JP3178246B2 - Reprocessing method and recycling equipment for plastic waste with coating film - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for reclaiming plastic waste with a coating film, and more particularly to a method and a method for separating a plastic waste film with a repair material from a plastic waste film. To a device that

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a coating film applied to a plastic waste product is usually crosslinked and cured in a three-dimensional stitch shape and is not melted by heat, nor is it dissolved in a solvent or the like. For this reason, conventionally, this coating film was mechanically scraped off and removed. However, in this method, it takes a long time to remove the coating film from a part having a complicated three-dimensional surface, and cannot completely remove the coating film.

[0003] Therefore as other playback processing method of the plastic waste which has been coated with a thermosetting resin conventionally, there is a technology disclosed in Japanese International Patent Publication No. WO93 / 01232. This is, as shown in FIG.
At 00, the plastic waste with a coating film such as a bumper is crushed. Next, at 110, a suitable treatment liquid is brought into contact with the pulverized plastic powder with a coating film to hydrolyze it to lower the molecular weight of the coating film component. After reducing the molecular weight,
A dehydration treatment is performed at 120, and the degraded plastic powder with a degraded coating that has been depolymerized at 130 is melted and kneaded to finely disperse the degraded coating film components. In this way, the coating film component is finely dispersed in the reclaimed resin composition for molding, so that it is possible to obtain a recycled plastic product having little impact strength reduction and an impact strength equivalent to that of a new material.

[0004]

However, plastic waste with a coating film repaired with a repair material such as putty or urethane paint has a problem in that even if the above-mentioned reprocessing method is used, the putty or urethane paint remains as a foreign substance in the coating film. Remains. This is because the putty, urethane, and the like, which are repair materials, are not decomposed by hydrolysis, so that the action of being decomposed by hydrolysis to reduce the molecular weight does not occur. Thus, in the conventional method,
Since the repair material remains on the coating film without being depolymerized due to hydrolysis, the plastic waste with the coating film is kneaded with the repair material remaining on the coating film to form a recycled resin composition for molding. Is performed. And since this repair material is not melted at the time of kneading and remains as a foreign substance in or on the surface of the reclaimed resin composition for molding, the formed reclaimed resin composition for molding has reduced mechanical properties, It becomes a product with foreign substances. In particular, the decrease in the mechanical properties of the regenerated resin composition for molding is remarkably exhibited as a decrease in impact strength, and the deterioration of the design surface adversely affects the surface quality. , Impact strength and surface quality are not required.

[0005] Therefore the regeneration of the resin product having a predetermined impact strength in order to perform the above kneading method, separating the repairing material from plastic waste, it is necessary to divided. However,
It is extremely difficult to easily determine whether a resin product is renewable. For example, if you immerse or apply plastic waste with a coating and repair materials in an organic solvent such as acetone,
Since the urethane paint peels off, it can be easily identified. However, since the liquid is a highly volatile liquid, the treatment of the organic solvent must be performed in a closed system, which raises a problem that the cost increases.

[0006] The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned circumstances, and the adhesiveness generated in the coating film by hydrolyzing the melamine cross-linking contained in the coating film makes it possible to use a plastic waste with a coating film and a repair material that does not hydrolyze. It is an object of the present invention to separate and remove waste plastic having the resin and obtain a reclaimed resin composition for molding at low cost.

[0007]

Means for Solving the Problems According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a film having a coating film having a melamine crosslink and a repair material made of a putty or urethane coating. This is a method of regenerating plastic waste, in which a pulverizing step is performed by pulverizing the coated plastic waste into a pulverized material, and hydrolyzing the pulverized material to cut melamine crosslinks in the coated film to reduce the molecular weight of the coated film. And a separation step of separating the hydrolyzed pulverized material into a pulverized plastic material with a coating film that produces tackiness and a pulverized material having a repair material that does not produce tackiness. And characterized in that:

A second aspect of the present invention is a pulverizing means for pulverizing a plastic waste with a coated film coated with a coating film having a melamine crosslink and a repair material composed of a putty or urethane paint to obtain a pulverized material. And a coating waste plastic recycling apparatus having a hydrolysis means for hydrolyzing the pulverized material, wherein an adhesion member for adhering the coated plastic pulverized material that is hydrolyzed and gives tackiness, And a pressure-contact member capable of moving back and forth toward the adhering member so that the hydrolyzed plastic pulverized material with the coating film arranged and hydrolyzed is held between the adhering member.

[0009] further to the third aspect invention, the melamine cross-linking
And the repair material consisting of putty or urethane paint
Coated and ground and then hydrolyzed
In the recycling equipment for stick waste,
Sandwiched between the hydrolyzed plastic waste with a coating
While traveling, sticky plastic coated plastic waste
A pair of belts to be worn
It is characterized by being placed .

[0010]

According to the reproduction processing method of the action] according to claim 1, a coating film having a melamine cross-linked with <br/> grinding process initially, the film-coated plastic waste to a repair material is applied consisting of putty or urethane coating Pulverize to a crushed material. Next, by hydrolyzing the pulverized material pulverized in the tackifying step, the melamine crosslinks in the coating film are decomposed, the components of the coating film are reduced in molecular weight, and at the same time, the hydrolyzed coating film produces tackiness. . However, since there is no melamine crosslink that is cut by hydrolysis in the repair material composed of the putty or urethane paint applied to the plastic waste with a coating film, the pulverized material having the repair material does not have tackiness. And the plastic crushed material with a coating film that has been reduced in molecular weight in the separation step and has become sticky is a plastic crushed material having a coating film hydrolyzed with this stickyness,
It is separated from the pulverized plastic with the repair material that is not hydrolyzed.

According to the reproduction processing device of the second aspect,
First, a plastic waste with a coating film coated with a coating film having melamine crosslinks and a repair material made of a putty or a urethane paint by a pulverizing means is pulverized into a pulverized material. Next, the plastic crushed material with a coating film pulverized by the hydrolysis means is hydrolyzed, and the melamine crosslinks in the coating film are cut off, whereby the coating film is made sticky. Next, the pressing member is advanced toward the attaching member, and the hydrolyzed crushed material is sandwiched between the attaching member and the pressing member. Adhere the material. After the plastic crushed material with a coating film is adhered to the adhesion member or the pressure-bonding member, the pressure-bonded member is retreated from the adhesion member and separated therefrom, and the crushed material having a repair material not adhered to the adhesion member or the pressure-bonding member is dropped. Then, the plastic crushed material with a coating film adhered to the attaching member or the pressure-bonding member is scraped off, thereby separating the plastic waste having the hydrolyzed coating film from the crushed material having the non-hydrolyzed repair material.

[0012] In reproduction processing equipment according to the third aspect,
Recycled plastic waste with paint film is crushed in advance,
And it is hydrolyzed. As a result,
A mixture of crushed plastic with film and non-sticky repair material
It is in the state of doing. Coating treated in this way
Plastic waste is thrown between a pair of belts.
And plastic ground material with a coating film
The repair material does not adhere to the belt while sticking to the belt. So
Because the belts run and are parallel to each other
The belts are separated from each other after passing
Unrepaired material is discharged from between the belts,
Sticky coated plastic crushed material adheres to the belt
The belt, resulting in tacky paint from the belt.
By scraping the plastic crushed material with membrane,
Plastic waste with unwrapped coating and hydrolyzed
Crushed material with no repair material is separated.

[0013]

EXAMPLES The process by which stickiness is produced by the hydrolysis treatment of the present invention is described below. FIG. 1 shows the decomposition mechanism of hydrolysis of the acryl-melamine resin. The acryl-melamine resin α is hydrolyzed to break the dimethyl ether bond α1, and is decomposed into an acrylic resin β and a melamine resin γ. For example, an acrylic-melamine resin clear (SFX1610)
Is applied to an aluminum substrate so as to have a film thickness of 35 μm, and a hydrolysis treatment is performed. As shown in FIG. 1, the dimethylether bond α1, which is a melamine crosslink of the acrylic-melamine resin α, which is a clear component, is broken by hydrolysis, and is decomposed into an acrylic resin β and a melamine resin γ.
In this case, the distribution of the infrared absorption spectrum of the acrylic-melamine resin before hydrolysis is shown in FIG. 2, and the distribution of the infrared absorption spectrum of the acrylic-melamine resin after hydrolysis is shown in FIG. 3, respectively. The horizontal axis in FIG. 2 is the wave number (the unit is cm ^-1 ).
And the vertical axis is the absorbance. This hydrolysis from a comparison of the distribution of the infrared absorption spectrum after hydrolysis shown in distribution and Figure 3 of the infrared absorption spectrum before hydrolysis of the resin shown in FIG. 2, an ether bond at around wave number 1080 cm ^-1 Is estimated from the decrease in the amount of absorption in the infrared absorption spectrum. Further, since this ether bond is reduced, it is presumed that the coating film is tacky.

FIG. 4 shows a first embodiment of the reproducing apparatus according to the present invention.
6 to FIG. FIG. 4 schematically shows a first embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention. The main configuration of the reclaiming apparatus of the present embodiment includes a receiving table 2 as an attachment member for placing a crushed material 1 formed by crushing plastic waste with a coating film by crushing means (not shown) on an upper surface thereof; And a crimping member 3 that is provided to face the table 2 and that can move forward and backward toward the receiving table 2. The pressing member 3 is rotatable counterclockwise as indicated by an arrow in FIG. 4 by driving means (not shown).
FIG. 5 shows a pulverized plastic material P with a coating film adhered to the cradle 2 or the pressure bonding member 3 and a pulverized material H having a non-adherent repair material. The plastic pulverized material P with a coating film is formed of a resin composition main body 21 and a coating film 2 which is applied to the surface of the resin composition main body 21 and has a melamine crosslinking property.
Consists of two. On the other hand, the crushed material H having a non-sticking repair material is composed of a molding resin composition body 21, a coating film 22 made of a substance having melamine cross-linking, and a damaged portion 2 on the surface of the coating film 22.
2a is composed of a putty 24 mainly composed of an epoxy resin or a polyester resin for repairing the resin 2a, and a urethane paint 23 applied so as to cover the coating film 22 and the repairing material 24. The crushed material H having the urethane paint 23 and the putty 24 is the same as the crushed material 2 having the urethane paint 23 and the putty 24 exposed.
2 is not exposed. FIG. 6 is an enlarged view when the coated plastic crushed material P to which the coating films 22 having been tackified by the hydrolysis treatment are adhered is sandwiched between the pedestal 2 and the pressure bonding member 3.

The operation of the first embodiment will be described below with reference to FIGS. Pulverized plastic crushed material 1 with a coating film, which is crushed by crushing means (not shown), subjected to a hydrolysis treatment by a hydrolysis means, and the melamine crosslinks in the coating film components become tacky due to hydrolysis, Place. At this time, the particle size of the pulverized material obtained by pulverization is preferably from 8 to 10 mm. Next, the pressing member 3 is advanced toward the receiving table 2 by a predetermined distance, and the coated plastic crushed material 1 is held between the receiving table 2 and the pressing member 3. In this manner, the plastic pulverized material with a coating film P adheres to either the pedestal 2 or the pressure-bonding member 3 due to the adhesive force generated by the decomposition of the melamine bridge in the coating film 22. As shown in FIG. 5, the coated plastic crushed material P has a coating film 22 made of a substance having melamine crosslinks on its surface. It adheres to the member 3.
Next, the pressing member 3 of FIG. 4 is rotated counterclockwise by an arrow by driving means (not shown) to
To generate a shearing force. The shear force is applied to the left indicated by the arrow in the film-coated plastic crushed material P1 in FIG. 6, the film-coated plastic crushed material P ₂ shearing force is applied to the right of the arrow. Along with this, the adhesive coating film 22 is separated and adheres to the receiving table 2 or the pressure-bonding member 3.
At this time, it is preferable that the distance t between the pedestal 2 and the pressure bonding member 3 is larger than the average particle diameter of the plastic crushed material 1 with a coating film and smaller than twice the average particle diameter.

On the other hand, the crushed material H having a putty 24 mainly composed of an epoxy resin or a polyester resin and a urethane paint 23 has a coating film 22 covered with the urethane paint 23 as shown in FIG. Not easily decomposed by decomposition. For this reason, the crushed material H having the repair material is unlikely to cause adhesiveness, is not adhered to the receiving table 2 or the pressure-bonding member 3, and is placed on the receiving table 2. After rotating the crimping member 3, the rotation is stopped and the crimping member 3 is separated from the receiving table 2. Next, by inverting the pedestal 2, the crushed material H having a non-adhesive repair material is dropped by its own weight, and the crushed plastic crushed material P with a coating film adhered to the pedestal 2 and the surface of the pressure-bonding member 3 are removed. The coated plastic crushed material P to be adhered is scraped off. Since the plastic crushed material P with a coating film thus scraped does not include the putty 24 and the urethane paint 23, the crushed plastic crushed material P can be recycled as a molded resin composition for forming a member requiring impact strength such as an automobile bumper. is there.

Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The main configuration of the apparatus according to the second embodiment is that a pulverized material 1 pulverized by a pulverizing means (not shown) and hydrolyzed And a crimping member 5 opposed to the pedestal 4 and arranged to be able to advance and retreat toward the pedestal 4. Further, on the surface where the receiving table 4 and the pressure bonding member 5 face each other, columnar members 6 are provided so as to face each other. FIG. 8 is a plan view of the receiving base 4 as viewed from the direction in which the columnar members 6 protrude.
The cradle 4 is circular, and the columnar members 6 are arranged at equal intervals on the concentric circumference of the cradle 4, and the cradle 4 is rotated rightward as shown by an arrow in FIG. Can be done. The crimping member 5 also has a circular shape having the same diameter as the pedestal 4 and is arranged on a concentric axis.
Are alternately arranged coaxially circumference as does not touch the columnar member 6. The columnar members 6 are arranged apart from each other by t, and this t is set to be larger than the average particle diameter of the pulverized plastic material with a decomposition coating film and smaller than twice the average particle diameter as in the first embodiment. Preferably. FIG. 9 shows another shape of the present embodiment.
Is constructed by setting only the surface facing the doctor each other of the cover member 7 cradle 4 and the crimping member 5 is bored a through-hole 7a to a portion corresponding to the position of the columnar member 6.

The operation of the apparatus according to the second embodiment will be described below. The crushed and hydrolyzed crushed material 1 is placed on a receiving base 4. Next, the pressing member 5 is advanced toward the receiving table 4 by a predetermined distance, and is held between the receiving table 4 and the pressing member 5. Thus the film-coated plastic crushed material in the powder 1, the adhesive force generated by the hydrolysis, is adhered cradle 4 or in any one of the surface or pillars 6 of the crimping member 5. Further, a shear force is generated in the adhered plastic crushed material with a coating film by rotating the receiving table 4 in a clockwise direction indicated by an arrow in FIG. As in the first embodiment, the plastic-coated pulverized material having the coating films adhered to each other is separated by this shearing force, and the coating film is adhered to any of the cradle 4, the pressure-bonding member 5, and the columnar member 6. Is done. Next, the rotation of the receiving base 4 is stopped, and the pressure bonding member 5 is separated from the receiving base 4. Next, when the cradle 4 is turned over, the crushed material having the non-adhesive repair material falls due to its own weight. In this manner, the plastic crushed material with a coating film adhered to the receiving table 4, the pressure bonding member 5, and the columnar member 6 is scraped off.
A pulverized plastic material with a coating film that does not contain putty or urethane paint can be collected. The sum of the areas of the surfaces of the receiving base 4 and the pressure-bonding member 5 where the plastic crushed material with the coating adheres is the area of the surfaces of the receiving stand 2 and the pressing member 3 where the plastic crushed material adheres. Are formed larger than the sum of. This makes it possible to further increase the amount of the pulverized plastic material with a coating film to be collected at one time.

When the above process is performed using the apparatus shown in FIG. 9, the plastic crushed material with a coating film is adhered to the cover member 7 and the forward member 6. After the coated plastic crushed material is adhered, the cover member 7 is moved in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 9 to easily scrape the coated plastic crushed material adhered to the columnar member 6 by the cover member 7. It is possible to take.

[0020] denoted by 10 and 11 the actual施例of the invention of claim 3 below. Figure 10 shows a schematic of a device for the real施例, 8a are a pair of pulleys provided in clockwise rotatable at a predetermined distance indicated by the arrow in FIG. 10, a belt of this pair of pulleys 8a The first conveying means A is formed by winding 9a. Further, a belt 9b is wound around a pair of pulleys 8b rotatably provided as indicated by arrows in FIG.

The apparatus according to the present embodiment employs these first transport means A
When it is separated by t so as to be arranged in the vertical direction of the second conveying means B the pair of pulleys over 8a, 8b are against earth <br/> surface
Are provided in parallel . Further, the first transporting means A and the second transporting means B are provided with a scraper 12 on the opposite side to the belt 9 side facing each other such that the tips thereof contact the belts 9a and 9b. Further, the belt 9 of the first transport unit A
The tray 10 is disposed below the pulleys 8a and 8b on the lower side of the portion where the belt member 9a and the belt 9b of the second transport means B face each other. The tray 11 is also arranged vertically below the scraper 12.

Next, the operation will be described below. Crushed,
The hydrolyzed crushed material 1 is supplied between the first transport means A and the second transport means B from above in FIG. Since the pulverized material 1 is sandwiched between the belt 9a of the first transporting means A and the belt 9b of the second transporting means B, the plastic pulverized material P having an adhesive film adheres to the belts 9a and 9b. Then, it is sequentially conveyed downward in FIG. 10, but when it passes between the centers of the pulleys 8a and 8B on the lower side, it is no longer sandwiched between the belts 9a and 9b, and thus has a repair material that is not adhered to the belt 9a or the belt 9b. The crushed material H falls and is collected in the tray 10. Further, the plastic crushed material P with a coating film adhered to the belts 9a and 9b and conveyed to the opposite side of the side where the first conveying means A and the second conveying means B are opposed to each other is scraped off by the scraper 12 to receive the powder. Collected at 11. In this way, it becomes possible to separate the plastic crushed material P with a coating film and the crushed material H having a repair material.

Also in this embodiment, the distance t for separating the first conveying means A and the second conveying means B is larger than the average particle diameter of the pulverized and hydrolyzed powder 1 and the average particle diameter is 2 times. Most preferably less than twice. In order to apply a shearing force to the plastic powder 1 with a coating film,
Providing a speed difference to the rotational speed of the over 8a and a pulley over 8b.
Thus, similarly to the first embodiment, the shear force generated due to the speed difference is given to the coated plastic powder, and the coated plastic powder P to which the coated films 22 are adhered is also separated by the shear force. Therefore, the amount of the plastic powder P with a coating film to be collected can be further increased. Also between the pulley over 8a and between pulleys 8b
Following each be arranged at a distance from each other in vertical direction with respect to the ground plane
Outside, separated in the direction inclined at a predetermined acute angle with respect to the ground
Rukoto be arranged by is also possible.

FIG. 11 shows a further improvement of the third embodiment, in which belts 9a, 9b are added by adding third pulleys 81a, 81b.
b is wound around in a substantially triangular shape and run, and the position of the scraper 12 in the horizontal direction in FIG. 10 is separated.
At the same time, the distance between the pan 10 and the pan 11 becomes larger than in the apparatus of FIG. As a result, the collecting positions of the coated plastic crushed material P and the repaired crushed material H are further separated, so that the mixing of the coated plastic crushed material P and the repaired crushed material H can be prevented. It becomes possible. Further, between the pair of pulleys 8a and between the pair of pulleys 8b,
By arranging the belt guide 13 so as to be parallel to the belt, the interval t between the belt 9a and the belt 9b can be made constant.

[0025]

According to the method for reclaiming plastic waste with a coated film according to the first aspect of the present invention, the plastic waste with a coated film is first crushed and hydrolyzed to cut melamine crosslinks contained in the coated film. This causes the coating film to become tacky. When the coating film becomes tacky, the repairing material contained in the pulverized material does not have melamine cross-linking and thus does not produce tackiness. Thus, after the hydrolysis, the crushed material is brought into contact with an arbitrary member, and a crushed material having a repair material that does not exhibit tackiness from a putty or a urethane paint, and a crushed plastic coated material that has become tacky due to hydrolysis are inexpensively prepared. It becomes possible to separate.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for reclaiming plastic waste with a coating film, which crushes the plastic waste material with a coating film into a pulverized material, hydrolyzes the pulverized material, and adheres to the adhered member. It is clamped between the crimping members. Thereby, the adhesion of the coating film is caused to adhere to the adhesion member or the pressure-bonding member. Then, after the coated plastic crushed material having the adhesive property is adhered to the adhesion member or the pressure-bonded member, the crushed material having the repair material that does not adhere by dropping apart from each other is dropped, and the crushed material having the repair material and the coated material are coated. It is possible to separate it from plastic crushed material.

Further, according to the apparatus for reclaiming plastic waste with a coating film according to the third aspect of the present invention, it is pulverized and processed.
Water-decomposed coated plastic waste products are parallel to each other
When inserted between a pair of belts placed in
Generated plastic waste with coating adheres to the belt
On the other hand, crushed material that does not have stickiness due to putty etc.
It is in a state of being sandwiched by the belt. As a result, the belt runs
By doing so, the non-sticky pulverized material is pinched by the belt.
The paper is released from between the belts and sticks to it.
Waste plastic with a coating film adheres to the belt.
Plastics with hydrolyzed coatings
Waste and pulverized material with non-hydrolyzed repair material
Can be released.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the decomposition of acryl-melamine crosslinking points in coating film components.

FIG. 2 shows an infrared absorption spectrum of SFX1610 before hydrolysis.

FIG. 3 shows an infrared absorption spectrum of SFX1610 after hydrolysis.

FIG. 4 is a front view schematically showing the apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a model diagram showing a pulverized material having a coating film and a pulverized material having a repair material according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a model diagram in which coating films of the plastic pulverized material with a coating film of the present invention are adhered to each other and sandwiched between an adhesion member and a pressure bonding member.

FIG. 7 is a front view schematically showing an apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a plan view seen from a direction D in FIG . 7 ;

FIG. 9 is a front view in which a second embodiment of the present invention is further improved.

FIG. 10 is a front view schematically showing an apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a front view obtained by further improving the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view showing a conventional process of recycling plastic waste with a coating film by hydrolysis.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Hydrolyzed plastic powder with a coating film 2 Cradle 3 Crimping member P Plastic crushed material with a coating film H crushed material having a repair material

Claims (3)

(57) [Claims] 1. A method for reclaiming plastic waste with a coating film on which a coating film having a melamine bridge and a repair material comprising a putty or a urethane paint are applied, wherein the plastic waste material with a coating film is crushed. A pulverizing step of making the pulverized material, a tackifying step of causing the coated film to become tacky by hydrolyzing the pulverized material to cut melamine crosslinks of the coating film and to reduce the molecular weight of the coating film, Separating the hydrolyzed pulverized material into a coated pulverized material having a tackiness and a pulverized material having a non-adhesive repair material. Processing method. 2. A pulverizing means for pulverizing a plastic waste with a coating film coated with a coating film having a melamine crosslink and a repair material made of a putty or urethane paint to obtain a pulverizing material, and hydrolyzing the pulverizing material. An apparatus for regenerating a coated plastic waste provided with a hydrolysis means, comprising: an adhesive member for adhering a pulverized plastic coated material that is hydrolyzed to give a tackiness; and an adhesive member disposed opposite to the adhesive member and hydrolyzed. An apparatus for reclaiming plastic waste with a coating film, comprising: a pressure-bonding member that can advance and retreat toward the adhesion member so as to sandwich the plastic crushed material with the coating film with the adhesion member. 3. A coating film having a melamine crosslink and putty or urea.
Repair material consisting of tin paint was applied and crushed
Reprocessing equipment for post-hydrolyzed coated plastic waste
In location, the ground and hydrolyzed film-coated plastic waste
Plus with sticky coating while traveling with products sandwiched
A pair of belts that stick tic waste
A recycling apparatus for waste plastics with a coating film, which is disposed close to the apparatus.