内を通して循環させた。続いて、容器1内を窒素ガスにより加圧してモノマ混合物を多孔質ガラスパイプの外側から水系媒体側に圧入して、エマルジョンを形成した。
▲2▼水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへのモノマの吸収、重合
スチレン(和光純薬)60重量部、アクリル酸nブチル(和光純薬)15重量部、アゾ系重合開始剤V−65(和光純薬)3重量部を混合し、モノマ相とした。
【0025】
次に、イオン交換水750重量部にラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1.5重量部を溶解させた後、前記モノマ相を投入し、ロータステータ型ホモジナイザで乳化させた。
さらに、前項▲1▼で調製したエマルジョン15重量部に前記モノマエマルジョンを投入し、室温で三時間緩やかに撹拌しながら、水不溶性溶剤エマルジョンへモノマを吸収させた。この後、系を70℃に昇温し、8時間重合させた。
▲3▼樹脂粒子の着色、トナー化
重合後、この樹脂粒子分散液にMiketon Polyester Brilliant Blue BG(三井東圧染料製)7.5重量部を添加し、80℃で1時間処理し、粒子を染色した。
【0026】
染色後、粒子を水洗、乾燥し、体積平均粒径8.6μmのカラートナーを得た。このトナーのC.V.値は18%であり、かなり均一な粒径分布を示した。
(実施例4)
フタル酸ジブチルの代わりにシリコーンオイルSH200−5cs(東レ・ダウコーニング製)100重量部を用いた以外は、実施例3と同様の方法により、体積平均粒径8.5μmのカラートナーを得た。このトナーのC.V.値は18%であり、かなり均一な粒径分布を示した。
(比較例1)
スチレン(和光純薬)60重量部、アクリル酸nブチル(和光純薬)15重量部、アゾ系重合開始剤V−65(和光純薬)3重量部を混合し、モノマ相とした。
【0027】
次に、イオン交換水750重量部にラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1.0重量部を溶解させた後、前記モノマ相を投入し、ロータステータ型ホモジナイザPHYSCO−TROLLER NS−60(SMT製)を用いて7500rpm で30分間乳化した。
この後、系を70℃に昇温し、10時間懸濁重合を行い、重合後、粒子を水洗、乾燥し、体積平均粒径5.5μmの懸濁重合樹脂粒子を得た。この粒子のC.V.値は30%であり、実施例の粒子に比べ、粒径分布がブロードであった。
【0028】
本比較例より、通常の懸濁重合では、本発明のような粒径分布が揃った粒子を得ることは困難であることがわかる。
(比較例2)
実施例1の塩化ラウリルの代わりにスチレンを用いた以外は、実施例1と全く同様にして、樹脂粒子の作製を試みた。しかし、得られた樹脂粒子は数μm〜数十μmまでブロードな粒径分布を示した。スチレンエマルジョンにモノマエマルジョンが吸収されなかったものと考えられる。
【0029】
本比較例より、モノマを吸収させるエマルジョンは、実質上水不溶性の溶剤エマルジョンでなくてはならないことが示される。
(印刷試験例1〜4)
実施例1〜4で作製したトナー100重量部に疎水性シリカH−2000(ヘキスト製)1.5重量部を外添処理し、トナーを製造した。
【0030】
この4種類のトナーをキャリアKTS−1(日立金属製)と混合してトナー濃度10wt%の現像剤をそれぞれ作製し、プリントパートナー8000J(富士通製改造品)に搭載し、印刷試験を行ったところ、いずれもチリの少ない良好な細線再現性を示した。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】実施例でエマルジョンを作製するのに用いた装置を示す。
【符号の説明】
1…分散相容器
2…連続相容器
3…膜乳化モジュール
4…多孔質ガラス
5…送液ポンプ
6…圧力計
7…窒素ボンベ[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic copying machine, a copying machine such as an electrophotographic printer and an electrostatic recording apparatus, and a method for producing toner for the printer.
In electrophotography, an electrostatic latent image is formed by applying a uniform electrostatic charge on a photoconductive insulator (such as a photosensitive drum) and irradiating the photoconductive insulator with a light image by various means. In general, the latent image is developed and visualized using a fine powder called toner, and the toner image is transferred to paper or the like and fixed to obtain a printed matter.
[0002]
[Prior art]
As a toner used in electrophotography, conventionally, particles obtained by finely pulverizing a binder resin made of a natural or synthetic polymer substance, such as a dye, a colorant such as carbon black, to about 1 to 30 μm, are used. It was.
In recent years, as the demand for higher resolution in electrophotography increases, a polymerization method, which is a simple method for producing a toner having a small particle diameter that is advantageous for higher resolution, has been actively studied. For example, JP-A-51-14895 and JP-A-57-53756 disclose a toner production method by suspension polymerization, and JP-A-60-220358 and JP-A-63-205665 disclose toner by an emulsion polymerization method. JP-A-3-229268 proposes a toner production method by dispersion polymerization, and JP-A-60-258203 proposes a toner production method by a two-stage swelling polymerization method.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Among the above, the suspension polymerization method, which is the most general method for producing a polymerized toner, is a method in which a monomer emulsion is prepared in advance in water according to the particle size and particle size distribution of the target toner, and this is heated and polymerized. It becomes resin particles (toner). Since the final toner particle size and particle size distribution are determined in the monomer emulsion preparation process, it is important to obtain a toner with a smaller particle size and uniform particle size distribution that is advantageous for higher resolution. Preparation of a simple monomer emulsion is necessary. In particular, when mass production is performed, it is necessary to carefully prepare a large amount of a monomer emulsion, and it is a problem that a large amount of energy is consumed.
[0004]
Further, in general, suspension polymerization has a problem that the particle size distribution is slightly broadened because the monomer phase is divided into an emulsion in water. On the other hand, for the purpose of preparing an emulsion having a uniform particle size distribution, an emulsification method called a membrane emulsification method or a nozzle vibration method has been developed, and an emulsion having a relatively uniform particle size distribution has been prepared. At present, mass production is difficult.
[0005]
As described above, it has been desired to develop a manufacturing method for easily manufacturing toner particles having a relatively uniform particle size distribution.
An object of the present invention is to provide a simple method for producing a toner having a relatively uniform particle size distribution.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a simple method for producing a toner containing a plasticizer and a release agent having a relatively uniform particle size distribution.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The constitution of the present invention is to prepare a monomer emulsion when preparing a toner by a suspension polymerization method. In a substantially water-insoluble solvent emulsion prepared in advance, the finely dispersed solvent absorbs the monomer to form emulsion particles. After the diameter is grown, heat polymerization is performed to obtain toner particles.
[0007]
By using a plasticizer and a solvent acting as a release agent as the substantially water-insoluble solvent, a toner containing the plasticizer and the release agent can be obtained.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to this method, it is only necessary to emulsify a small amount of a water-insoluble solvent that is about 1/10 to 1/100 of the monomer, and until the particle size and particle size distribution of the toner intended for a large amount of monomer are reached. Therefore, the process can be simplified especially in mass production.
[0009]
In addition, if a solvent emulsion is prepared by a method that can prepare an emulsion having a relatively uniform particle size distribution, generally called a membrane emulsification method, a nozzle vibration method, etc., the solvent emulsion maintains the uniformity of the particle size distribution, Since it grows by absorbing the monomer, it becomes possible to produce a toner having a relatively uniform particle size distribution.
Furthermore, if a plasticizer and a solvent acting as a release agent are selected as the solvent, a toner containing the plasticizer and the release agent can be produced.
[0010]
Further, if a substantially water-insoluble colorant component is contained in the solvent, a toner containing the colorant component can be produced.
The reason why the emulsion of the water-insoluble solvent grows by absorbing the monomer by the method of the present invention is not necessarily clear, but the following consideration is possible. When a water-insoluble solvent emulsion and an emulsion of a substance that is slightly soluble in water such as a monomer are mixed in water, the substance that is slightly soluble in water (monomer) is a water-insoluble solvent emulsion, And can be resorbed in both monomer emulsions. However, the monomer once absorbed in the water-insoluble solvent emulsion decreases its water solubility as indicated by the Raoul's law, so that it is difficult to re-elute into the aqueous phase, and eventually all monomers are converted into the water-insoluble solvent emulsion. Absorbed.
(Suitable material of the present invention)
(1) Water-insoluble solvent The water-insoluble solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a relatively low molecular weight and substantially water-insoluble solvent, but it can be used in the present invention. Those having high compatibility with the monomer are desirable. Further, those that act as a plasticizer and a release agent are desirable for the purpose of improving the fixing property of the toner. These water-insoluble solvents include alkyl halides such as lauryl chloride, phthalate esters such as dibutyl phthalate, fatty acid esters such as dioctyl adipate, phosphate esters such as tricresyl phosphate, and silicone oil. is there.
[0011]
These can be used alone or in combination.
Usually, the amount of these water-insoluble solvents is about 1/5 to 1/1000 times the weight of the polymerizable monomer, more preferably about 1/10 to 1/300 times the amount.
(2) Polymerizable monomer The polymerizable monomer to be absorbed in the water-insoluble solvent emulsion may be a monomer having one ethylenically unsaturated bond in one molecule, such as styrene, o-methylstyrene, m -Methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, p-phenylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, 3,4-dichlorostyrene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, pn-butylstyrene Styrene such as p-tert-butylstyrene, pn-nonylstyrene, pn-octylstyrene, pn-hexylstyrene, pn-dodecylstyrene, and derivatives thereof. Ethylene unsaturated monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and isobutylene. Vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl bromide, and vinyl fluoride. Vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl benzoylate. Methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, dimethyl methacrylate Α-methylene fatty acid monocarboxylic acid esters such as aminoethyl and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate; Acrylic acid esters such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and isobutyl acrylate. Vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether and vinyl isobutyl ether. Vinyl ketones such as vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl hexyl ketone, and methyl isopropenyl ketone. N-vinyl compounds such as N-vinylpyrrole, N-vinylcarbazole, N-vinylindole and N-vinylpyrrolidone. Vinyl naphthalene. Examples include acrylic acid or methacrylic acid derivatives such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and acrylamide.
[0012]
These can be used alone or in combination.
Moreover, you may add a crosslinking agent and a chain transfer agent in a monomer in order to control molecular weight distribution.
Examples of the crosslinking agent include compounds having two or more unsaturated double bonds in one molecule, such as divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene and derivatives thereof. Diethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Divinyl compounds such as divinyl ether and N, N-divinylaniline are used. These can be used alone or in combination.
[0013]
Examples of chain transfer agents include mercaptan compounds such as t-dodecyl mercaptan, t-decyl mercaptan, t-tetradecyl mercaptan, t-hexadecyl mercaptan, disulfide compounds such as diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide, chloroform, methane trichlorobromide And halogen compounds such as carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrabromide, diazothioether compounds, and the like.
(3) As a polymerization initiator used for polymerization of a water-insoluble solvent emulsion grown by absorbing a polymerization initiator monomer, either a water-soluble initiator or an oil-soluble initiator may be used. It is preferable to use an oil-soluble initiator in terms of suppressing the generation of particles. Examples of these polymerization initiators include azo compounds such as 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and 2,2'-azobis (isobutyronitrile), benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, and the like. Peroxide-based compounds can be used. Usually, the amount of these polymerization initiators used is about 0.01 to 10% (more preferably 0.05 to 7% by weight) of the monomer weight.
[0014]
Further, when the monomer oil droplets are polymerized for the purpose of suppressing the generation of by-product particles in water, a water-soluble polymerization inhibitor such as hydroquinone may be added to the water.
(4) Suspension stabilizer Further, when polymerizing a water-insoluble solvent emulsion grown by absorbing monomers, a suspension stabilizer can be used for the purpose of enhancing the stability of the oil droplets. These suspension stabilizers include hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin, and methyl cellulose, or water-insoluble inorganic powders such as tricalcium phosphate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, and silica, anionic, and nonionic. It is desirable to use a surfactant such as a system.
(5) Colorant Any known dye or pigment can be used as the colorant as long as it is highly hydrophobic. Examples of black pigments include magnetic powder and carbon black. Examples of black dyes include nigrosine compounds. As the color dye and pigment, known dyes and pigments such as azo, quinacridone, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, and benzidine can be used.
[0015]
Furthermore, a charge control agent may be added for the purpose of enhancing the environmental stability of the toner charging characteristics.
(Preferred procedure of the present invention)
(1) Preparation of substantially water-insoluble solvent emulsion A substantially water-insoluble solvent is added to an aqueous solution of a surfactant and emulsified by high-speed stirring, pressure collision, ultrasonic irradiation, or the like. At this time, the emulsion may be prepared by a membrane emulsification method, a nozzle vibration method or the like for the purpose of preparing an emulsion having a more uniform particle size distribution.
[0016]
The particle size distribution of the finally obtained toner particles is greatly influenced by the particle size distribution of the emulsion. For this reason, in order to make the particle size distribution of the finally obtained toner more uniform, a water-insoluble solvent is removed from a member having a constant pore diameter such as stirring for a long time or a film emulsification method or a nozzle vibration method. Careful emulsification such as injection into the aqueous phase is required. However, since the emulsion is allowed to absorb several hundred times as much monomer and grow particles later, the amount of the emulsion to be prepared may be very small.
[0017]
The particle size of the solvent in the emulsion is generally submicron to several μm, preferably 1 to 3 μm. When the particle diameter is larger than 3 μm, the toner particle diameter becomes too large or the toner retention is lowered. When the particle size is smaller than 1 μm, the toner particle size becomes too small, or by-product fine powder increases, and the particle size distribution becomes broad.
(2) Absorption of polymerizable monomer into water-insoluble solvent emulsion Next, the polymerizable monomer is absorbed into the emulsion of the water-insoluble solvent. This is possible by various known methods. Usually, a method of adding the emulsified monomer to the emulsion of the water-insoluble solvent is employed. Here, the added monomer is once eluted in water and further precipitated in a water-insoluble solvent emulsion. For this reason, the reason for emulsifying the monomer in the present invention is to increase the interfacial area of the monomer-water and promote the elution of the monomer, and the toner particle size and particle size distribution obtained as in known suspension polymerization are reduced. Not for control. Therefore, it is not necessary to precisely control the particle size and particle size distribution of the monomer emulsion, and simple emulsification is sufficient.
[0018]
The time required for monomer absorption into the water-insoluble solvent emulsion is usually about 1 to 3 hours, although it depends on the amount of monomer to be absorbed.
The particle diameter of the toner is generally several to several tens of micrometers, preferably 5 to 10 μm.
(3) Polymerization After this, after adding a suspension stabilizer, a water-soluble polymerization inhibitor, etc., if necessary, heat polymerization is carried out. This polymerization temperature is generally about 60 to 100 ° C.
(4) Coloring The colored resin particles can be colored by various known methods. For example, as disclosed in JP-A-60-258203 and JP-A-5-222109, a coloring method in which a colorant is attached to the toner surface by electrostatic adsorption, JP-A-6-67467, JP-A-6-59517, etc. Any of the coloring method for dyeing the resin particles after polymerization shown in the above and the coloring method for fixing a colorant to the particles after polymerization by a dry mixing method can be applied.
[0019]
Furthermore, a water-insoluble colorant may be added in advance to the water-insoluble solvent.
In this way, the prepared colored resin particles are externally treated with inorganic particles such as silica and titanium oxide and / or resin particles as necessary to complete the toner.
[0020]
【Example】
Examples of the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited by the following examples.
Example 1
[Table 1]
Figure 0003846949
[0021]
Next, 1.5 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate was dissolved in 750 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water, and then the monomer phase was charged and emulsified with a rotor-stator type homogenizer.
Further, the monomer emulsion was added to 8 parts by weight of the emulsion prepared in (1) above, and the monomer was absorbed into the water-insoluble solvent emulsion while gently stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, the system was heated to 70 ° C. and polymerized for 8 hours.
(3) After coloring the resin particles and polymerizing the toner, 4.0 parts by weight of Miketon Polyester Blue 2RF (made by Mitsui Toatsu Dye) is added to this resin particle dispersion, followed by treatment at 80 ° C. for 1 hour to dye the particles. did.
[0022]
After dyeing, the particles were washed with water and dried to obtain a color toner having a volume average particle size of 13 μm. C. of this toner V. The value (= standard deviation / average particle size) was 16%, indicating a fairly uniform particle size distribution.
(Example 2)
(1) Preparation of water-insoluble solvent emulsion 100 parts by weight of lauryl chloride (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) and 5 parts by weight of oil-soluble dye SOT Pink-1 (Hodogaya Chemical) were put into the container 1 of FIG. Further, 1000 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water and 2.0 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate are mixed in the container 2 to form an aqueous medium, which is passed through the porous glass pipe 4 (pore diameter 0.5 μm, 10φ × 235 mm) in the module 3. It was circulated. Subsequently, the inside of the container 1 was pressurized with nitrogen gas, and the monomer mixture was pressed into the aqueous medium side from the outside of the porous glass pipe to form an emulsion.
(2) Absorption of monomer into water-insoluble solvent emulsion, 60 parts by weight of polymerized styrene (Wako Pure Chemical), 15 parts by weight of n-butyl acrylate (Wako Pure Chemical), azo polymerization initiator V-65 (Wako Pure Chemical) 4.5 parts by weight were mixed to form a monomer phase.
[0023]
Next, 1.5 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate was dissolved in 750 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water, and then the monomer phase was charged and emulsified with a rotor-stator type homogenizer.
Further, the monomer emulsion was added to 15 parts by weight of the emulsion prepared in (1) above, and the monomer was absorbed into the water-insoluble solvent emulsion while gently stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, the system was heated to 70 ° C. and polymerized for 10 hours.
[0024]
After polymerization, the particles were washed with water and dried to obtain a color toner having a volume average particle size of 8.4 μm. C. of this toner V. The value was 18%, indicating a fairly uniform particle size distribution.
Example 3
(1) Preparation of water-insoluble solvent emulsion 100 parts by weight of dibutyl phthalate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was put into the container 1 of FIG. Further, 1000 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water and 2.0 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate are mixed in the container 2 to form an aqueous medium, which is passed through the porous glass pipe 4 (pore diameter 0.5 μm, 10φ × 235 mm) in the module 3. It was circulated. Subsequently, the inside of the container 1 was pressurized with nitrogen gas, and the monomer mixture was pressed into the aqueous medium side from the outside of the porous glass pipe to form an emulsion.
(2) Absorption of monomer into water-insoluble solvent emulsion, 60 parts by weight of polymerized styrene (Wako Pure Chemical), 15 parts by weight of n-butyl acrylate (Wako Pure Chemical), azo polymerization initiator V-65 (Wako Pure Chemical) 3 parts by weight were mixed to form a monomer phase.
[0025]
Next, 1.5 parts by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate was dissolved in 750 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water, and then the monomer phase was charged and emulsified with a rotor-stator type homogenizer.
Further, the monomer emulsion was added to 15 parts by weight of the emulsion prepared in (1) above, and the monomer was absorbed into the water-insoluble solvent emulsion while gently stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, the system was heated to 70 ° C. and polymerized for 8 hours.
(3) After coloring of the resin particles and polymerization into a toner, 7.5 parts by weight of Miketon Polymer Brilliant Blue BG (manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Dye) is added to this resin particle dispersion, and the particles are treated at 80 ° C. for 1 hour. Stained.
[0026]
After dyeing, the particles were washed with water and dried to obtain a color toner having a volume average particle size of 8.6 μm. C. of this toner V. The value was 18%, indicating a fairly uniform particle size distribution.
Example 4
A color toner having a volume average particle diameter of 8.5 μm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that 100 parts by weight of silicone oil SH200-5cs (manufactured by Dow Corning Toray) was used instead of dibutyl phthalate. C. of this toner V. The value was 18%, indicating a fairly uniform particle size distribution.
(Comparative Example 1)
60 parts by weight of styrene (Wako Pure Chemical), 15 parts by weight of n-butyl acrylate (Wako Pure Chemical) and 3 parts by weight of azo polymerization initiator V-65 (Wako Pure Chemical) were mixed to obtain a monomer phase.
[0027]
Next, after dissolving 1.0 part by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate in 750 parts by weight of ion-exchanged water, the monomer phase is charged, and the rotor stator type homogenizer PHYSCO-TROLLER NS-60 (manufactured by SMT) is used at 7500 rpm. Emulsified for 30 minutes.
Thereafter, the system was heated to 70 ° C. and subjected to suspension polymerization for 10 hours. After polymerization, the particles were washed with water and dried to obtain suspension polymerization resin particles having a volume average particle size of 5.5 μm. C. of this particle. V. The value was 30%, and the particle size distribution was broad compared to the particles of the example.
[0028]
From this comparative example, it is understood that it is difficult to obtain particles having a uniform particle size distribution as in the present invention by ordinary suspension polymerization.
(Comparative Example 2)
Preparation of resin particles was attempted in exactly the same manner as in Example 1, except that styrene was used instead of lauryl chloride in Example 1. However, the obtained resin particles showed a broad particle size distribution from several μm to several tens of μm. It is considered that the monomer emulsion was not absorbed in the styrene emulsion.
[0029]
This comparative example shows that the emulsion that absorbs the monomer must be a substantially water-insoluble solvent emulsion.
(Printing test examples 1 to 4)
To 100 parts by weight of the toner produced in Examples 1 to 4, 1.5 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica H-2000 (Hoechst) was externally added to produce a toner.
[0030]
These four types of toner were mixed with carrier KTS-1 (manufactured by Hitachi Metals) to produce a developer with a toner concentration of 10 wt%, mounted on a print partner 8000J (manufactured by Fujitsu), and subjected to a printing test. Both showed good fine line reproducibility with little dust.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows the apparatus used to make the emulsions in the examples.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Dispersed phase container 2 ... Continuous phase container 3 ... Membrane emulsification module 4 ... Porous glass 5 ... Liquid feed pump 6 ... Pressure gauge 7 ... Nitrogen cylinder

Claims (6)

実質上水不溶性の溶剤を水中に微分散したエマルジョンにおいて、その微分散された溶剤に当該溶剤より水溶解性の大きい重合性単量体を吸収させその粒径を増大させた後、重合を行うことを特徴とするトナーの製造方法。In an emulsion in which a substantially water-insoluble solvent is finely dispersed in water, the finely dispersed solvent absorbs a polymerizable monomer having a higher water solubility than the solvent and increases its particle size, followed by polymerization. And a method for producing the toner. 前記実質上水不溶性の溶剤が可塑剤であり、ハロゲン化アルキル、フタル酸エステル、脂肪酸エステル、リン酸エステルより選択される化合物、またはその混合物である請求項1記載のトナーの製造方法。  The toner manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the substantially water-insoluble solvent is a plasticizer, and is a compound selected from alkyl halide, phthalate ester, fatty acid ester, and phosphate ester, or a mixture thereof. 前記の実質上水不溶性の溶剤が離型剤であり、シリコーンオイルである請求項1記載のトナーの製造方法。  The method for producing a toner according to claim 1, wherein the substantially water-insoluble solvent is a release agent and is a silicone oil. 前記の実質上水不溶性の溶剤のエマルジョンの溶剤中に、実質上水不溶性の着色剤成分が含まれている請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のトナーの製造方法。The solvent of the emulsion of the solvent of the substantially water insoluble, the method of manufacturing toner according to claim 1 that contains the coloring agent component of the substantially water insoluble. 前記の実質上水不溶性の溶剤が水中に微分散されたエマルジョンを調製するにあたり、実質上水不溶性の溶剤と、界面活性剤および/または懸濁安定剤を溶解、分散した水系溶媒とを、多孔質膜を介して配置し、圧力差などを用いて、前記水不溶性溶剤を水系溶媒中に押し出すことにより、水中で水不溶性溶剤のエマルジョンを作製する請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のトナーの製造方法。  In preparing an emulsion in which the substantially water-insoluble solvent is finely dispersed in water, a substantially water-insoluble solvent and an aqueous solvent in which a surfactant and / or suspension stabilizer are dissolved and dispersed are porous. The emulsion of a water-insoluble solvent is produced in water by disposing through a membrane and extruding the water-insoluble solvent into an aqueous solvent using a pressure difference or the like. Toner production method. 前記多孔質膜が多孔質ガラスチューブである請求項5記載のトナーの製造方法。  6. The toner manufacturing method according to claim 5, wherein the porous film is a porous glass tube.
JP31646496A 1996-11-27 1996-11-27 Toner production method Expired - Fee Related JP3846949B2 (en)

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JP4544659B2 (en) * 1999-04-19 2010-09-15 東ソー・ファインケム株式会社 Method for producing aluminoxane
WO2006013847A1 (en) * 2004-08-02 2006-02-09 Zeon Corporation Polymerized toner and process for producing the same
US10151990B2 (en) 2016-11-25 2018-12-11 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner

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JPH0629980B2 (en) * 1983-11-11 1994-04-20 キヤノン株式会社 Toner for electrostatic image development
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JPH05134460A (en) * 1991-11-14 1993-05-28 Mita Ind Co Ltd Production for electrostatic charge image developing toner
JPH05232742A (en) * 1992-02-26 1993-09-10 Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc Toner for electrophotography
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