JP3683997B2 - Electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge - Google Patents

Electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge Download PDF

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JP3683997B2
JP3683997B2 JP22665296A JP22665296A JP3683997B2 JP 3683997 B2 JP3683997 B2 JP 3683997B2 JP 22665296 A JP22665296 A JP 22665296A JP 22665296 A JP22665296 A JP 22665296A JP 3683997 B2 JP3683997 B2 JP 3683997B2
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electrophotographic
electrophotographic photosensitive
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JPH09127763A (en
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晶夫 丸山
昇 樫村
一成 中村
昇司 雨宮
憲裕 菊地
博幸 田中
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジに関し、詳しくは、特定の電子写真感光体を用い、特定の帯電を行う電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、電子写真装置の帯電手段としては、コロナ帯電器が一般的に使用されてきた。また、近年低オゾン等の利点を有することから、接触帯電装置、即ち、電子写真感光体に接触配置された帯電部材に電圧を印加することによって電子写真感光体の帯電を行う装置も実用化されている。
【0003】
しかしながら、コロナ帯電は勿論、接触帯電も、帯電は帯電部材から電子写真感光体への放電によって行われるため、放電開始電圧以上の電圧を印加することによって帯電が開始される。例えば、膜厚25μmの電子写真感光体を帯電ローラを用いて接触帯電するためには、帯電ローラに少なくとも約640V以上の電圧を印加しなければならない。約640V以上の電圧を印加することにより初めて放電が開始され、感光体の表面電位が上昇し始め、それ以降は印加電圧に対して傾き1で線形に感光体の表面電位が上昇する。以後、この帯電開始電圧をVthと定義する。つまり、電子写真プロセスに必要とされる感光体の表面電位Vdを得るためには、帯電ローラには(Vd+Vth)のDC電圧が必要となる。このようにDC電圧のみを帯電部材に印加することによって電子写真感光体の帯電を行う帯電方式を、DC帯電方式と称する。
【0004】
このDC帯電方式では、装置周辺の温湿度の変動等により帯電部材の抵抗値が変動するため、あるいは、感光体が使用に伴って削れることによって膜厚が変化するとVthが変動するため、感光体の電位を所望の値にすることが困難であった。このような理由から、更なる帯電の均一性を図るために、特開昭63−149669号公報等に開示されるように、所望のVdに相当するDC電圧に(2×Vth)以上のピーク間電圧を持つAC成分を重畳した振動電圧を帯電部材に印加して感光体の帯電を行う、所謂AC帯電方式が用いられるようになっている。この帯電方式では、感光体の表面電位は環境や感光体削れ等の外的要因に影響されることなく、Vdに収束する。
【0005】
しかしながら、上述のような接触帯電装置においても、その本質的な帯電機構は、帯電部材から電子写真感光体へのエアギャップを介した放電現象を用いているため、先に述べたように帯電に必要とされる電圧は感光体の表面電位を越える値であり、微量ではあるがオゾンも発生する。また、帯電均一化のためにAC帯電方式を用いた場合には、オゾン発生量の増加、AC電圧の電界による振動音の発生及び放電による感光体表面の劣化が顕著になる等の問題点が発生していた。
【0006】
そこで、特開平6−3921号公報や特開平7−5748号公報等には、実質的に放電を利用せずに帯電部材から電子写真感光体の表面層に直接電荷を注入する帯電、所謂注入帯電が提案されている。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、注入帯電が可能であるような電子写真感光体としては、表面層として導電性の金属酸化物を分散した樹脂層やシリコンカーバイド層を有するもの等非常に限られたものしか知られていない。
【0008】
本発明の目的は、良好な注入帯電を行うことができ、優れた画像を得ることができる電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジを提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
即ち、本発明は、ドラム状の電子写真感光体と、
該電子写真感光体に接触配置され、該電子写真感光体の回転方向とは逆方向に、かつ該電子写真感光体の回転に対して周速差をもって回転する、電圧の印加によって該電子写真感光体を帯電する帯電ブラシと、
露光手段と、
現像手段と、
転写手段と、を有する電子写真装置において、該帯電が、該電子写真感光体に実質的に放電することなしに直接電荷を注入することによって該電子写真感光体を帯電せしめる注入帯電であり、
該電子写真感光体が、
(i)基体と、電荷発生層及び該電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を表面層として有する感光層と、を有する、か若しくは
(ii)基体と、電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を有する感光層と、該感光層上の表面層と、を有する、ものであって、
該表面層が0.5V以下の還元電位を有する下記No.(1)、(3)及び(5)から選ばれる何れかの有機化合物を含有することを特徴とする電子写真装置である:
【化9】

Figure 0003683997
【化10】
Figure 0003683997
【化11】
Figure 0003683997

【0010】
また、本発明は、ドラム状の電子写真感光体と、
該電子写真感光体に接触配置され、該電子写真感光体の回転方向とは逆方向に、かつ該電子写真感光体の回転に対して周速差をもって回転する、電圧の印加によって該電子写真感光体を帯電する帯電ブラシと、を一体に支持し、電子写真装置本体に着脱自在であるプロセスカートリッジにおいて、該帯電が、該電子写真感光体に実質的に放電することなしに直接電荷を注入することによって該電子写真感光体を帯電せしめる注入帯電であり、かつ該電子写真感光体が、
(i)基体と、電荷発生層及び該電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を表面層として有する感光層と、を有する、か若しくは、
(ii)基体と、電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を有する感光層と、該感光層上の表面層と、を有するものであって、
該表面層が0.5V以下の還元電位を有する前記No.(1)、(3)及び(5)から選ばれる何れかの有機化合物を含有していることを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジである。
【0011】
このように、本発明は、特定の構成を有する電子写真感光体を用いることにより、良好な注入帯電をすることが可能になったのである。本発明においては、0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物を用いるので、金属酸化物よりも化合物の均一な分散が容易であり、シリコンカーバイド層のように大がかりな製造装置も必要としない。
【0012】
なお、帯電が、エアギャップでの放電による帯電か、放電することなしに直接電荷を注入することによる帯電かの区別は、前記の通り帯電部材への印加電圧と感光体の表面電位との関係を調べることにより判断が可能である。即ち、放電による帯電では、感光体上の帯電電圧は印加電圧に対してしきい値をもち、帯電部材へ印加するDC電圧を0Vから徐々に増加していくと、感光体の表面電位は、印加電圧数百ボルトまで0Vを保った後、放電開始電圧(帯電開始電圧)以降は印加電圧の増加に対して線形に増加していくのに対して、電荷を直接注入することによる帯電では、帯電開始電圧が存在しないか又は非常に小さく、印加電圧の増加に対して0Vからほぼ線形に感光体の表面電位も増加する。従って、本発明においては、印加電圧と帯電開始電圧の差が100V以下であるような帯電をすることが可能な装置で、実質的に放電することなしに行う帯電を注入帯電と定義する。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明に用いられる電子写真感光体は、その表面層に、0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物を含有するものであればよく、他は特に限定されるものではない。
【0014】
0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物を含有する表面層は、該化合物を結着樹脂中に分散した溶液を塗布し、乾燥することによって形成される。本発明においては、導電性基体上に光導電体を含有する感光層を形成し、その上に本発明の表面層を積層しても、感光層の少なくとも最表層に0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物を含有させてもよい。
【0015】
感光層としては、従来公知のものを使用でき、例えばSe、As2 Se3 、a−Si、CdS及びZnO2 等の無機物光導電体、更にPVK−TNF、フタロシアニン顔料及びアゾ顔料等の有機光導電体を用いたものなどが使用可能である。特に有機光導電体を用いたものは、感光層自体が樹脂と他の化合物との混合物で形成されるため、感光層上に本発明の表面層を新たに1層設けなくとも感光層の表面層に0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物を添加すればよい。従って有機光導電体を用いた感光体は、感光体の電子写真特性、電気的特性及び化学的特性をほとんど損なうことなく、また非常に簡便に本発明に用いる感光体とすることができる。更に本発明の感光体としては、有機光導電体を用いたものの中でも、電荷発生物質を含有する電荷発生層と電荷輸送物質を含有する電荷輸送層とを有する機能分離型の感光体が、繰り返し電位安定性に優れるので好ましく、その中でも電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を有し、表面層である電荷輸送層中に0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物を含有するものが、繰り返し使用時の電位安定性や残留電位の低さ等の電子写真特性に特に優れているので特に好ましい。
【0016】
本発明における還元電位は、以下に記載する方法によって測定した。
【0017】
(還元電位の測定法)
飽和カロメル電極を参照電極とし、0.1N−(n−Bu)4+ ClO4 - アセトニトリル溶液を用い、ポテンシャルスイーパによって作用電極(白金)に印加する電位をスイープし、得られた電流−電位曲線がピークを示したときの電位を還元電位とした。詳しくは、サンプルを、0.1N−(n−Bu)4+ ClO4 -アセトニトリル溶液に10mmol%程度の濃度になるように溶解する。そしてこのサンプル溶液に作用電極によって電圧を加え、電圧を高電位(0V)から低電位(−1.0V)に直線的に変化させた時の電流変化を測定し、電流−電位曲線を得る。この電流−電位曲線において電流値がピーク(ピークが複数ある場合には、最初のピーク)を示したときの電位の絶対値を還元電位とした。
【0018】
本発明に用いられる0.5V以下の還元電位を有する有機化合物は、上記測定方法によって測定した還元電位が0.5V以下であり、下記表1に示す例示化合物のうち、No.(1)、(3)及び(5)から選ばれる何れかである。但し、成膜性や均一性の点から有機溶媒に溶解性を示し、結着樹脂に均一に溶解するものが好ましい。その添加量や結着樹脂に対して0.1〜100重量%であることが好ましく、特には0.5〜50重量%であることが好ましい。
【0020】
【表1】
Figure 0003683997
【0021】
本発明の表面層が含有する結着樹脂は特に限定されるものではなく、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリスチレン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、フッ素樹脂、セルロース、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、アルキド樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂及び塩化ビニル−酢酸ビニル共重合樹脂等が挙げられる。
【0022】
また、本発明の表面層は、必要に応じて酸化防止剤及び紫外線吸収剤等の添加剤を含有してもよい。
【0023】
次に、帯電部材について説明する。
【0024】
帯電部材の形状としては、ブラシや導電性粉体を電子写真感光体表面に接触させるものが挙げられる。帯電部材を構成する材料としては特に限定されるものではなく、例えば金、銀及び水銀等の金属、樹脂にカーボンブラック等の導電性粉体を分散したもの、導電性高分子、イオン導電処理したゴム材料及び磁性粉体等が使用可能である。
【0025】
電荷の注入性を向上させるためには、帯電部材と電子写真感光体の表面との接触面積を大きくすることが好ましく、この点からブラシ及び粉体が用いられる。更に使用時のハンドリングの容易さを考慮すると、粉体が好ましく、特に粉体として磁性粉体を用い、これをマグネット棒の周りにブラシ状に配した帯電部材は、帯電均一性及びハンドリングの容易さの点でより好ましい。また、ブラシの場合には、帯電部材を電子写真感光体に対して周速差をもって回転させることにより、感光体表面に接触する帯電部材の面積を増加させることができ、その結果、電荷注入性を向上させることができる。特には、帯電部材と感光体が、それらの接触部分において逆方向に回転していることが好ましい。
【0026】
また、本発明においては帯電部材の抵抗が1×104 〜1×109 Ω/cm2 であることが好ましい。帯電部材の抵抗が1×109 Ω/cm2 を越えると帯電不良が発生し易く、1×104 Ω/cm2 に満たないと感光体のピンホール周辺における帯電不良やピンホールの拡大、帯電部材の通電破壊が生じ易くなる。
【0027】
本発明における帯電部材の抵抗は以下のように測定することができる。
【0028】
まず、帯電部材を直径30mmのアルミニウムシリンダーにニップ幅が3mmとなるように接触配置する。次に、この帯電部材の電圧印加部分(実際の電子写真装置において帯電部材に電圧を印加する場所。例えば帯電ローラの芯金)に外部より100VのDC電圧を印加し、帯電部材とアルミニウムシリンダーの間を流れる電流を測定する。この電流値をI(A)とし、下記式から得られる値を帯電部材の抵抗値とした。
【0029】
【外1】
Figure 0003683997
【0030】
なお、本発明における露光手段、現像手段、転写手段及びクリーニング手段等の通常の電子写真プロセスを行うために必要な手段は、何ら限定されるものではない。
【0031】
以下に本発明を実施例により説明する。
【0032】
【実施例】
(実施例1)
図1は、本発明のプロセスカートリッジを有する電子写真装置の概略構成の例を示す図である。本例の電子写真装置は、レーザービームプリンターである。
【0033】
図1において、1は、直径30mmのドラム状の電子写真感光体である。感光体1は、矢印方向に100mm/secの周速度で回転駆動される。2は感光体1に接触配置された帯電部材としての回転ブラシローラ(帯電ブラシ)であり、この帯電ブラシ2には帯電バイアス電源S1から−700VのDC電圧が印加され、感光体1の表面がほぼ−680Vに一様に注入帯電される。この感光体1の帯電処理面に対して不図示のレーザービームスキャナから出力されるレーザービームによる走査露光L(露光手段)がなされ、感光体1の周面に目的の画像情報に対応した静電潜像が形成される。形成された静電潜像は磁性一成分絶縁ネガトナーを用いた反転現像手段3によりトナー画像として反転現像される。
【0034】
3aはマグネットを内包する直径16mmの非磁性現像スリーブであり、この現像スリーブ3aに上記のネガトナーをコートし、感光体1表面との距離を300μmに固定した状態で感光体1と等速で回転させ、スリーブ3aに現像バイアス電源S2より現像バイアスを印加する。電圧は−500VのDC電圧と、周波数1800Hz、ピーク間電圧1600Vの矩形のAC電圧を重畳したものを用い、ジャンピング現像を行う。
【0035】
一方、不図示の給紙部から記録材としての転写材Pが給送されて、感光体1と、これに所定の押圧力で当接させた接触転写手段としての中抵抗の転写ローラ4との圧接ニップ部(転写部)Tに所定のタイミングにて導入される。転写ローラ4には転写バイアス電源S3から所定の転写バイアスが印加される。
【0036】
本実施例ではローラ抵抗値が5×108 Ω/cm2 の転写ローラ4を用い、+2000VのDC電圧を印加して転写を行った。転写部Tに導入された転写材Pはこの転写部Tにおいて、その表面に感光体1の表面に形成されているトナー画像を静電力と押圧力にて転写される。トナー画像の転写を受けた転写材Pは感光体1から分離されて熱定着方式等の定着手段5へ導入されてトナー画像の定着を受け、画像形成物(プリントあるいはコピー)として装置外へ排出される。また、転写材Pに対するトナー画像転写後の感光体表面はクリーニング手段6により残留トナー等の付着物の除去を受けて清掃される。
【0037】
本実施例の電子写真装置においては、感光体1、帯電部材2、現像手段3及びクリーニング装置6がプロセスカートリッジ20として一体に支持されており、プロセスカートリッジ20は、電子写真装置本体から一括して着脱自在である。なお、現像手段3やクリーニング手段は一体化されていなくてもよい。
【0038】
本実施例における電子写真感光体1は、負帯電用の有機光導電体が用いられており、表面を陽極酸化によって粗面化することによってレーザによるモアレの発生を防止したφ30mmのアルミニウムシリンダー上に下記の3層を有している。
【0039】
まず、アルコール可溶性共重合ナイロン樹脂(平均分子量29000)10部(重量部、以下同様)及びメトキシメチル化6ナイロン樹脂(平均分子量32000)30部をメタノール260部及びブタノール40部の混合溶媒中に溶解した溶液を、上記アルミニウムシリンダー上に浸漬塗布し、乾燥することによって、厚さ1μmの下引き層を形成した。次に下記構造式
【0040】
【外2】
Figure 0003683997
で示されるジスアゾ顔料4部、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂(ブチラール化率68%、平均分子量24000)2部及びシクロヘキサノン34部をサンドミル装置にて12時間分散することによって電荷発生層用分散液を調製した。この溶液を前記下引き層上に浸漬塗布し、乾燥することによって、厚さ0.2μmの電荷発生層を形成した。
【0041】
次に、下記構造式
【0042】
【外3】
Figure 0003683997
で示されるヒドラゾン化合物7部、例示化合物No.(5)0.3部及びポリスチレン樹脂10部をモノクロルベンゼン50部に溶解した。この溶液を前記電荷発生層上に浸漬塗布し、乾燥することによって、厚さ20μmの電荷輸送層を形成した。
【0043】
帯電部材としての帯電ブラシ2は導電磁性粒子を用いた導電磁気ブラシにした。導電磁気ブラシは非磁性の導電スリーブ(不図示)、これに内包されるマグネットロール2a、スリーブ上の導電磁性粒子によって構成され、マグネットロールは固定され、スリーブとその上に形成された磁性粒子の穂(導電磁気ブラシ)が感光体との接触位置において感光体と逆の方向に移動するように回転される(周速150%)。このときの導電磁性粒子は平均粒径20μmの焼結したマグネタイトを用いた。帯電部材の抵抗を前述の方法で測定したところ、5×104 Ω/cm2 であった。
【0044】
以上のような構成の本発明のプリンターで画像出力を行ったところ、良好な画像を出力することができた。この時、帯電部材2に印加する電圧は−700Vのみであり、従来の接触帯電装置にように放電を起こすための余分な電圧を印加する必要はなかった。また、このように放電を伴わずに帯電が可能となったため、本実施例においては放電に起因するオゾンの発生や感光体表面の劣化を防止することができた。
【0045】
参考例1
例示化合物No.(5)をNo.(8)に代え、更に、帯電部材の抵抗を3×104Ω/cm2にした(マグネタイトの焼結温度により調整した)以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真装置を作成し、評価した。
【0046】
その結果は、実施例1と同様非常に良好なものであった。
【0047】
参考例2
例示化合物No.(5)をNo.(9)に代え、更に、帯電部材の抵抗を5×10Ω/cmにした(マグネタイトの焼結温度により調整した)以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真装置を作成し、評価した。
【0048】
その結果は、実施例1と同様非常に良好なものであった。
【0049】
参考例3
例示化合物No.(5)をNo.(6)に代え、更に、帯電部材の抵抗を7×10Ω/cmにした(マグネタイトの焼結温度により調整した)以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真装置を作成し、評価した。
【0050】
その結果は、実施例1と同様非常に良好なものであった。
【0051】
(実施例
例示化合物No.(5)0.3部をNo.(1)0.5部に代え、更に、帯電部材を以下のようにした以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真装置を作成し、評価した。
【0052】
本実施例の帯電部材としての帯電ブラシ2は、ユニチカ(株)製の導電性レーヨン繊維(商品名「REC−C」)をブラシ状に配したテープを、直径6mmの金属製の芯金2aにスパイラル状に巻つけることにより作成した。その外径は14mmで、ブラシ1本は600デニール/100フィラメントであり、ブラシの密度は1平方インチ当り100,000フィラメントとした。また、帯電部材の抵抗値は1×105 Ω/cm2 であった。
【0053】
この帯電ブラシ2の芯金2aの両端に50gの加重をかけて帯電ブラシ2を感光体1に当接させ、感光体の回転方向にたいして逆方向に150%の周速で感光体1に接触するように回転させて、−700VのDC電圧を印加することによって感光体表面を帯電処理した。
【0054】
その結果は、実施例1と同様非常に良好なものであった。
【0055】
(比較例1)
例示化合物(5)を用いなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真装置を作成し、評価した。
【0056】
その結果、感光体の表面はほとんど帯電されず、得られた画像には全面黒カブリが生じていた。
【0057】
(比較例2)
例示化合物No.(5)を下記化合物(還元電位0.62V)
【0058】
【外4】
Figure 0003683997
に代えた以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真装置を作成し、評価した。
【0059】
その結果、感光体の表面を十分に帯電することができず、得られた画像には黒ポチが多数発生していた。
【0060】
(実施例
比較例1と同様の感光体上に以下のようにして表面層を形成した。
【0061】
下記構造式
【0062】
【外5】
Figure 0003683997
で示されるアクリルモノマー60部、光重合開始剤として2−メチルチオキサントン10部、トルエン100部及びメチルセルソルブ200部をサンドミルを用いて48時間分散した後、例示化合物No.(3)10部を溶解し表面層用の溶液を得た。この溶液を比較例1と同様の感光体上にスプレーコーティング法により塗布し、乾燥した後、高圧水銀灯にて8mW/cm2 の光強度で20秒間光照射することによって3μmの膜厚の表面層を形成した。
【0063】
得られた感光体を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして電子写真感光体を作成し、評価した。
【0064】
その結果は、実施例1と同様非常に良好なものであった。
【0065】
【発明の効果】
以上のように本発明によれば、良好な注入帯電を行うことができ、優れた画像を得ることができる電子写真装置及びプロセスカートリッジを提供することができた。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明のプロセスカートリッジを有する電子写真装置の概略構成を示す図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge that perform specific charging using a specific electrophotographic photosensitive member.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, corona chargers have generally been used as charging means for electrophotographic apparatuses. In addition, since it has advantages such as low ozone in recent years, a contact charging device, that is, a device for charging an electrophotographic photosensitive member by applying a voltage to a charging member arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member has been put into practical use. ing.
[0003]
However, not only corona charging but also contact charging is performed by discharging from the charging member to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Therefore, charging is started by applying a voltage higher than the discharge start voltage. For example, in order to contact-charge an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a film thickness of 25 μm using a charging roller, a voltage of at least about 640 V or more must be applied to the charging roller. The discharge starts only when a voltage of about 640 V or more is applied, and the surface potential of the photoconductor starts to rise. Thereafter, the surface potential of the photoconductor rises linearly with a slope of 1 with respect to the applied voltage. Hereinafter, this charging start voltage is defined as Vth. That is, in order to obtain the surface potential Vd of the photoreceptor required for the electrophotographic process, the charging roller needs a DC voltage of (Vd + Vth). A charging method for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member by applying only a DC voltage to the charging member in this way is called a DC charging method.
[0004]
In this DC charging method, the resistance value of the charging member fluctuates due to changes in temperature and humidity around the device, or Vth fluctuates when the film thickness changes due to the photoconductor being scraped with use. It was difficult to make the potential of the desired value. For this reason, in order to achieve further charging uniformity, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-149669, etc., a DC voltage corresponding to a desired Vd has a peak of (2 × Vth) or more. A so-called AC charging method is used in which a photosensitive member is charged by applying an oscillating voltage on which an AC component having an inter-voltage is superimposed to a charging member. In this charging method, the surface potential of the photoconductor converges to Vd without being affected by external factors such as the environment and photoconductor scraping.
[0005]
However, even in the contact charging device as described above, the essential charging mechanism uses a discharge phenomenon through an air gap from the charging member to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The required voltage is a value that exceeds the surface potential of the photoconductor, and ozone is also generated although the amount is very small. In addition, when the AC charging method is used for uniform charging, there are problems such as an increase in the amount of ozone generated, generation of vibration noise due to the electric field of the AC voltage, and noticeable deterioration of the photoreceptor surface due to discharge. It has occurred.
[0006]
In view of this, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. Hei 6-3921 and Hei 7-5748 disclose charging that directly injects a charge from the charging member to the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member without substantially using discharge, so-called injection. Charging has been proposed.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, only a very limited number of electrophotographic photoreceptors capable of injection charging are known, such as those having a resin layer or a silicon carbide layer in which a conductive metal oxide is dispersed as a surface layer. .
[0008]
An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge capable of performing good injection charging and obtaining an excellent image.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, the present invention relates to a drum-shaped electrophotographic photoreceptor,
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is applied by applying a voltage that is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and rotates in a direction opposite to the rotation direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and with a peripheral speed difference with respect to the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. A charging brush for charging the body;
Exposure means;
Developing means;
In the electrophotographic apparatus having the transfer means, the charging is injection charging for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member by directly injecting electric charge without substantially discharging the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
The electrophotographic photoreceptor is
(I) a substrate and a charge generation layer and a photosensitive layer having a charge transport layer as a surface layer on the charge generation layer, or (ii) a photosensitive layer having a substrate, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer And a surface layer on the photosensitive layer,
The surface layer has a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less and the following No. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising any organic compound selected from (1), (3) and (5) :
[Chemical 9]
Figure 0003683997
[Chemical Formula 10]
Figure 0003683997
Embedded image
Figure 0003683997
.
[0010]
The present invention also provides a drum-shaped electrophotographic photoreceptor,
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is applied by applying a voltage that is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and rotates in a direction opposite to the rotation direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and with a peripheral speed difference with respect to the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In a process cartridge that integrally supports a charging brush that charges the body and is detachable from the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus, the charging directly injects electric charges without substantially discharging the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Injection charging to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member is
(I) having a substrate and a charge generation layer and a photosensitive layer having a charge transport layer as a surface layer on the charge generation layer, or
(Ii) a substrate, a photosensitive layer having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and a surface layer on the photosensitive layer,
The surface layer has a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less. A process cartridge comprising any one of organic compounds selected from (1), (3) and (5) .
[0011]
As described above, in the present invention, it is possible to perform good injection charging by using an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a specific configuration. In the present invention, since an organic compound having a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less is used, it is easier to uniformly disperse the compound than a metal oxide, and a large-scale manufacturing apparatus such as a silicon carbide layer is not required.
[0012]
In addition, as described above, the charging is based on the relationship between the voltage applied to the charging member and the surface potential of the photosensitive member, whether the charging is performed by discharging in the air gap or by charging directly without discharging. Judgment is possible by examining. That is, in charging by discharge, the charging voltage on the photosensitive member has a threshold value with respect to the applied voltage, and when the DC voltage applied to the charging member is gradually increased from 0 V, the surface potential of the photosensitive member is After maintaining 0 V up to the applied voltage of several hundred volts, after the discharge start voltage (charging start voltage), it increases linearly with increasing applied voltage, whereas in charging by directly injecting charges, The charging start voltage does not exist or is very small, and the surface potential of the photoreceptor increases almost linearly from 0 V with increasing applied voltage. Therefore, in the present invention, charging that is performed without substantially discharging in an apparatus capable of charging such that the difference between the applied voltage and the charging start voltage is 100 V or less is defined as injection charging.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the surface layer contains an organic compound having a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less.
[0014]
The surface layer containing an organic compound having a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less is formed by applying a solution in which the compound is dispersed in a binder resin and drying. In the present invention, even if a photosensitive layer containing a photoconductor is formed on a conductive substrate and the surface layer of the present invention is laminated thereon, a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less is applied to at least the outermost layer of the photosensitive layer. You may contain the organic compound which has.
[0015]
As the photosensitive layer, conventionally known ones can be used, for example, inorganic photoconductors such as Se, As 2 Se 3 , a-Si, CdS and ZnO 2 , and organic light such as PVK-TNF, phthalocyanine pigment and azo pigment. The thing using a conductor can be used. Particularly in the case of using an organic photoconductor, since the photosensitive layer itself is formed of a mixture of a resin and another compound, the surface of the photosensitive layer can be obtained without providing one additional surface layer of the present invention on the photosensitive layer. An organic compound having a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less may be added to the layer. Therefore, a photoconductor using an organic photoconductor can be used as a photoconductor used in the present invention very easily without substantially deteriorating the electrophotographic characteristics, electrical characteristics, and chemical characteristics of the photoconductor. Further, among the photoreceptors of the present invention, among those using organic photoconductors, a function separation type photoreceptor having a charge generation layer containing a charge generation material and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material is repeatedly used. It is preferable because it has excellent potential stability. Among them, those having a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer and containing an organic compound having a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less in the charge transport layer as the surface layer are used repeatedly. It is particularly preferred because it is particularly excellent in electrophotographic characteristics such as potential stability at the time and low residual potential.
[0016]
The reduction potential in the present invention was measured by the method described below.
[0017]
(Measurement method of reduction potential)
The saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, 0.1N- (n-Bu) 4 N + ClO 4 - with acetonitrile solution, sweeping the potential applied to the working electrode (platinum) by the potential sweeper, resulting current - potential The potential when the curve showed a peak was taken as the reduction potential. Specifically, the sample, 0.1N- (n-Bu) 4 N + ClO 4 - are dissolved to a concentration of about 10 mmol% in acetonitrile solution. Then, a voltage is applied to the sample solution by the working electrode, and a current change when the voltage is linearly changed from a high potential (0 V) to a low potential (−1.0 V) is measured to obtain a current-potential curve. In this current-potential curve, the absolute value of the potential when the current value showed a peak (or the first peak when there are a plurality of peaks) was taken as the reduction potential.
[0018]
The organic compound having a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less used in the present invention has a reduction potential measured by the above measurement method of 0.5 V or less. Any one selected from (1), (3) and (5) . However, from the viewpoint of film formability and uniformity, those that exhibit solubility in an organic solvent and that dissolve uniformly in the binder resin are preferred. It is preferable that it is 0.1 to 100 weight% with respect to the addition amount and binder resin, and it is especially preferable that it is 0.5 to 50 weight%.
[0020]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003683997
[0021]
The binder resin contained in the surface layer of the present invention is not particularly limited, and polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, acrylic resin, fluororesin, cellulose, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, alkyd resin, chloride Examples thereof include vinyl resins and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resins.
[0022]
Moreover, the surface layer of this invention may contain additives, such as antioxidant and a ultraviolet absorber, as needed.
[0023]
Next, the charging member will be described.
[0024]
The shape of the charging member include those contacting the brush or conductive powder on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The material constituting the charging member is not particularly limited. For example, a metal such as gold, silver, or mercury, a resin in which conductive powder such as carbon black is dispersed, a conductive polymer, or an ion conductive treatment. Rubber materials and magnetic powders can be used.
[0025]
In order to improve the charge injection property, it is preferable to increase the contact area between the charging member and the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. From this point, a brush and powder are used . Furthermore, considering the ease of handling at the time of use, a powder is preferable. Particularly, a charging member using a magnetic powder as a powder and arranged in a brush shape around a magnet rod is uniform in charge and easy to handle. This is more preferable. In the case of a brush , the charging member can be rotated with a peripheral speed difference with respect to the electrophotographic photosensitive member to increase the area of the charging member in contact with the surface of the photosensitive member. Can be improved. In particular, it is preferable that the charging member and the photosensitive member rotate in the opposite directions at the contact portion.
[0026]
In the present invention, the charging member preferably has a resistance of 1 × 10 4 to 1 × 10 9 Ω / cm 2 . If the resistance of the charging member exceeds 1 × 10 9 Ω / cm 2 , charging failure is likely to occur, and if it does not reach 1 × 10 4 Ω / cm 2 , charging failure or pinhole enlargement around the pinhole of the photoreceptor, The electrification breakdown of the charging member is likely to occur.
[0027]
The resistance of the charging member in the present invention can be measured as follows.
[0028]
First, the charging member is placed in contact with an aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 30 mm so that the nip width is 3 mm. Next, a DC voltage of 100 V is applied from the outside to a voltage application portion of the charging member (a place where a voltage is applied to the charging member in an actual electrophotographic apparatus, for example, a core metal of a charging roller). Measure the current flowing between them. This current value was defined as I (A), and the value obtained from the following formula was defined as the resistance value of the charging member.
[0029]
[Outside 1]
Figure 0003683997
[0030]
Note that means necessary for performing a normal electrophotographic process such as an exposure means, a developing means, a transfer means, and a cleaning means in the present invention are not limited at all.
[0031]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described by way of examples.
[0032]
【Example】
(Example 1)
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge of the present invention. The electrophotographic apparatus of this example is a laser beam printer.
[0033]
In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a drum-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member having a diameter of 30 mm. The photoreceptor 1 is driven to rotate in the direction of the arrow at a peripheral speed of 100 mm / sec. Reference numeral 2 denotes a rotating brush roller (charging brush) as a charging member disposed in contact with the photosensitive member 1, and a DC voltage of −700 V is applied to the charging brush 2 from the charging bias power source S1, and the surface of the photosensitive member 1 is It is injected and charged uniformly to approximately -680V. Scanning exposure L (exposure means) with a laser beam output from a laser beam scanner (not shown) is performed on the charged surface of the photoconductor 1, and electrostatic on the peripheral surface of the photoconductor 1 corresponds to target image information. A latent image is formed. The formed electrostatic latent image is reversely developed as a toner image by the reverse developing means 3 using a magnetic one-component insulating negative toner.
[0034]
Reference numeral 3a denotes a non-magnetic developing sleeve having a diameter of 16 mm containing a magnet. The developing sleeve 3a is coated with the above-described negative toner and rotated at the same speed as the photosensitive member 1 with the distance from the surface of the photosensitive member 1 fixed to 300 μm. Then, a developing bias is applied to the sleeve 3a from the developing bias power source S2. A voltage obtained by superimposing a DC voltage of −500 V and a rectangular AC voltage with a frequency of 1800 Hz and a peak-to-peak voltage of 1600 V is used for jumping development.
[0035]
On the other hand, a transfer material P as a recording material is fed from a paper supply unit (not shown), and the photosensitive member 1 and a medium resistance transfer roller 4 as a contact transfer means brought into contact with the photosensitive member 1 with a predetermined pressing force. Are introduced into the press-contact nip portion (transfer portion) T at a predetermined timing. A predetermined transfer bias is applied to the transfer roller 4 from a transfer bias power source S3.
[0036]
In this embodiment, transfer was performed by applying a DC voltage of +2000 V using a transfer roller 4 having a roller resistance value of 5 × 10 8 Ω / cm 2 . The transfer material P introduced into the transfer portion T is transferred to the toner image formed on the surface of the photosensitive member 1 by electrostatic force and pressing force. The transfer material P that has received the transfer of the toner image is separated from the photoreceptor 1 and introduced into a fixing means 5 such as a thermal fixing system, where the toner image is fixed, and is discharged out of the apparatus as an image formation (print or copy) Is done. Further, the surface of the photoconductor after the toner image is transferred to the transfer material P is cleaned by the cleaning means 6 after removal of the adhered matter such as residual toner.
[0037]
In the electrophotographic apparatus of this embodiment, the photosensitive member 1, the charging member 2, the developing means 3, and the cleaning device 6 are integrally supported as a process cartridge 20, and the process cartridge 20 is collectively from the electrophotographic apparatus main body. It is detachable. The developing unit 3 and the cleaning unit do not have to be integrated.
[0038]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 in this embodiment uses an organic photoconductor for negative charging, and is formed on a φ30 mm aluminum cylinder whose surface is roughened by anodic oxidation to prevent generation of moire due to laser. It has the following three layers.
[0039]
First, 10 parts (parts by weight, the same applies hereinafter) of alcohol-soluble copolymer nylon resin (average molecular weight 29000) and 30 parts of methoxymethylated 6 nylon resin (average molecular weight 32000) are dissolved in a mixed solvent of 260 parts of methanol and 40 parts of butanol. The resulting solution was dip coated on the aluminum cylinder and dried to form an undercoat layer having a thickness of 1 μm. Next, the following structural formula:
[Outside 2]
Figure 0003683997
A dispersion for a charge generation layer was prepared by dispersing 4 parts of a disazo pigment represented by formula (2), 2 parts of a polyvinyl butyral resin (butyralization rate 68%, average molecular weight 24000) and 34 parts of cyclohexanone for 12 hours in a sand mill apparatus. This solution was dip-coated on the undercoat layer and dried to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.2 μm.
[0041]
Next, the following structural formula:
[Outside 3]
Figure 0003683997
7 parts of the hydrazone compound represented by the formula No. (5) 0.3 part and 10 parts of polystyrene resin were dissolved in 50 parts of monochlorobenzene. This solution was dip-coated on the charge generation layer and dried to form a charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 μm.
[0043]
The charging brush 2 as the charging member was a conductive magnetic brush using conductive magnetic particles. The conductive magnetic brush is composed of a non-magnetic conductive sleeve (not shown), a magnet roll 2a contained therein, and conductive magnetic particles on the sleeve. The magnet roll is fixed, and the sleeve and magnetic particles formed thereon are formed. The spike (conductive magnetic brush) is rotated so as to move in the opposite direction to the photoconductor at the contact position with the photoconductor (peripheral speed 150%). As the conductive magnetic particles at this time, sintered magnetite having an average particle diameter of 20 μm was used. When the resistance of the charging member was measured by the method described above, it was 5 × 10 4 Ω / cm 2 .
[0044]
When an image was output by the printer of the present invention having the above configuration, a good image could be output. At this time, the voltage applied to the charging member 2 is only −700 V, and it is not necessary to apply an extra voltage for causing discharge as in the conventional contact charging device. In addition, since charging can be performed without discharge in this way, in this embodiment, generation of ozone and deterioration of the surface of the photoreceptor due to discharge can be prevented.
[0045]
( Reference Example 1 )
Exemplified Compound No. (5) No. In place of (8), an electrophotographic apparatus was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resistance of the charging member was 3 × 10 4 Ω / cm 2 (adjusted by the magnetite sintering temperature).
[0046]
The result was very good as in Example 1.
[0047]
( Reference Example 2 )
Exemplified Compound No. (5) No. In place of (9), an electrophotographic apparatus was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resistance of the charging member was 5 × 10 6 Ω / cm 2 (adjusted by the sintering temperature of magnetite). did.
[0048]
The result was very good as in Example 1.
[0049]
( Reference Example 3 )
Exemplified Compound No. (5) No. In place of (6), an electrophotographic apparatus was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the resistance of the charging member was 7 × 10 8 Ω / cm 2 (adjusted by the sintering temperature of magnetite). did.
[0050]
The result was very good as in Example 1.
[0051]
(Example 2 )
Exemplified Compound No. (5) 0.3 parts No. (1) Instead of 0.5 part, an electrophotographic apparatus was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the charging member was changed as follows.
[0052]
A charging brush 2 as a charging member of this example is a metal cored bar 2a having a diameter of 6 mm, which is a tape in which conductive rayon fibers (trade name “REC-C”) manufactured by Unitika Ltd. are arranged in a brush shape. It was created by winding it in a spiral shape. The outer diameter was 14 mm, one brush was 600 denier / 100 filaments, and the brush density was 100,000 filaments per square inch. The resistance value of the charging member was 1 × 10 5 Ω / cm 2 .
[0053]
A load of 50 g is applied to both ends of the metal core 2a of the charging brush 2 to bring the charging brush 2 into contact with the photoconductor 1, and contact the photoconductor 1 at a peripheral speed of 150% in the opposite direction to the rotation direction of the photoconductor. The surface of the photoreceptor was charged by applying a DC voltage of −700 V.
[0054]
The result was very good as in Example 1.
[0055]
(Comparative Example 1)
An electrophotographic apparatus was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the exemplified compound (5) was not used.
[0056]
As a result, the surface of the photoconductor was hardly charged, and the entire surface of the obtained image was black fogged.
[0057]
(Comparative Example 2)
Exemplified Compound No. (5) The following compound (reduction potential 0.62V)
[0058]
[Outside 4]
Figure 0003683997
An electrophotographic apparatus was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was replaced with.
[0059]
As a result, the surface of the photoreceptor could not be sufficiently charged, and many black spots were generated in the obtained image.
[0060]
(Example 3 )
A surface layer was formed on the same photoreceptor as in Comparative Example 1 as follows.
[0061]
The following structural formula [0062]
[Outside 5]
Figure 0003683997
After dispersing 60 parts of the acrylic monomer represented by the formula, 10 parts of 2-methylthioxanthone as a photopolymerization initiator, 100 parts of toluene, and 200 parts of methyl cellosolve for 48 hours using a sand mill, (3) 10 parts were dissolved to obtain a solution for the surface layer. This solution is applied on the same photoreceptor as in Comparative Example 1 by spray coating, dried, and then irradiated with a high pressure mercury lamp at a light intensity of 8 mW / cm 2 for 20 seconds to form a surface layer having a thickness of 3 μm. Formed.
[0063]
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the obtained photoreceptor was used.
[0064]
The result was very good as in Example 1.
[0065]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge capable of performing good injection charging and obtaining an excellent image.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge of the present invention.

Claims (11)

ドラム状の電子写真感光体と、
該電子写真感光体に接触配置され、該電子写真感光体の回転方向とは逆方向に、かつ該電子写真感光体の回転に対して周速差をもって回転する、電圧の印加によって該電子写真感光体を帯電する帯電ブラシと、
露光手段と、
現像手段と、
転写手段と、を有する電子写真装置において、
該帯電が、該電子写真感光体に実質的に放電することなしに直接電荷を注入することによって該電子写真感光体を帯電せしめる注入帯電であり、
該電子写真感光体が、
(i)基体と、電荷発生層及び該電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を表面層として有する感光層と、を有する、か若しくは
(ii)基体と、電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を有する感光層と、該感光層上の表面層と、を有する、ものであって、
該表面層が0.5V以下の還元電位を有する下記No.(1)、(3)及び(5)から選ばれる何れかの有機化合物を含有することを特徴とする電子写真装置:
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
A drum-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member;
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is applied by applying a voltage that is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and rotates in a direction opposite to the rotation direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and with a peripheral speed difference with respect to the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. A charging brush for charging the body;
Exposure means;
Developing means;
An electrophotographic apparatus having transfer means,
The charging is injection charging in which the electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged by directly injecting the charge without substantially discharging the electrophotographic photosensitive member;
The electrophotographic photoreceptor is
(I) a substrate and a charge generation layer and a photosensitive layer having a charge transport layer as a surface layer on the charge generation layer, or (ii) a photosensitive layer having a substrate, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer And a surface layer on the photosensitive layer,
The surface layer has a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less and the following No. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising any organic compound selected from (1), (3) and (5) :
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
.
該表面層が更に樹脂を含有する請求項1に記載の電子写真装置。  The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the surface layer further contains a resin. 該有機化合物が該樹脂に溶解している請求項2に記載の電子写真装置。  The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the organic compound is dissolved in the resin. 帯電部材の抵抗が1×10〜1×10Ω/cmである請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の電子写真装置。The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the charging member has a resistance of 1 × 10 4 to 1 × 10 9 Ω / cm 2 . 該有機化合物が、下記のNo.(5)である請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の電子写真装置:
Figure 0003683997
The organic compound has the following no. (5) The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein:
Figure 0003683997
.
ドラム状の電子写真感光体と、
該電子写真感光体に接触配置され、該電子写真感光体の回転方向とは逆方向に、かつ該電子写真感光体の回転に対して周速差をもって回転する、電圧の印加によって該電子写真感光体を帯電する帯電ブラシと、を一体に支持し、電子写真装置本体に着脱自在であるプロセスカートリッジにおいて、該帯電が、該電子写真感光体に実質的に放電することなしに直接電荷を注入することによって該電子写真感光体を帯電せしめる注入帯電であり、かつ該電子写真感光体が、
(i)基体と、電荷発生層及び該電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層を表面層として有する感光層と、を有する、か若しくは、
(ii)基体と、電荷発生層及び電荷輸送層を有する感光層と、該感光層上の表面層と、を有するものであって、
該表面層が0.5V以下の還元電位を有する下記No.(1)、(3)及び(5)から選ばれる何れかの有機化合物を含有していることを特徴とするプロセスカートリッジ:
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
A drum-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member;
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is applied by applying a voltage that is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and rotates in a direction opposite to the rotation direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and with a peripheral speed difference with respect to the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In a process cartridge that integrally supports a charging brush that charges the body and is detachable from the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus, the charging directly injects electric charges without substantially discharging the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Injection charging to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member is
(I) having a substrate and a charge generation layer and a photosensitive layer having a charge transport layer as a surface layer on the charge generation layer, or
(Ii) a substrate, a photosensitive layer having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, and a surface layer on the photosensitive layer,
The surface layer has a reduction potential of 0.5 V or less and the following No. (1) A process cartridge containing any organic compound selected from (3) and (5) :
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
Figure 0003683997
.
該表面層が更に樹脂を含有する請求項6に記載のプロセスカートリッジ。  The process cartridge according to claim 6, wherein the surface layer further contains a resin. 該有機化合物が該樹脂に溶解している請求項7記載のプロセスカートリッジ。  The process cartridge according to claim 7, wherein the organic compound is dissolved in the resin. 帯電部材の抵抗が1×10〜1×10Ω/cmである請求項6乃至7のいずれかに記載のプロセスカートリッジ。The process cartridge according to claim 6, wherein the charging member has a resistance of 1 × 10 4 to 1 × 10 9 Ω / cm 2 . 現像手段及びクリーニング手段の少なくとも一方を有する請求項6乃至9のいずれかに記載のプロセスカートリッジ。  The process cartridge according to claim 6, comprising at least one of a developing unit and a cleaning unit. 該有機化合物が、下記のNo.(5)である請求項6〜10のいずれかに記載のプロセスカートリッジ:
Figure 0003683997
The organic compound has the following no. The process cartridge according to any one of claims 6 to 10, which is (5):
Figure 0003683997
.
JP22665296A 1995-09-01 1996-08-28 Electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge Expired - Fee Related JP3683997B2 (en)

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