JP3596658B2 - Toxicity evaluation method using cultured cells - Google Patents
Toxicity evaluation method using cultured cells Download PDFInfo
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- JP3596658B2 JP3596658B2 JP31048697A JP31048697A JP3596658B2 JP 3596658 B2 JP3596658 B2 JP 3596658B2 JP 31048697 A JP31048697 A JP 31048697A JP 31048697 A JP31048697 A JP 31048697A JP 3596658 B2 JP3596658 B2 JP 3596658B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、動物培養細胞を包埋し、培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物を用いた被検物質の毒性評価法に関し、特に実験動物を用いずに、簡便に化学薬品、化粧品、洗剤等の被検物質の毒性や安全性を評価する方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、化学薬品、化粧品、洗剤等の被検物質の毒性あるいは安全性試験は、ドレイズ試験法に代表されるように、実験動物を用いて行われてきた。しかし、その結果は、定量性や客観性の問題に加え、一種類の被検物質に多数の動物が必要とされることから、経済的観点または動物愛護の観点からも、動物実験に替わる方法が求められている。
【0003】
動物実験代替法の一つとして、動物細胞を使った方法、特に単層培養系を用いた方法が行われている。しかし、生体内で該細胞は三次元的な配置、あるいはコラーゲン等の結合組織に内封された状態で存在するため、必ずしも単層培養系での結果が、生体にそのまま外挿できるとは限らない。また、単層培養系では生体内での機能が失われる例も知られている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで、Bellらは、ヒト繊維芽細胞をコラーゲンゲル内で培養したものを報告している(米国特許第4,485,096 号明細書)。該培養物は、真皮結合組織中の繊維芽細胞と同じ形態を有しており、該培養物を用いての毒性評価キットも市販されている。該培養物を用いた毒性評価は、主にテトラゾリウム塩(MTT)を用いた刺激終点での生存率を指標にする方法が行われている。しかし、該方法では1つの培養物から1点の生存率データしか得られず、1種の被検物質の毒性を評価するには、濃度の異なるいくつかの点について、生存率を求めなければならないため、複数の培養物が必要となる。したがって、多数の被検物質の毒性評価を行う際は、経済的な負担となる問題があった。
【0005】
その他、生体構造に類似した培養物を利用した方法としては、皮膚刺激能の評価方法として、ヒト皮膚ケラチン細胞または繊維芽細胞培養物、またはこれらの細胞の同時培養物を有効量の時間にわたり被検物質で暴露し、テトラゾリウム塩からホルマザン色素への還元により細胞生存率を測定することから、組成物の刺激ポテンシャルを測定する方法(特開平6−180311号公報) 、あるいはコラーゲンゲル上に動物細胞を播種し、定期的に培地交換を繰り返して、一定期間後、培地中に被検物質を添加し、一定時間経過後に、動物細胞の機能を測定する方法(特開平8−163996号公報) 等が公知である。しかしながら、いずれも 1つの培養物から 1点の生存率データしか得られず、Bellらの方法と同様な問題を有している。
【0006】
さらに、テトラゾリウム塩を利用しない毒性評価方法として、動物培養細胞を被検物質で処理した後、該細胞から遊離する乳酸脱水素酵素を測定する安全性評価試験法が公知である(特開平4−148695号公報) 。しかしながら、この測定法を用いても、毒性評価を行う際は、上記と同様の問題を有していた。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、必要とする培養物の数量を少なくするために、被検物質の毒性検出ならびに評価法について、種々鋭意、検討を行った結果、被検物質の培養物から、培地中へ放出された乳酸脱水素酵素量の経時的変化に基づく、毒性評価法を見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0008】
すなわち、本発明は動物培養細胞を包埋し、培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物を、有効時間にわたり、被検物質で処理することにより、被検物質から培養物中へ放出された細胞内酵素を経時的に測定することを特徴とする毒性評価方法である。
【0009】
【発明の実施態様】
本発明では、動物培養細胞を包埋培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物を用いる。
使用する動物培養細胞としては、繊維芽細胞、筋細胞、脂肪細胞、血管内皮細胞などがあり、間葉系の細胞、特に繊維芽細胞が好適に使用される。また、株化した細胞であっても構わない。
動物種はヒト、ラット、マウス等の哺乳動物のものが使用できる。
【0010】
コラーゲンゲルはラット尾や牛腱から調製できるが、市販のものが好適に使用できる。
【0011】
包埋培養とは、動物培養細胞とコラーゲン溶液の混合液をゲル化させたものを培養することをいう。
動物培養細胞を包埋し、培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物としては、例えば、ヒト培養繊維芽細胞を包埋し、培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物があり、商標名、「マトレックスTM」(製造・販売 東洋紡績)などがある。
【0012】
本発明に使用される被検物質としては、化学薬品、化粧品、洗剤等が広く用いられる。
【0013】
本発明では、これらの被検物質を水、生理食塩水、培地等に溶解、あるいは固形の状態で、動物培養細胞を包埋し、培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物に添加し、有効時間にわたり処理する。
【0014】
ここで、有効時間とは、被検物質がコラーゲンゲル内の動物細胞に作用し、その被検物質が有する毒性を発揮するのに充分な時間を指し、一般に、30分〜24時間が望ましい。
コラーゲンゲル培養物に被検物質を暴露している間、細胞活動が維持できるよう培地にて培養しながら行う。用いる培地としては、DMEM培地、EMEM培地、PBSなどがあり、特に血清を含有しないDMEM培地を使用することが好ましい。
培養物は本培地にて、例えば37℃で30分間〜24時間培養を行う。
【0015】
特に、平板状のコラーゲンゲルについては、上面を被検物質に暴露させ、もう一方の面(下面)を培地に接触させながら、培養を行うのが望ましい。この場合、コラーゲンゲルの培養器材として、ミリセル(ミリポア社製)、セルカルチャーインサート(ファルコン社製)などがあり、例えば、トランスウェル(コースター社製)が好適に使用できる。
【0016】
被検物質によってコラーゲンゲル中の動物細胞が死滅すると、該細胞死による細胞膜の溶解もしくは被検物質の直接の作用による細胞膜の破壊が生じ、動物細胞内に存在する種々の酵素が培地中に放出される。
【0017】
本発明では被検物質の処理中に経時的に上記培地を採取し、その中に含まれる細胞内酵素量を測定する。
測定する細胞内酵素としては乳酸脱水素酵素、アルカリホスファターゼ等があげられるが、特に乳酸脱水素酵素は多くの細胞種について、細胞内に存在しており、簡単に酵素量が測定ができるため、便利である。
【0018】
乳酸脱水素酵素量の測定は、抗体による定量法等もあるが、一般に該酵素活性を測定することが簡便である。この場合、市販の乳酸脱水素酵素活性測定キットが好適に使用される。
【0019】
本発明における毒性の評価は、培地中に放出された細胞内酵素量の経時的変化を観察することにより行う。例えば、ある一定量の酵素量が放出されるまでに要する時間の長さを指標として、それが短時間であるほど、毒性が強いと判断できる。また、濃度の異なる被検物質間の毒性を比較する場合は、(濃度)×(時間)積を指標とすることも可能である。
【0020】
本発明方法を用いることにより、1つの濃度点のみで毒性評価が可能となり、必要とする培養物数量も従来より少なくすることができる。
【0021】
【実施例】
以下に、本発明を具体的に実施例でもって説明する。
実施例1
培養されたヒト繊維芽細胞を包埋し、培養したコラーゲンゲル培養物は、商標名、マトレックス(製造・販売 東洋紡績)を用いた。該培養物は、培養されたヒト繊維芽細胞とコラーゲンゲルとの混合物を一定期間培養して、製造したものである。
【0022】
上記コラーゲンゲル培養物をアッセイプレート(6穴プレート)に入れ、コラーゲンゲル培養物上にアッセイ培地(製造・販売 東洋紡績)を5ml加え、室温で30分間放置し、コラーゲンゲル培養物の洗浄をアッセイ培地で行った。
各ウェル内のアッセイ培地を吸引して抜き取り、キット添付のアッセイ・リングにシリコンを塗布し、コラーゲンゲル培養物上面に密着させた。
【0023】
アッセイプレートの各ウェルにアッセイ培地(製造・販売 東洋紡績)を1.5ml加えた。37℃インキュベーター内(湿度95%以上)にて、1時間、上記ウェルを入れて、前培養を行った後、ウェル内のアッセイ培地を吸引除去し、新たに各ウェルにアッセイ培地を1.5ml加えた。
蒸留水で溶解した表1に示される被検物質6種を80μl、培養物上面に付着させたアッセイ・リング中央部に添加した。このとき、何も添加していないコラーゲンゲル培養物をネガティブコントロールとして用いた。
37℃インキュベーター内(湿度95%以上)にて、上記被検物質を暴露させたコラーゲンゲル培養物の培養を行い、0.5、1、2、4、8、16時間経過後、ウェル内のアッセイ培地から、100μlの培地を採取し、次いで抜き取った分のアッセイ培地を新たに補充し、培養を継続した。
【0024】
ポジティブコントロールサンプルは、0.1%Tween20−アッセイ培地により、コラーゲンゲル培養物全組織から抽出されたサンプル液を用いた。
サンプリングしたアッセイ培地(S)、ネガティブコントロール(NC)、ポジティブコントロール(PC)、ブランク(新鮮なアッセイ培地のみ、BL)について、市販の乳酸脱水素酵素活性測定キット(和光純薬工業(株))を用い、乳酸脱水素酵素活性を測定した。ポジティブコントロールの活性量を100%として、各サンプルの障害率を以下の計算式にて算出した。
障害率(T、%)={(S)−(BL)}×100/(PC)。
ここで、T=20%となる暴露時間(ET20)と、用いた被検物質の濃度(C)との積をCT20値とした。
用いた被検物質及び得られた結果を表1に示す。
【0025】
【表1】
【0026】
表1から明らかなように、CT20値の低いもの程、毒性が強くなる傾向が認められた。
【0027】
【発明の効果】
本発明によると、1つの濃度点のみで毒性評価が可能となり、必要とする培養物数量も従来より少なくすることができる。よって、他種類の被検物質の毒性をスクリーニングする場合、必要な経費が少なくすみ、また簡便に行うことができる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for evaluating the toxicity of a test substance using a collagen gel culture obtained by embedding and culturing animal cultured cells, and particularly for easily testing chemicals, cosmetics, detergents, etc. without using experimental animals. It relates to a method for evaluating the toxicity and safety of a substance.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, toxicity or safety tests of test substances such as chemicals, cosmetics, and detergents have been performed using experimental animals, as represented by the Draize test method. However, the results show that, in addition to the problems of quantitative and objectivity, a large number of animals are required for one type of test substance, and this method is an alternative to animal experiments from an economic or animal welfare perspective. Is required.
[0003]
As one of the alternative methods for animal experiments, a method using animal cells, particularly a method using a monolayer culture system has been used. However, since the cells are present in a living body in a three-dimensional arrangement or in a state enclosed in a connective tissue such as collagen, the result in a monolayer culture system cannot always be extrapolated to the living body as it is. Absent. It is also known that a monolayer culture system loses its function in a living body.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Thus, Bell et al. Reported that human fibroblasts were cultured in a collagen gel (US Pat. No. 4,485,096). The culture has the same morphology as fibroblasts in the dermal connective tissue, and a kit for evaluating toxicity using the culture is also commercially available. For toxicity evaluation using the culture, a method is mainly performed using a tetrazolium salt (MTT) and an index of the survival rate at the end point of stimulation. However, in this method, only one point of viability data is obtained from one culture, and in order to evaluate the toxicity of one test substance, the viability must be determined for several points at different concentrations. A plurality of cultures are required. Therefore, there is a problem that it is economically burdensome to evaluate the toxicity of many test substances.
[0005]
Other methods using a culture similar to the biological structure include a method for evaluating skin irritation ability, in which a human skin keratinocyte or fibroblast culture or a coculture of these cells is coated for an effective amount of time. Exposure to a test substance and measurement of cell viability by reduction of tetrazolium salt to formazan dye. A method for measuring the stimulating potential of the composition (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-180311), or animal cells on a collagen gel. , And the medium is periodically replaced. After a certain period of time, a test substance is added to the medium, and after a certain period of time, the function of animal cells is measured (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-163996). Is known. However, in each case, only one viability data can be obtained from one culture, which has the same problem as the method of Bell et al.
[0006]
Further, as a toxicity evaluation method not using a tetrazolium salt, a safety evaluation test method in which cultured animal cells are treated with a test substance and then lactate dehydrogenase released from the cells is measured (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei. No. 148,695). However, even when this measurement method is used, toxicity evaluation has the same problem as described above.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted various and intensive studies on the detection and evaluation methods of the toxicity of the test substance in order to reduce the number of required cultures, and as a result, from the culture of the test substance to the culture medium The present inventors have found a method for evaluating toxicity based on the change over time in the amount of released lactate dehydrogenase, and have completed the present invention.
[0008]
That is, the present invention embeds animal cultured cells and treats the cultured collagen gel culture with a test substance for an effective period of time, whereby the intracellular enzymes released from the test substance into the culture are treated with time. This is a method for evaluating toxicity, which is characterized by performing quantitative measurements.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, a collagen gel culture in which animal culture cells are embedded and cultured is used.
The animal cultured cells to be used include fibroblasts, muscle cells, fat cells, vascular endothelial cells, and the like. Mesenchymal cells, particularly fibroblasts, are preferably used. Moreover, the cells may be established cells.
As animal species, mammals such as humans, rats and mice can be used.
[0010]
Collagen gel can be prepared from rat tail or bovine tendon, but commercially available one can be suitably used.
[0011]
The embedding culture refers to culturing a gelled mixture of animal culture cells and a collagen solution.
As a collagen gel culture in which animal culture cells are embedded and cultured, for example, there is a collagen gel culture in which human cultured fibroblasts are embedded and cultured, and the brand name is "Matrex TM" (manufactured and sold). Toyobo).
[0012]
As the test substance used in the present invention, chemicals, cosmetics, detergents and the like are widely used.
[0013]
In the present invention, these test substances are dissolved in water, physiological saline, a medium, or the like, or in a solid state, the animal cultured cells are embedded and added to a cultured collagen gel culture, and the cells are treated for an effective time. .
[0014]
Here, the effective time refers to a time sufficient for the test substance to act on the animal cells in the collagen gel and exhibit the toxicity of the test substance, and is generally preferably 30 minutes to 24 hours.
While exposing the test substance to the collagen gel culture, the culture is performed while culturing in a medium so that the cell activity can be maintained. Examples of the medium to be used include a DMEM medium, an EMEM medium, and PBS, and it is particularly preferable to use a DMEM medium containing no serum.
The culture is cultured in this medium at, for example, 37 ° C. for 30 minutes to 24 hours.
[0015]
In particular, with respect to a plate-like collagen gel, it is desirable to perform the culture while exposing the upper surface to the test substance and bringing the other surface (lower surface) into contact with the medium. In this case, as a culture device for collagen gel, Millicell (Millipore), Cell Culture Insert (Falcon) and the like can be used. For example, Transwell (Coaster) can be suitably used.
[0016]
When the test substance kills the animal cells in the collagen gel, the cell death dissolves the cell membrane or destroys the cell membrane by the direct action of the test substance, releasing various enzymes present in the animal cells into the medium. Is done.
[0017]
In the present invention, the above medium is collected over time during the treatment of the test substance, and the amount of intracellular enzymes contained therein is measured.
Intracellular enzymes to be measured include lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and the like.In particular, lactate dehydrogenase is present in cells for many cell types, and the amount of enzyme can be easily measured. It is convenient.
[0018]
The measurement of the amount of lactate dehydrogenase includes a quantification method using an antibody and the like, but it is generally convenient to measure the enzyme activity. In this case, a commercially available kit for measuring lactate dehydrogenase activity is preferably used.
[0019]
The toxicity in the present invention is evaluated by observing the time-dependent change in the amount of intracellular enzyme released into the medium. For example, using the length of time required to release a certain amount of enzyme as an index, it can be determined that the shorter the time, the stronger the toxicity. When comparing the toxicity between test substances having different concentrations, the product of (concentration) × (time) can be used as an index.
[0020]
By using the method of the present invention, toxicity evaluation can be performed at only one concentration point, and the required number of cultures can be reduced as compared with the conventional method.
[0021]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to Examples.
Example 1
As a collagen gel culture in which the cultured human fibroblasts were embedded and cultured, a trade name, Matrex (manufactured and sold by Toyobo) was used. The culture is produced by culturing a mixture of cultured human fibroblasts and collagen gel for a certain period of time.
[0022]
The above collagen gel culture is placed in an assay plate (6-well plate), 5 ml of assay medium (manufactured and sold by Toyobo) is added to the collagen gel culture, and the mixture is left at room temperature for 30 minutes to assay the washing of the collagen gel culture. Performed in medium.
The assay medium in each well was aspirated and withdrawn, silicone was applied to the assay ring provided with the kit, and allowed to adhere to the top surface of the collagen gel culture.
[0023]
1.5 ml of assay medium (manufactured and sold by Toyobo) was added to each well of the assay plate. The wells were placed in a 37 ° C. incubator (humidity: 95% or more) for 1 hour, and after preculture, the assay medium in the wells was removed by suction, and 1.5 ml of assay medium was newly added to each well. added.
80 μl of the six test substances shown in Table 1 dissolved in distilled water were added to the center of the assay ring attached to the upper surface of the culture. At this time, a collagen gel culture without any addition was used as a negative control.
The collagen gel culture to which the test substance was exposed was cultured in a 37 ° C. incubator (humidity: 95% or more), and after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 hours had passed, the wells in the well were From the assay medium, 100 μl of the medium was collected, and then the extracted assay medium was replenished and the culture was continued.
[0024]
As a positive control sample, a sample solution extracted from all tissues of the collagen gel culture using 0.1% Tween 20-assay medium was used.
For the sampled assay medium (S), negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and blank (fresh assay medium only, BL), a commercially available lactate dehydrogenase activity measurement kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) Was used to measure lactate dehydrogenase activity. Assuming that the activity amount of the positive control was 100%, the damage rate of each sample was calculated by the following formula.
Failure rate (T,%) = {(S) − (BL)} × 100 / (PC).
Here, the product of the exposure time (ET20) at which T = 20% and the concentration (C) of the test substance used was defined as a CT20 value.
Table 1 shows the test substances used and the results obtained.
[0025]
[Table 1]
[0026]
As is clear from Table 1, the lower the CT20 value, the stronger the toxicity was observed.
[0027]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, toxicity evaluation can be performed at only one concentration point, and the required number of cultures can be reduced as compared with the conventional method. Therefore, when screening for the toxicity of another type of test substance, the necessary cost can be reduced and the screening can be performed easily.
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US7615373B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2009-11-10 | Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation | Electroprocessed collagen and tissue engineering |
US6365129B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2002-04-02 | Tosk, Inc. | Invivo high throughput toxicology screening method |
AU2001288692A1 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2002-03-13 | Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation | Electroprocessed fibrin-based matrices and tissues |
ES2312495T3 (en) * | 2000-11-17 | 2009-03-01 | Virginia Commonwealth University Intellectual Property Foundation | ELECTROPROCESSED COLLAGEN. |
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