JP3762969B2 - Dysphagia improving agent - Google Patents

Dysphagia improving agent Download PDF

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JP3762969B2
JP3762969B2 JP2003097389A JP2003097389A JP3762969B2 JP 3762969 B2 JP3762969 B2 JP 3762969B2 JP 2003097389 A JP2003097389 A JP 2003097389A JP 2003097389 A JP2003097389 A JP 2003097389A JP 3762969 B2 JP3762969 B2 JP 3762969B2
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essential oil
black pepper
dysphagia
experiment
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JP2004300103A5 (en
JP2004300103A (en
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孝枝 海老原
覚 海老原
英忠 佐々木
武 大野
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Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd
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Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd
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【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、誤嚥性肺炎の予防効果が期待される、手軽な嚥下障害の改善方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
65歳以上の老人の人口1900万人のうち11%にあたる200万人が要介護老人である。要介護老人の直接死因としての最大の疾患は肺炎である。肺炎は日本人の死因の第4番目という多さであり、肺炎での死亡者の92%は65歳以上の老人で占められている。従って、肺炎による死亡者はほとんどが老人性肺炎によるものであるといえる。
老人性肺炎の発症は、脳梗塞や脳出血などの脳血管障害、特に大脳基底核の血管障害に端を発する。大脳基底核の障害は、この部位にある黒質線状体からのドーパミンの産生量の減少を引き起こす。それにより、ドーパミンが産生を促進する迷走神経知覚枝から咽頭や気管に放出されるサブスタンスP量が減少する。サブスタンスPは嚥下反射と咳反射の原動力となる物質であるため、サブスタンスP量の減少は嚥下反射と咳反射を低下させる。その結果、不顕性誤嚥(silent aspiration)を生じることになり、加齢による唾液の分泌量の減少に伴う口腔内の乾燥などに起因して口腔内で増殖した雑菌などが肺に入り込み、誤嚥性肺炎に至る(図6参照)。
従来、老人性肺炎への対処法は、起炎菌の同定と抗生物質をいかに使用するかに重点がおかれていたが、老人性肺炎はいったん治療してもすぐに再発し、また、難治性グラム陰性桿菌が起炎菌に置き換わり、収拾がつかなくなることが多い。従って、老人性肺炎に対しては、治療することよりも予防することが大切であり、誤嚥性肺炎を引き起こす嚥下障害の改善方法を確立することは重要なテーマである。
下記の非特許文献1では、高血圧症治療薬であるACE阻害剤がサブスタンスPの局所濃度を高めることで、唐辛子中の辛味成分であるカプサイシンが神経終末からのサブスタンスPの放出を促進することで、それぞれ嚥下障害を改善することが報告されている。しかしながら、この文献では、ACE阻害剤は正常血圧や低血圧の患者には使用しにくいこと、カプサイシンの慢性的な使用はサブスタンスPの枯渇を誘発することもあわせて指摘されている。
【0003】
【非特許文献1】
海老原孝枝、中山勝敏、「高齢者にみられる不顕性誤嚥とその予防」、“耳鼻咽喉科診療プラクティス7 嚥下障害を治す”、2002年、文光堂、p186-189
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで本発明は、誤嚥性肺炎の予防効果が期待される、手軽な嚥下障害の改善方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは上記の点に鑑みて種々の検討を行った結果、ブラックペッパー(学名:Piper nigrum,科名:コショウ科)精油の揮発成分が嚥下障害を改善する作用を有することを見出した。
【0006】
上記の知見に基づいて完成された本発明の嚥下障害改善剤は、請求項1記載の通り、有効成分が経鼻吸入形態にて適用されるブラックペッパー精油の揮発成分であることを特徴とする
【0007】
【発明の実施の形態】
精油(エッセンシャルオイル)は、植物の木皮や果実などより発散する芳香の根源となる揮発性のテルペン化合物などの混合物であり、一般に、抗菌作用、生理作用、心理作用、生体リズム調整作用などがあることが判明している。近年、種々の植物から得られる精油の自然の芳香を利用して、人間が生まれつき持っている自然治癒力を促進しようとする療法、即ち、アロマセラピーが広く行われるようになっている。ブラックペッパー精油を用いたアロマセラピーも既に知られており、その作用として、消化促進作用や強壮作用や鎮痛作用などが報告されている。しかしながら、嚥下障害改善作用については報告された例はない。
【0008】
本発明において、ブラックペッパー精油とは、主として、ブラックペッパーの果実から水蒸気蒸留法によって得られる、無色透明で特有の芳香を持つ揮発性油状物を意味する。その揮発成分の臭気は刺激的でスパイシーであると一般に表現される。その主成分は、α−ピネン、β−ピネン、リモネン、β−カリオフィレンなどである。
【0009】
本発明のブラックペッパー精油を有効成分とする嚥下障害改善剤は、その揮発成分を経鼻吸入せしめるための形態にて適用され、例えば、ブラックペッパー精油を瓶に充填したり、不織布に含浸させたりすることで製造されるアロマセラピー用製品として実用に供せられる。このような製品は、1日に1回〜数回(例えば毎食事前ごと)ブラックペッパー精油の揮発成分を経鼻吸引せしめる態様で用いればよい。また、例えば、食事の際にブラックペッパー精油を食品に添加し、ブラックペッパー精油を添加した食品から発せられるその揮発成分を経鼻吸入せしめる態様で用いてもよい。なお、ブラックペッパー精油は、その嚥下障害改善作用に悪影響を及ぼさない範囲において、エチルアルコールなどで希釈して用いてもよい。
【0010】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例によって詳細に説明するが、本発明は以下の記載によって何ら限定して解釈されるものではない。
【0011】
実施例:
ガテマラ産ブラックペッパーの果実から水蒸気蒸留法によって得た無色透明のブラックペッパー精油(山本香料株式会社(大阪)より入手)を遮光性ガラス瓶に充填してアロマセラピー用製品とした。このブラックペッパー精油のガスクロマトグラムチャートを図5に、成分組成数値を表1に示す。
【0012】
【表1】

Figure 0003762969
【0013】
嚥下障害を有する患者を3群に分け、第1群には上記のアロマセラピー製品(ブラックペッパー精油)を、第2群にはラベンダー精油を経鼻吸引せしめることにし、第3群には何も経鼻吸引せしめないことにした。第1群〜第3群の患者の詳細は表2の通りである。
【0014】
【表2】
Figure 0003762969
【0015】
実験1:
患者の喉に1mLの蒸留水を注入し、これを嚥下するまでの時間を嚥下反射潜時として、各群の嚥下反射潜時を調べた。その後直ちに、第1群にはブラックペッパー精油を、第2群にはラベンダー精油を1分間経鼻吸入せしめてから再び嚥下反射潜時を調べた。第3群については1分後に再び嚥下反射潜時を調べた。各群の実験前と実験後の嚥下反射潜時を図1に示す。図1から明らかなように、第1群については嚥下反射潜時が健常者のそれ(4秒以下)にほぼ近似するまでに短縮され嚥下障害の改善効果が認められたが、第2群と第3群についてはそのような効果は認められなかった。
【0016】
実験2:
第1群にはブラックペッパー精油を、第2群にはラベンダー精油を1分間経鼻吸入せしめ、第3群には何も経鼻吸入せしめなかった際の、1分間の実験時間中における嚥下運動回数を調べた。結果を図2に示す。図2から明らかなように、第2群と第3群に比較して、第1群は嚥下運動回数が多く、嚥下障害の改善効果が認められた。
【0017】
実験3:
28日間、毎食事前に第1群にはブラックペッパー精油を、第2群にはラベンダー精油を1分間経鼻吸入せしめた。第3群については何も経鼻吸入せしめなかった。実験前と28日後の平常時について、実験1と同様の方法にて嚥下反射潜時を調べた。結果を図3に示す。図3から明らかなように、第1群については嚥下反射潜時が健常者のそれ(4秒以下)にほぼ近似するまでに短縮され嚥下障害の改善効果が認められたが、第2群と第3群についてはそのような効果は認められなかった。また、第1群には食事をスムーズにとれるという効果がもたらされたが、第2群と第3群についてはそのような効果はもたらされなかった。また、実験前と28日後の平常時について、血清中のサブスタンスP量を調べた結果を図4に示す。図4から明らかなように、第1群については血清中のサブスタンスP量の増加が認められたが、第2群と第3群については認められなかった。
【0018】
実験4:
実験1〜実験3を終了後、第3群の患者3名にドレッシングオイルをかけた野菜サラダを摂取せしめた後、続いて、ブラックペッパー精油を少量添加したドレッシングオイル(ブラックペッパー精油の揮発成分の臭気を有するもの)をかけた野菜サラダを摂取せしめたところ、全員がブラックペッパー精油を少量添加したドレッシングオイルをかけた野菜サラダの方が摂取しやすいとの意見であった。
【0019】
(まとめ)
実験1〜実験4より、ブラックペッパー精油の揮発成分を経鼻吸引せしめることで嚥下障害が改善されることがわかった。実験3における実験前と28日後の平常時について、第1群の患者3名の脳血流を調べたところ、全員が実験前と比較して28日後には嚥下運動に関わっているとされる側頭回周辺領域の血流が増加していたことから、ブラックペッパー精油は、大脳基底核におけるドーパミンを介するサブスタンスPの産生を促すことにより、神経終末のサブスタンスP濃度を高めているものと考えられた。従って、ブラックペッパー精油は、神経終末からのサブスタンスPの放出を促進するカプサイシンとは異なり、サブスタンスPの枯渇を誘発するといったことが起こる可能性が少なく、嚥下障害改善剤として優れているものと判断された。
【0020】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、誤嚥性肺炎の予防効果が期待される、手軽な嚥下障害の改善方法が提供される。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 実施例の実験1における嚥下反射潜時を調べた結果を示すグラフ。
【図2】 同、実験2における嚥下運動回数を調べた結果を示すグラフ。
【図3】 同、実験3における嚥下反射潜時を調べた結果を示すグラフ。
【図4】 同、実験3における血清中のサブスタンスP量を調べた結果を示すグラフ。
【図5】 実施例に用いたブラックペッパー精油のガスクロマトグラムチャート。
【図6】 脳血管障害後の肺炎の発症機序についての概念図。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a simple method for improving dysphagia, which is expected to prevent aspiration pneumonia.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Of the 19 million people aged 65 and over, 2 million, or 11%, are elderly care recipients. Pneumonia is the biggest disease as a direct cause of death for the elderly in need of care. Pneumonia is the fourth leading cause of death among Japanese people, and 92% of deaths from pneumonia are occupied by elderly people over 65 years old. Therefore, it can be said that most deaths due to pneumonia are due to senile pneumonia.
The onset of senile pneumonia stems from cerebrovascular disorders such as cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage, particularly vascular disorders of the basal ganglia. Damage to the basal ganglia causes a decrease in the production of dopamine from the nigrostriata at this site. Thereby, the amount of substance P released to the pharynx and trachea from the vagus nerve sensory branch where dopamine promotes production decreases. Since substance P is a substance that becomes a driving force for swallowing reflex and cough reflex, a decrease in substance P amount lowers swallowing reflex and cough reflex. As a result, silent aspiration will occur, and bacteria that have proliferated in the oral cavity due to dryness in the oral cavity due to a decrease in saliva secretion due to aging will enter the lungs. It leads to aspiration pneumonia (see FIG. 6).
Traditionally, the treatment of senile pneumonia has been focused on the identification of the causative bacteria and how antibiotics are used, but senile pneumonia recurs immediately after treatment, and is difficult to treat. Sex gram-negative bacilli are often replaced by causative bacteria, making it difficult to pick them up. Therefore, it is more important to prevent senile pneumonia than to treat it, and establishing an improvement method for dysphagia that causes aspiration pneumonia is an important theme.
In the following non-patent document 1, an ACE inhibitor that is a therapeutic agent for hypertension increases the local concentration of substance P, and capsaicin that is a pungent component in chili promotes the release of substance P from nerve endings. Each has been reported to improve dysphagia. However, this document also points out that ACE inhibitors are difficult to use in patients with normal blood pressure and low blood pressure, and that chronic use of capsaicin induces substance P depletion.
[0003]
[Non-Patent Document 1]
Ebihara Takae, Nakayama Katsutoshi, “Opaque Aspiration in the Elderly and its Prevention”, “Otolaryngology Practice Practice 7 Cures Dysphagia”, 2002, Bunkodo, p186-189
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a simple method for improving dysphagia, which is expected to prevent aspiration pneumonia.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of various studies in view of the above points, the present inventors have found that the volatile component of black pepper (scientific name: Piper nigrum, family name: pepper family) essential oil has an action to improve dysphagia. .
[0006]
The dysphagia improving agent of the present invention completed based on the above findings is characterized in that, as described in claim 1, the active ingredient is a volatile component of black pepper essential oil applied in a nasal inhalation form. .
[0007]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Essential oils (essential oils) are mixtures of volatile terpene compounds that are the source of fragrances emanating from plant bark and fruits, etc., and generally have antibacterial, physiological, psychological, and biological rhythm adjustments Is known. 2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, a therapy that promotes natural healing power inherent to humans, that is, aromatherapy has been widely performed by utilizing the natural aroma of essential oils obtained from various plants. Aromatherapy using black pepper essential oil is already known, and its action has been reported to promote digestion, tonic and analgesic. However, there have been no reported cases of dysphagia improving action.
[0008]
In the present invention, the black pepper essential oil mainly means a volatile oily substance that is colorless and transparent and has a unique aroma obtained from the fruit of black pepper by a steam distillation method. The odor of its volatile components is generally expressed as stimulating and spicy. Its main component is α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, β-caryophyllene and the like.
[0009]
The dysphagia improving agent comprising black pepper essential oil of the present invention as an active ingredient is applied in a form for inhaling the volatile component by nasal infusion, for example, filling a black pepper essential oil into a bottle or impregnating a non-woven fabric. As a result, it is put to practical use as a product for aromatherapy. Such a product may be used in such a manner that the volatile component of the black pepper essential oil is nasally sucked once to several times a day (for example, before every meal). Further, for example, black pepper essential oil may be added to food during a meal, and the volatile components emitted from the food to which black pepper essential oil is added may be used in a nasal inhalation manner. The black pepper essential oil may be diluted with ethyl alcohol or the like as long as it does not adversely affect the dysphagia improving action.
[0010]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention in detail, this invention is not limited at all by the following description.
[0011]
Example:
A colorless and transparent black pepper essential oil (obtained from Yamamoto Fragrance Co., Ltd. (Osaka)) obtained from a Guatemalan black pepper fruit by a steam distillation method was filled in a light-shielding glass bottle to obtain an aromatherapy product. The gas chromatogram chart of this black pepper essential oil is shown in FIG.
[0012]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003762969
[0013]
The patients with dysphagia are divided into 3 groups. The aromatherapy product (black pepper essential oil) is nasally aspirated in the first group, the lavender essential oil is nasally aspirated in the second group, nothing in the third group. I decided not to let the nasal suction. Details of the patients in the first group to the third group are shown in Table 2.
[0014]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003762969
[0015]
Experiment 1:
1 mL of distilled water was injected into the patient's throat, and the swallowing reflex latency of each group was examined with the time until swallowing as 1 swallowing reflex latency. Immediately after that, the black pepper essential oil in the first group and the lavender essential oil in the second group were inhaled for 1 minute, and then the swallowing reflex latency was examined again. For the third group, the swallowing reflex latency was examined again after 1 minute. The swallowing reflex latency before and after the experiment for each group is shown in FIG. As is clear from FIG. 1, the swallowing reflex latency was shortened to be approximately similar to that of a healthy person (4 seconds or less) in the first group, and an improvement effect on dysphagia was observed. No such effect was observed for the third group.
[0016]
Experiment 2:
Swallowing exercise during the 1-minute experimental period when the first group was inhaled with black pepper essential oil, the second group with lavender essential oil for 1 minute, and the third group with no nasal inhalation I checked the number of times. The results are shown in FIG. As is clear from FIG. 2, the first group had a higher number of swallowing exercises than the second group and the third group, and an improvement effect on dysphagia was observed.
[0017]
Experiment 3:
28 days before each meal, the first group was inhaled with black pepper essential oil and the second group with lavender essential oil for 1 minute. No nasal inhalation was allowed for the third group. The swallowing reflex latency was examined in the same manner as in Experiment 1 for the normal period before and after 28 days. The results are shown in FIG. As is clear from FIG. 3, the swallowing reflex latency was shortened to be approximately similar to that of a healthy person (4 seconds or less) in the first group, and an improvement effect on dysphagia was observed. No such effect was observed for the third group. In addition, the first group had an effect that a meal could be taken smoothly, but the second group and the third group had no such effect. Moreover, the result of having investigated the substance P amount in serum about the normal before and 28 days after an experiment is shown in FIG. As is apparent from FIG. 4, an increase in the amount of substance P in the serum was observed in the first group, but not in the second group and the third group.
[0018]
Experiment 4:
After completing Experiment 1 to Experiment 3, three patients in Group 3 were ingested with vegetable salad with dressing oil and then dressing oil to which a small amount of black pepper essential oil was added (of volatile components of black pepper essential oil) All of them were of the opinion that vegetable salad with dressing oil added with a small amount of black pepper essential oil was easier to consume.
[0019]
(Summary)
From Experiment 1 to Experiment 4, it was found that dysphagia was improved by nasally sucking the volatile components of black pepper essential oil. Examining the cerebral blood flow of 3 patients in group 1 for the normal period before and 28 days after the experiment in Experiment 3, it was said that all were involved in swallowing exercise after 28 days compared to before the experiment. Since blood flow in the region surrounding the temporal gyrus increased, black pepper essential oil is thought to increase substance P concentration in nerve endings by promoting production of substance P via dopamine in the basal ganglia. It was. Therefore, unlike capsaicin that promotes the release of substance P from nerve endings, black pepper essential oil is unlikely to cause substance P depletion and is judged to be an excellent dysphagia-improving agent. It was done.
[0020]
【The invention's effect】
ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the improvement method of the easy dysphagia which the prevention effect of aspiration pneumonia is anticipated is provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of examining swallowing reflex latency in Experiment 1 of an example.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of examining the number of swallowing exercises in Experiment 2.
3 is a graph showing the results of examining the swallowing reflex latency in Experiment 3. FIG.
4 is a graph showing the results of examining the amount of substance P in serum in Experiment 3. FIG.
FIG. 5 is a gas chromatogram chart of black pepper essential oil used in Examples.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram about the onset mechanism of pneumonia after cerebrovascular disorder.

Claims (1)

有効成分が経鼻吸入形態にて適用されるブラックペッパー精油の揮発成分であることを特徴とする嚥下障害改善剤 An agent for improving dysphagia, wherein the active ingredient is a volatile component of black pepper essential oil applied in a nasal inhalation form .
JP2003097389A 2003-03-31 2003-03-31 Dysphagia improving agent Expired - Fee Related JP3762969B2 (en)

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JP2008044861A (en) * 2006-08-11 2008-02-28 En Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd Aspiration pneumonia-preventing agent
US9801814B2 (en) 2010-06-28 2017-10-31 Nestec S.A. Tube feed packages and methods for using same
CN108853093A (en) 2011-12-21 2018-11-23 明治制果药业株式会社 Drug is used in the aphetite disorder improvement of local administration type
JPWO2014199486A1 (en) 2013-06-13 2017-02-23 Meiji Seikaファルマ株式会社 Drugs for improving dysphagia
US9974768B2 (en) 2013-06-13 2018-05-22 Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd. Pharmaceutical for improving dysphagia
CN104758861A (en) * 2014-01-07 2015-07-08 王福廷 Dysphagia treating drug

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