JP3118823B2 - Resistance welding method for resin composite type metal plate - Google Patents

Resistance welding method for resin composite type metal plate

Info

Publication number
JP3118823B2
JP3118823B2 JP02247981A JP24798190A JP3118823B2 JP 3118823 B2 JP3118823 B2 JP 3118823B2 JP 02247981 A JP02247981 A JP 02247981A JP 24798190 A JP24798190 A JP 24798190A JP 3118823 B2 JP3118823 B2 JP 3118823B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
welding
metal plate
resin composite
resin
current
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP02247981A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH04127972A (en
Inventor
祐一 池上
隆夫 高
弘行 長井
佳邦 梶本
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nissan Motor Co Ltd filed Critical Nissan Motor Co Ltd
Priority to JP02247981A priority Critical patent/JP3118823B2/en
Publication of JPH04127972A publication Critical patent/JPH04127972A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP3118823B2 publication Critical patent/JP3118823B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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  • Resistance Welding (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (産業上の利用分野) 本発明は、制振鋼板や軽量化ラミネート鋼板などのよ
うな複数枚の金属板の間に樹脂を積層してなる樹脂複合
型金属板を他の金属部材に抵抗溶接する方法に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a resin composite type metal plate obtained by laminating a resin between a plurality of metal plates such as a vibration damping steel plate and a lightweight laminated steel plate. The present invention relates to a method for resistance welding to a metal member.

(従来の技術) 例えば、第1図に示すような2枚の金属板1a,1bの間
に粘弾性樹脂2を挟んだ樹脂複合型金属板1は、近年、
自動車や家電製品などの軽量化用あるいは制振用の材料
としての利用が進んでいる。ところが、この樹脂複合型
金属板は中間の樹脂層が絶縁材料であるため、他の金属
部材に抵抗溶接、例えばスポット溶接する場合には中間
の樹脂層を挟む金属板どうしを電気的に接続する手段を
必要とする。
(Prior Art) For example, in recent years, a resin composite type metal plate 1 in which a viscoelastic resin 2 is sandwiched between two metal plates 1a and 1b as shown in FIG.
It is increasingly used as a material for reducing the weight or damping of automobiles and home electric appliances. However, in this resin composite type metal plate, since the intermediate resin layer is an insulating material, resistance welding to another metal member, for example, when spot welding, electrically connects the metal plates sandwiching the intermediate resin layer. Requires means.

従来、その手段として、第2図に示すように重ね合わ
せた樹脂複合型金属板1と他の金属板3との端部に補助
通電回路4を設ける方法や第3図に示すように中間の樹
脂2に金属粉末(例えば亜鉛、アルミニウム、銅)など
の導電性材料5を分散させて樹脂に導電性を付与する方
法がある。
Conventionally, as a means, there is provided a method of providing an auxiliary energizing circuit 4 at an end of a resin composite type metal plate 1 and another metal plate 3 which are superimposed as shown in FIG. There is a method in which a conductive material 5 such as a metal powder (for example, zinc, aluminum, or copper) is dispersed in the resin 2 to impart conductivity to the resin.

補助通電回路4を設けて抵抗溶接する方法では、補助
通電回路4を通じて樹脂複合型金属板1と他の金属板3
に分流電流6が流れ、その分流電流6により樹脂複合型
金属板1を構成する金属板1a,1bがジュール加熱され、
溶接電極7直下の樹脂2が軟化し、金属板1a,1bどうし
が接触し、本通電に至る。導電性材料を分散させた樹脂
複合型金属板の場合には、溶接電流が導電性材料5を介
して流れ、この発熱により樹脂2が軟化し、金属板1a,1
bどうしが電気的に接触し、本通電に至る。
In the method of providing the auxiliary energizing circuit 4 and performing resistance welding, the resin composite metal plate 1 and the other metal plate 3
Shunt current 6 flows, and the shunt current 6 causes Joule heating of the metal plates 1a and 1b constituting the resin composite metal plate 1,
The resin 2 immediately below the welding electrode 7 softens, and the metal plates 1a and 1b come into contact with each other, leading to the main current. In the case of a resin composite type metal plate in which a conductive material is dispersed, a welding current flows through the conductive material 5, and the heat generated causes the resin 2 to soften, and the metal plates 1a, 1a
b Electric contact between each other, leading to main energization.

(発明が解決しようとする課題) 樹脂複合型金属板の抵抗溶接では、上記のような方法
がとられているが、樹脂複合型金属板は中間の樹脂が電
気的に絶縁材料であるため、通常の金属板どうしを抵抗
溶接する場合と比較して、中間樹脂層を挟むそれぞれの
金属板の間の接触抵抗は高い。中間の樹脂に導電性材料
を分散させているものは、接触抵抗は低いものの、それ
でも通常の金属板に比べれば高い。
(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) In the resistance welding of the resin composite type metal plate, the above-described method is employed. However, in the resin composite type metal plate, since an intermediate resin is an electrically insulating material, The contact resistance between the metal plates sandwiching the intermediate resin layer is higher than in the case of resistance welding between normal metal plates. In the case where the conductive material is dispersed in the intermediate resin, the contact resistance is low, but still higher than that of a normal metal plate.

接触抵抗が高いと、溶接電流を通電する際、樹脂層で
の発熱量が大きくなり、溶接部の強度を安定化させる目
的で溶接電流を高めると、樹脂複合型金属板を構成する
金属板の間でちりが生じたり、溶接部周辺の樹脂がガス
化したりする。その結果、溶接部付近にふくれを生じた
り、抵抗溶接が板端面の付近で行われるときには、第4
図に示すように板端面から発生したちりやガスが吹き出
し、端面に開口部8を形成する場合がある。溶接部付近
のふくれは樹脂複合型金属板の外観を損なうのみなら
ず、溶接部の強度を低下させる。また、端面の開口部は
そこから環境中の水や他の腐食性物質が浸入し、樹脂複
合型金属板の耐食性を損ねる。なお、第4図において、
符号9は溶融ナゲットを示す。
When the contact resistance is high, the amount of heat generated in the resin layer increases when the welding current is applied, and when the welding current is increased for the purpose of stabilizing the strength of the welded portion, the resin composite type metal plate is formed between the metal plates. Dust is generated and resin around the weld is gasified. As a result, when blistering occurs near the weld or when resistance welding is performed near the plate end face, the fourth
As shown in the drawing, there is a case in which gas or gas generated from the end face of the plate is blown out to form an opening 8 in the end face. The blisters near the welded portion not only impair the appearance of the resin composite metal plate, but also reduce the strength of the welded portion. In addition, water and other corrosive substances in the environment penetrate from the opening at the end face, thereby impairing the corrosion resistance of the resin composite metal plate. In FIG. 4,
Reference numeral 9 denotes a molten nugget.

上記のふくれや開口部は低い溶接電流値でも発生す
る。通常の金属板の抵抗溶接では相手材との間からちり
が吹き出すか、または溶接電流が金属板に溶着する溶接
電流値が適正溶接電流範囲の上限となる。これに対し
て、樹脂複合型金属板の抵抗溶接では必要な溶接部強度
が得られる溶接電流値、例えばスポット溶接では 以上の直径のナゲットが形成される溶接電流値より高
く、ふくれや開口部が形成される溶接電流値より低い範
囲が適正溶接電流範囲となるが、ふくれや開口部が形成
される溶接電流値は通常の金属板の抵抗溶接で相手材と
の間からちりが吹き出すか、または溶接電極が金属板に
溶接する溶接電流値よりも低い。このため、樹脂複合型
金属板の抵抗溶接は、通常の金属板の抵抗溶接に比べて
適正溶接電流範囲が狭く、溶接条件の管理が難しい。
The blisters and openings described above occur even at low welding current values. In ordinary resistance welding of a metal plate, dust is blown out from the counterpart material, or a welding current value at which the welding current is deposited on the metal plate is the upper limit of the appropriate welding current range. On the other hand, in resistance welding of a resin composite metal plate, a welding current value that provides a required weld strength, for example, in spot welding, The appropriate welding current range is a range higher than the welding current value at which a nugget of the above diameter is formed and lower than the welding current value at which the blisters and openings are formed, but the welding current value at which the blisters and openings are formed is Dust blows out from the mating material in resistance welding of a normal metal plate, or is lower than a welding current value at which a welding electrode welds to the metal plate. For this reason, resistance welding of a resin composite metal plate has a narrower appropriate welding current range than resistance welding of a normal metal plate, and it is difficult to control welding conditions.

本発明の課題は、このような問題点を解消することに
ある。即ち、本発明の目的は高い溶接電流値で溶接して
もふくれや開口部が生じない、適正溶接電流範囲の広い
樹脂複合型金属板の抵抗溶接方法を提供することにあ
る。
An object of the present invention is to solve such a problem. That is, an object of the present invention is to provide a resistance welding method for a resin composite metal plate having a wide appropriate welding current range, in which no blisters or openings are generated even when welding is performed at a high welding current value.

(課題を解決するための手段) 樹脂複合型金属板の抵抗溶接において、予め溶接電極
直下の中間樹脂を排除し、樹脂複合型金属板を構成する
金属板どうし、或いは金属板と中間樹脂中の導電性材料
とを接触させ、その部分の接触抵抗を低下させることに
よって、中間樹脂層での発熱を抑制すれば、ふくれや開
口部の形成を防止することはできる。そこで、本発明者
らは予め溶接電極直下の中間樹脂を排除する方法につい
て種々検討を行った。その結果、抵抗溶接の初期に接合
部を溶接電極で加圧した状態で、電流値の低い電流を短
時間通電すると中間樹脂がガス化することなく軟化して
排除されることを見出した。
(Means for Solving the Problems) In resistance welding of a resin composite type metal plate, an intermediate resin immediately below a welding electrode is removed in advance, and metal plates constituting the resin composite type metal plate, or between the metal plate and the intermediate resin are removed. If heat generation in the intermediate resin layer is suppressed by bringing the conductive resin into contact with the conductive material and reducing the contact resistance at that portion, the formation of blisters and openings can be prevented. Therefore, the present inventors have conducted various studies on a method of eliminating the intermediate resin immediately below the welding electrode in advance. As a result, it has been found that when a current having a low current value is applied for a short time in a state where the joint is pressurized with the welding electrode in the initial stage of resistance welding, the intermediate resin is softened and eliminated without gasification.

ここに本発明の要旨は「複数枚の金属板の間に樹脂を
積層してなる樹脂複合型金属板を他の金属部材に抵抗溶
接する方法において、接合部を溶接電極で加圧した状態
で、外部短絡回路を用いることなく、下記(1)式を満
足する初期電流を下記(2)式を満足する通電時間で通
電した後、本溶接電流を通電することを特徴とする樹脂
複合型金属板の抵抗溶接方法」にある。
Here, the gist of the present invention is that "in a method of resistance-welding a resin composite type metal plate obtained by laminating a resin between a plurality of metal plates to another metal member, in a state where the joint is pressed with a welding electrode, A resin composite type metal sheet characterized in that, after an initial current satisfying the following equation (1) is applied for an energizing time satisfying the following equation (2) without using a short circuit, a main welding current is applied. Resistance welding method ".

0.6I2≦I1≦0.8I2 ・・・(1) t1≧(1/6)t ・・・(2) ここで、 I1:初期電流(A) I2:本溶接電流(A) t1:初期電流の通電時間(秒) t :樹脂複合型金属板の板厚(mm) 前記本溶接電流とは、必要な溶接部強度が得られる溶
接電流、例えばスポット溶接では 以上の直径のナゲットが形成される溶接電流値より高い
電流値の電流を意味する。
0.6I 2 ≦ I 1 ≦ 0.8I 2 (1) t 1 ≧ (1/6) t (2) where I 1 : initial current (A) I 2 : main welding current (A T 1 : Energizing time of initial current (seconds) t: Plate thickness of resin composite metal plate (mm) The main welding current is a welding current that can obtain a required weld strength, for example, in spot welding. It means a current having a current value higher than a welding current value at which a nugget having the above diameter is formed.

(作用) 以下、本発明について詳細に説明する。(Operation) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

本発明の抵抗溶接方法では、樹脂複合型金属板を他の
金属部材に重ね合わせ、その接合部を溶接電極で加圧し
た状態で、本溶接電流I2を通電する前に本溶接電流I2
り低い初期電流I1を通電する。これは、溶接電極直下の
中間樹脂をガス化させることなく樹脂を軟化させて排除
するためである。このためには、初期電流I1は上記
(1)式を満足し、且つ上記(2)式を満足する時間で
通電しなければならない。
In the resistance welding method of the present invention, in a state where the resin composite type metal plate is overlapped with another metal member and the joint thereof is pressed by the welding electrode, the main welding current I 2 is applied before the main welding current I 2 is applied. passing a lower initial current I 1. This is because the resin is softened and eliminated without gasifying the intermediate resin immediately below the welding electrode. For this purpose, the initial current I 1 will satisfy the above expression (1), shall be and energization time that satisfies the above expression (2).

初期電流I1が本溶接電流I2の0.6倍より低い場合は、
溶接電極直下の中間樹脂はガス化しないが軟化不足によ
り中間樹脂が有効に溶接電極の加圧力によって排除され
ない。初期電流I1が本溶接電流I2の0.8倍を超える場合
は、初期電流I1を通電中に中間樹脂がガス化し、溶接部
近傍でふくれを生じたり、溶接が板端面近傍であるとき
には板端面に開口部が形成される。また、初期電流I1
通電時間t1が樹脂複合型金属板の板厚tの1/6に相当す
る時間(秒)より短い場合には、中間樹脂が有効に排除
されない。
If the initial current I 1 is lower than 0.6 times the main welding current I 2 ,
The intermediate resin immediately below the welding electrode is not gasified, but is insufficiently softened so that the intermediate resin is not effectively removed by the pressing force of the welding electrode. If the initial current I 1 exceeds 0.8 times the main welding current I 2 , the intermediate resin gasifies while the initial current I 1 is being supplied, causing blistering near the welded portion or when the welding is near the plate end face. An opening is formed in the end face. Also, if shorter than the time that current supply time t 1 of the initial current I 1 is equivalent to 1/6 of the thickness t of the resin composite-type metal sheet (s), the intermediate resin is not effectively eliminated.

初期電流I1によりガス化さるることなく軟化された溶
接電極直下の中間樹脂は溶接電極の加圧によって周囲に
排除される。抵抗溶接では溶接電極で被接合材を加圧し
ながら溶接が行われているが、初期電流I1により軟化し
た樹脂を効率よく除去するためには、電極の加圧力は樹
脂複合型金属板の板厚に応じて決定するのがよい。例え
ば板厚が0.8mmの場合には150〜250kgf程度の加圧力とす
るのがよい。
Initial current intermediate resin of the welding electrodes just below that is softened without Ruru gasified by I 1 is eliminated around the pressurization of the welding electrode. Although the resistance welding has been carried out welding while pressurizing the material to be joined by welding electrodes, the initial current softened resin by I 1 in order to efficiently remove the pressure of the electrode plate of the resin composite-type metal sheet It is better to determine according to the thickness. For example, when the plate thickness is 0.8 mm, the pressing force is preferably set to about 150 to 250 kgf.

接合部の中間樹脂が排除されることにより、樹脂複合
型金属板を構成する金属板どうし、或いは樹脂複合型金
属板が樹脂中に導電性材料を分散させたものである場合
には金属板と導電性材料とが接触するので、溶接電極直
下で局部的に接触抵抗が低下する。接触抵抗が低下する
と本溶接電流I2を通電する際に、中間樹脂層での発熱が
抑制され、本溶接電流I2を最初から通電する従来の抵抗
溶接方法に比べ、本溶接電流の通電中におけるふくれが
形成される電流値および端面に開口部が形成される電流
値は高くなり、適正溶接電流範囲が拡大される。
By eliminating the intermediate resin at the joint, the metal plates constituting the resin composite type metal plate or the metal plate when the resin composite type metal plate is obtained by dispersing a conductive material in resin. Since the conductive material comes into contact with the conductive material, the contact resistance is locally reduced directly below the welding electrode. When the contact resistance is to be energized this welding current I 2 When lowered, the heat generated in the intermediate resin layer is suppressed, compared with the conventional resistance welding method for energizing a main welding current I 2 from the beginning, during energization of the welding current The current value at which the blister is formed and the current value at which the opening is formed at the end face are increased, and the appropriate welding current range is expanded.

次に実施例により本発明の効果を示す。 Next, the effects of the present invention will be described with reference to examples.

(実施例) 板厚がそれぞれ0.4mm又は0.8mmの2枚の鋼板の間にAS
TM 200メッシュ以下のNi粉末を3vol%含有するポリオレ
フィン系樹脂を厚さ0.05mmで積層してなる樹脂複合型金
属板と、板厚が0.8mm又は1.6mmの鋼板(相手材)を準備
した。
(Example) AS is placed between two steel plates having a thickness of 0.4 mm or 0.8 mm respectively.
A resin composite metal plate obtained by laminating a polyolefin resin containing 3 vol% of Ni powder of TM 200 mesh or less at a thickness of 0.05 mm and a steel plate (counterpart material) having a thickness of 0.8 mm or 1.6 mm were prepared.

これらの樹脂複合型金属板と鋼板とを重ね、樹脂複合
型金属板の板端から板中央へ20mm入った位置にダイレク
トスポット溶接を施した。ダイレクトスポット溶接は、
溶接電極にクロム銅合金ドーム型電極を用いて第1表に
示される溶接条件で行い、 の大きさのナゲット径が得られる溶接電流値および溶接
部周辺の樹脂複合型金属板にふくれが生じたときの溶接
電流値又は板端面からちりやガスが吹き出して開口部が
生じたときの溶接電流値を調べ、適正溶接電流範囲を求
めた。その結果を同じく第1表に示す。
These resin-composite-type metal plates and a steel plate were overlapped, and direct spot welding was performed at a position 20 mm from the end of the resin-composite-type metal plate to the plate center. Direct spot welding
Performed under the welding conditions shown in Table 1 using a chrome copper alloy dome-shaped electrode as the welding electrode, Welding current value when a nugget diameter of the size is obtained and welding current value when blistering occurs in the resin composite metal plate around the welded portion or welding when dust or gas blows out from the plate end surface to form an opening The current value was examined to determine an appropriate welding current range. The results are also shown in Table 1.

第1表から、初期通電したのちに本溶接電流を通電す
る本発明方法でスポット溶接したNo.1〜No.5の本発明例
は、初期通電を行わずにスポット溶接したNo.12およびN
o.13の従来例に比べ、適正溶接電流範囲が拡大している
ことがわかる。しかし、No.6〜No.11の比較例のように
初期通電したのちに本溶接電流を通電する方法でスポッ
ト溶接しても、初期通電の電流値又は通電時間が本発明
で規定する範囲から外れると適正溶接電流範囲は拡大さ
れていない。
From Table 1, it can be seen that No. 1 to No. 5 of the present invention, which were spot-welded by the method of the present invention in which the main welding current was applied after the initial energization, were No. 12 and N which were spot-welded without initial energization.
It can be seen that the proper welding current range is expanded as compared with the conventional example of o.13. However, even if spot welding is performed by the method of applying the main welding current after the initial application as in the comparative examples of No. 6 to No. 11, the current value or the application time of the initial application from the range specified in the present invention. If not, the proper welding current range is not expanded.

(発明の効果) 本発明方法によれば、従来の方法に比べて高い溶接電
流でもふくれや開口部が生じにくく、樹脂複合型金属板
の抵抗溶接における適正溶接電流範囲が拡がるので溶接
条件の管理が容易である。
(Effects of the Invention) According to the method of the present invention, blisters and openings are less likely to occur even with a higher welding current than in the conventional method, and an appropriate welding current range in resistance welding of a resin composite metal plate is expanded. Is easy.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

第1図は、樹脂複合型金属板の一例を示す一部破断の斜
視図、 第2図は、補助通電回路を用いる樹脂複合型金属板の抵
抗溶接の説明図、 第3図は、中間樹脂に導電性材料を分散させた樹脂複合
型金属板の抵抗溶接の説明図、 第4図は、開口部が端面に発生した状態を説明する図、
である。 1:樹脂複合型金属板、1a:金属板、2b:金属板、2:樹脂
層、3:他の金属板、4:補助回路、5:導電性材料、6:分流
電流、7:溶接電極、8:開口部。
FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view showing an example of a resin composite type metal plate, FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of resistance welding of the resin composite type metal plate using an auxiliary energizing circuit, and FIG. FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of resistance welding of a resin composite metal plate in which a conductive material is dispersed in FIG. 4, FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a state in which an opening is formed on an end face,
It is. 1: resin composite type metal plate, 1a: metal plate, 2b: metal plate, 2: resin layer, 3: other metal plate, 4: auxiliary circuit, 5: conductive material, 6: shunt current, 7: welding electrode , 8: Opening.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 梶本 佳邦 神奈川県横浜市神奈川区宝町2番地 日 産自動車株式会社内 (56)参考文献 特開 昭63−264279(JP,A) 特開 平1−127182(JP,A) (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7,DB名) B23K 11/16 320 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of front page (72) Inventor Yoshikuni Kajimoto 2 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., Takaracho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture (56) References JP-A-63-264279 (JP, A) JP-A-1- 127182 (JP, A) (58) Field surveyed (Int. Cl. 7 , DB name) B23K 11/16 320

Claims (1)

(57)【特許請求の範囲】(57) [Claims] 【請求項1】複数枚の金属板の間に樹脂を積層してなる
樹脂複合型金属板を他の金属部材に抵抗溶接する方法に
おいて、接合部を溶接電極で加圧した状態で、外部短絡
回路を用いることなく、下記(1)式を満足する初期電
流を下記(2)式を満足する通電時間で通電した後、本
溶接電流を通電することを特徴とする樹脂複合型金属板
の抵抗溶接方法。 0.6I2≦I1≦0.8I2 ・・・(1) t1≧(1/6)t ・・・(2) ここで、 I1:初期電流(A) I2:本溶接電流(A) t1:初期電流の通電時間(秒) t :樹脂複合型金属板の板厚(mm)
1. A method for resistance welding a resin composite type metal plate obtained by laminating a resin between a plurality of metal plates to another metal member, wherein an external short circuit is formed while the joint is pressed by a welding electrode. A method of resistance welding a resin composite metal plate, comprising: applying an initial current that satisfies the following expression (1) for an energizing time that satisfies the following expression (2) without using the same; . 0.6I 2 ≦ I 1 ≦ 0.8I 2 (1) t 1 ≧ (1/6) t (2) where I 1 : initial current (A) I 2 : main welding current (A ) T 1 : Initial current conduction time (seconds) t: Thickness of resin composite metal plate (mm)
JP02247981A 1990-09-17 1990-09-17 Resistance welding method for resin composite type metal plate Expired - Fee Related JP3118823B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP02247981A JP3118823B2 (en) 1990-09-17 1990-09-17 Resistance welding method for resin composite type metal plate

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP02247981A JP3118823B2 (en) 1990-09-17 1990-09-17 Resistance welding method for resin composite type metal plate

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH04127972A JPH04127972A (en) 1992-04-28
JP3118823B2 true JP3118823B2 (en) 2000-12-18

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105034482B (en) 2008-08-18 2017-08-25 多产研究有限责任公司 Plastic light composite material
EP2519376B1 (en) 2009-12-28 2020-11-25 Productive Research LLC. Process for welding composite materials and articles therefrom
KR101918088B1 (en) 2010-02-15 2018-11-13 프로덕티브 리서치 엘엘씨 Formable light weight composite material systems and methods
US9233526B2 (en) 2012-08-03 2016-01-12 Productive Research Llc Composites having improved interlayer adhesion and methods thereof
JP6390227B2 (en) * 2014-07-14 2018-09-19 新日鐵住金株式会社 Method for spot welding laminated metal sheet and laminated body
US11338552B2 (en) 2019-02-15 2022-05-24 Productive Research Llc Composite materials, vehicle applications and methods thereof

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Publication number Publication date
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