JP3655508B2 - Raman amplifier and optical communication system - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a technique effective when applied to a Raman amplifier and an optical fiber communication system using the Raman amplifier.
[0002]
[Prior art]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of a conventional Raman amplifier used in an optical fiber communication system. 9 (Reference 1: M. Nissov et al., Proc. ECOC, Post Deadline Paper, pp. 9-12, September, 1997, Reference 2: H. Masuda et al., Electron. Lett., Vol. 34, No. 24, pp. 2339-2340, 1998). However, obvious optical components such as optical isolators installed before and after the gain medium fiber are omitted. FIGS. 19A and 19C are distributed amplification Raman amplifiers (hereinafter referred to as distributed Raman amplifiers), and FIG. 19B is a concentrated amplification Raman amplifier (hereinafter referred to as concentrated Raman amplifiers). ).
In FIG. 19, 1A and 1B are transmission fibers (optical transmission fibers), 2 is a pumping light source, 3 is a multiplexer, 4 is a Raman fiber, 5 is a constant gain controlled centralized optical amplifier, and SR is signal light.
In FIG. 19A, the transmission fiber loss is compensated only by the distributed Raman gain. On the other hand, in FIG. 19C, the distributed Raman gain and the constant gain concentrated control optical amplifier (such as rare earth doped fiber) 5 are used for the transmission fiber. Make up for the loss. Since the distributed Raman gain is limited due to multiple Rayleigh scattering, the configuration of FIG. 19 (c) is effective when the transmission fiber 1A is long and the transmission fiber loss is large. In the distributed Raman amplifiers of FIGS. 19A and 19C, the transmission fiber 1A is used as a gain medium, and pumping light from the pumping light source is introduced into the transmission fiber 1A using the multiplexer 3, and pumping is performed. ing. On the other hand, in the concentrated Raman amplifier of FIG. 19B, a high numerical aperture optical fiber called a Raman fiber 4 is used as a gain medium, and pumping light from a pumping light source is introduced into the Raman fiber 4 using a multiplexer. Excitation is performed. In any of FIGS. 19A, 19B, and 19C, the pumping light power from the pumping light source 2 was kept constant.
FIG. 20 shows a typical example of Raman gain saturation characteristics (dependence of Raman gain on the total input signal light power) in a conventional Raman amplifier.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The Raman gain increases as the input pumping light power to the gain medium fiber (transmission fiber 1A or Raman fiber 4) increases. Further, when the total input signal light power becomes a value above a certain level, the Raman gain is reduced, that is, saturated. The total input signal light power fluctuates due to factors such as wavelength rearrangement, optical fiber breakage, and optical fiber span loss fluctuation in a wavelength division multiplexing communication system. Therefore, the Raman gain fluctuates due to the gain saturation characteristic of FIG. 20 and causes system degradation such as an increase in the code error rate.
[0004]
When the input pumping light power is constant, the Raman gain mainly depends on the parameters of the gain medium fiber used (transmission fiber 1A or Raman fiber 4). The parameters are the effective core diameter of the optical fiber, the germanium addition concentration, the optical fiber length, and the like, but they generally have non-negligible variations. Therefore, as shown in the example of FIG. 21 (a diagram showing an example of variation in Raman gain), the Raman gain varies for each optical fiber used. This is from the system optimum design value Z This will cause system degradation.
[0005]
As described above, in the conventional Raman amplifier, the gain fluctuation occurs when the total input signal light power fluctuates. In addition, there is a problem that gain variation occurs for each gain medium fiber (transmission fiber 1A or Raman fiber 4) used.
[0006]
An object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of reducing gain fluctuations even when the total input signal light power fluctuates in a Raman amplifier or an optical communication system using the Raman amplifier.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of reducing variation in gain for each gain medium fiber (transmission fiber 1A or Raman fiber 4) in a Raman amplifier or an optical communication system using the Raman amplifier. is there.
The above and other objects and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the description of this specification and the accompanying drawings.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The following is a brief description of an outline of typical inventions among the inventions disclosed in the present application.
[0013]
( 1 ) A Raman amplifier that performs Raman amplification of incident signal light, comprising: an optical fiber that is a gain medium for Raman amplification; a pumping light source that pumps the optical fiber; and a pumping light from the pumping light source and the signal light. A combiner, A first light receiving hand for detecting the excitation light (hereinafter referred to as input excitation light) input to the optical fiber. Step, Back Rayleigh scattered light of the excitation light generated in the optical fiber (hereinafter referred to as back Rayleigh scattered light) Believe Splitter to separate light ,as well as Second light receiving means for detecting the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light; Gain detection means for detecting the Raman gain of the Raman amplifier; The Raman gain is calculated from the backward Rayleigh scattered pumping light power detected by the first and second light receiving means and the electric signal of the input pumping light power, A control circuit for electrically driving the pumping light source based on the obtained gain value, and the Raman gain is constant when the total value of the input signal light power and the type and length of the optical fiber change. Keep in Is.
[0016]
( 2 In the Raman amplifier of the means (1), the gain detecting means includes a first light receiving means for receiving the input excitation light, and backward Rayleigh scattered light (hereinafter referred to as backward Rayleigh) of the signal light generated in the optical fiber. A circulator that separates the input signal light propagating in the forward direction, and the backward Rayleigh scattered light, Back Rayleigh scattered signal light A wavelength-selective duplexer that separates Back Rayleigh scattered signal light The second light receiving means for receiving light, and the control circuit detects the first and second light receiving means detected by the control circuit Back Rayleigh scattered signal light The Raman gain is calculated from an electric power signal.
[0020]
( 3 ) Said means (1) Or (2) An optical communication system including the Raman amplifier, wherein the optical fiber is a transmission fiber laid in the city, and the signal light is distributed in the transmission fiber in a distributed manner.
[0021]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a basic configuration of a Raman amplifier according to the present invention, FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a distributed Raman amplifier, and FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a lumped Raman amplifier. It is a schematic diagram which shows a structure. 1A and 1B, 1A and 1B are transmission fibers (optical fibers), 2 is a pumping light source, 3 is a multiplexer, 4 is a Raman fiber, 6 is gain detection means, 7 is a control circuit, 100 is a distributed Raman amplifier, 200 is a concentrated Raman amplifier, and SR is signal light.
[0022]
In the distributed Raman amplifier 100 using the transmission fiber (optical fiber) 1A, since the amplification is distributed in the laid transmission fiber 1A, the noise characteristic is superior to the concentrated type. On the other hand, the concentrated Raman amplifier 200 using the Raman fiber 4 has an advantage that it operates independently of the type of the transmission fiber and the like because the amplification is concentrated in the Raman fiber 4.
[0023]
Compared with a conventional Raman amplifier, the Raman amplifier according to the present invention is different in that a gain detection means 6 of the Raman amplifier and a control circuit 7 of the excitation light source 2 are newly installed. The gain detection means 6 detects the gain of the Raman amplifier by a specific configuration of an embodiment to be described later, and the control circuit 7 selects the excitation light source so that the detection gain value becomes constant based on the detected gain value. Feedback control. Since the Raman gain is larger when the pumping light power is larger, the pumping light power is increased if the detected gain value is smaller than the desired setting gain value, and the pumping light power is increased if the detected gain value is larger than the desired setting gain value. Reduce.
[0024]
FIG. 2 shows an example of gain saturation characteristics of the Raman amplifier according to the present invention. This is a case where the upper limit of the pumping light power is 600 mW. When the total input signal light power increases based on the above factors, the Raman gain decreases if the pump light power is constant as in the case of the prior art, but in the present invention, the decrease in the Raman gain is detected. Since the pumping light power is increased, the Raman gain can be kept constant.
For example, in the conventional technique, when the pumping light power is 400 mW, the Raman gain starts to decrease when the total input signal light power exceeds −20 dBm. However, in the present invention, the Raman gain is reduced to about −5 dBm. It is constant.
[0025]
FIG. 3 shows an example of variation in Raman gain for each gain medium fiber (transmission fiber 1A or Raman fiber 4) used in the present invention. In the present invention, since the Raman gain for each gain medium fiber to be used is detected by the gain detection means and the pumping light power is determined, the variation in Raman gain (FIG. 21) seen in the prior art is shown in FIG. As shown, it is reduced within the accuracy of gain detection.
[0026]
As described above, according to the present invention, the gain fluctuation occurs when the total input signal light power fluctuates, which was a problem in the prior art, and the gain medium fiber (transmission fiber 1A or Raman fiber 4) to be used. This solves the point that the variation of the gain depending on the difference occurs.
[0027]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail together with embodiments (examples) with reference to the drawings.
In all the drawings for explaining the embodiments (examples), those having the same function are given the same reference numerals, and the repeated explanation thereof is omitted.
[0028]
Examples 1 to 16 according to the present invention are shown below. Examples 1 to 14 show cases where the propagation directions of signal light and pumping light are opposite (in the case of backward pumping). Examples 1 to 7 are cases where a concentrated Raman amplifier is used, and Examples 8 to 14 are cases where a distributed Raman amplifier (an optical communication system using distributed Raman amplification) is used. Each embodiment mainly differs in gain detection means. Examples where the propagation directions of the signal light and the excitation light are the same (in the case of forward excitation) are shown in Examples 15 and 16, and the same holds true for the case of backward excitation. However, from the viewpoint of mutual gain modulation of Raman gain (Ref. 3: F. Forghieri et a1., Proc. OFC, FC6, pp.294-295, 1994), backward excitation is more preferable than forward excitation. It is common. In the case of bidirectional excitation using both backward excitation and forward excitation, the same can be said of the case of the backward excitation. Examples 1 to 14 are cases where the excitation light source has a laser with one wavelength, and Embodiments 15 and 16 have two excitation light sources having different wavelengths (examples of two or more arbitrary numbers). This is the case with a laser.
[0029]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(Embodiment 1)
4 (a), 4 (b), 5 (a), 5 (b), 6 and 7 (a), (b) show schematic configurations of the concentrated Raman amplifier according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 4A is a signal light power detection type embodiment, FIG. 4B is a pump light power detection type embodiment, and FIG. 5A is a forward amplified spontaneously scattered light power detection type. FIG. 5B shows an embodiment of the back amplified spontaneously scattered light power detection type.
4 and 5, 1A and 1B are transmission fibers for transmitting signal light, (optical fiber) 2 is an excitation light source, 3 is a multiplexer for multiplexing the signal light, and 3M is for multiplexing or separating the signal light. 4 is a Raman fiber, 6 is a gain detection means, 7 is a control circuit, 8, 8 A and 8 B are branching devices that branch the signal light, and 8 F is a branching device that demultiplexes the signal light. 9 is a light receiving means (light receiving device), 9A is a first light receiving means (light receiving device), 9B is a second light receiving means (light receiving device), 10 is a circulator, 11 is a probe light source, and 200 is a concentrated Raman amplifier. SR is signal light, ER is excitation light, NR is amplified spontaneous scattered light, PR is probe light, and LR is Rayleigh scattered light.
[0030]
(Example 1)
The signal light power detection type concentrated Raman amplifier of Example 1 of Embodiment 1 is a case where the gain medium fiber is the Raman fiber 4 as shown in FIG. 4A (hereinafter, from Example 2). The same applies to those up to 7.) However, as in the case of the prior art, obvious optical components such as an optical isolator used before and after the gain medium fiber are omitted. The detection of the Raman gain is performed using the signal light SR propagating through the Raman fiber 4. Part or all of the signal light SR, that is, part or all of the wavelength-multiplexed signal light is branched before and after the Raman fiber 4, and the branched signal light SR is received by each light receiving means 9. Light is received and signal light power before and after the Raman fiber 4 is detected. The light receiving means 9 includes a photoelectric conversion light receiver and, if necessary, an optical filter for extracting only a desired signal light wavelength (reference document 4: H. Suzuki et al., Phton. Techno1. Lett., Vo1). .10, pp.734-736, 1998).
[0031]
The signal light power level converted into an electric signal by each light receiving means is transmitted to the control circuit 7, where the two signal light power levels are compared, and the Raman gain is calculated from their ratio. The control circuit 7 changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain. The excitation light source is a semiconductor laser, a solid-state laser, or the like, and is generally driven by current. Accordingly, the pumping light power varies with the driving current.
[0032]
The Raman gain saturation characteristics and variations obtained in the first embodiment are the same as those in FIGS. 2 and 3 (hereinafter, the same applies to the second to seventh embodiments). However, the gain shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is an external gain of the concentrated Raman amplifier of the embodiment.
[0033]
(Example 2)
As shown in FIG. 4B, the concentrated Raman amplifier of Example 2 of Embodiment 1 detects the Raman gain by using the excitation light ER propagating through the Raman fiber 4. The pumping light ER is branched from the rear end face of the semiconductor laser described below in front of the Raman fiber 4, and is branched using the branching filter 8 </ b> F after the Raman fiber 4, and the branched or branched pumping is performed. The light ER is received by the respective light receiving means 9A and 9B, and the excitation light power before and after the Raman fiber 4 is detected. The light receiving means for receiving the input excitation light power to the Raman fiber 4 is a first light receiving means 9A, and the light receiving means for receiving the output excitation light power from the Raman fiber 4 is a second light receiving means 9B. However, in FIG. 4B, the pumping light source 2 is a practically important semiconductor laser. The pumping light ER from the front end face of the semiconductor laser is coupled to the optical fiber pigtail to be used pumping light ER, and from the rear end face. This is an example where the configuration is simple and economical, in which the unused excitation light ER is directly received by the first light receiving means 9A such as a photodiode. Of course, a demultiplexer for the excitation light ER may be installed between the excitation light source ER and the Raman fiber 4 and guided to the first light receiving means 9A.
[0034]
The amount of change in Raman gain when the total input signal light power changes has a high correlation with the pumping light power after passing through the Raman fiber 4. Therefore, the Raman gain can be kept constant by keeping the pumping light power after transmission constant. However, although the amount of change in the Raman gain is mainly determined by the pumping light power after transmission, it depends on the power of the pumping light input to the Raman fiber 4 and therefore depends on the power of the pumping light. The correction is given to the control circuit 7 in accordance with the input pumping light power detected in the present configuration shown in FIG. From the above, in the second embodiment, the Raman gain is calculated by the control circuit 7 based on the pumping light power before and after the Raman fiber 4. The control circuit 7 changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain.
[0035]
(Example 3)
As shown in FIG. 5A, the concentrated Raman amplifier according to Example 3 of Embodiment 1 detects Raman gain by detecting amplified natural scattered light (hereinafter abbreviated as “abbreviated”) in the Raman fiber 4. (Referred to as amplified natural scattered light NR). The amplified spontaneously scattered light NR has a forward direction (the same direction as the excitation light ER) and a backward direction (the opposite direction to the excitation light ER). The fourth embodiment described below uses backward amplified natural scattered light NR (hereinafter abbreviated backward amplified natural scattered light BNR). The forward amplified spontaneously scattered light FNR emitted from the Raman fiber 4 is separated from the signal light with a low loss using a circulator 10 and guided to the light receiving means 9 to detect the amplified spontaneous scattered light power in the forward direction.
[0036]
The Raman gain when the total input signal light power changes has a high correlation with the forward amplified spontaneous scattered light power. FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the amplified spontaneous scattered light power (forward and backward amplified spontaneous scattered light power) and the Raman gain. When the total input signal light power and the excitation light power are changed in a wide range (for example, the operation range shown in FIG. 20), the relationship between the amplified spontaneous scattered light power and the Raman gain is given with a certain curve with high accuracy. . Specifically, the deviation from the curve is at most 0.1 dB. Therefore, the Raman gain can be kept constant with high accuracy by keeping the amplified spontaneous scattered light power in the forward direction constant.
[0037]
FIG. 9 shows the spectrum of light incident on the light receiving means 9 in FIG. 5A of the third embodiment. The thin line relates to Example 3, and the thick line relates to Example 4 described later. The third embodiment shows a state in which Rayleigh scattered light LR in the backward direction of the wavelength multiplexed signal light is mixed in the forward amplified spontaneous scattered light FNR. FIG. 10 shows the configuration of the light receiving means 9 including an optical filter that removes the mixed backward Rayleigh scattered signal light and transmits the forward amplified spontaneous scattered light FNR. FIG. 10A shows a configuration using two arrayed waveguide gratings 12, and FIG. 10B shows a configuration using a circulator 10 and a Fabry-Perot filter 14. In FIG. 14, 13 is a photodiode.
[0038]
From the above, in the third embodiment, the Raman gain is calculated by the control circuit based on the forward amplified spontaneous scattered light power. The control circuit 7 changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain.
[0039]
(Example 4)
The concentrated Raman amplifier of Example 4 of Embodiment 1 is similar to Example 3 as shown in FIG. 5B, but in Example 4, detection of Raman gain is performed by backward amplification. This is performed using a naturally scattered light BNR. That is, the back amplified spontaneously scattered light BNR emitted from the Raman fiber 4 is guided to the light receiving means 9 using the branching unit 8 to detect the back amplified spontaneously scattered light power.
The Raman gain when the total input signal light power changes is the same as that of the third embodiment as shown in FIG. As in Example 3, the deviation from the curve is at most 0.1 dB. Therefore, the Raman gain can be kept constant by keeping the back amplified spontaneous scattered light power constant.
The spectrum of the light incident on the light receiving means 9 of FIG. In the fourth embodiment, the amplified wavelength multiplexed signal light is mixed in the back amplified spontaneously scattered light BNR. FIG. 10B shows the configuration of the light receiving means 9 provided with an optical filter that removes the amplified wavelength multiplexed signal light and transmits the back amplified spontaneous scattered light BNR, as in the case of the third embodiment. ing.
From the above, in the fourth embodiment, the control circuit 7 calculates the Raman gain based on the back amplified spontaneous scattered light power. The control circuit changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain.
[0040]
(Example 5)
As shown in FIG. 6, the concentrated Raman amplifier according to Example 5 of Embodiment 1 detects the Raman gain by detecting the input pumping light power to the Raman fiber 4 and the backward Rayleigh pumping light from the Raman fiber 4. (Hereinafter, the power of the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light BLR for short) is detected. The input pumping light power is detected by receiving the pumping light ER from the rear end face of the pumping laser with the first light receiving means 9A, as in the second embodiment (FIG. 4B). Further, the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light BLR is guided to the second light receiving means 9B by using the multiplexer / demultiplexer 3M and the branching device 8, and the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light power is detected.
[0041]
The Raman gain when the total input signal light power changes has a high correlation with the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light power. However, the correlation includes a certain amount of error depending on the input pumping light power. FIG. 15 shows an example of the relationship between backward Rayleigh scattered pumping light power and Raman gain at typical input pumping light power (600, 400, 200 mW). Further, FIG. 16 shows a configuration example of the control circuit 7 of FIG. 6 which performs constant control of the Raman gain using the relationship of FIG. In the control circuit 7, the detection value of the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light power is input to one input port of the differential amplifier 15 that electrically drives the excitation light source 2, and analog or digital calculation is input to the other input port. The detection value of the input pumping light power after passing through the circuit 16 is inputted. The arithmetic circuit 16 converts the electric input / output level so that the relationship between the Raman gain and the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light power in FIG. 15 is approximately on one curve. Therefore, the Raman gain can be kept approximately constant by the control circuit 7.
[0042]
From the above, this example 5 Then, the Raman gain is calculated by the control circuit 7 based on the input excitation light ER and the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light BLR. The control circuit 7 changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain.
[0043]
(Example 6)
As shown in FIG. 7A, the concentrated Raman amplifier of Example 6 of the first embodiment detects the Raman gain using the built-in probe light source 11 provided in the Raman amplifier 200. That is, the output probe light power from the Raman fiber 4 is detected. The wavelength of the probe light PR from the probe light source 11 is an arbitrary wavelength in the Raman gain wavelength region. The input probe optical power is assumed to be constant for simplicity of explanation. The probe light PR emitted from the Raman fiber 4 is converted into a circular T 10 is guided to the light receiving means 9 with low insertion loss, and the output probe optical power is detected.
[0044]
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Raman gain of the signal light SR and the Raman gain of the probe light PR based on the uniform saturation characteristics of the Raman gain. The correspondence is irrelevant (so-called uniform saturation) regardless of the input pumping light power, the input signal light power, and the gain saturation to the Raman amplifier. Specifically, the Raman gain of the signal light expressed in dB and the Raman gain of the probe light are associated with each other by a linear function. Using this one-to-one correspondence, constant control of the Raman gain is performed.
[0045]
From the above, in the sixth embodiment, the control circuit calculates the Raman gain based on the input probe light and the output probe light. The control circuit 7 changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain.
[0046]
(Example 7)
As shown in FIG. 7B, the concentrated Raman amplifier of Example 7 of Embodiment 1 uses the built-in probe light source 11 installed in the Raman amplifier 200 of Example 7 as in Example 6. The Raman gain is detected. However, the input probe light power to the Raman fiber 4 and the backward Rayleigh scattered probe light (BLPR) power reflected in the Raman fiber 4 are detected. The wavelength of the probe light from the probe light source 11 is an arbitrary wavelength in the Raman gain wavelength region. However, there is an optimum probe light wavelength according to the operating state (input pump light, signal light power, etc.) of the Raman amplifier of the seventh embodiment. The input probe optical power is the same as in the sixth embodiment. It is assumed that the input pumping light power is constant as in the fifth embodiment. From the rear facet of the laser excitation light ER The first receiving light It is detected by means 9A. Further, the backward Rayleigh scattered probe light BLPR reflected by the Raman fiber 4 is guided to the second light receiving means 9B using demultiplexing and branching, and the backward Rayleigh scattered probe light BLPR is detected. The reflectance of the probe light is calculated from the input probe light power and the backward Rayleigh scattered probe light power.
[0047]
The amount of change in Raman gain when the total input signal light power changes has a correlation with the reflectance of the probe light. Using this correlation, constant control of the Raman gain is performed.
[0048]
From the above, in the seventh embodiment, the Raman gain is calculated by the control circuit based on the reflectance of the probe light. The control circuit changes the pumping light power so that the calculated Raman gain becomes equal to the desired Raman gain.
[0049]
(Embodiment 2)
FIGS. 11A, 11B, 12A, 12B, 13, 14A, and 14B show a schematic configuration of the distributed Raman amplifier according to the second embodiment of the present invention. 11A is a signal light power detection type embodiment, FIG. 11B is a pump light power detection type embodiment, and FIG. 12A is a forward amplified spontaneously scattered light power detection type. Example, FIG. 12 (b) is a back amplified spontaneously scattered light power detection type embodiment, FIG. 13 is a back Rayleigh scattered excitation light power detection type embodiment, and FIG. 14 (a) is a probe light power detection type embodiment. FIG. 14 (b) shows an embodiment of a back Rayleigh scattering probe light power detection type.
[0050]
(Example 8)
The distributed Raman amplifier of Example 8 of Embodiment 2 is similar to Example 1 as shown in FIG. 11A. However, in Example 1, the gain medium fiber is Raman fiber 4. However, the eighth embodiment is greatly different in that the gain medium fiber is the transmission fiber 1A.
[0051]
The same applies to the following embodiments 9 to 14, which are similar to the embodiments 2 to 7, respectively. In the embodiments from the second to seventh embodiments, the gain medium fiber is the Raman fiber 4, but in the embodiments from the ninth to fourteenth embodiments, the gain medium fiber is greatly different from the transmission fiber 1A. The length of the transmission fiber 1A is usually several tens of kilometers or more, and the distance before and after the transmission fiber 1A is characterized by being separated by the length. Therefore, when the gain detecting means is installed across the transmission fiber 1A, in the case of the concentrated Raman amplifier using the Raman fiber 4 (the embodiments from the first to seventh embodiments), the transmission fiber In the case of a distributed Raman amplifier using 1A (Examples 8 to 14), the difference is particularly remarkable.
[0052]
In the eighth embodiment, Raman gain is detected using signal light propagating through the transmission fiber 1A. Part or all of the signal light, that is, part or all of the wavelength-multiplexed signal light is branched by branching devices 8A and 8B before and after the transmission fiber 1A, and the branched signal light is received. Light is received by the means 9A and 9B, and the signal light power before and after the transmission fiber 1A is detected. The difference from the first embodiment is that the input signal light power value monitored in front of the transmission fiber 1A is set on the pumping light source 2 side by using the monitoring signal light OSR from the newly installed light source 17 and the multiplexer 3C. It is that it is transferring. Therefore, the control means 18 of the monitoring signal light source 17 is installed on the input side of the transmission fiber 1A, and the monitoring signal light duplexer 8F and the light receiving side are installed on the output side of the transmission fiber 1A. Means 20 are installed.
[0053]
The operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as that in the first embodiment. Further, the Raman gain saturation characteristic and the variation obtained by the eighth embodiment are shown in FIG. 2 and the Raman gain as the internal gain in the transmission fiber 1A (ratio of the signal light power when the pumping light is turned on / off). This is the same as in the case of FIG. 3 (hereinafter, the same applies to Examples 9 to 14).
[0054]
Example 9
As shown in FIG. 11B, the distributed Raman amplifier of Example 9 of Embodiment 2 detects the Raman gain by using the pumping light propagating through the transmission fiber 1A. The difference from the second embodiment is that the output pumping light power value monitored in front of the transmission fiber 1A is transferred to the pumping light source side using the monitoring signal light OSR from the newly installed light source 17 and the multiplexer 3C. Is. Therefore, the optical control means 18 for the monitoring signal light is installed on the input side of the transmission fiber 1A, and the demultiplexer 8F for the monitoring signal light and the light receiving means 20 are provided on the output side of the transmission fiber 1A. Is installed. The operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as that in the second embodiment.
[0055]
(Example 10)
As shown in FIG. 12A, the distributed Raman amplifier of Example 10 of the second embodiment detects the Raman gain by detecting the amplified natural scattered light (hereinafter, abbreviated as abbreviated) generated in the transmission fiber 1A. (Referred to as natural scattered light). Amplified natural light includes a forward direction (same direction as the excitation light) and a backward direction (reverse direction to the excitation light), but the tenth embodiment has forward amplified natural scattered light (hereinafter abbreviated as forward amplified natural scattered light). The following Example 11 uses backward amplified spontaneous scattered light. The difference from the third embodiment is that the forward amplified spontaneously scattered light power value monitored in front of the transmission fiber 1A is obtained by using the monitoring signal light OSR from the newly installed light source 17 and the multiplexer 3C, and the excitation light source side. It is to have transferred to. Therefore, the control means 18 of the monitoring signal light source 17 is installed on the input side of the transmission fiber 1A, and the monitoring signal light duplexer 8F and the light receiving side are installed on the output side of the transmission fiber 1A. Means 20 are installed. The operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as that in the third embodiment.
[0056]
(Example 11)
The distributed Raman amplifier of Example 11 of Embodiment 2 is similar to Example 10 as shown in FIG. 12B, but in Example 11, Raman gain detection is performed in the backward direction. Amplified spontaneous scattered light (hereinafter referred to as backward amplified spontaneous scattered light for short). In the eleventh embodiment, since the light propagating to the pumping light source side is monitored, there is no gain detection means across the transmission fiber 1A as in the tenth embodiment. Therefore, it has the same configuration as the fourth embodiment. Of course, the operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as in the fourth embodiment.
[0057]
(Example 12)
Example 12 of the present embodiment 2 is a distributed Raman amplifier of a backward Rayleigh scattered pumping light power detection type, and as shown in FIG. 13, the detection of the Raman gain is performed by the input pumping light power to the transmission fiber 1A, And the backward Rayleigh scattered light power (hereinafter abbreviated as rear Rayleigh scattered excitation light BLR) from the transmission fiber 1A. In the twelfth embodiment, since the power of the backward Rayleigh scattered pumping light propagating to the pumping light is monitored, the gain detection means does not exist across the transmission fiber as in the eighth embodiment. Therefore, the configuration is the same as that of the fifth embodiment. Of course, the operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as in the fifth embodiment.
[0058]
(Example 13)
Example 13 of Embodiment 2 is a distributed Raman amplifier of the probe light power detection type. As shown in FIG. 14A, Example 13 is installed in the Raman amplifier of Example 13. The built-in probe light source 11 is used to detect the Raman gain. That is, the input and output probe optical powers for the transmission fiber 1A are detected. The difference from the sixth embodiment is that the probe light power value monitored in front of the transmission fiber 1A is transferred to the excitation light source side using the monitoring signal light OSR from the newly installed light source 17 and the multiplexer 3C. It is that. Therefore, the control means 18 of the monitoring signal light source 17 is installed on the input side of the transmission fiber 1A, and the monitoring signal light duplexer 8F and the light receiving side are installed on the output side of the transmission fiber 1A. Means 20 are installed. The operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as that in the sixth embodiment.
[0059]
(Example 14)
Example 14 of Embodiment 2 is a distributed Raman amplifier of the back Rayleigh scattering probe light power detection type. As shown in FIG. 14B, in Example 14, as in Example 13, The Raman gain is detected using the built-in probe light source 11 installed in the Raman amplifier of the fourteenth embodiment. However, the input probe light power for the transmission fiber 1A and the backward Rayleigh scattered probe light (BLPR) power distributed in the transmission fiber 1A are detected. In the fourteenth embodiment, since the power of the backward Rayleigh scattering probe light propagating to the excitation light source side is monitored, there is no gain detection means across the transmission fiber 1A as in the eighth embodiment. Therefore, it has the same configuration as the seventh embodiment. Of course, the operation of the control circuit 7 is the same as that of the seventh embodiment.
[0060]
(Example 15)
Example 15 of the second embodiment is a distributed Raman amplifier of the backward Rayleigh scattered pumping light power detection type. As shown in FIG. 17, the distributed Raman amplifier using the transmission fiber 1A as a gain medium has a forward direction. In this case, the excitation light source 2 has two lasers LD1 and LD2 having different wavelengths. The wavelengths of the lasers LD1 and LD2 are λp1 and λp2, respectively. The purpose of using a plurality of pump wavelengths is mainly to increase the flat gain bandwidth (see Reference 5: Suzuki et al., Japanese Patent Application No. 11-187965, “Wavelength multiplexed optical transmission system using Raman distributed amplifier”). The gain detection method of the fifteenth embodiment is similar to that of the twelfth embodiment, and the backward Rayleigh scattered light power of the pump light for each pump laser. - Is detected.
[0061]
The pumping lights of wavelengths λpl and λp2 are combined by a wavelength selective multiplexer, and enter the transmission fiber 1A from the front using a signal light and pumping light combiner 3M installed in the transmission path. These two wavelengths of incident excitation light are respectively received by the first light receiving means (Rl) 9A. The backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light generated in the transmission fiber 1A follows a path opposite to that of the incident excitation light, and is demultiplexed into λpl and λp2 by the wavelength selective multiplexer / demultiplexer 21, and the second using the branch. Light receiving means (R2) 9B. Each laser is independently controlled by the control circuit 7 as in the twelfth embodiment.
[0062]
The fifteenth embodiment has been described above with respect to the distributed Raman amplifier in which the gain medium is the transmission fiber 1 </ b> A, but obviously the same can be said for the concentrated Raman amplifier in which the gain medium is the Raman fiber 4. Further, the number of lasers included in the excitation light source is obviously not limited to two, and may be any number.
[0063]
(Example 16)
Example 16 of the second embodiment is a distributed Raman amplifier of a backward Rayleigh scattered signal light power detection type, and as shown in FIG. 18, the transmission fiber 1A is used as a gain medium as in Example 15 described above. This is a case where the distributed Raman amplifier is pumped forward, and its pumping light source has two lasers LD1 and LD2 having different wavelengths. The gain detection method of the sixteenth embodiment is similar to that of the fourteenth embodiment, but detects the backward Rayleigh scattering power of the signal light without using the built-in probe light.
[0064]
The pumping lights having the wavelengths λpl and λp2 are combined by the wavelength selective multiplexer 22, and enter the transmission fiber 1A from the front using the signal light and pumping light combiner 3M installed in the transmission path. . These two wavelengths of incident excitation light are received by the first light receiving means (Rl) 9A.
[0065]
The wavelength multiplexed signal light wavelengths are λ1, λ2,..., Λh (n is a natural number), and the wavelength near the gain peak of the signal light with respect to the excitation light wavelengths λpl and λp2 is λsl and λs2, respectively. In Example 16, the backward Rayleigh scattered signal light power of wavelengths λsl and λs2 is detected (see Reference 5). The rear Rayleigh scattered light of the signal light λ1, λ2,..., Λh generated in the transmission fiber 1A is transmitted to the second light receiving means (R2) 9B by the circulator 10 and the wavelength selective multiplexer 22 with low insertion loss. Incident light is detected.
[0066]
Each of the lasers LD1 and LD2 is independently controlled by the control circuit 7 as in the fourteenth embodiment. The signal light wavelength used for gain detection is not limited to the wavelengths λsl and λs2, and if there is a high correlation between the power of each backward Rayleigh scattered signal light and the Raman gain by the pump laser that is controlled using it, Any wavelength may be used.
[0067]
While the present invention has been specifically described above based on the embodiments according to the present invention, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
[0068]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, in the Raman amplifier or the optical communication system using the Raman amplifier, even when the total input signal light power fluctuates, fluctuations in gain can be reduced.
In addition, in a Raman amplifier or an optical communication system using the same, it is possible to reduce variations in gain for each gain medium fiber (optical transmission fiber or Raman fiber).
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a basic configuration of a Raman amplifier according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of gain saturation characteristics of a Raman amplifier according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of variation in Raman gain for each gain medium fiber used in the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a concentrated Raman amplifier according to Embodiments 1 and 2 of Embodiment 1 according to the present invention, and shows an overview of an embodiment of a signal light power detection type and an embodiment of an excitation light power detection type; It is a figure which shows a structure.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of examples of a forward amplified spontaneously scattered light power detection type and an example of a backward amplified spontaneously scattered light power detection type of Examples 3 and 4 of the first embodiment;
6 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of an example of a backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light power detection type according to Example 5 of Embodiment 1. FIG.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of a probe light power detection type example and a backward Rayleigh scattering probe light power detection type example of Examples 6 and 7 of the first embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the relationship between amplified spontaneous scattered light power and Raman gain in the present embodiment.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a spectrum of monitor light in Examples 3 and 4;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of a light receiving unit according to the third and fourth embodiments.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of examples of the signal light power detection type and the pump light power detection type of the distributed Raman amplifiers of Examples 8 and 9 of Embodiment 2 according to the present invention.
12 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an example of a forward amplified natural scattered light power detection type and a backward amplified natural scattered light power detection type of the distributed Raman amplifiers of Examples 9 and 10 of the second embodiment. FIG.
13 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an example of a backward-Raleigh scattered excitation light power detection type of the distributed Raman amplifier according to Example 12 of Embodiment 2. FIG.
FIG. 14 shows examples of the probe light power detection type and the backward Rayleigh scattering probe light power detection type of the distributed Raman amplifiers of Examples 13 and 14 of the second embodiment.
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light power and Raman gain in the present example.
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration example of a control circuit according to the present embodiment;
17 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a distributed Raman amplifier of a back Rayleigh scattered pumping light power detection type according to Example 15 of Embodiment 2. FIG.
18 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a distributed Raman amplifier of a back Rayleigh scattered signal light power detection type according to Example 16 of Embodiment 2. FIG.
FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a conventional distributed amplification type Raman amplifier and a concentrated amplification type Raman amplifier.
FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a typical example of Raman gain saturation characteristics (dependence of Raman gain on total input signal light power) in a conventional Raman amplifier.
FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a variation example of Raman gain in a conventional Raman amplifier.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1A, 1B ... Transmission optical fiber, 2 ... Excitation light source, 3, 3C ... Multiplexer, 3M ... Multiplexer / demultiplexer, 4 ... Raman fiber, 6 ... Gain detection means, 7 ... Control circuit, 100 ... Distribution Type Raman amplifier, 200 ... concentrated Raman amplifier, SR ... signal light, 8, 8A, 8B ... branching device, 8F ... branching unit, 9 ... light receiving means (light receiver), 9A ... first light receiving means (light receiver) ), 9B ... second light receiving means (light receiver), 10 ... circulator, 11 ... probe light source, 12 ... array waveguide grating, 13 ... photodiode, 14 ... Fabry-Perot filter, 15 ... differential amplifier, 16 ... analog Or digital arithmetic circuit, 17 ... light source, 18 ... control means, 20 ... light receiving means, 21 ... wavelength selection type multiplexer / demultiplexer, 22 ... wavelength selection type multiplexer, 23 ... wavelength selection type duplexer .

Claims (3)

A Raman amplifier that performs Raman amplification of incident signal light,
An optical fiber that is a gain medium for Raman amplification;
An excitation light source for exciting the optical fiber;
A multiplexer that combines the excitation light from the excitation light source and the incident signal light;
The excitation light (hereinafter, referred to as the input excitation light) to be input to the optical fiber first light receiving means to detect the excitation light of the backward Rayleigh scattering light generated in the optical fiber (hereinafter, backward Rayleigh scattering demultiplexer for separating the called light) and signal light, and a second light receiving means for detecting the backward Rayleigh scattered excitation light, a gain detecting means for detecting the Raman gain of the Raman amplifier,
The Raman gain is calculated from the backward Rayleigh scattered pumping light power detected by the first and second light receiving means and the electric signal of the input pumping light power, and the pumping light source is electrically driven based on the obtained gain value. Control circuit to
Comprising
A Raman amplifier , wherein the Raman gain is kept constant when the total value of input signal light power and the type and length of the optical fiber change . The Raman amplifier according to claim 1,
The gain detection means includes a first light receiving means for receiving the input excitation light, and backward Rayleigh scattered light (hereinafter referred to as backward Rayleigh scattered signal light) of the signal light generated in the optical fiber in the forward direction. A circulator that separates the input signal light that propagates; a wavelength selective demultiplexer that separates the backward Rayleigh scattered signal light from the backward Rayleigh scattered light; and a second light receiving means that receives the backward Rayleigh scattered signal light. Have
A Raman amplifier, wherein the control circuit calculates the Raman gain from an electrical signal of the backward Rayleigh scattered signal light power detected by the first and second light receiving means. 3. An optical communication system comprising the Raman amplifier according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the optical fiber is an optical transmission fiber laid in the city, and the signal light is distributed in a distributed manner in the optical transmission fiber. An optical communication system.

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