JP2895681B2 - Back exposure development method - Google Patents
Back exposure development methodInfo
- Publication number
- JP2895681B2 JP2895681B2 JP4194799A JP19479992A JP2895681B2 JP 2895681 B2 JP2895681 B2 JP 2895681B2 JP 4194799 A JP4194799 A JP 4194799A JP 19479992 A JP19479992 A JP 19479992A JP 2895681 B2 JP2895681 B2 JP 2895681B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- developer
- resistance
- photoconductor
- carrier
- toner
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- Developing For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Dry Development In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、プリンタ、ファクシミ
リ、複写機等に適用される背面露光現像方法に係り、特
に感光体の背面側に配設した露光手段により感光体を露
光させながら、露光とほぼ同時に現像を行なう背面露光
現像方法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a back exposure developing method applied to a printer, a facsimile, a copying machine, and the like, and more particularly, to a method of exposing a photosensitive member while exposing the photosensitive member by an exposing means provided on the back side of the photosensitive member. And a back exposure development method for performing development almost simultaneously.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来より、例えば透光性支持体上に透光
性導電層と光導電体層を積層してなる感光体ドラム内
に、画像情報に対応した光出力を生成する露光手段を内
挿し、該露光手段の光出力を集束化して前記光導電体層
に潜像を結像すると同時若しくはその直後に前記感光体
ドラムと対面配置させたトナー担持体を介して前記潜像
を可視像(トナー像)化した後、該トナー像を転写ロー
ラその他の転写手段を介して普通紙に転写可能に構成し
た画像形成装置は公知である。(特開昭58ー153957号
他)2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, an exposure means for generating a light output corresponding to image information is provided in a photosensitive drum comprising a light transmitting conductive layer and a photoconductive layer laminated on a light transmitting support, for example. When the latent image is focused on the photoconductor layer by interpolating and converging the light output of the exposing means to form the latent image on the photoconductor layer, the latent image can be formed via a toner carrier facing the photosensitive drum at the same time or immediately thereafter. 2. Description of the Related Art An image forming apparatus in which a visible image (toner image) can be transferred to plain paper via a transfer roller or other transfer means after a toner image is formed is known. (JP-A-58-153957, etc.)
【0003】この種の画像形成装置においては、構成の
一層の簡単化とオゾン発生等の防止、更には地かぶりの
防止を図る為に、独立した帯電器を設けずに前記感光体
ドラムと対峙して配置された現像スリーブ上に導電性磁
性トナーを担持させるとともに、スリーブに内包した固
定磁石集成体その他の磁気力を利用していわゆる磁気ブ
ラシ状のトナー摺擦域を現像位置直前位置に設け、該摺
擦域により感光体ドラム表面を摺擦しながら現像スリー
ブ側に印加した現像バイアスを利用して前記摺擦域を介
して前記ドラムの感光層に電荷を注入しての帯電を行な
った後、該帯電の直後に該ドラムに内包された露光手段
を利用して露光像を結像すると共に現像を行ない、所定
の画像形成を行なうように構成している。In this type of image forming apparatus, in order to further simplify the structure and prevent ozone generation and the like, and to prevent ground fogging, the image forming apparatus faces the photosensitive drum without providing an independent charger. The conductive magnetic toner is carried on the developing sleeve arranged in the manner described above, and a so-called magnetic brush-like toner rubbing area is provided immediately before the developing position by using a fixed magnet assembly or other magnetic force included in the sleeve. While the surface of the photosensitive drum was rubbed by the rubbing area, a charge was injected by injecting electric charge into the photosensitive layer of the drum through the rubbing area using a developing bias applied to the developing sleeve side. Then, immediately after the charging, an exposure image is formed by using an exposure unit included in the drum, and development is performed to form a predetermined image.
【0004】従って前記装置に使用するトナーは現像ス
リーブ側より電荷注入を行なうために導電性トナーであ
る事が前提となるが、導電性トナーを用いると、トナー
像を用紙に転写する時に転写効率の悪さが問題となる。
かかる欠点を防止するには、前記現像剤に導電性トナー
を用いずに、絶縁トナーを用いるのが好ましいが、絶縁
トナーを用いると現像バイアスから電荷注入という帯電
工程が取れず、摩擦帯電のみになってしまい、円滑な帯
電が困難になってしまう。Therefore, it is premised that the toner used in the above-mentioned apparatus is a conductive toner in order to inject electric charge from the developing sleeve side. However, when the conductive toner is used, the transfer efficiency at the time of transferring a toner image to paper is increased. Is a problem.
In order to prevent such a defect, it is preferable to use an insulating toner without using a conductive toner as the developer. However, when an insulating toner is used, a charging step of charge injection from a developing bias cannot be performed, and only frictional charging is performed. As a result, smooth charging becomes difficult.
【0005】従って上記欠点を防止する為、特開昭63
ー214781号に示すように、トナー抵抗率が104
〜109Ω・cmの導電性磁性トナーとトナー抵抗率が
1014Ω・cm以上で且つ摩擦帯電により定められた極
数に帯電する摩擦帯電型高抵抗トナーとを混合し、その
混合トナーの抵抗値を105〜1010Ω・cmに設定し
た技術を提案している。Therefore, in order to prevent the above-mentioned drawbacks, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open
As shown in Japanese Patent No. 214781, the toner resistivity is 10 4
A conductive magnetic toner of 〜1010 9 Ω · cm and a frictionally charged high-resistance toner having a toner resistivity of 10 14 Ω · cm or more and charged to the number of poles determined by friction charging are mixed. A technique in which the resistance value is set to 10 5 to 10 10 Ω · cm is proposed.
【0006】[0006]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら前記のよ
うに導電性トナーの抵抗値が104〜109Ω・cmと半
導電域、若しくは混合トナーであっても105〜1010
Ω・cmの半導電域であり、このような半導電域の材料
は一般に電界強度によって抵抗値が異なり、低電界で
は、抵抗値が指数関数的に上昇する。この為例えば10
5〜1010Ω・cmの半導電域の現像剤を作成しても現
像印加電圧近くまで感光体帯電電位が帯電されると、そ
の現像空間に存在する現像剤の抵抗は高抵抗化してしま
い、感光体側への円滑な電荷注入、即ち帯電が行なわれ
ない。従って単独であれ、混合であれ前記の様な半導体
域のトナーを用いて現像を行なうと、再帯電時に前画像
を十分消去出来るだけの電荷を付与できず、その後の現
像工程で像露光の履歴(前位の潜像)によって発生する
ゴースト現象や、又感光体の再帯電の不足によって生ず
るかぶり等の欠点が顕在化する。However, as described above, the conductive toner has a resistance value of 10 4 to 10 9 Ω · cm, which is in a semiconductive region, or 10 5 to 10 10 even in a mixed toner.
It is a semiconductive region of Ω · cm. The material of such a semiconductive region generally has a different resistance value depending on the electric field intensity, and in a low electric field, the resistance value increases exponentially. Therefore, for example, 10
Even if a developer having a semiconductive area of 5 to 10 10 Ω · cm is prepared, if the photosensitive member charging potential is charged to near the applied voltage for development, the resistance of the developer existing in the developing space increases. Therefore, smooth charge injection to the photoconductor side, that is, charging is not performed. Therefore, if development is performed using the toner in the semiconductor region as described above singly or in a mixture, it is not possible to provide enough charge to erase the previous image at the time of recharging. A ghost phenomenon caused by the (leading latent image) and defects such as fogging caused by insufficient recharging of the photoconductor become apparent.
【0007】そしてこのような低電界領域で現像剤抵抗
が急激に高くなる事に起因して発生する前記欠点は、従
来のOPCその他の有機半導体より抵抗の低いa−Si
その他の感光体を用いた場合に一層顕著になると共に、
特にa−Siを用いた感光体は前記の半導電域の現像剤
に比較して相対的に抵抗値が低い為に、帯電不良が一層
増幅し、かぶりやゴーストが一層発生しやすい。[0007] The disadvantage caused by the rapid increase in developer resistance in such a low electric field region is that a-Si having a lower resistance than conventional OPC and other organic semiconductors.
It becomes more noticeable when other photoconductors are used,
In particular, the photoreceptor using a-Si has a relatively low resistance value as compared with the developer in the semiconductive region, so that poor charging is further amplified and fogging and ghosting are more likely to occur.
【0008】本発明はかかる従来技術の欠点に鑑み、低
電界領域で現像剤抵抗が急激に高くなる事に起因して発
生するゴースト現象やかぶり等を解消し、特にa−Si
を用いた感光体においても鮮明な画像形成を可能とする
背面露光現像方法を提供する事を目的とする。In view of the drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention eliminates the ghost phenomenon, fogging, and the like that occur due to the rapid increase in developer resistance in a low electric field region.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a back-surface exposure and development method that enables a clear image to be formed even on a photoreceptor using the same.
【0009】[0009]
【課題を解決する為の手段】本発明は、前記欠点を解消
する為に、前記現像剤抵抗を単独で定める事なく、現像
時における現像剤抵抗が常に、下記1)式により定める
抵抗値以下に設定、言い換えれば前記感光体とトナー摺
擦域の接触帯電や現像剤の攪拌の繰返しにより現像剤が
劣化した場合でも該劣化した後の現像剤抵抗が下記1)
式を満足する範囲で現像を行なう事を特徴とするもので
ある。 Rt<(Vc/Vs−Vc)Rh …1) Rt:現像剤抵抗(現像可能電圧Vcの電圧を印加した
際の現像剤抵抗) Vs:現像剤担持体に印加される現像バイアス(電圧) Vc:現像可能電圧(反転現像が開始されるときの(現
像バイアス−感光体帯電電位)の電位をさす。) Rh:感光体の明抵抗According to the present invention, in order to solve the above-mentioned disadvantage, the developer resistance at the time of development is always equal to or less than the resistance value determined by the following formula (1) without independently determining the developer resistance. In other words, even when the developer is deteriorated due to repeated contact charging of the photosensitive member and the toner rubbing area or repeated stirring of the developer, the developer resistance after the deterioration is 1)
It is characterized in that development is performed within a range satisfying the expression. Rt <(Vc / Vs−Vc) Rh 1) Rt: developer resistance (developer resistance when voltage of developable voltage Vc is applied) Vs: developing bias (voltage) applied to developer carrier Vc : Developable voltage (refers to the potential of (developing bias-photoconductor charging potential) when reversal development is started) Rh: light resistance of photoconductor
【0010】[0010]
【作用】本発明の作用を詳細に説明する。背面露光現像
法の基本作用は図1に示すように、透光性支持体1a上
に、透光性導電層1b、注入阻止層1e、及び光導電体
層1cと表面層1fからなる感光層1c/1fが積層形
成された感光体ドラム1と対峙して配置された現像スリ
ーブ30上に、例えば高抵抗若しくは絶縁磁性トナーと
導電性磁性キャリアからなる現像剤を担持させるととも
に、例えば前記両者1、30を夫々矢印方向に相対的速
度差を以て回転させる事により、スリーブ31に内包し
た固定磁石集成体33の磁気力を利用していわゆる磁気
ブラシ状の現像剤摺擦域10を現像ギャップ間に形成す
る。現像剤摺擦域10では現像スリーブ30側に印加し
た現像バイアスVsの印加により感光体ドラム1側に一
旦前記トナーが転移付着させて現像剤磁気ブラシによ
り、感光体ドラム1表面を摺擦しながら感光体ドラム1
側に帯電がなされ該帯電電位が前記現像バイアスの電位
に接近してくると現像剤が現像スリーブ30側に固定磁
石集成体33の磁気力で引戻される。この際該帯電直後
に該ドラム1に内包された露光手段2を利用して露光像
を結像する事により前記帯電電位が0V付近まで減衰
し、現像バイアスVsと感光体ドラムとの電位差でトナ
ーの反転現像が行なわれ、所定の画像形成を行なう事が
出来るものである。The operation of the present invention will be described in detail. As shown in FIG. 1, the basic operation of the back exposure developing method is as follows: a light-transmitting conductive layer 1b, an injection blocking layer 1e, and a photosensitive layer composed of a photoconductive layer 1c and a surface layer 1f on a light-transmitting support 1a. On the developing sleeve 30 disposed opposite to the photosensitive drum 1 on which the layers 1c / 1f are formed, for example, a developer comprising a high-resistance or insulating magnetic toner and a conductive magnetic carrier is carried. , 30 are rotated with a relative speed difference in the direction of the arrow, so that a so-called magnetic brush-like developer rubbing area 10 is interposed between the developing gaps by utilizing the magnetic force of the fixed magnet assembly 33 contained in the sleeve 31. Form. In the developer rubbing area 10, the toner is once transferred and adhered to the photosensitive drum 1 by application of the developing bias Vs applied to the developing sleeve 30, and the developer magnetic brush brushes the surface of the photosensitive drum 1. Photoconductor drum 1
When the charged potential approaches the potential of the developing bias, the developer is pulled back to the developing sleeve 30 by the magnetic force of the fixed magnet assembly 33. At this time, the charged potential is attenuated to about 0 V by forming an exposure image using the exposure means 2 included in the drum 1 immediately after the charging, and the toner is generated by a potential difference between the developing bias Vs and the photosensitive drum. Is performed, and a predetermined image can be formed.
【0011】ここで前記摺擦域における現像バイアス電
圧Vsと帯電電位Vhとの関係は図4の等価回路で表せ
られる。ここでRhは感光体抵抗、Chは感光体容量、
Rtは現像剤抵抗、Ctは現像剤容量である。又Rt及
びCtはトナーとキャリアを所定配合比で混合したトー
タルとしての現像剤の抵抗と容量を指す。従って前記等
価回路より現像バイアス電圧Vsと帯電電位Vhとの関
係を式で表すと、式3)の計算式が得られる。 Vh=Vs[(Rh/Rt+Rh)−A] …3) A={(Ch・Rh-Ct・Rt)/(Ct+Ch)(Rt+Rh)}・exp[-{(Rt+Rh)t}/{Rt・Rh(Ct+Ch)} t:現像時間。 さて前記3)の計算式において、現像剤、感光体の抵抗
Rt、Rh及び容量Ct、Chが全て小さく、現像時間が充分短
いプロセス設定でなければ、 Vh=Vs(Rh/Rt+Rh) …2) と近似できる。The relationship between the developing bias voltage Vs and the charging potential Vh in the rubbing region can be represented by an equivalent circuit shown in FIG. Here, Rh is the photoconductor resistance, Ch is the photoconductor capacity,
Rt is the developer resistance, and Ct is the developer capacity. Rt and Ct indicate the total resistance and capacity of the developer obtained by mixing the toner and the carrier at a predetermined compounding ratio. Therefore, when the relationship between the developing bias voltage Vs and the charging potential Vh is expressed by an equation from the equivalent circuit, the equation 3) is obtained. Vh = Vs [(Rh / Rt + Rh) -A] 3) A = {(Ch · Rh−Ct · Rt) / (Ct + Ch) (Rt + Rh)} · exp [− {(Rt + Rh) t } / {Rt.Rh (Ct + Ch)} t: Development time. In the formula 3), the resistance of the developer and the photoreceptor is calculated.
Unless Rt and Rh and the capacities Ct and Ch are all small and the process time is not sufficiently short, Vh = Vs (Rh / Rt + Rh) (2) can be approximated.
【0012】一方図5は(現像バイアス電圧Vs−感光
体帯電電位Vh)と現像濃度の関係を示す現像γ特性
で、感光体が前記現像バイアスにより現像剤摺擦域上で
帯電電位が上昇し、(Vs−Vh)がVc以下になった
ときに露光する事により露光された非帯電部位にのみ現
像剤が付着し、円滑な反転現像が行なわれる事を示して
いる。On the other hand, FIG. 5 shows a development .gamma. Characteristic showing a relationship between (developing bias voltage Vs-photoconductor charging potential Vh) and developing density. The charging potential of the photoconductor rises on the developer rubbing area by the developing bias. , (Vs-Vh) become equal to or less than Vc, the developer adheres only to the non-charged portion exposed, and smooth reversal development is performed.
【0013】図3は現像剤抵抗Rtと帯電電位Vhの関
係を示す。実線は画像露光した際の感光体抵抗(明抵
抗)の場合、破線は露光していないときの抵抗(暗抵
抗)の場合で、夫々ゴーストとかぶりの尺度となる。こ
れらの曲線が現像開始電圧Vcを越えると(図中では斜
線部)、前者では主としてゴーストとかぶりが、後者で
はかぶりが発生する。従って前記図5より現像剤の抵抗
は少なくとも前記現像可能電圧Vc以上に感光体が帯電
できるように設定すればよい。FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the developer resistance Rt and the charging potential Vh. The solid line indicates the resistance of the photosensitive member (bright resistance) when the image is exposed, and the broken line indicates the resistance (dark resistance) when the exposure is not performed. When these curves exceed the development start voltage Vc (the hatched portion in the figure), ghosts and fogging mainly occur in the former, and fogging occurs in the latter. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, the resistance of the developer may be set so that the photosensitive member can be charged to at least the developable voltage Vc.
【0014】一方感光体の暗抵抗は常に明抵抗と同等か
それ以上である為に、言い換えれば感光体の抵抗は明抵
抗以下にならないことから明抵抗と設定する事が出来、
又前記3)式におけるA項は通常の条件下、特にa−S
i感光体の場合は完全に無視出来るので、従って前記現
像剤抵抗を下記のように設定する事によりゴーストとか
ぶりの発生が防止出来る。 Vh=Vs−Vc<Vs(Rh/Rt+Rh) …2’) 前記2’式を展開する事により Rt<(Vc/Vs−Vc)Rh …1) が導き出せる。On the other hand, the dark resistance of the photoreceptor is always equal to or higher than the light resistance. In other words, since the resistance of the photoreceptor does not become lower than the light resistance, it can be set as the light resistance.
Further, the term A in the above formula 3) can be obtained under a normal condition, especially a-S
In the case of the i photoreceptor, it can be completely neglected. Therefore, by setting the developer resistance as described below, ghost and fogging can be prevented. Vh = Vs−Vc <Vs (Rh / Rt + Rh) 2 ′) By expanding the equation 2 ′, Rt <(Vc / Vs−Vc) Rh 1) can be derived.
【0015】図6は例えば後記実施例における二成分現
像剤を用いた場合の現像剤抵抗の電界依存性を示し、
(A)は現像初期における現像剤の電界依存性、(B)
は所定枚数(15000枚)印字後の現像剤の電界依存
性を示し、いずれも低電界で高抵抗化する事を示すとと
もに劣化により現像剤抵抗が上昇する事を示している。
従って前記感光体とトナー摺擦域の接触帯電や攪拌の繰
返しにより現像剤が劣化した場合でも該劣化した後の現
像剤抵抗が1)式を満足する範囲で現像を行なう必要が
ある。この場合二成分現像剤の場合は、トナーはもとも
と絶縁体であるので、現像剤の劣化にともなう高抵抗化
の原因はキャリアの高抵抗化にあると考えられる。FIG. 6 shows, for example, the electric field dependency of the developer resistance when a two-component developer is used in the embodiment described later.
(A) is the electric field dependence of the developer in the early stage of development, (B)
Indicates the electric field dependence of the developer after printing a predetermined number of sheets (15,000 sheets), which indicates that the resistance increases at a low electric field and that the developer resistance increases due to deterioration.
Therefore, even when the developer is deteriorated due to repeated contact charging or agitation of the photosensitive member and the toner rubbing area, it is necessary to perform development within a range where the deteriorated developer resistance satisfies the expression (1). In this case, in the case of the two-component developer, since the toner is originally an insulator, it is considered that the cause of the increase in the resistance due to the deterioration of the developer is the increase in the resistance of the carrier.
【0016】そこで本発明においては前記現像剤を、導
電性磁性キャリアと高抵抗若しくは絶縁性磁性トナーか
らなる複数成分の現像剤で形成した請求項1記載の背面
露光現像方法において、前記キャリアを、図7に示すよ
うに絶縁樹脂13中に磁性体15を分散した粒子の表面
に導電性微粒子16を固着して形成された熱溶融性の導
電性キャリア14で形成すると共に、該キャリア14の
平均粒径を、トナー平均粒径の略1〜5倍以内に設定す
る事により感光体の電化注入能力が充分高く維持され、
而も前記キャリア14の劣化により絶縁性となった場合
に、その直径比はトナーの1〜5倍であるために略絶縁
性トナーと共に感光体ドラムの潜像部に付着して前記摺
擦域から脱離して常にフレッシュなキャリアが供給され
る事となり、前記1)式を長期に亙って維持する事が出
来、言い換えれば長期に亙ってかぶりやゴーストが発生
する事なく円滑な画像形成が可能となる。而も前記キャ
リアは定着工程により熱溶融可能な樹脂キャリアに設定
している為に、トナーと同等に扱われ画像品質に何等影
響しない。又前記感光体をa−Si系感光体に設定する
事により前記A項を完全に無視でき、本発明の目的を円
滑に達成し得る。According to the present invention, in the back exposure developing method according to the present invention, the developer is formed of a plurality of components consisting of a conductive magnetic carrier and a high-resistance or insulating magnetic toner. As shown in FIG. 7, a conductive material 14 is formed by fixing conductive fine particles 16 to the surface of particles in which a magnetic material 15 is dispersed in an insulating resin 13. By setting the particle size within approximately 1 to 5 times the average particle size of the toner, the charge injection ability of the photoreceptor is maintained sufficiently high,
When the carrier 14 becomes insulative due to deterioration, the diameter ratio is 1 to 5 times that of the toner. , The fresh carrier is always supplied, and the above-mentioned formula (1) can be maintained for a long period of time. In other words, the image can be formed smoothly without fogging or ghosting for a long period of time. Becomes possible. Since the carrier is set as a resin carrier which can be melted by heat in the fixing step, it is treated in the same manner as the toner and does not affect the image quality at all. By setting the photoconductor to an a-Si photoconductor, the above-mentioned item A can be completely ignored, and the object of the present invention can be achieved smoothly.
【0017】[0017]
【実施例】以下、図面に基づいて本発明の実施例を例示
的に詳しく説明する。但しこの実施例に記載されている
構成部品の寸法、材質、形状、その相対配置などは特に
特定的な記載がない限りは、この発明の範囲をそれのみ
に限定する趣旨ではなく単なる説明例に過ぎない。図2
は本発明の実施例にかかるプリンタの構成を示す慨略図
である。1はLEDユニット2を内挿した感光体ドラム
で、その回転方向に沿って現像ユニット3に組込まれた
現像スリーブ30、転写ローラ4が配設されていると共
に、前記感光体ドラム1と転写ローラ4間の接線方向に
沿って上流側より、給紙カセット5、紙検知センサ6、
レジストローラ7、及び転写ローラ4を挟んで定着ロー
ラ8が配設されている。BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention; However, unless otherwise specified, the dimensions, materials, shapes, relative arrangements, and the like of the components described in this embodiment are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, but are merely illustrative examples. Not just. FIG.
1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a printer according to an embodiment of the present invention. Reference numeral 1 denotes a photosensitive drum in which an LED unit 2 is inserted. A developing sleeve 30 and a transfer roller 4 incorporated in a developing unit 3 are arranged along the rotation direction of the photosensitive drum. 4, a paper feed cassette 5, a paper detection sensor 6,
A fixing roller 8 is provided with the registration roller 7 and the transfer roller 4 interposed therebetween.
【0018】次に本発明の要部たる感光体ドラム1と現
像ユニット3の構成を中心に図2及び図1に基づいて詳
細に説明する。尚、図1において説明の容易化を図るた
めに感光体ドラム径を現像スリーブ径より数段大に設定
しているが、実際は両者の径は略30φ(mm)と同径
に設定している。感光体ドラム1は、図1に示すように
内面側よりガラス若しくはポリエステルからなる透光性
支持体1a上に、ITO(インジウム・スズ・酸化物)
層を活性反応蒸着法により成膜してなる透光性導電層1
b、a−Si(P+)系注入阻止層1e、光導電体層1
c、及びa−SiC表面層1fが積層されて形成されて
おり、そして光導電体層1cはa−Si:Hからなる光
導電体を用い、そして電子の移動度を高める為、ノンド
ープ又はVa族元素を含有させる。そして光導電体層1
cは膜厚を7.0μm、抵抗率を108Ω・cm(暗
中)、1011Ω・cm(明中)に、又表面層1fは膜厚
を0.3μm、抵抗率を1012Ω・cm(暗中)、10
12Ω・cm(明中)に設定してある。この結果感光体抵
抗Rhは明抵抗が2.0×106Ω、暗抵抗が6.6×
106Ωとなる。Next, the configuration of the photosensitive drum 1 and the developing unit 3 which are main parts of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. In FIG. 1, the diameter of the photosensitive drum is set to be several steps larger than the diameter of the developing sleeve for the sake of simplicity of explanation, but the diameters of both are actually set to approximately 30φ (mm). . As shown in FIG. 1, the photosensitive drum 1 is made of ITO (indium tin oxide) on a transparent support 1a made of glass or polyester from the inner side.
Light-transmitting conductive layer 1 formed by active reaction deposition
b, a-Si (P + ) -based injection blocking layer 1e, photoconductor layer 1
c and a-SiC surface layer 1f are laminated and formed, and photoconductor layer 1c is made of a photoconductor made of a-Si: H, and is non-doped or Va in order to increase electron mobility. Group element is contained. And the photoconductor layer 1
c has a thickness of 7.0 μm, a resistivity of 10 8 Ω · cm (in the dark) and 10 11 Ω · cm (in the light), and the surface layer 1f has a thickness of 0.3 μm and a resistivity of 10 12 Ω.・ Cm (in the dark), 10
It is set to 12 Ω · cm (in the middle). As a result, the photoconductor resistance Rh has a light resistance of 2.0 × 10 6 Ω and a dark resistance of 6.6 ×
10 6 Ω.
【0019】一方感光体ドラム1内に内挿されるLED
ユニット2は、ドラム軸方向に沿って1列状に配列した
不図示のLEDチップ列と集束性レンズアレイ23(商
品名:セルフォックレンズ)とを一体的に保持してなる
ヘッドブロック24とにより形成され、そして前記LE
Dユニット2はその露光位置がドラム/スリーブの最近
接点、言い換えれば感光体ドラム1と現像スリーブ30
の軸心を結ぶ中心線上より僅かにドラム1回転方向下流
側(4°程度)に偏向させて、前記ドラム1内の光導電
体層1cに結像するように構成している。On the other hand, an LED inserted in the photosensitive drum 1
The unit 2 includes a head block 24 integrally holding an unillustrated LED chip row and a converging lens array 23 (product name: Selfoc lens) arranged in a row along the drum axis direction. Formed and said LE
The D unit 2 has its exposure position closest to the drum / sleeve, in other words, the photosensitive drum 1 and the developing sleeve 30.
Is deflected slightly to the downstream side (about 4 °) in the rotation direction of the drum 1 from the center line connecting the axes of the optical axis, and forms an image on the photoconductor layer 1 c in the drum 1.
【0020】転写ローラ4は転写効率を上げるために中
抵抗ローラを用い、前記トナーの帯電電位と逆極性の転
写バイアスを印加させるとともに、前記感光体ドラム1
周面に均一に圧接し、該ドラム1と同期して回転可能に
構成する。現像ユニット3は、トナー収容部32とキャ
リアとトナーが収容された容器本体31からなり、該容
器本体31の感光体ドラム1と対面する側に、固定磁石
集成体33を内包する現像スリーブ30を配設するとと
もに該スリーブ30に直径を感光体ドラムと同様に30
φに設定しつつ該感光体ドラム1と逆方向の時計回り方
向に回転し、好ましくは前記感光体ドラムの周速の5〜
10程度の回転速度でフォワードフィード可能に構成し
ている。トナー収容部32と容器本体31間は仕切壁3
4により分離され、該仕切壁34中央に設けたスリット
開口34aに補給ローラ35を配し、センサ36よりの
信号に基づいて容器本体31内のキャリア/トナー配合
比(トナー濃度)が低下する毎に前記補給ローラ35が
回転し、常に適正配合比に維持されるよう構成されてい
る。又容器本体31内には一対のミキサ37が配設さ
れ、容器本体31内のキャリア/トナー配合比を均一濃
度に維持させる。又現像スリーブ30上面側の容器31
出口端にはドクターブレード38が取付けられており、
現像位置に導く現像剤を薄層に規制可能に構成されてい
る。The transfer roller 4 uses a medium resistance roller to increase the transfer efficiency, applies a transfer bias having a polarity opposite to the charging potential of the toner and applies a transfer bias to the photosensitive drum 1.
It is configured to be uniformly pressed against the peripheral surface and to be rotatable in synchronization with the drum 1. The developing unit 3 includes a toner container 32, a container body 31 containing a carrier and toner, and a developing sleeve 30 containing a fixed magnet assembly 33 is provided on the side of the container body 31 facing the photosensitive drum 1. The diameter of the sleeve 30 is set to 30 in the same manner as the photosensitive drum.
Rotating clockwise in the opposite direction to the photoreceptor drum 1 while setting to φ, preferably the peripheral speed of the photoreceptor drum 5 to 5
It is configured to be able to forward feed at a rotation speed of about 10. A partition wall 3 is provided between the toner container 32 and the container body 31.
4, a supply roller 35 is disposed in a slit opening 34a provided in the center of the partition wall 34, and the carrier / toner mixture ratio (toner density) in the container main body 31 decreases based on a signal from the sensor 36. The replenishing roller 35 rotates so as to always maintain an appropriate blending ratio. A pair of mixers 37 are provided in the container body 31 to maintain the carrier / toner mixture ratio in the container body 31 at a uniform concentration. The container 31 on the upper surface side of the developing sleeve 30
A doctor blade 38 is attached to the outlet end,
The developer guided to the developing position can be restricted to a thin layer.
【0021】固定磁石集成体は図2に示すような磁極配
置に設定し、特に感光体ドラム1と対面する側に現像剤
摺擦域を形成するための主磁極はドラム/スリーブ間の
最近接位置からドラム回転方向上流側の2°程度変位し
た位置に配設している。The fixed magnet assembly is set in a magnetic pole arrangement as shown in FIG. 2. In particular, the main magnetic pole for forming a developer rubbing area on the side facing the photosensitive drum 1 is closest to the drum / sleeve. It is disposed at a position displaced by about 2 ° on the upstream side in the drum rotation direction from the position.
【0022】次に前記現像ユニット3に用いる現像剤の
組成について図7に基づいて説明する。図7は本現像剤
に用いるキャリアの構成を示す模式図であり、磁性体1
5がバインダー樹脂中に均一に分散されてなるキャリア
母粒子13の表面に導電性微粒子16が固定されてキャ
リア14が構成されている。Next, the composition of the developer used in the developing unit 3 will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing the structure of a carrier used in the present developer.
The conductive fine particles 16 are fixed on the surface of carrier base particles 13 in which the particles 5 are uniformly dispersed in a binder resin to form a carrier 14.
【0023】キャリア14は、平均粒径が35μm、抵
抗率を5×102・Ω・cmに設定される。この場合キ
ャリア14の導電性は、主として導電性微粒子16によ
って付与される。又、キャリア14の抵抗率は、底部に
電極を有する内径20mmのテフロン製筒体にキャリア1
4を1.5g入れ、外径20mmの電極を挿入し、上部から
1kgの荷重を掛けて測定した時の値である。キャリア
14の磁力は、ある程度以上に大きいことが必要であ
り、好ましくは5kOe(エールステッド)の磁場での
最大磁化を55〜80emu/g、又1kOeの磁場で
の最大磁化を45〜60emu/gに設定に設定する。
尚キャリア14の磁力が余り小さくなると、現像剤の搬
送性が劣化し又キャリア14がトナーとともに現像され
る。尚前記キャリア14に用いる磁性体は例えばマグネ
タイト(Fe3O4)、導電性微粒子16としては例えば
カーボンブラック、キャリア母粒子13に用いられるバ
インダー樹脂としては、ポリスチレン系樹脂に代表され
るビニル系樹脂やポリエステル系樹脂等が用いられる。The carrier 14 has an average particle size of 35 μm and a resistivity of 5 × 10 2 Ω · cm. In this case, the conductivity of the carrier 14 is mainly given by the conductive fine particles 16. The resistivity of the carrier 14 is determined by measuring the carrier 1 in a Teflon cylinder having an inner diameter of 20 mm and an electrode at the bottom.
4 is 1.5 g, an electrode having an outer diameter of 20 mm is inserted, and a value of 1 kg is applied from above and measured. The magnetic force of the carrier 14 needs to be larger than a certain level. Preferably, the maximum magnetization in a magnetic field of 5 kOe (Oersted) is 55 to 80 emu / g, and the maximum magnetization in a magnetic field of 1 kOe is 45 to 60 emu / g. Set to settings.
If the magnetic force of the carrier 14 becomes too small, the transportability of the developer deteriorates and the carrier 14 is developed together with the toner. The magnetic material used for the carrier 14 is, for example, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), the conductive fine particles 16 are, for example, carbon black, and the binder resin used for the carrier base particles 13 is a vinyl resin represented by a polystyrene resin. Or a polyester resin.
【0024】そしてキャリア母粒子13の表面への導電
性微粒子16の固着は、例えば、キャリア母粒子13と
導電性微粒子16とを均一混合し、キャリア母粒子13
の表面に導電性微粒子16を付着させた後、機械的・熱
的な衝撃力を与え導電性微粒子16をキャリア母粒子1
3中に打ち込むようにして固定することにより行なわれ
る。導電性微粒子16は、キャリア母粒子13中に完全
に埋設されるのではなく、その一部をキャリア母粒子1
3から突き出すようにして固定される。The conductive fine particles 16 can be fixed to the surface of the carrier base particles 13 by, for example, uniformly mixing the carrier base particles 13 and the conductive fine particles 16,
After the conductive fine particles 16 are adhered to the surface of the base material, a mechanical / thermal impact force is applied to the conductive fine particles 16 so that the carrier base particles 1
3 to be fixed. The conductive fine particles 16 are not completely embedded in the carrier base particles 13, and a part thereof is
3 so as to stick out.
【0025】一方トナーは従来公知の絶縁性トナーと同
様に製造され、例えば、バインダー樹脂中に、着色剤、
電荷制御剤、オフセット防止剤、及び磁性体を添加して
磁性トナーとして形成されており、そしてかかる磁性ト
ナーは平均粒径が7μm、抵抗率が1015Ω・cmに設
定している。上記のキャリアとトナーとを所定割合に混
合して、後記する感光体抵抗値を有する現像剤に設定す
る。On the other hand, the toner is manufactured in the same manner as a conventionally known insulating toner. For example, a colorant,
The magnetic toner is formed by adding a charge control agent, an anti-offset agent, and a magnetic material, and the magnetic toner has an average particle diameter of 7 μm and a resistivity of 10 15 Ω · cm. The above-mentioned carrier and toner are mixed at a predetermined ratio to set a developer having a photoconductor resistance value described later.
【0026】そして本実施例については、例えば感光体
ドラム1は回転速度を25rpmに設定し、一方現像スリ
ーブの回転速度を200rpmに設定し、又該ドラムと
現像スリーブとは夫々30φで、両者間のギャップを
0.5mm、又固定磁石集成体33の磁極位置は前記し
たようにドラム/スリーブ間の最近接位置より2〜4°
感光体ドラム上流側に振り、又その磁極強さは800ガ
ウスに設定する。尚LEDヘッド2は、前記感光体ドラ
ム1に入射される露光エネルギーが0.35μJ/cm
2以上になるように駆動電流を設定すると共に、その発
光時間を5〜50μsになるように時分割駆動を行な
う。In this embodiment, for example, the rotation speed of the photosensitive drum 1 is set to 25 rpm, while the rotation speed of the developing sleeve is set to 200 rpm. Is 0.5 mm, and the magnetic pole position of the fixed magnet assembly 33 is 2 to 4 degrees from the closest position between the drum and the sleeve as described above.
The magnetic pole is set at 800 gauss. The LED head 2 has an exposure energy incident on the photosensitive drum 1 of 0.35 μJ / cm.
The drive current is set so as to be 2 or more, and time-division driving is performed so that the light emission time is 5 to 50 μs.
【0027】そしてかかる条件下で前記導電性磁性キャ
リアと絶縁性磁性トナーの配合比(重量比)をキャリア
/トナー:85%/15%に設定し、現像剤の初期抵抗
Rt 1=1×104Ω(抵抗率ρ=3×106Ω・cm)
とし、又+50Vの直流電圧を現像バイアスVsとして印
加し、15000枚の印字を行なった所、現像初期から
最終印字まで画像濃度ID:1.3以上の画像が得ら
れ、且つゴーストやかぶりの発生がみられなかった。Under such conditions, the conductive magnetic capacitor
The mixing ratio (weight ratio) of rear and insulating magnetic toner
/ Toner: 85% / 15%, initial resistance of developer
Rt 1= 1 × 10FourΩ (resistivity ρ = 3 × 106Ω ・ cm)
And a DC voltage of +50 V is marked as a developing bias Vs.
After printing 15,000 sheets, from the beginning of development
Image density ID: 1.3 or more images are obtained until final printing
And no ghosting or fogging was observed.
【0028】そして前記15000枚印字後の現像剤の
抵抗値Rt2=2×105Ω(抵抗率ρ=6×107Ω・
cm)であり、又このときの現像可能電圧はVc=8v
であるので前記LEDヘッド2を感光体ドラム1と現像
スリーブ30の軸心を結ぶ中心線上より僅かにドラム1
回転方向下流側(4°程度)に設定する。次に本発明の
効果を検証するために、前記1)式にVc:8v、V
s:50、Rh(明抵抗):2.0×106Ωを代入す
ると Vc/(Vs−Vc)Rh={8/(50−8)}2.0×106Ω =3.8×105Ω(限界値)となる。 現像剤の初期抵抗Rt1(1×104Ω)も、又1500
0枚印字後の現像剤の抵抗値Rt2(2×105Ω)のい
ずれも前記限界値以下であり、本発明を満足している。Then, the resistance value Rt 2 of the developer after printing 15,000 sheets is Rt 2 = 2 × 10 5 Ω (resistivity ρ = 6 × 10 7 Ω ·
cm), and the developable voltage at this time is Vc = 8 V
Therefore, the LED head 2 is moved slightly from the center line connecting the photosensitive drum 1 and the axis of the developing sleeve 30 to the drum 1.
Set to the downstream side (about 4 °) in the rotation direction. Next, in order to verify the effect of the present invention, Vc: 8v, V
Substituting s: 50, Rh (bright resistance): 2.0 × 10 6 Ω, Vc / (Vs−Vc) Rh = {8 / (50−8)} 2.0 × 10 6 Ω = 3.8 × It becomes 10 5 Ω (limit value). The initial resistance Rt 1 (1 × 10 4 Ω) of the developer is also 1500
Each of the resistance values Rt 2 (2 × 10 5 Ω) of the developer after printing 0 sheets is below the above-mentioned limit value, which satisfies the present invention.
【0029】そして更に本発明の効果を検証するため
に、前記キャリア/トナーの配合比を変えて、現像剤の
初期抵抗Rt1=1×105Ωに設定し、他は前記と同一
の条件下で15000枚の印字を行なった所、現像初期
では画像濃度ID:1.3以上の画像が得られ、且つゴ
ーストやかぶりの発生がみられなかったが、数千枚前後
よりゴーストやかぶりが発生してきた。そこで前記15
000枚印字後の現像剤の抵抗値Rt2を確認した所1
×106Ωであった。従って本比較例では、現像初期で
は前記1)式を満足し、印字後の現像剤の抵抗値Rt2
は前記1)式を満足していない事が理解され、本発明の
効果が確認された。Further, in order to verify the effect of the present invention, the initial resistance Rt 1 of the developer was set to 1 × 10 5 Ω by changing the mixing ratio of the carrier / toner, and the other conditions were the same as those described above. When 15,000 sheets were printed below, an image having an image density ID of 1.3 or more was obtained in the early stage of development, and no ghost or fogging was observed. Has occurred. Therefore, the 15
When the resistance value Rt 2 of the developer after printing 000 sheets was confirmed, 1
× 10 6 Ω. Therefore, in this comparative example, the expression (1) is satisfied at the beginning of development, and the resistance value Rt 2 of the developer after printing is satisfied.
Was not satisfied with the expression 1), and the effect of the present invention was confirmed.
【0030】[0030]
【効果】以上記載した如く本発明によれば、現像バイア
ス電圧と現像可能電圧電圧との関係において現像剤抵抗
を設定している為に、言い換えれば現像電界強度に対応
して現像剤抵抗を設定している為に、接触帯電と攪拌の
繰返しにより現像剤が劣化した場合でも、ゴースト現象
やかぶり等が生じる事なく円滑に鮮明画像形成を可能と
する。又前記現像剤抵抗は感光体の明抵抗との対応にお
いて設定されているものである為に、従来のOPCその
他の有機半導体より抵抗の低いa−Siその他の感光体
を用いた場合においても円滑に前記作用を達成できる。
等の種々の著効を有す。As described above, according to the present invention, since the developer resistance is set in the relationship between the developing bias voltage and the developable voltage voltage, in other words, the developer resistance is set according to the developing electric field strength. As a result, even when the developer is deteriorated due to the repetition of contact charging and stirring, a clear image can be formed smoothly without causing a ghost phenomenon or fogging. Further, since the developer resistance is set in correspondence with the light resistance of the photoreceptor, even when a-Si or other photoreceptor having lower resistance than conventional OPC or other organic semiconductors is used, the developer resistance is smooth. The above action can be achieved.
And so on.
【図1】本発明の背面露光現像装置の基本構成図FIG. 1 is a basic configuration diagram of a back exposure developing apparatus of the present invention.
【図2】本発明が適用される画像形成装置の要部構成
図。FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a main part of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention is applied.
【図3】現像剤抵抗Rtと帯電電位Vhの関係を示すグ
ラフ図。FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relationship between a developer resistance Rt and a charging potential Vh.
【図4】現像バイアス電圧Vsと帯電電位Vhとの関係
を示す等価回路。FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit showing a relationship between a developing bias voltage Vs and a charging potential Vh.
【図5】(現像バイアス電圧Vs−感光体帯電電位V
h)と現像濃度IDとの関係を示す現像γ特性図FIG. 5 shows a relationship between (development bias voltage Vs—photoconductor charging potential V).
h) and development gamma characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the development density ID
【図6】本実施例における二成分現像剤を用いた場合の
現像剤抵抗の電界依存性を示し、(A)は現像初期にお
ける現像剤の電界依存性、(B)は所定枚数印字後の現
像剤の電界依存性を示す。FIGS. 6A and 6B show the electric field dependence of the developer resistance when a two-component developer is used in this embodiment, wherein FIG. 6A shows the electric field dependence of the developer in the initial stage of development and FIG. 4 shows the electric field dependence of the developer.
【図7】本実施例の現像剤に用いるキャリアの構成を示
す模式図FIG. 7 is a schematic view illustrating a configuration of a carrier used for a developer according to the present exemplary embodiment.
1 感光体 30 現像スリーブ 2 LEDユニット 10 現像剤摺擦域 Reference Signs List 1 photoconductor 30 developing sleeve 2 LED unit 10 developer rubbing area
Claims (3)
像剤摺擦域を形成すると共に、前記現像剤担持体に印加
した現像バイアスにより現像剤摺擦域を介して感光体を
接触帯電させつつ、該感光体の背面側より前記現像剤摺
擦域が形成されている感光体の所定位置に露光を行な
い、該露光とほぼ同時に現像を行なう背面露光現像方法
において、 前記現像剤の抵抗が常に、下記1)式を満足する範囲で
現像を行なう事を特徴とするものである。 Rt<(Vc/Vs−Vc)Rh Rt:現像剤抵抗(現像可能電圧Vcの電圧を印加した
際の現像剤抵抗) Vs:現像剤担持体に印加される現像バイアス(電圧) Vc:現像可能電圧(反転現像が開始される際の(現像
バイアス−感光体帯電電位)の電位をさす。) Rh:感光体の明抵抗An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a developer rubbing area is formed at a position facing the photoconductor and the developer carrier, and the photoconductor is contacted via the developer rubbing area by a developing bias applied to the developer carrier. A back exposure developing method in which, while being charged, a predetermined position of the photoconductor on which the developer rubbing area is formed is exposed from the rear side of the photoconductor, and development is performed almost simultaneously with the exposure. The development is performed so that the resistance always satisfies the following expression (1). Rt <(Vc / Vs−Vc) Rh Rt: developer resistance (developer resistance when voltage of developable voltage Vc is applied) Vs: developing bias (voltage) applied to developer carrier Vc: developable Voltage (refers to the potential of (development bias-photoconductor charging potential) when reversal development is started) Rh: light resistance of photoconductor
抵抗若しくは絶縁性磁性トナーからなる複数成分の現像
剤で形成した請求項1記載の背面露光現像方法におい
て、前記キャリアを、絶縁樹脂中に磁性体を分散した粒
子の表面に導電性微粒子を固着して形成された熱溶融性
の導電性キャリアで形成すると共に、該キャリアの平均
粒径を、トナー平均粒径の略1〜5倍以内に設定した背
面露光現像方法2. The back exposure developing method according to claim 1, wherein said developer is formed of a multi-component developer comprising a conductive magnetic carrier and a high-resistance or insulating magnetic toner. The conductive particles are formed of a heat-fusible conductive carrier formed by fixing conductive fine particles on the surfaces of particles in which a magnetic material is dispersed, and the average particle size of the carrier is approximately 1 to 5 times the average particle size of the toner. Back exposure development method set within
求項1記載の背面露光現像方法3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the photoconductor is an a-Si photoconductor.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP4194799A JP2895681B2 (en) | 1992-06-29 | 1992-06-29 | Back exposure development method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP4194799A JP2895681B2 (en) | 1992-06-29 | 1992-06-29 | Back exposure development method |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0619295A JPH0619295A (en) | 1994-01-28 |
JP2895681B2 true JP2895681B2 (en) | 1999-05-24 |
Family
ID=16330457
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP4194799A Expired - Lifetime JP2895681B2 (en) | 1992-06-29 | 1992-06-29 | Back exposure development method |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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JP (1) | JP2895681B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3361704B2 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 2003-01-07 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | Plug cap for spark plug |
-
1992
- 1992-06-29 JP JP4194799A patent/JP2895681B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0619295A (en) | 1994-01-28 |
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