JP3594566B2 - Distributed power generation system - Google Patents

Distributed power generation system Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3594566B2
JP3594566B2 JP2001137846A JP2001137846A JP3594566B2 JP 3594566 B2 JP3594566 B2 JP 3594566B2 JP 2001137846 A JP2001137846 A JP 2001137846A JP 2001137846 A JP2001137846 A JP 2001137846A JP 3594566 B2 JP3594566 B2 JP 3594566B2
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power generation
supply amount
gas
power
supply
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JP2002334709A (en
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幸徳 秋山
正天 門脇
耕司 安尾
勝也 小田
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Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
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Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2003280185A priority patent/JP2004005729A/en
Priority to JP2003280184A priority patent/JP3773924B2/en
Priority to JP2003280183A priority patent/JP2004048995A/en
Priority to JP2003280186A priority patent/JP2004046883A/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/12Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/128Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment involving the use of Internet protocol

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は電力の供給技術に関し、とくに分散型の発電システムと、それを利用したエネルギー管理システムに関する。
【従来の技術】
ITやバイオなどの新技術が世界規模で展開される時代となったが、そうした状況にあっても、エネルギー産業は最大級の基幹産業であることに変わりはない。最近では、地球温暖化防止をはじめとする環境意識の浸透に伴い、いわゆる新エネルギーに対する期待が高まっている。新エネルギーは、環境性に加え、電力需要家に近接して分散型で生産できるため、送電損失面と電力供給のセキュリティ面でもメリットがある。また、新エネルギーの開発が新たな周辺産業を創出する副次的効果も期待できる。
【0002】
新エネルギーに対する取り組みは、約30年前の石油危機を契機として本格化し、現在では、太陽光発電などの再生可能エネルギー、廃棄物発電などのリサイクルエネルギー、燃料電池などの高効率エネルギー、およびクリーンエネルギーカーを代表とする新分野エネルギーなどのエネルギーが、それぞれ実用化に向けた開発の段階にある。
【0003】
そうした中でも、燃料電池は業界でもっとも注目されるエネルギーのひとつである。燃料電池は、天然ガスやメタノールに代表される炭化水素系燃料に水蒸気を混ぜて作った水素と、大気中から採取した酸素を化学反応させて電気と熱を同時に生成するもので、発電による副産物が水だけであり、低出力域でも高効率で、しかも発電が天候に影響されず安定的である。固体高分子型燃料電池は、住居用をはじめとする定置型、および車載型の両用途において次世代のひとつの標準電源と目されている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
現在、固体高分子型燃料電池を利用する発電システムは、試作から実用化の途上にある。燃料電池の普及はコストをいかに低減できるかに依存する。初期コストは開発側の課題ではあるが、運用上のコストまたはメリットは、燃料電池を用いるシステムと商用電力系統の関係にも依存する。
【0005】
したがって燃料電池の普及には、単に燃料電池自体の技術的改良だけではなく、それを利用する環境をビジネスモデルとして構築する必要があり、このモデルにおいて、システムの利用者、電力会社をはじめとする関係者全体のメリットを浮き彫りにしていく必要がある。
【0006】
本発明はこうした背景からなされたものであり、その目的は、燃料電池をはじめとする分散型の発電システムの導入および利用の促進を図る技術の提供にある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明のある態様は、分散型の発電システム(以下単に分散発電システムという)に関する。このシステムは、発電のためにガスを利用する発電装置を有するもので、ガス系統から当該発電システムの利用者へ供給されるガスの供給量を検出する供給検出部と、ガスの供給量を記憶する供給量保持部と、を有する。「発電装置」は任意のものでよいが、発電のためにガスを利用する燃料電池はひとつの好適な例である。
【0008】
分散発電システムは、一般には、それが設置される場所、例えば住居やビルなどにおいてガス会社のガス系統からガスの供給を受ける。ここでいう「ガスの供給量」は、燃料電池による発電に利用されるガスと、それ以外の用途で消費されるガスの双方を含んだ利用者ごとの総供給量をいう。この総供給量に基づいてガス料金が決定され、これを需要家、すなわちこのシステムの利用者(以下単に利用者ともいう)が負担する。
【0009】
この分散発電システムが有するマスフローメータなどのガス量検出器を発電用以外のガス供給量の測定にも活用し、さらに電力供給量も測定して記録すれば電力とガスの一元的管理が可能となる。供給量保持部からガスの供給量を読み出して、ネットワーク経由で発行された確認指示に対する応答の形で、ガス会社または管理会社などに通知してもよい。「ネットワーク」はインターネットでもよい。
【0010】
本発明の別の態様における分散発電システムは、発電のために上水を利用する発電装置を有するものであり、上水系統から当該発電システムの利用者へ供給される上水の供給量を検出する供給検出部と、上水の供給量を記憶する供給量保持部と、を有する。この「発電装置」もまた任意のものでよいが、発電のために上水を利用する燃料電池はひとつの好適な例である。
【0011】
分散発電システムは、一般には、それが設置される場所において水道事業者の上水系統から上水の供給を受ける。ここでいう「上水の供給量」は、燃料電池による発電に利用される水と、それ以外の用途で使用される水の双方を含んだ利用者ごとの総供給量をいう。この総供給量に基づいて水道料金のうち上水にかかる部分が決定され、これを需要家が負担する。
【0012】
この分散発電システムが有するマスフローメータなどの水量検出器を、発電用以外の上水供給量の測定にも活用し、さらに電力供給量も測定して記録すれば電力と上水の一元的管理が可能となる。供給量保持部から上水の供給量を読み出して、ネットワーク経由で発行された確認指示に対する応答の形で、水道事業者または管理会社などに通知してもよい。
【0013】
本発明のさらに別の態様はエネルギー管理システムである。このシステムは、管理装置を含む。この管理装置は、発電のためにガスを利用する発電装置を有する分散発電システムにネットワークを介して接続され、分散発電システムが検出するガス系統からのガスの供給量を遠隔から確認できるよう構成してもよい。また、電力系統からの電力の供給量、ガスの供給量、および上水の供給量を一元的に管理してもよいし、電力供給主体、ガス供給主体、および上水供給主体に対して、管理する各供給量を通知してもよい。
【0014】
本発明のさらに別の態様のエネルギー管理システムもまた管理装置を含む。この管理装置は、発電のために上水を利用する発電装置を有する分散発電システムにネットワークを介して接続され、分散発電システムが検出する上水系統からの上水の供給量を遠隔から確認できるよう構成してもよい。また、電力系統からの電力の供給量、ガスの供給量、および上水の供給量を一元的に管理してもよいし、電力供給主体、ガス供給主体、および上水供給主体に対して、管理する各供給量を通知してもよい。
【0015】
本発明のさらに別の態様も分散発電システムである。このシステムは、発電装置を有するものであり、この発電システムが供給量を検出する電力、ガス、および上水のうち少なくともいずれかの利用状況を監視する監視部を含む。この利用状況に異常が見られたとき、監視部がその異常を検出して利用者に警告する。「利用状況」は、1日における各時間帯ごとの供給量であってもよく、平均的な利用パターンを予め記憶しておいてこれと著しく異なるときに「異常」と判断してもよい。「警告」は、屋内の警報機などの装置によって行ってもよい。これにより、利用者はガス漏れなどの異常を迅速に察知することができる。
【0016】
本発明のさらに別の態様もエネルギー管理システムである。このシステムは、発電装置を有する分散発電システムにネットワークを介して接続された監視部を含む。この監視部もまた電力、ガス、および上水のうち少なくともいずれかの利用状況を監視するとともに、利用状況に異常が発生したときに、その異常を検出して通報する。通報先は、電力会社、ガス会社、水道事業者などであってもよいし、分散発電システムが設置される場所のセキュリティを管理する管理主体であってもよい。この管理主体は警備会社であってもよい。
【0017】
たとえば、利用者の留守中または就寝中に漏電、ショート、ガス漏れなどが発生した場合に、これを電力、ガス、上水の利用状況によって検知する。従来はガス漏れ検知器などによって二次的に検知していた災害を、供給量の異常な変動によって一次的に検知する。また、老人や病人の一人世帯において急病などの不測の事態が発生した場合にも、これを電力、ガス、上水の異常な利用状況によって察知できる可能性がある。
【0018】
本発明のさらに別の態様も分散発電システムである。このシステムは、発電装置を有するものであり、このシステムを、発電装置による発電に利用する資源の少なくとも一部をこのシステムの設置される場所に供給するための物理的なゲートウェイとして構成するとともに、その供給量を各資源の供給主体へ通知するために検出する管理的なゲートウェイとして構成する。
【0019】
「発電に利用する資源」は、ガス、上水をはじめ、電力を含んでもよい。「物理的なゲートウェイ」は、たとえば利用者の電気設備、ガス設備、上水設備などを電力系統、ガス系統、上水系統などにそれぞれ接続する接合点を意味する。「管理的なゲートウェイ」は、たとえば利用者の家庭で使用した電力、ガス、上水の各供給量を取得して通知するための集約点を意味する。
【0020】
なお、以上の構成要素の任意の組合せや、本発明の構成要素や表現を方法、装置、システム、コンピュータプログラム、コンピュータプログラムを格納した記録媒体などの間で相互に置換したものもまた、本発明の態様として有効である。
【0021】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は、実施の形態に係るエネルギー管理システム10の全体構成を示す。同図は一般的な電子ネットワークを示し、配電、配ガス、および配水のためのネットワークを示すものではない。
【0022】
エネルギー管理システム10では、複数の分散発電システム12とそれらを統括的に管理する管理装置24を含む管理会社22がインターネット20を介して接続されている。管理会社22は専用回線で電力会社28、ガス会社26、水道事業者29、および警備会社27と接続され、これら各社の委託を受けた事業を行う。電力会社28は電力系統16を通じて分散発電システム12をもつ需要家の住宅やビルに電力を供給する。同様に、ガス会社26はガス系統14を通じてガスを供給し、水道事業者29は上水系統18を通じて上水を供給する。分散発電システム12は、発電のためにガスと水を利用する燃料電池システムを備える。
【0023】
このエネルギー管理システム10の基本的な特徴は、電力、ガス、および上水の供給量を遠隔地から確認し、これらを集約して一元的に管理する点にある。従来はこれらをそれぞれの事業主体が別々に管理していたが、本実施形態によれば需要家ごとに包括的なエネルギー管理が可能となる。また、従来は各事業主体の担当者が各需要家宅へ訪問し、そこに設置されたメータを検針することによって毎月の供給量を確認していた。本実施形態によれば訪問および検針作業が省かれるので、各事業主体における人件費を削減できる。
【0024】
図2は、分散発電システム12の構成を示す。燃料電池システム30は、天然ガスやメタノールなどの炭化水素系燃料と上水から生成した水蒸気を反応させて水素を得る改質器34と、その水素と酸素を反応させて水と直流電圧を得る燃料電池36と、その電圧を交流に変換するインバータ38と、それらを制御する制御部32を備える。燃料電池システム30による電力を利用するか電力系統16から買電するか、またはそれらを併用するかは、一般に利用者の判断でなされる。
【0025】
第1の開閉器40は電力系統16と屋内電気設備の経路72に間挿され、電力系統16から買電するとき導通状態にされる。第2の開閉器44は燃料電池システム30と屋内電気設備の経路74に間挿され、燃料電池システム30から屋内電気設備へ電力を供給するとき導通状態にされる。ガス系統14からは改質器34および屋内ガス設備に対してそれぞれ経路66と経路64を通じてガスが供給され、上水系統18からは改質器34および屋内上水設備に対してそれぞれ経路70と経路68を通じて上水が供給される。
【0026】
供給検出部62は、買電された電力供給量を経路72から検出し、ガス供給量を経路66、64から検出し、上水供給量を経路70、68から検出する。供給検出部62によって検出された各供給量は、供給量保持部60に格納され、送信処理部58によって通信部46を介して管理装置24へ送信される。監視部50は、供給量保持部60に格納される各供給量を監視するとともに、その利用者における電力、ガス、上水の利用動向を利用動向保持部48に記録する。電力、ガス、上水のうちいずれかの利用状況が利用動向保持部48に記録された利用動向と著しく異なる場合に、これを検出した監視部50が利用者へ注意を促すとともに、通信部46を介して管理装置24へ通報する。
【0027】
通信部46、利用動向保持部48、監視部50、送信処理部58、および供給量保持部60を含む処理装置52は、ハードウェア的には、マイクロコンピュータのCPU、メモリ、その他のLSIで実現でき、ソフトウェア的にはデータ処理プログラムなどによって実現されるが、ここではそれらの連携による機能のみをブロックで示している。したがって、これらの機能ブロックがハードウェアとソフトウェアのいろいろな組合せで実現できることは当業者には理解されるところである。
【0028】
図3は、供給検出部62の構成を示す。供給検出部62は、電力量検出器80、ガス量検出器82、および水量検出器84を含む。電力量検出器80は電力計であり、図2の経路72における電力供給量を測定する。ガス量検出器82はマスフローメータであり、経路64、66におけるガス供給量を測定する。水量検出器84もまたマスフローメータであり、経路68、70における上水供給量を測定する。これら電力計およびマスフローメータは、従来の燃料電池システムにも設けられる既知の構成であるが、これを燃料電池システムが出力する電力の測定、または燃料電池システムへ供給されるガスおよび上水の測定に用いるのみならず、その利用者への供給量全体の測定に用いることによって総合的なエネルギー管理を実現する。
【0029】
図4は、管理装置24の構成を示す。この構成もマイクロコンピュータをはじめとするハードウェアおよびソフトウェアの組合せで実現される。通信部90は、インターネット20を介して分散発電システム12と通信し、また電力会社28、ガス会社26、水道事業者29、および警備会社27と直接通信する。分散発電システム12とのデータ送受信は、たとえばTCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)などのコネクション型のトランスポート層プロトコルを利用して行われる。
【0030】
供給量確認部92は、複数の分散発電システム12のそれぞれから利用者ごとの各供給量を確認して供給量保持部94に記録する。供給量保持部94は、図2の供給量保持部60に対応する機能を有し、利用者ごとの各供給量を保持する。利用者のリストは利用者リスト保持部96に格納される。
【0031】
電力確認部102は、分散発電システム12から電力供給量を取得して電力供給量格納部108に記録する。ガス確認部104は、分散発電システム12からガス供給量を取得してガス供給量格納部110に記録する。上水確認部106は、分散発電システム12から上水供給量を取得して上水供給量確認部112に記録する。
【0032】
監視部98は、図2の監視部50に対応する機能を有し、利用者ごとに各供給量を監視する。利用動向保持部100は図2の利用動向保持部48に対応する機能を有し、利用者ごとの各利用動向が格納される。監視部98は、利用動向保持部100に格納された利用動向と著しく異なる利用状況を示した利用者に対し、通信部90を介して注意を促す通知をする。また、この異常を通信部90を介して電力会社28、ガス会社26、水道事業者29のいずれかに通報してもよいし、警備会社27へ通報してもよい。
【0033】
たとえば、利用者への注意を、解除可能な警報の形で通知しておき、所定の時間内にこの警報に対する解除がなされないときにはじめて警備会社27へ通報する構成としてもよい。
【0034】
図5は、電力供給量格納部108の内部構成を示す。電力供給量格納部108は、電力供給量を利用者ごとに記録しており、たとえば利用者「003」は「2000年11月」の供給量として「342kWh」が記録されている。
【0035】
図6は、ガス供給量格納部110の内部構成を示す。ガス供給量格納部110は、ガス供給量を利用者ごとに記録しており、たとえば利用者「003」は「2000年11月」の供給量として「81m」が記録されている。
【0036】
図7は、上水供給量確認部112の内部構成を示す。上水供給量確認部112は、上水供給量を利用者ごとに記録しており、たとえば利用者「003」は「2000年11月」の供給量として「31m」が記録されている。
【0037】
図8は、利用動向保持部100の内部構成を模式的に描いている。利用動向保持部100に格納された利用者ごとの利用動向は、電力、ガス、上水のそれぞれに関する時間帯ごとの平均的な供給量であり、時間を横軸にとったグラフで記述される。たとえば利用者「003」の電力利用動向は「18時〜21時」がピークとなり、利用者「052」の電力利用動向は「0時〜3時」がピークとなる。こうしたピークは利用者によって異なる上、電力、ガス、上水との間でそれぞれピーク時間が異なる場合もある。またピーク時の供給量や、ピーク時とそれ以外の時間の供給量の増減幅にも違いが見られる。これらは利用者ごとの特徴として捉えることができ、これを大きく逸脱する利用が見られた場合は何らかの異常が発生したものと判断できる可能性がある。
【0038】
以上、本発明を実施の形態をもとに説明した。この実施の形態は例示であり、それらの各構成要素や各処理プロセスの組合せにいろいろな変形が可能なこと、またそうした変形例も本発明の範囲にあることは当業者に理解されるところである。以下、そうした例を述べる。
【0039】
実施の形態の分散発電システム12において、燃料電池システム30による電力を利用するか電力系統16から買電するかは利用者の判断に委ねられていた。変形例においては、この判断を燃料電池システム30が行う。たとえば、時間帯によって異なる電気料金が設定されている場合に、いずれの電力利用が低コストとなるかを判断して発電と買電とを切り替える構成を有してもよい。また、ガス料金や上水料金も時間帯によって異なる場合、総合的に見て最も低コストとなる組合せを割り出して発電と買電とを切り替える構成を有してもよい。複数の電力会社、ガス会社、および水道事業者から選択的に供給を受けられる環境にある場合、最も低コストとなる会社を燃料電池システム30が選択して供給を受ける構成を有してもよい。
【0040】
管理会社22内の管理装置24は、電気料金、ガス料金、または上水料金を算出して管理してもよいし、これらの料金に対する課金を処理する構成を有してもよい。また、本システムの導入によって削減された検針業務の人件費を利用者へ還元するために、各料金に優遇措置を講じてもよい。
【0041】
電力会社28、ガス会社26、水道事業者29、警備会社27のうちいずれかと管理会社22が実質的に同一主体によって実現され、一連の処理が統合的になされてもよい。その場合、各社の内部にWebサーバその他のホストを構築してシステムを運用すればよい。
【0042】
電力会社28、ガス会社26、水道事業者29、警備会社27と管理会社22の間は必ずしも専用回線でなくてもよく、インターネット20を利用しても差し支えはない。その設計は両者間の通信に要求されるセキュリティの度合いにもよる。
【0043】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、有用性の高いエネルギー管理が実現する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】実施の形態に係るエネルギー管理システムの全体構成図である。
【図2】実施の形態に係る分散発電システムの構成図である。
【図3】分散発電システム内の供給検出部の構成図である。
【図4】管理会社内の管理装置の構成図である。
【図5】管理装置内の電力供給量格納部の構成図である。
【図6】管理装置内のガス供給量格納部の構成図である。
【図7】管理装置内の上水供給量確認部の構成図である。
【図8】管理装置内の利用動向保持部の構成図である。
【符号の説明】
10 エネルギー管理システム、 12 分散発電システム、 14 ガス系統、 16 電力系統、 18 上水系統、 20 インターネット、 24 管理装置、 30 燃料電池システム、 36 燃料電池、 46 通信部、 50 監視部、 60 供給量保持部、 62 供給検出部、 90 通信部、
94 供給量保持部、 98 監視部。
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a power supply technology, and more particularly to a distributed power generation system and an energy management system using the same.
[Prior art]
In a time when new technologies such as IT and biotechnology are being deployed on a global scale, the energy industry is still one of the largest core industries. Recently, with the spread of environmental awareness, including prevention of global warming, expectations for so-called new energy are increasing. In addition to environmental friendliness, the new energy can be produced in a distributed manner close to the power consumers, and therefore has advantages in terms of transmission loss and security of power supply. It is also expected that the development of new energy will have the secondary effect of creating new peripheral industries.
[0002]
Initiatives for new energy have been in full swing since the oil crisis about 30 years ago. Currently, renewable energy such as solar power generation, recycling energy such as waste power generation, high-efficiency energy such as fuel cells, and clean energy Energy in new fields, such as cars, is in the development stage for practical use.
[0003]
Among them, fuel cells are one of the hottest energies in the industry. Fuel cells produce electricity and heat simultaneously by chemically reacting hydrogen produced by mixing water vapor with a hydrocarbon fuel represented by natural gas or methanol, and oxygen collected from the atmosphere. Is only water, high efficiency even in the low power range, and the power generation is stable without being affected by the weather. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell is regarded as one of the next-generation standard power sources for both stationary and on-vehicle applications, such as residential use.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
At present, a power generation system using a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is in the process of being prototyped and put into practical use. The spread of fuel cells depends on how costs can be reduced. Although initial costs are a development issue, operational costs or benefits also depend on the relationship between the fuel cell system and the commercial power system.
[0005]
Therefore, in order to spread fuel cells, it is necessary to construct not only technical improvements of fuel cells themselves but also the environment in which they are used as a business model. In this model, system users, power companies, etc. It is necessary to highlight the merits of all concerned.
[0006]
The present invention has been made in view of such a background, and an object of the present invention is to provide a technique for promoting introduction and use of a distributed power generation system such as a fuel cell.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
One embodiment of the present invention relates to a distributed power generation system (hereinafter, simply referred to as a distributed power generation system). This system has a power generation device that uses gas for power generation, and stores a supply detection unit that detects a gas supply amount supplied from a gas system to a user of the power generation system, and stores a gas supply amount. And a supply amount holding unit. The “power generation device” may be any, but a fuel cell using gas for power generation is one suitable example.
[0008]
In general, a distributed power generation system is supplied with gas from a gas system of a gas company at a place where the system is installed, for example, a house or a building. The “gas supply amount” here refers to the total supply amount for each user including both gas used for power generation by the fuel cell and gas consumed for other uses. A gas fee is determined based on the total supply amount, and is paid by a customer, that is, a user of the system (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a user).
[0009]
Utilizing gas flow detectors such as mass flow meters in this distributed power generation system to measure gas supply other than for power generation, and by measuring and recording power supply, it is possible to centrally manage power and gas. Become. The gas supply amount may be read from the supply amount holding unit and notified to the gas company or the management company in the form of a response to the confirmation instruction issued via the network. The “network” may be the Internet.
[0010]
A distributed power generation system according to another aspect of the present invention includes a power generation device that uses clean water for power generation, and detects a supply amount of clean water supplied from a clean water system to a user of the power generation system. And a supply amount holding unit that stores the supply amount of clean water. This “power generation device” may also be an arbitrary one, but a fuel cell using tap water for power generation is one preferable example.
[0011]
A distributed power generation system generally receives water supply from a water supply system water supply system at a place where the system is installed. The “supply amount of clean water” here refers to the total supply amount of each user including both water used for power generation by the fuel cell and water used for other purposes. Based on this total supply, the portion of the water charge that is related to clean water is determined, and this is borne by the consumer.
[0012]
Utilizing a water flow detector such as a mass flow meter in this distributed power generation system to measure the amount of water supply other than for power generation, and by measuring and recording the amount of power supply, unified management of power and water supply It becomes possible. The water supply amount may be read from the supply amount holding unit and notified to a water service company or a management company in the form of a response to a confirmation instruction issued via the network.
[0013]
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to an energy management system. The system includes a management device. This management device is connected via a network to a distributed power generation system having a power generation device that uses gas for power generation, and is configured so that the supply amount of gas from the gas system detected by the distributed power generation system can be remotely confirmed. You may. In addition, the supply amount of power from the power system, the supply amount of gas, and the supply amount of clean water may be centrally managed, or the power supply main body, the gas supply main body, and the clean water supply main body, Each supply amount to be managed may be notified.
[0014]
An energy management system according to yet another aspect of the present invention also includes a management device. This management device is connected via a network to a distributed power generation system having a power generation device that uses clean water for power generation, and can remotely check the supply amount of clean water from the clean water system detected by the distributed power generation system. Such a configuration may be adopted. In addition, the supply amount of power from the power system, the supply amount of gas, and the supply amount of clean water may be centrally managed, or the power supply main body, the gas supply main body, and the clean water supply main body, Each supply amount to be managed may be notified.
[0015]
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates also to a distributed power generation system. The system includes a power generation device, and includes a monitoring unit that monitors a usage state of at least one of electric power, gas, and clean water whose supply amount is detected by the power generation system. When an abnormality is found in the usage status, the monitoring unit detects the abnormality and warns the user. The “usage status” may be a supply amount for each time zone in one day, or an average usage pattern may be stored in advance and determined to be “abnormal” when significantly different from this. The "warning" may be performed by a device such as an indoor alarm. As a result, the user can quickly detect an abnormality such as a gas leak.
[0016]
Yet another embodiment of the present invention also relates to an energy management system. The system includes a monitoring unit connected to a distributed power generation system having a power generation device via a network. The monitoring unit also monitors the usage status of at least one of electric power, gas, and clean water, and detects and reports an abnormality in the usage status when it occurs. The report destination may be a power company, a gas company, a water company, or the like, or may be a management entity that manages the security of a place where the distributed power generation system is installed. This managing entity may be a security company.
[0017]
For example, if a leakage, short circuit, gas leak, or the like occurs while the user is away or while sleeping, this is detected based on the power, gas, and water usage. Disasters that were conventionally detected secondarily by a gas leak detector or the like are primarily detected by abnormal fluctuations in the supply amount. Further, even when an unexpected situation such as sudden illness occurs in a single household of the elderly or the sick, there is a possibility that this can be detected based on the abnormal usage of electric power, gas and water.
[0018]
Still another embodiment of the present invention relates also to a distributed power generation system. The system has a power generator, and the system is configured as a physical gateway for supplying at least a part of resources used for power generation by the power generator to a place where the system is installed, It is configured as an administrative gateway that detects the supply amount to notify the supply entity of each resource.
[0019]
“Resources used for power generation” may include electric power, including gas and clean water. The “physical gateway” means, for example, a junction that connects a user's electric equipment, gas equipment, water supply equipment, and the like to an electric power system, a gas system, a water supply system, and the like. The “administrative gateway” means, for example, an aggregation point for acquiring and notifying the supply amounts of power, gas, and water used in a user's home.
[0020]
It is to be noted that any combination of the above-described components, and any replacement of the components and expressions of the present invention between a method, an apparatus, a system, a computer program, a recording medium storing a computer program, and the like are also included in the present invention. This is effective as an embodiment.
[0021]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows an overall configuration of an energy management system 10 according to the embodiment. The figure shows a general electronic network, not a network for power distribution, gas distribution and water distribution.
[0022]
In the energy management system 10, a plurality of distributed power generation systems 12 and a management company 22 including a management device 24 that manages them collectively are connected via the Internet 20. The management company 22 is connected to a power company 28, a gas company 26, a water service company 29, and a security company 27 by a dedicated line, and performs a business entrusted by these companies. The electric power company 28 supplies electric power to a customer's house or building having the distributed power generation system 12 through the electric power system 16. Similarly, the gas company 26 supplies gas through the gas system 14, and the water utility 29 supplies water through the water system 18. The distributed power generation system 12 includes a fuel cell system that uses gas and water for power generation.
[0023]
The basic feature of the energy management system 10 is that the supply amounts of electric power, gas, and clean water are checked from a remote place, and these are collectively managed in an integrated manner. Conventionally, these entities were separately managed by respective business entities, but according to the present embodiment, comprehensive energy management can be performed for each customer. Conventionally, a person in charge of each business entity visits each customer's home and checks the meter installed there to check the monthly supply. According to the present embodiment, visits and meter reading operations are omitted, so that labor costs in each business entity can be reduced.
[0024]
FIG. 2 shows a configuration of the distributed power generation system 12. The fuel cell system 30 includes a reformer 34 that reacts a hydrocarbon fuel such as natural gas or methanol with water vapor generated from tap water to obtain hydrogen, and a reaction between the hydrogen and oxygen to obtain water and a DC voltage. The fuel cell system includes a fuel cell 36, an inverter 38 that converts the voltage into an alternating current, and a control unit 32 that controls the inverter. Whether to use power from the fuel cell system 30, purchase power from the power system 16, or use them together is generally determined by the user.
[0025]
The first switch 40 is interposed between the electric power system 16 and the path 72 of the indoor electric equipment, and is made conductive when purchasing power from the electric power system 16. The second switch 44 is interposed between the fuel cell system 30 and the path 74 between the indoor electric equipment and is turned on when supplying the electric power from the fuel cell system 30 to the indoor electric equipment. Gas is supplied from the gas system 14 to the reformer 34 and the indoor gas equipment through the paths 66 and 64, respectively. Water is supplied through a passage 68.
[0026]
The supply detection unit 62 detects the purchased power supply amount from the path 72, detects the gas supply amount from the paths 66 and 64, and detects the water supply amount from the paths 70 and 68. Each supply amount detected by the supply detection unit 62 is stored in the supply amount holding unit 60, and transmitted to the management device 24 via the communication unit 46 by the transmission processing unit 58. The monitoring unit 50 monitors each supply amount stored in the supply amount holding unit 60 and records the usage trend of the power, gas, and clean water of the user in the usage trend holding unit 48. When the usage status of any one of the electric power, gas, and water is significantly different from the usage trend recorded in the usage trend holding unit 48, the monitoring unit 50 that has detected the usage trend alerts the user and the communication unit 46. To the management device 24 via the.
[0027]
The processing device 52 including the communication unit 46, the usage trend holding unit 48, the monitoring unit 50, the transmission processing unit 58, and the supply amount holding unit 60 is realized by a CPU of a microcomputer, a memory, and other LSIs in hardware. It can be realized by a data processing program or the like in terms of software, but here, only the functions by their cooperation are shown by blocks. Therefore, it is understood by those skilled in the art that these functional blocks can be realized by various combinations of hardware and software.
[0028]
FIG. 3 shows a configuration of the supply detection unit 62. The supply detection unit 62 includes a power amount detector 80, a gas amount detector 82, and a water amount detector 84. The power amount detector 80 is a wattmeter, and measures the power supply amount in the path 72 in FIG. The gas amount detector 82 is a mass flow meter, and measures a gas supply amount in the paths 64 and 66. The water amount detector 84 is also a mass flow meter, and measures the supply amount of clean water in the paths 68 and 70. These wattmeters and mass flow meters have a known configuration that is also provided in conventional fuel cell systems, and measure the power output from the fuel cell system or the gas and clean water supplied to the fuel cell system. Not only is it used to measure energy consumption, but it is also used to measure the total amount of supply to its users, thereby realizing comprehensive energy management.
[0029]
FIG. 4 shows the configuration of the management device 24. This configuration is also realized by a combination of hardware and software including a microcomputer. The communication unit 90 communicates with the distributed power generation system 12 via the Internet 20, and directly communicates with the electric power company 28, the gas company 26, the water utility 29, and the security company 27. Data transmission / reception with the distributed power generation system 12 is performed using a connection-type transport layer protocol such as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).
[0030]
The supply amount confirmation unit 92 confirms each supply amount for each user from each of the plurality of distributed power generation systems 12 and records it in the supply amount holding unit 94. The supply amount holding unit 94 has a function corresponding to the supply amount holding unit 60 in FIG. 2, and holds each supply amount for each user. The user list is stored in the user list holding unit 96.
[0031]
The power confirmation unit 102 acquires the power supply amount from the distributed power generation system 12 and records the power supply amount in the power supply amount storage unit 108. The gas confirmation unit 104 acquires the gas supply amount from the distributed power generation system 12 and records the acquired gas supply amount in the gas supply amount storage unit 110. The water supply confirmation unit 106 acquires the water supply amount from the distributed power generation system 12 and records the acquired water supply amount in the water supply amount confirmation unit 112.
[0032]
The monitoring unit 98 has a function corresponding to the monitoring unit 50 of FIG. 2, and monitors each supply amount for each user. The usage trend holding unit 100 has a function corresponding to the usage trend holding unit 48 in FIG. 2, and stores each usage trend for each user. The monitoring unit 98 notifies, via the communication unit 90, a user who has shown a usage situation that is significantly different from the usage trend stored in the usage trend storage unit 100, to call attention. Further, the abnormality may be reported to any one of the electric power company 28, the gas company 26, and the water company 29 via the communication unit 90, or may be reported to the security company 27.
[0033]
For example, a configuration may be adopted in which the user's attention is notified in the form of a releasable alarm, and the security company 27 is notified only when the alarm is not canceled within a predetermined time.
[0034]
FIG. 5 shows an internal configuration of the power supply storage unit 108. The power supply amount storage unit 108 records the power supply amount for each user. For example, for the user “003”, “342 kWh” is recorded as the supply amount for “November 2000”.
[0035]
FIG. 6 shows an internal configuration of the gas supply amount storage unit 110. The gas supply amount storage unit 110 records the gas supply amount for each user. For example, for the user “003”, “81 m 3 ” is recorded as the supply amount for “November 2000”.
[0036]
FIG. 7 shows an internal configuration of the water supply check unit 112. The water supply check unit 112 records the water supply for each user. For example, for the user “003”, “31 m 3 ” is recorded as the supply for “November 2000”.
[0037]
FIG. 8 schematically illustrates the internal configuration of the usage trend holding unit 100. The usage trend of each user stored in the usage trend holding unit 100 is an average supply amount of each of the power, gas, and water in each time zone, and is described in a graph with time on the horizontal axis. . For example, the power usage trend of the user “003” peaks at “18:00 to 21:00”, and the power usage trend of the user “052” peaks at “0:00 to 3:00”. These peaks vary from user to user, and peak times may differ between power, gas, and water. Also, there is a difference in the supply amount at the peak time and the increase / decrease width of the supply amount between the peak time and the other times. These can be grasped as characteristics of each user, and when usage deviates greatly from this, it may be possible to determine that some abnormality has occurred.
[0038]
The present invention has been described based on the embodiments. This embodiment is an exemplification, and it is understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the combination of each component and each processing process, and that such modifications are also within the scope of the present invention. . Hereinafter, such an example will be described.
[0039]
In the distributed power generation system 12 according to the embodiment, whether to use the power from the fuel cell system 30 or to purchase power from the power system 16 is left to the discretion of the user. In the modification, the fuel cell system 30 makes this determination. For example, when different electricity rates are set depending on the time zone, a configuration may be adopted in which it is determined which power use is lower in cost and switching between power generation and power purchase. Further, when the gas rate and the water rate also differ depending on the time zone, a configuration that comprehensively determines the lowest cost combination and may switch between power generation and power purchase may be provided. When there is an environment in which a plurality of power companies, gas companies, and water utilities can selectively supply the fuel, the fuel cell system 30 may select the lowest cost company and receive the supply. .
[0040]
The management device 24 in the management company 22 may calculate and manage an electricity rate, a gas rate, or a water rate, or may have a configuration for processing a charge for these rates. In addition, preferential measures may be taken for each fee in order to return the labor cost of meter reading work reduced by the introduction of this system to the user.
[0041]
Any one of the electric power company 28, the gas company 26, the water company 29, and the security company 27 and the management company 22 may be realized by substantially the same entity, and a series of processes may be integrated. In that case, a system may be operated by constructing a Web server or another host inside each company.
[0042]
The power company 28, the gas company 26, the water company 29, the security company 27 and the management company 22 do not necessarily have to be dedicated lines, and the Internet 20 may be used. The design also depends on the degree of security required for communication between the two.
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, highly useful energy management is realized.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an overall configuration diagram of an energy management system according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a distributed power generation system according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a configuration diagram of a supply detection unit in the distributed power generation system.
FIG. 4 is a configuration diagram of a management device in a management company.
FIG. 5 is a configuration diagram of a power supply amount storage unit in the management device.
FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram of a gas supply amount storage unit in the management device.
FIG. 7 is a configuration diagram of a water supply amount confirmation unit in the management device.
FIG. 8 is a configuration diagram of a usage trend holding unit in the management device.
[Explanation of symbols]
Reference Signs List 10 energy management system, 12 distributed power generation system, 14 gas system, 16 power system, 18 water system, 20 Internet, 24 management device, 30 fuel cell system, 36 fuel cell, 46 communication unit, 50 monitoring unit, 60 supply amount Holding unit, 62 supply detection unit, 90 communication unit,
94 Supply amount holding unit, 98 Monitoring unit.

Claims (1)

供給主体から供給される資源を利用して発電する発電装置を有し、当該発電装置に供給される前記資源の供給量を検出する検出手段を備える分散型の発電システムにおいて、
当該システムを、前記発電装置による発電に利用する資源および電気を含む資源当該システムの設置される場所に供給するための物理的なゲートウェイとして構成するとともに、
その供給量を各資源の供給主体へ通知するためかつ、供給量を一元的に管理し前記発電に利用する資源の供給料金と電気の供給料金とを時間帯によって比較し、最も低コストとなるような発電および買電の組み合わせを割り出し実現させるため、に検出する管理的なゲートウェイとして構成したことを特徴とする分散発電システム。
In a distributed power generation system having a power generation device that generates power using resources supplied from a supply entity and including a detection unit that detects a supply amount of the resource supplied to the power generation device,
The system resources including the resources and electric used for power generation by the power generation device, as well as constituting a physical gateway for providing a location to be installed in the system,
The supply amount, and to notify the supply main of each resource, the supply rates of the feed rates and electrical resources utilized to centrally manage the power supply amount as compared with the time zone, and the lowest cost A distributed power generation system characterized in that it is configured as an administrative gateway for detecting and realizing a combination of power generation and power purchase .
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