JP3668706B2 - Ultrasonic diagnostic equipment - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, and more particularly to an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus in which a connector box of an ultrasonic probe is attached to a receptacle portion of the apparatus main body.
[0002]
[Prior art]
An ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus is roughly divided into an apparatus main body and an ultrasonic probe. The apparatus main body includes circuits such as a transmission unit, a reception unit, and an image forming unit. The ultrasonic probe is disposed between a probe main body including an ultrasonic transducer that transmits and receives ultrasonic waves, a connector box attached to a connector mounting portion of the apparatus main body, and the probe main body and the connector box. Consists of probe cables.
[0003]
The connector box includes a large number of electrode pins, and when the connector box is mounted on the receptacle, each electrode pin of the connector box is inserted into each pin hole (receiving electrode) formed in the receptacle. Thus, signals (transmission signals and reception signals) are exchanged between the plurality of vibration elements in the probe main body and the transmission / reception circuit of the apparatus main body.
[0004]
In order to attach the connector box to the receptacle part, the connector box is provided with a first attachment mechanism, and the receptacle part is provided with a second attachment mechanism. The first mounting mechanism generally has a shaft that passes through the connector box, the tip portion projects toward the receptacle portion, and a lock pin is formed at the tip portion, and a lever that rotates the shaft. On the other hand, the second mounting mechanism has a mounting hole for receiving the tip of the shaft. When the shaft is rotated after the tip of the shaft is inserted into the mounting hole, the lock pin formed at the tip of the shaft is captured (or the rotation angle of the shaft itself is maintained), that is, the mounting state of both Locked. The return force is given to the shaft by a spring, etc., and when the lever is operated by the user, the force exceeding the holding force of the lock pin is exerted to forcibly return the shaft from the locked state until the unlocked state. The shaft rotates naturally. In this state, the connector box can be removed from the connector mounting portion.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, if a body or an object accidentally contacts or collides with the lever or the connector box, the lever may rotate and return to the unlocking angle, and the connector box may be inadvertently detached from the receptacle. . At this time, if transmission is in progress, there is a possibility that the transmission circuit or other circuits may be adversely affected. This problem can also occur if the user accidentally removes the probe box during transmission.
[0006]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described conventional problems, and an object thereof is to provide an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus capable of protecting the apparatus when the probe box is removed.
[0007]
Another object of the present invention is to prevent the probe box from being inadvertently removed.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
To achieve the above Symbol purpose, in the present invention, an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus to which the connector box of the ultrasonic probe is detachably mounted with respect to the receptacle portion provided in the apparatus main body, the connector box, A lever that is operated by a user, a mounting shaft that is connected to the lever at one end and is rotated by the operation of the lever, and is provided on the lever, and generates a protection signal prior to releasing the mounting state of the connector box. An operation unit that is operated by a user, and the apparatus main body is provided in the receptacle unit, and allows the other end of the mounting shaft to be received when the mounting shaft is in an unlocked angle position. A mounting hole for holding the other end of the mounting shaft when the mounting shaft is at the lock angle position, and a control for protecting the apparatus body when the protection signal is generated. Possess a control unit for a row, wherein the mounting shaft, a transmission mechanism for transmitting a user's unlocking operation to the operating section provided to be retractable to the other end of said operating shaft, wherein by the transmission mechanism An engagement pin that pulls back when the unlocking operation is transmitted and a spring that urges the engagement pin toward its forward side are provided, and the body-side mounting mechanism is configured such that the mounting shaft is at a lock angle position. In some cases, the latching structure that receives the protruding advance of the engagement pin and latches the tip of the engagement pin, and the presence or absence of the latching state of the engagement pin is detected to generate the protection signal. A pin detection unit, and when the engagement pin is retracted and retracted by operation of the operation unit, rotation of the mounting shaft in the unlock angle position direction is permitted, and the protection signal is generated. characterized in that that
[0014]
According to the above configuration, the lever and the mounting shaft are provided as the probe side mounting mechanism, and the mounting hole is provided as the main body side mounting mechanism. The other end of the mounting shaft is preferably provided with a lock pin that is formed to project in a direction perpendicular to the shaft, and in any case, the other end is inserted into the mounting hole and locks the lever (that is, the mounting shaft). By rotating in the angular position direction, the connector box is attached to the receptacle portion. On the other hand, when the lever (that is, the mounting shaft) is rotated in the unlock angle position direction from such a mounting state, the other end portion of the mounting shaft can be taken out from the mounting hole. However, according to the above configuration, a protection signal is always generated prior to the release of such a mounting state, and protection control can be executed in accordance with the generation of the protection signal. It can be canceled. Since the operation part is provided on the lever, there is an advantage that operability is good.
[0016]
Moreover, according to the said structure, an engaging pin is latched by the latching structure, and even if it performs a lever operation in the state as it is, it is physically controlled to rotate it to an unlock angle position. That is, it is possible to prevent the mounted state from being released due to contact with the lever or careless lever operation. On the other hand, if the lever is rotated after the operation unit is operated or when the operation unit is operated, the mounted state can be released (the lever can be rotated to the unlock angle position), and the protection signal is automatically transmitted. Therefore, the device main body can be protected. Here, the control executed by the generation of the protection signal is preferably transmission power limitation, and particularly preferably transmission stop. According to such control, it is possible to reduce or eliminate damage caused by a sudden load on the transmission circuit or the like. Of course, in addition to control on the transmission circuit, control on the reception circuit and control on other circuits may be performed. In addition, as an operation part, various things, such as a button and a movable piece (lever different from the detachable lever mentioned later), can be utilized. The ultrasonic transducer provided in the ultrasonic probe is an array transducer or a single transducer.
[0017]
Preferably, the pin detection unit includes a contact member that contacts the engagement pin in the hooked state, and the protection signal is generated using presence / absence of contact of the engagement pin with the contact member.
[0018]
Preferably, the pin detection unit includes a pair of contacts that contact the engagement pin in the hooked state, and the apparatus main body includes a means for applying a voltage between the pair of contacts, and a change in the voltage. Detecting as a protection signal.
[0019]
Preferably, the connector box includes an electrode pin array including a pair of electrode pins corresponding to the pair of contacts, and the receptacle portion includes a pair of receiving electrodes that receive the pair of electrode pins and is connected to the electrode pin array. The voltage is applied between the pair of receiving electrodes.
[0020]
Preferably, the transmission mechanism is a wire inserted into the mounting shaft, and one end of the wire forms a fixed end, the other end of the wire is connected to a base end portion of the engagement pin, and the operation unit The other end of the wire pulls the engagement pin back in the retracted direction by the unlocking operation.
[0021]
Preferably, the latching structure includes an opening that receives the protruding advance of the engagement pin when the operation shaft is in the lock angle position, and a surface that is continuous with an edge of the opening, and the operation shaft And a guide surface that slides and abuts the front end surface of the engagement pin when rotating in the lock angle position direction and guides the engagement pin to the opening. Here, the guide surface may be configured as a surface having an equal distance (equal radius) from the center of the operation axis, or may be configured as a slope inclined to the edge of the opening. In any case, it is desirable to configure the surface such that the engagement pin naturally enters the opening when the mounting shaft is rotated to the lock angle position.
[0023]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0024]
FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus according to the present invention, and FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing the configuration of the main part thereof.
[0025]
The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus is roughly divided into an apparatus main body including a transmission circuit and a reception circuit, and an ultrasonic probe connected to the apparatus main body. The ultrasonic probe includes a probe main body, a probe cable 14 and a connector box 10 which are not shown.
[0026]
The connector box 10 is detachably attached to a receptacle portion 12 provided in the apparatus main body, and when the ultrasonic probe is used for ultrasonic diagnosis, the connector box 10 is connected to the receptacle portion 12. It is attached to. Although not shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of terminal pins are formed upright in the connector box 10, and they constitute a terminal pin array. Similarly, the receptacle portion 12 is provided with receiving electrodes as a plurality of pin receiving holes, that is, a receiving electrode array is formed. The connector box 10 is provided with a lever 16 that is operated by the user when the connector box 10 is attached to the receptacle 12 and when the connector box 10 is removed from the receptacle. The lever 16 is a member for rotationally driving a shaft, which will be described later. In this embodiment, a lock release button 18 is provided on the surface of the lever 16. This unlocking button 18 is operated before the lever 16 is rotated in the unlocking direction, and the unlocking operation is permitted by the operation, and a protection signal for protecting the apparatus main body is generated. . Instead of the lock release button 18, it is possible to adopt another structure as an operation unit, and in any case, it is desirable to provide a member that is operated prior to the unlocking operation of the lever 16. If such a member is provided on the lever 16, there is an advantage that operability can be improved.
[0027]
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a specific structure of the connector box 10 shown in FIG. The connector box 10 is composed of a lower part 10B constituting the main body and an upper part 10A as a cover covering the upper part of the lower part 10B. A shaft 20 passes through the center of the connector box 10, and the lever 16 described above is fixed to the upper end 20A. The lower end portion 20B of the shaft 20 is provided with a lock pin 24 that protrudes in a direction orthogonal to the axial direction.
[0028]
On the other hand, the receptacle portion 12 is provided with a mounting hole 26 as a two-step hole for receiving the lower end portion 20B of the shaft 20, and the mounting hole includes an upper opening 28 and a rear inner hole 30. Have.
[0029]
When the lower end portion 20B is inserted into the mounting hole 26, the lower end portion 20B is inserted into the mounting hole 26 with the lock pin 24 facing the unlocking angle position 200 as shown in FIG. In this state, when the lever 16 is rotated to rotate the shaft 20, that is, when the lock pin 24 is rotated to the lock angle position 202, the lower end portion 20 </ b> B is pulled out by the engagement relationship between the lock pin 24 and the mounting hole 26. Is blocked.
[0030]
In the present embodiment, although not shown, a spring mechanism is provided for rotating and biasing the shaft 20 in the unlock angle position 200 direction, and the lock pin 24 is rotated to the lock angle position 202. Then, a mechanism for holding the angular position is also provided. Therefore, if a force stronger than the holding force is applied and the lever 16 is rotated in the direction of the unlock angle position 200, the lock pin 24 can be naturally returned to the unlock angle position 200. Then, the lower end 20 </ b> B can be pulled out from the mounting hole 26. However, the unlocking operation of the lever 16 is allowed only when the lock release button 18 is pressed, as will be described in detail later.
[0031]
A wire 48 is inserted into the lever 16 and the shaft 20 as shown. The fixed end of the wire 48 is held by a member 49, and the working end (lower end) of the wire 48 is used to make the sensor unit 55 described later function. As shown in FIG. 2, the wire 48 has a horizontal portion in the lever 16, a vertical portion in the shaft 20, and a horizontal portion set in the sensor unit 55 as will be described later. Specifically, a wire guide 52 is provided in the upper end portion 20A of the shaft 20, and a wire 48 is inserted therethrough. The wire 48 passes through a through hole 46 formed in the lock release button 18 at a substantially central portion of the horizontal portion of the wire 48 in the lever 16. The lock release button 18 can be moved in the vertical direction by the button accommodating portion 40, and the lock release button 18 is biased upward by a spring 42. When the lock release button 18 is pressed from above, the central portion of the wire 48 is pulled downward, and the horizontal portion is bent as indicated by reference numeral 48 '. As a result, the working end of the wire 18 becomes the fixed end of the wire. It is drawn to the side. Thereby, the movement of the lock release button 18 can be transmitted to the sensor unit 55. Incidentally, an opening 50 is formed in the upper end portion 20A, and a wire 48 is inserted through the opening.
[0032]
A terminal surface 31 is formed on the upper surface of the lower portion 10B, and a plurality of terminals 32 are arranged on the terminal surface 31 in a matrix. A signal line 34 is connected to each terminal 32. This signal line 34 is a member for supplying a transmission signal to each vibration element provided in the probe body or sending a reception signal from each vibration element to the apparatus body side. In addition, terminal pins are connected to each terminal 32, and these terminal pins engage with terminal members as pin receiving members formed in the receptacle portion 12. In the present embodiment, two specific terminals 32A and 32B among the plurality of terminals 12 function as terminals for generating a protection signal. Specifically, the sensor unit 55 described later is provided with two contacts 58 and 60, and the contacts 58 and 60 and the terminals 32 </ b> A and 32 </ b> B are electrically connected via the cables 62 and 64. . Further, terminal pins 36 and 38 are connected to the terminals 32A and 32B, respectively. A state of conduction / non-conduction between the contacts 58 and 60 is formed by the advancement and retreat of the engagement pin, which will be described later. Such a state is detected from the voltage change by applying a constant voltage between the terminal pins 36 and 38. can do. This will be described in detail later.
[0033]
3 and 4 show a specific configuration example of the sensor unit 55 shown in FIG. Here, FIG. 3 shows a state where the shaft 20 is at the unlocked angular position, and FIG. 4 shows a state where the shaft 20 is at the locked angular position.
[0034]
In FIG. 3, an engaging pin 210 is provided in the vicinity of the lower end portion of the shaft 20 so as to be able to advance and retract in a direction orthogonal to the axis. Specifically, the advancing and retreating motion is guided by a cylindrical pin guide 212. ing. The engaging pin 210 is always urged in the protruding direction by the spring 214. In the state shown in FIG. 3, the front end surface 210A of the engaging pin 210 abuts on the sliding surface (slip surface) 220 of the frame. Yes. In this state, the spring 214 is in a compressed state.
[0035]
When the shaft 20 is rotated in the direction of the lock angle position 202 by operating the lever 16 from the state shown in FIG. 3, the tip surface 210A of the engagement pin 210 moves while sliding on the sliding surface 220, and the shaft When 20 reaches the lock angle position 202, the distal end portion of the engagement pin 210 projects forward into the engagement hole 222. That is, the end of the engagement pin 210 is captured or latched by the engagement hole 222.
[0036]
The state is shown in FIG. 4, where the engagement pin 210 is made of a conductive member, and the surface of the engagement pin 210 contacts the two contacts 58 and 60 exposed on the inner surface of the engagement hole 222. The contacts 58 and 60 are electrically connected. In the state shown in FIG. 4, even if the lever 16 shown in FIG. 2 is unlocked, the shaft 20 cannot be rotated because the engaging pin 210 is hooked.
[0037]
FIG. 5 shows a vertical cross section of the shaft 20 in the engaged state of the engaging pin 210 shown in FIG. The working end, which is the lower end of the wire 48 described above, is fixedly connected to the rear end portion of the engaging pin 210, and more specifically, depending on the relationship between the wire guide 230 and the spring 214 from the vertical portion inserted through the shaft 20. A horizontal portion is formed at the working end of the wire 48.
[0038]
Therefore, when the lock release button 18 shown in FIG. 2 is pressed, the working end of the wire 48 is pulled to the rear end side of the engagement pin 210, that is, the engagement pin 210 itself is pulled back. The mating pin 210 is detached from the engagement hole 222. As a result, electrical continuity between the contacts 58 and 60 is lost, and rotation of the lever 16, that is, the shaft 20 in the unlock position direction is allowed. In this state, as shown in FIG. 3, the tip surface 210 </ b> A of the engagement pin 210 slides on the sliding surface 220. When the rotation angle of the shaft 20 returns to the unlock angle position 200, the lower end portion 20B of the shaft 20 is pulled upward from the mounting hole 26 and the connector box 10 is removed from the receptacle portion 12 as shown in FIG. It becomes possible.
[0039]
FIG. 6 schematically shows the overall configuration of the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus according to the present embodiment as a block diagram. As described above, this ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus includes the apparatus main body 100 and the ultrasonic probe 102. In FIG. 6, contacts 58 and 60 are particularly conceptually shown in the sensor unit 55. The terminal pins 36 and 38 associated with the contacts 58 and 60 are physically coupled to the terminal members 104 and 106 as pin receiving members, respectively, that is, are in an electrically conductive state. In this state, the terminal member 106 is short-circuited to the ground, and on the other hand, a predetermined voltage is applied to the terminal member 104 via a load resistance. Therefore, as is apparent from the electrical connection relationship described above, when the shaft 20 is in the locked state, the engagement pin comes into contact between the contacts 58 and 60 and both are brought into an electrically conductive state. The voltage detected by the result determiner 118 is Lo. On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, when the engagement pin 210 is pulled out from the engagement hole 222, the electrical continuity between the contacts 58 and 60 is canceled, so that the determination unit 118 detects it. The voltage becomes Hi.
[0040]
In the present embodiment, when the voltage is changed from Lo to Hi by the determiner 118 as described above, the protection signal is generated, and when the protection signal is generated in such a manner, the control unit 120 transmits the transmission circuit 110 and the reception signal. The operation of the circuit 112 is stopped. Specifically, the output of the transmission signal from the transmission circuit 110 to the ultrasound probe 102 is forcibly stopped, and processing such as amplification in the reception circuit 112 is stopped. Of course, in this case, only the transmission signal may be stopped. Furthermore, protection control may be performed on other circuits as necessary. Therefore, the unlock button 18 is always pressed before the lever 16 shown in FIG. 2 is unlocked, and a protection signal is generated as a result, so the connector box 10 is actually removed from the receptacle 12. The transmission signal can always be stopped before, and as a result, it is possible to prevent an excessive load from being generated on the apparatus main body 100.
[0041]
Further, in this embodiment, since the holding of the shaft 20 at the lock angle position 202 is maintained unless the lock release button 18 is operated, for example, even if any member collides with the lever 16, the lever 16 is not in the unlock angle position. There is also an advantage that the problem of natural rotation in the 200 direction can be prevented in advance.
[0042]
Incidentally, in FIG. 6, an image forming unit 114 for forming a tomographic image or the like is provided at the subsequent stage of the receiving circuit 112, and the ultrasonic image formed thereby is displayed on the display unit 116.
[0043]
Of course, the configuration of the sensor unit 55 described above is merely an example, and other configurations may be employed. For example, a configuration as shown in FIG. 7 may be adopted. Incidentally, in FIG. 7, the same components as those shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted.
[0044]
In the configuration example shown in FIG. 7, a groove 240 having a constant depth is formed around the lower end portion of the shaft 20, and a slope base 242 having a triangular shape or a crescent shape is disposed in the groove 240. . The slope base 242 is formed with a slope 242A in which the tip surface of the rotating engagement pin 210 is in sliding contact, and an engagement surface 242B is formed at a portion corresponding to the lock angle position of the slope base 242. ing. That is, when the shaft 20 is rotated to the lock angle position, the engagement pin 210 protrudes to the front opening by the action of the spring 214, and at the same time, the engagement pin 210 is hooked by the action of the engagement surface 242B. Is completely restricted from rotating in the unlocking direction. That is, in the configuration example shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, the engagement hole 220 is formed, but in the configuration example shown in FIG. 7, the same function as the engagement hole 220 is achieved by the engagement surface 242B. . The engagement surface 242B is provided with contacts 58 and 60 having exposed surfaces so as to be able to contact the engagement pin 210. Incidentally, a stopper 210A is formed on the base end side of the engaging pin 210, and its forward movement is restricted within a certain range. When the engaging pin 210 is pulled back from the state shown in FIG. 7 and the shaft 20 further rotates in the unlocking angle direction, the tip surface of the engaging pin 210 slides on the inclined surface 242A, and the inclined surface 242A is the center of rotation. Since the radial distance is gradually increased, the engagement pin 210 continuously advances forward by the action of the inclined surface 242A.
[0045]
That is, in the configuration example shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, tension is applied to the wire 48 at the lock angle position, while the wire 48 is slackened at other angle positions, but the configuration shown in FIG. 7. In the example, in particular, when the shaft 20 is rotated to the unlock angle position, the tension is applied to the wire 48 even at that time. However, these differences are not essential differences, and in any case, by utilizing the forward and backward movement of the engaging pin 210, the natural rotation of the shaft 20 in the unlock angle position direction and the unlocking button 18 are controlled. It is desirable to configure so that operation detection can be performed.
[0046]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, the apparatus main body can be protected when the probe box is removed. Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to solve the problem that the probe box is inadvertently detached.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing a main configuration of an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a specific configuration example of the connector box shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a view for illustrating an operation when the shaft is at an unlock angle position;
FIG. 4 is a diagram for illustrating an operation when the shaft is at a lock angle position.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a connection relationship between a wire and an engagement pin.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram for explaining functions of the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating another configuration example of the sensor unit.
[Explanation of symbols]
10 connector box, 12 receptacle, 16 lever, 18 lock release button, 20 shaft, 24 lock pin, 26 mounting hole, 55 sensor unit, 210 engagement pin, 222 engagement hole.

Claims (6)

In the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus in which the connector box of the ultrasonic probe is detachably attached to the receptacle provided in the apparatus main body,
The connector box is
A user operated lever;
A mounting shaft that is connected at one end to the lever and rotates by operation of the lever;
An operation unit provided on the lever and operated by a user to generate a protection signal prior to releasing the mounted state of the connector box;
Have
The apparatus main body is
Provided in the receptacle portion to allow the other end of the mounting shaft to be accepted when the mounting shaft is in the unlocked angle position, and hold the other end of the mounting shaft when the mounting shaft is in the locked angle position Mounting holes to
A control unit that executes control to protect the apparatus body when the protection signal is generated;
Have a,
The mounting shaft includes
A transmission mechanism for transmitting a user's unlock operation to the operation unit;
An engagement pin that is provided at the other end of the operation shaft so as to be able to advance and retreat, and retracts when the unlocking operation is transmitted by the transmission mechanism;
A spring for urging the engaging pin toward its forward side;
Is provided,
The body side mounting mechanism is
A latching structure for latching the distal end of the engagement pin by receiving the protrusion advance of the engagement pin when the mounting shaft is at a lock angle position;
A pin detection unit that detects the presence or absence of the engagement state of the engagement pin and generates the protection signal;
Including
The ultrasonic wave characterized in that when the engaging pin is pulled back and retracted by the operation of the operation unit, the mounting shaft is allowed to rotate in the unlock angle position direction and the protection signal is generated. Diagnostic device. The apparatus of claim 1 .
The pin detection unit includes a contact member that contacts the engagement pin in the hooked state,
The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, wherein the protection signal is generated using presence / absence of contact of the engagement pin with the contact member. The apparatus of claim 1 .
The pin detection unit includes a pair of contacts that contact the engagement pin in the hooked state,
The apparatus main body is
Means for applying a voltage between the pair of contacts;
Means for detecting a change in the voltage as the protection signal;
An ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus comprising: The apparatus of claim 3 .
The connector box includes an electrode pin array including a pair of electrode pins corresponding to the pair of contacts,
The receptacle portion includes a receiving electrode array that includes a pair of receiving electrodes that receive the pair of electrode pins and is connected to the electrode pin array;
The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, wherein the voltage is applied between the pair of receiving electrodes. The apparatus of claim 1 .
The transmission mechanism is a wire inserted into the mounting shaft;
One end of the wire forms a fixed end, and the other end of the wire is connected to a proximal end portion of the engagement pin,
2. The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the other end of the wire pulls back the engagement pin in the retracted direction by a lock release operation on the operation unit. The apparatus of claim 1 .
The latch structure is
An opening for receiving the protruding advance of the engagement pin when the operating shaft is at the lock angle position;
A guide connected to the edge of the opening, the tip of the engagement pin slidingly contacting when the operation shaft rotates in the lock angle position direction, and guiding the engagement pin to the opening Surface,
An ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus comprising:

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