JP2954793B2 - Document reading device - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an original reading apparatus having a system for reading an original by moving an optical system while fixing an original, and a system for reading an original by moving the original while fixing an optical system. Used for machines, scanners, facsimile machines, etc.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in a copier equipped with a document feeder, as a method for reading a document, a document D fed from a paper inlet 1 by a paper feed roller 2 as shown in FIG.
Is guided between the platen roller 4 and the table glass 5 through the bent guides 3a and 3b.

At this time, the original D is exposed and read by the optical system 6 stopped below the platen roller 4, and the original D is discharged onto a paper output tray 9 by a paper output roller 8 through a guide 7. You.

The optical system 6 includes a lamp 1 having a reflector 10.
1, a plurality of mirrors 12, 13, 14, and a lens 15, and guides an image read from a document to a photoconductor. Further, the optical system 6 is movable along the table glass 5, and when the positional relationship between the lens 15 and the mirror is moved in a stopped state, the image can be enlarged or reduced.

In the drawing, reference numeral 16 denotes an original cover, which reads a document while exposing the document by pressing the document against the table glass 5 and moving the optical system 6.

[0006]

In the prior art described above, when the original D is exposed on one table glass 5, the original D must be conveyed to the table glass 5.
Must be bent greatly by the guides 3a and 3b, leading to breakage of the original and complicating the structure of the original feeder.

Therefore, if a separate exposure glass is provided without sharing one table glass, the structure of the document feeder is simplified, but the area occupied by the table glass and the like is increased, and the miniaturization is hindered.

The original is placed on the upper surface of the original cover 16, fed along a paper feed guide, and discharged to the paper output tray 9.
Are separately and integrally fixed to the document feeder main body, the weight balance of the right and left of the original cover 16 is poor, and the operability of opening and closing becomes extremely poor.
Since the paper output tray protrudes outside the copier body, the space is not good. In addition, the size of the opening and closing mechanism becomes large, which leads to an increase in cost.

Since the original transport portion of the original feeder opens and closes as the original cover opens and closes, the reliability of the original transport performance on the exposed surface decreases.

In view of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a document reading apparatus capable of reading a fixed document or a moving document with a simple mechanism. It is another object of the present invention to provide a document reading apparatus that can easily open and close a document cover.

[0011]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, a first platen 21 on which a document D is placed is provided .
A second document table 84 through which the moving document D is arranged above one document table 21 and which passes; a document conveying means 22 for conveying the document D onto the second document table 84; And an optical system 40 for exposing the document D on the first platen 84.
The focal position of the optical system 40 with respect to the first and second document tables 84 is changed in the vertical direction .

As means therefor, a lens 43 and a second mirror group 44 are provided to an optical system 40 arranged in the order of a light source 41, a first mirror group 42, a lens 43, and a second mirror group 44.
To the first mirror group 42.

As another means, a moving means 60 for moving the light source 41 of the optical system 40 and the first mirror group 42 along the first platen 21 is provided, and the first mirror group 42 is moved using the moving means 60. That is, the light source 41 is moved close to and away from the light source 41.

As another means, a movable section 110 for moving the first mirror group 42 with respect to a moving means 60 for moving the light source 41 of the optical system 40 and the first mirror group 42 along the first document table 21. And a driving unit 1 for driving the movable unit 110
11 to make the first mirror group 42 approach and separate from the light source 41.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, an openable / closable original cover 80 is provided on the first original platen 21, and the input tray 81 and the output tray 123 for the original conveying means 22 are provided on the upper surface of the original cover 80. is it provided.

[0016]

According to the first and second aspects of the present invention, when exposing the original D while transporting the original D onto the second original plate 84 , the motor 74 is driven to move the lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 to a light source. Move in the direction of 41. Thereby, the focal position of the optical system 40 is adjusted to the upper surface of the second document table 84.

The document D is conveyed by the conveying roller 85 of the conveying means without bending on the second document table 84, and is exposed by the fixed optical system 40. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the document D from being damaged during transportation.

According to the third aspect, in order to change the focal position of the optical system 40, the moving means 60 is operated to move the light source 41 to a position corresponding to the second document table 84.
At the same time, the first mirror group 42 also moves in the same direction, but by restricting the movement of the first mirror group 42, the light source 41
, And the focal position is shifted to the second platen 8.
Fit 4

According to a fourth aspect, when the driving unit 101 is turned on, the first mirror group 42 is in a stopped state.
Will move against. Therefore, the first mirror group 42 is moved toward or away from the light source 41, and
The focus position can be switched for 1,84.

According to the fifth aspect, the original fed from the input tray 81 on the original cover 80 is exposed on the second original table 84 and then output again on the original cover 80 by the original conveying means 22. The sheet is discharged to the tray 123.

Therefore, the document conveying means can be separated from the document cover, the document cover can be made lighter, and the operation of opening and closing the document cover becomes easier.

[0022]

【Example】

(First Embodiment) FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a document reading apparatus showing a first embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is an overall configuration diagram of a copier equipped with a document reading apparatus, and FIG. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the moving means of the optical system, and FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the upper part of the copying machine.

In the copying machine of this embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a table glass 21 serving as a first document table is disposed above a copying machine body 20, and a document feeder 22 is provided above the table glass 21. I have.

A photoreceptor drum 23 is rotatably mounted at the center of the inside of the copying machine main body 20, and a charging charger 24, a developing device 25, a transfer charger 26, a cleaning device 27, and a charge removing lamp are provided on the outer peripheral portion thereof. Are provided to constitute a copying process unit.

At the lower part of the copying machine main body 20, a paper feed cassette 28 is detachably mounted. A paper feed roller 29 is arranged above the paper feed cassette 28, and the paper feed roller 29 is driven to rotate by a paper feed driving motor. The paper accommodated in the paper cassette 28 is fed to a paper feed roller 29.
Are sequentially fed from the uppermost portion, and are conveyed to the photosensitive drum 23 by a registration roller 30 disposed in front of the photosensitive drum 23.

A fixing roller 31 and a paper discharge roller 32 are disposed on the paper discharge side of the photosensitive drum 23.
A paper discharge tray 33 is provided beside the.

An optical system 40 is disposed above the copying machine body 20 so as to face the table glass 21. Optical system 4
Reference numeral 0 denotes a copy lamp 41 for exposing a document on the table glass 21, a first mirror group 42, a lens 43, a second mirror group 44, and a third mirror 45. The copy lamp 41 has a reflection plate 46 and a mirror 47 integrally mounted on an exposure unit 48, and a first mirror group 42.
Has mirrors 49 and 50 above and below, and the second mirror group 44
Also have upper and lower mirrors 51 and 52, each of which can be moved integrally.

Copy lamp 41 and first mirror group 42
Can be freely scanned along the table glass 21 by the moving means 60. The lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 are moved by the second moving means 61 to the table glass 2.
It is moved in a direction parallel to 1.

As shown in FIG. 4, the moving means 60 uses one wire 62 in front and back, and one end of each wire 62 is fixed to the portion A of the copying machine main body 20.
2 is wound several times around a take-up pulley 65 through a second pulley 64 supported by the copying machine main body 20 from a first pulley 63 supported by the copier 20.

The wire 62 is further fixed to the exposure unit 48 at a portion B via a third pulley 66 supported on the opposite side of the second pulley 64 of the copying machine main body 20 and supported coaxially with the first pulley 63. The other end of the wire 62 is fixed to the C portion of the copying machine main body 20 via the fourth pulley thus set.
These are provided as a pair symmetrically in the front-rear direction.

On one side of the winding shaft 65a of the winding pulley 65,
The mirror motor 67 is mounted, and the take-up pulley 65 is rotated by the forward / reverse rotation of the mirror motor 67, and the exposure unit 48 and the first mirror group 42 are reciprocated by the wire 62.

The second moving means 61 includes a cam 70 in contact with the second mirror group 44, a cam pulley 71 integrated with the cam 70, a lens pulley 72 provided on the lens side, and both pulleys 71, 72. A lens 73 wound between the lens 73 and a motor 74 for rotating the cam pulley 71
The third support 75 is fixed to the wire 73. By driving the motor 74, the lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 are moved in the same direction.

An original cover 80 is provided above the table glass 21 so as to be openable and closable by the copying machine main body 20, and the original D is pressed against the table glass 21 by the original cover 80.

The document feeder 22 is provided with the original cover 8.
0 is a document tray 81, a paper feed roller 83 disposed at a paper input port 82, and an exposure glass 8 as a second document table.
4 and a document conveying means for passing the document D over the exposure glass 84 .

The exposure glass 84 is arranged above the end of the table glass 21 and has substantially the same height as the upper surface of the original cover 80.

The conveying means comprises a pair of upper and lower conveying rollers 85 and 86 arranged on both sides of the exposure glass 84, a discharge port 87 is formed on the discharge side of the conveying roller 86, and a paper output tray 88 is provided. ing. A document detection sensor 89 for detecting the passage of the document D is provided at the paper inlet 82.

The upper transport roller of the transport means is attached to the device cover 22a, and the device cover 22a is integrated with the original cover 80. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, by opening and closing the original cover 80,
The device cover 22a can be opened and closed to remove a document jam or the like.

Since the table glass 21 and the exposure glass 84 have different distances from the optical system 40, the focal positions are different. Therefore, focus switching means for changing the focus position of the optical system 40 with respect to the table glass 21 and the exposure glass 84 is provided. The focus switching means uses the second moving means 61 to move the lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 toward and away from the first mirror group 42. That is, when adjusting the focal position to the exposure glass 84, the lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 are moved in the direction of arrow E shown in FIG.

The copying machine body 20 includes a control unit (not shown) having a microcomputer for controlling the drive of the copying process unit, the optical system 40 and the document feeder 22.

The control unit has a function of executing a normal exposure mode in which the optical system 40 scans along the table glass 21 to perform copying when the document D is placed on the table glass 21. The document feeder 22 is driven while the document is fixed, a function to execute a document feed mode in which the document D is copied while passing the document D over the exposure glass 84 , and the second moving unit 61 is driven when the moving document D is exposed. And a function of switching the focal position.

In the above configuration, when performing normal copying, the original D is placed on the table glass 21 and the original cover 80 is closed. At this time, the lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 are at positions indicated by broken lines in FIG. 1, and the focal position is set on the upper surface of the table glass 21.

When the start key is pressed, the copy lamp 41 is pressed.
The first mirror group 42 moves to scan the document D. The light reflected from the document D reaches the photosensitive drum 23 by each mirror and lens 43, and an electrostatic latent image is formed. The image visualized by the developing device 25 is transferred as a toner image from the paper feed cassette 28 to the paper fed and conveyed by the paper feed roller 29, passes through the fixing roller 31, and is discharged to the paper discharge tray 33.

Next, when copying is performed using the document feeder 22, the original cover 80 is closed and the document D is placed on the document tray 81. When the document D is placed on the document tray 81, the document D is detected by a sensor for detecting the presence or absence of the document.
, The control section determines that automatic document feeding is performed.

When the start key is pressed, the paper feed roller 83 of the document feeder 22 is driven, the document D is fed from the document tray 81 to the paper inlet 82, and the document detection sensor 89 detects the passage of the document D. I do.

Then, the second moving means 61 is operated, the motor 74 rotates counterclockwise, and the cam pulley 71 rotates. Accordingly, the wire 73 moves, and the lens 43 and the second mirror group 44 move in the direction of the arrow E in FIG. 1, move to the position shown by the solid line, and stop. At this time, the focal position of the optical system 40 is aligned with the upper surface of the exposure glass 84.

The original D is transported by the transport rollers 85 and passes over the exposure glass 84. With the optical system 40 fixed, the copy lamp 41 emits light to expose the original D passing through the exposure glass 84. The exposed image becomes a toner image on the photosensitive drum 23, is transferred to a sheet, is fixed, and is discharged.

On the other hand, the exposed document D is
4 is discharged onto a paper discharge tray 88 by a conveying roller 86 from the end face of the recording medium.

As described above, since the exposure glass is located at the height of the upper surface of the original cover, the document can be moved horizontally, and the document can be prevented from being damaged. In addition, the structure of the document feeder can be simplified.

When the focal position is changed, switching is usually performed using a zoom lens. However, the focal position can be adjusted to the exposure glass only by moving the lens or the like, and there is no need to use an expensive lens. Thus, it is not necessary to separately provide an exposure unit, which leads to cost reduction.

(Second Embodiment) FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a document reading apparatus showing a second embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a focus switching means of the second embodiment, and FIG. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a first mirror group.

The focus switching means of the present embodiment comprises a moving means 60
The first mirror group 42 is moved toward and away from the copy lamp 41 by using the movement of the exposure unit 48 to the document feed mode position by the A movable angle 92 is rotatably attached, and a first pulley 63 is attached to an end of the movable angle 92 opposite to the shaft 91.

One end of a spring 93 is attached to the center of the movable angle 92, and the other end of the spring 93 is attached to the unit body 90. The movable angle 92 is urged by the spring 93 in the direction of the copy lamp 41. .

The unit body 90 is provided with a projection 94 for preventing the movable angle 92 from rotating in a direction approaching the copy lamp 41. On the opposite side of the first lamp group 42 from the copy lamp 41, the unit body 9
A positioning piece 95 for preventing the movement of the zero is provided.

The exposure unit 48 and the first mirror group 4
2, a positioning sensor 96 comprising a photo switch for detecting that the exposure unit 48 has been moved to the exposure position in the document feed mode is disposed.
8 is stopped at the exposure position in the document feed mode.

The other structure is the same as that of the first embodiment.

In this embodiment, in the original feed mode,
In order to move the exposure unit 48 to a predetermined exposure position, the moving means 60 is operated to move the wire 62. At this time, the exposure unit 48 indicates the arrow F shown in FIG.
Move in the direction. At the same time, the first mirror group 42 also moves in the same direction, but the unit main body 90 contacts the positioning piece 95, and only the exposure unit 48 moves.

The first pulley 63 is connected to the wire 6
2, the movable angle 92 rotates against the urging force of the spring 93 because it is still moving. When the positioning sensor 96 detects the exposure unit 48, the moving unit 60 is stopped, and the exposure unit 48 is at the exposure position in the document feed mode. On the other hand, since the movement of the first mirror group 42 is restricted by the positioning piece 95, the first mirror group 42 is relatively close to the copy lamp 41 as shown by the broken line in FIG. It is fitted to the upper surface of glass 84 .

As described above, since the focal position can be changed by using the moving means, a complicated mechanism for moving the fixed lens system as in the first embodiment is not required, and the cost can be greatly reduced. Become.

The stop of the copy lamp 41 at the exposure position in the original feed mode is performed by the switch 97 attached to the positioning piece 95 shown in FIG. Alternatively, the stop position of 41 may be determined, and a stepping motor or the like may be used to move a fixed number of pulses.

(Third Embodiment) FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a focus switching means of a third embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a first mirror group of the third embodiment.

The focus switching means of this embodiment comprises a movable section 100 for moving the first mirror group 42 with respect to the moving means 60.
And a drive unit 101 for driving the movable unit 100, and moves the first mirror group 42 toward and away from the copy lamp 41.

The movable section 100 is composed of the movable angle and the like shown in the second embodiment.
0, and a solenoid 101
Is fixed to a movable angle 92 supporting the first pulley 63. Other configurations are the same as those of the second embodiment.

In this embodiment, when it is detected that the document D has passed through the paper inlet 82, the solenoid 101 is energized. As a result, the operating rod 102 is pulled in the direction of the solenoid 101, but the first pulley 63
2, the solenoid 10
1 moves in the direction of the first pulley 63.

Therefore, the first mirror group 42 moves to the position shown by the broken line in FIG. 6, and the focal position is adjusted to the upper surface of the exposure glass 84. In addition, since it is not necessary to move the copy lamp 41 to the exposure position, it is only necessary to turn on and off the solenoid, and the operability is improved.

(Fourth Embodiment) FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a focus switching means of a fourth embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a first mirror group in a normal exposure mode of the fourth embodiment, and FIG. FIG. 14 is a sectional view of a first mirror group in a document feed mode according to a fourth embodiment.

In the present embodiment, the movable portion of the third embodiment is the same as the angle 1 fixed to the pulley shaft 63a of the first pulley 63.
One end of the angle 110 is connected to the solenoid 111
Is attached to the operating rod 112. And pulley shaft 6
3a is penetrated by the horizontal hole 113 of the unit main body 90, and is movable with respect to the unit main body 90.

As in the third embodiment, when the solenoid 111 is energized, the unit body 90 approaches the fixed pulley shaft 6, and the first mirror group 42 moves to the position shown by the broken line in FIG. The focal position is adjusted to the upper surface of the exposure glass 84.

In this case, in the normal exposure mode, since the solenoid 111 is not turned on, the unit main body 90 has a fixed positional relationship with the pulley shaft 63a.
The first mirror group 42 also moves in response to the movement of the first pulley 63 accompanying the movement of the wire 62.

(Fifth Embodiment) FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a document reading apparatus according to a fifth embodiment, and FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an upper portion of a copying machine according to a fifth embodiment.

In the document feeder 22 of the present embodiment, the upper surface of the original cover
2, an exposure glass 84, and a pair of upper and lower transport rollers 85, arranged on both sides of the exposure glass 84.
86, a paper output roller 121 disposed at a paper output port 120 formed above the paper input port 82, a J-shaped transport guide 122 connecting the transport roller 86 and the paper output roller 121, and a paper output tray 123. And

The paper output tray 123 is provided with the original cover 8.
The upper and lower sides are supported by the vertical plate 124 on the front and rear sides, and are provided integrally with the original cover 80.

The components of the document feeder 22 except for the trays 81 and 122 are housed in a device cover 125 fixed to the copier body 20 by screws. The other configuration is the same as that of the first embodiment.

In such a configuration, the document tray 81
After being exposed on the exposure glass 84, the document fed from the document feeder 120 is conveyed to a sheet discharge port 120 along a conveyance guide 122 and discharged to a sheet output tray 123 above the document tray 81.

Therefore, since the original cover and the paper feed / output tray of the document feeder are integrated, the output tray does not protrude from the main body of the copying machine as in the prior art, and the space can be saved. Can be. Further, the integration eliminates the need to provide a special support member for each tray, thereby reducing costs.

Further, since the entire original feeder is not integrated with the original cover, the weight balance between the left and right sides of the original cover can be reduced without breaking, and there is no need to reinforce the hinge member for opening and closing the original cover. Opening / closing operation becomes easier and operability is improved.

Further, since the document feeder is fixed to the main body of the copying machine, the roller pressure of the transport roller is stabilized, and the document can be transported with high reliability.

Note that the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and it goes without saying that many modifications and changes can be made to the above-described embodiment within the scope of the present invention.

In the third and fourth embodiments, a motor may be used in place of the solenoid to move the first mirror group with respect to the copy lamp.

[0079]

As is apparent from the above description, claim 1
According to the invention, the first platen for placing an original and this
Adjust the focal position of the optical system with respect to the second platen
By changing each , the original is placed on the second platen
Since the document can be transported horizontally, it is not necessary to bend and transport the document, and it is possible to prevent the document from being damaged and jammed . In addition, the structure of the document conveying means can be simplified, and each platen is vertically stacked.
Space saving and miniaturization
Can be .

Further, when the focal position is changed, switching is usually performed by using a zoom lens.
The focal position can be adjusted to each document table only by moving the lens or the like, so that there is no need to use an expensive lens, and it is not necessary to newly provide an exposure unit as in the related art, leading to cost reduction.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, since the focal position can be changed by using the moving means of the optical system, a complicated mechanism is not required as compared with the case where the fixed lens system is moved, and a large amount is obtained. Cost reduction becomes possible.

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, since the focal position can be changed only by operating the driving unit, it is not necessary to operate the moving means of the optical system, and the operability can be further improved.

According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, the input tray and the output tray for the document conveying means are provided on the upper surface of the openable and closable document cover provided on the first document table. Therefore, the paper output tray does not protrude outward, so that space can be saved.

Further, since the entire document conveying means is not integrated with the document cover, the weight of the document cover can be reduced, and there is no need to reinforce the hinge member for opening and closing the document cover. Operability is improved.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a document reading apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an overall configuration diagram of a copier including a document reading device.

FIG. 3 is a partially cutaway perspective view of the copying machine.

FIG. 4 is a configuration diagram of a moving unit of the optical system.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the upper part of the copying machine.

FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram of a document reading apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a focus switching unit according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a first mirror group of the second embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a focus switching unit according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a first mirror group of the third embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a focus switching unit according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a first mirror group in a normal exposure mode according to a fourth embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a sectional view of a first mirror group in a document feed mode according to a fourth embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a configuration diagram of a document reading apparatus according to a fifth embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the upper part of a copying machine according to a fifth embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a configuration diagram of a conventional document reading apparatus.

[Explanation of symbols]

 Reference Signs List 21 Table glass 40 Optical system 41 Light source 42 First mirror group 43 Lens 44 Second mirror group 60 Moving means 70 Cam 71 Cam pulley 72 Lens pulley 73 Wire 74 Motor 92 Movable angle 95 Positioning piece 101,111 Solenoid 110 Angle D Document

Claims (5)

(57) [Claims] A first original platen on which an original is placed, and a first original
A second document table disposed above the table, through which the moving document passes, a document conveying means for conveying the document onto the second document table, and an optical system for exposing the document on the first and second document tables. And the focal position of the optical system with respect to the first platen and the second platen.
An original reading apparatus comprising a focus switching means for changing the focus in a vertical direction . A first platen on which a document is placed, and a first document;
The second platen through which the moving document is placed above the table
A document conveying means for conveying the document onto the second platen;
An optical system for exposing a document on the first and second platens, and a first document
Change the focal position of the optical system for the platen and the platen
The optical system is arranged in the order of a light source, a first mirror group, a lens, and a second mirror group, and the focus switching means moves the lens and the second mirror group close to the first mirror group. A document reading device characterized by being separated. 3. A first platen on which a document is placed, and a first document
The second platen through which the moving document is placed above the table
A document conveying means for conveying the document onto the second platen;
An optical system for exposing a document on the first and second platens, and a first document
Change the focal position of the optical system for the platen and the platen
The optical system is arranged in the order of a light source, a first mirror group, a lens, and a second mirror group, and a moving means for moving the light source and the first mirror group along the first platen is provided. And a focus switching unit for moving the first mirror group toward and away from the light source by using a moving unit. 4. A first platen on which a document is placed, and a first document
The second platen through which the moving document is placed above the table
A document conveying means for conveying the document onto the second platen;
An optical system for exposing a document on the first and second platens, and a first document
Change the focal position of the optical system for the platen and the platen
The optical system is arranged in the order of a light source, a first mirror group, a lens, and a second mirror group, and a moving means for moving the light source and the first mirror group along the first platen is provided. The focus switching unit includes a movable unit that moves the first mirror group with respect to the moving unit, and a drive unit that drives the movable unit, and moves the first mirror group toward and away from the light source. Image forming apparatus. 5. An original cover, which is provided on the first platen and which is openable and closable, and a paper input tray and a paper output tray for the original conveying means are provided on the upper surface of the original cover . 5. The image forming apparatus according to any one of 4 .