JP2794535B2 - Undulator and free electron laser oscillation method - Google Patents
Undulator and free electron laser oscillation methodInfo
- Publication number
- JP2794535B2 JP2794535B2 JP6231575A JP23157594A JP2794535B2 JP 2794535 B2 JP2794535 B2 JP 2794535B2 JP 6231575 A JP6231575 A JP 6231575A JP 23157594 A JP23157594 A JP 23157594A JP 2794535 B2 JP2794535 B2 JP 2794535B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- undulator
- charged beam
- free electron
- electron laser
- electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、荷電ビームを蛇行させ
るために使用するアンジュレータと、このアンジュレー
タを利用した自由電子レーザ装置および発振方法に関す
る。本発明は、とくに安定持続する自由電子レーザを高
利得で得ることができるので、レーザを必要とする各種
の産業分野に広く利用することができる。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an undulator used to meander a charged beam, a free electron laser device using the undulator, and an oscillation method. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention makes it possible to obtain a free electron laser with a high gain, which is particularly stable and sustainable, so that it can be widely used in various industrial fields requiring a laser.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】アンジュレータ中における荷電ビームの
エネルギーレベルの低下は、それがあまり大きくない場
合であっても、アンジュレータを使用する装置に大きな
効率低下をもたらすことがある。たとえば、自由電子レ
ーザ装置に利用した場合、高周波加速器からアンジュレ
ータに導入された荷電ビームに１％のエネルギー損失を
生じると、通常、エネルギーレベルが所定のしきい値に
達せず、自由電子レーザ発振条件が崩れ、発振しなくな
って、自由電子レーザ発生効率が極端に低下してしま
う。この種の問題を解決する手段の一つは、荷電ビーム
に何らかの方法でエネルギーを補い、発振条件を維持し
続けることである。2. Description of the Related Art A reduction in the energy level of a charged beam in an undulator, even if not very large, can result in a significant loss of efficiency in equipment using the undulator. For example, when used in a free electron laser device, if an energy loss of 1% occurs in a charged beam introduced from a high-frequency accelerator into an undulator, the energy level usually does not reach a predetermined threshold, and the free electron laser oscillation conditions Collapses, oscillation stops, and the free electron laser generation efficiency is extremely reduced. One way to solve this kind of problem is to supplement the charged beam with energy in some way and keep the oscillation conditions.
【０００３】そこで、Ｊ．Ｆ．Ｓｃｈｍｅｒｇｅらは、
高周波加速器の電極に、荷電ビームを蛇行させるアンジ
ュレータ構造を採用し、蛇行で失う荷電エネルギーをマ
イクロ波電力で補う、高効率の自由電子レーザ装置を開
発した（J. F. Schmerge etal., Nucl. Instru. Meth.
A341 (1994) p335 〜340 ）。具体的には、ステンレス
製の直方体の加速管を用い、その内面上下に真空溶解鉄
製の静電圧電極を、荷電ビームの進行方向に交互にずら
して配列する。上下の電極を左右に交互にずらすことに
より、上下電極間に生ずる電場によって、荷電ビームは
蛇行し、かつ、加速される。この際、蛇行で失われるエ
ネルギーは静電圧電極に付与するマイクロ波電力で補わ
れる。[0003] Therefore, J. F. Schmerge et al.
A high-efficiency free-electron laser device was developed for the high-frequency accelerator electrode, which uses an undulator structure to meander a charged beam and supplements the charged energy lost by meandering with microwave power (JF Schmerge et al., Nucl. Instru. Meth. .
A341 (1994) p335-340). Specifically, a rectangular parallelepiped accelerating tube made of stainless steel is used, and electrostatic voltage electrodes made of vacuum molten iron are arranged above and below the inner surface of the accelerating tube alternately in the traveling direction of the charged beam. By alternately shifting the upper and lower electrodes to the left and right, the electric field generated between the upper and lower electrodes meanders and accelerates the charged beam. At this time, the energy lost by meandering is supplemented by the microwave power applied to the electrostatic voltage electrode.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかし、高周波加速器
の電極構造は、使用する高周波の周波数で制限されるの
で、Ｊ．Ｆ．Ｓｃｈｍｅｒｇｅらの方法は、アンジュレ
ータにおいて任意の蛇行周期長をもたせることができな
い。従って、自由電子レーザ装置の利点である波長可変
の範囲を限定することになる。また、自由電子レーザを
発振していない場合にも荷電ビームが加速されるので、
発振条件の調整が難しいという問題もある。本発明は、
効率の高いアンジュレータ、とくに自由電子レーザの利
点を狭めることなく、容易に調整可能で発生効率の高い
自由電子レーザ装置を目的の研究の結果、完成されたも
のである。However, since the electrode structure of the high-frequency accelerator is limited by the frequency of the high-frequency wave used, J. F. The method of Schmerge et al. Does not allow an undulator to have any meandering period length. Therefore, the range of wavelength tunable which is an advantage of the free electron laser device is limited. Also, the charged beam is accelerated even when the free electron laser is not oscillating,
There is also a problem that it is difficult to adjust oscillation conditions. The present invention
As a result of research aimed at a highly efficient undulator, particularly a free electron laser device which can be easily adjusted and has a high generation efficiency without reducing the advantages of the free electron laser, it has been completed.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明を図面を参照して
説明する。本発明は、前記の目的を達成するために、電
磁石２を用いたアンジュレータ１において、電磁石が形
成する磁場内に、静電圧電極５を配列した加速管４を挿
入し、管内に荷電ビーム３を通過させて加速することを
特徴とするアンジュレー光共振器９を備え、電磁石２を
用いたアンジュレータ１において、電磁石が形成する磁
場内に、静電圧電極５を配列した加速管４を挿入し、管
内に荷電ビーム３を通過させて加速することを特徴とす
るアンジュレータを提供する。前記のアンジュレータに
おいて、静電圧電極５に設けた荷電ビームを通過させる
電極孔６の周囲は、荷電ビーム３の入射方向に対し電極
孔の径を狭めつつ突出させておくことが望ましい。ま
た、アンジュレータ１に荷電ビーム３を入射するための
電子加速器１４と、電磁石２を用いて形成した磁場内
に、荷電ビーム３を加速するための静電圧電極５を配列
した加速管４が挿入されているアンジュレータ１と、ア
ンジュレータを挟んで設けられた１組の光共振器９とか
らなる自由電子レーザ装置を提供する。さらに、電子加
速器１４、磁場内に走行する荷電ビーム３を加速するた
めの静電圧電極５を配列した加速管４が挿入されている
アンジュレータ１および１組の光共振器９を用い、電子
加速器から荷電ビームを加速管に入射し、荷電ビームを
磁場によって蛇行せしめて自発放射光８を放出せしめ、
自発放射光を光共振器間を往復させながら後続の荷電ビ
ームに同期させて自由電子レーザ１０を発振させ、発振
した自由電子レーザに応じて静電圧電極に印加する静電
圧を制御することを特徴とする、自由電子レーザ発振方
法を提供する。The present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an undulator 1 using an electromagnet 2, wherein an accelerating tube 4 in which electrostatic voltage electrodes 5 are arranged is inserted into a magnetic field formed by the electromagnet, and a charged beam 3 is introduced into the tube. In the undulator 1 using the electromagnet 2, the accelerating tube 4 in which the electrostatic voltage electrodes 5 are arranged is inserted into the undulator 1 using the electromagnet 2, which is provided with an undulator optical resonator 9 characterized by passing through and accelerating. An undulator characterized in that a charged beam 3 is passed through a tube and accelerated. In the undulator, it is preferable that the periphery of the electrode hole 6 provided on the electrostatic voltage electrode 5 through which the charged beam passes is made to protrude while reducing the diameter of the electrode hole in the incident direction of the charged beam 3. An electron accelerator 14 for injecting the charged beam 3 into the undulator 1 and an accelerating tube 4 in which an electrostatic voltage electrode 5 for accelerating the charged beam 3 is inserted in a magnetic field formed by using the electromagnet 2 are inserted. Provided is a free electron laser device including an undulator 1 and a pair of optical resonators 9 provided with the undulator interposed therebetween. Further, an electron accelerator 14, a undulator 1 in which an accelerating tube 4 in which an electrostatic voltage electrode 5 for accelerating a charged beam 3 traveling in a magnetic field is arranged, and a set of optical resonators 9 are used. The charged beam is incident on the accelerating tube, and the charged beam is meandered by a magnetic field to emit spontaneous emission light 8,
The free electron laser 10 is oscillated by synchronizing the spontaneous emission light with the subsequent charged beam while reciprocating between the optical resonators, and the electrostatic voltage applied to the electrostatic electrode is controlled according to the oscillated free electron laser. A free electron laser oscillation method.
【０００６】[0006]
【作用と実施態様例】本発明について図面を参照しさら
に具体的に説明する。図１は、自由電子レーザ発振に用
いた本発明のアンジュレータの実施態様例の模式図であ
る。図２は、本発明に用いる電極とその近傍の実施態様
例を示す図であって、（ａ）は荷電ビームの走行方向上
流側からの正面図、（ｂ）はＡ−Ａ´断面図である。The present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the undulator of the present invention used for free electron laser oscillation. 2A and 2B are diagrams showing an embodiment of the electrode used in the present invention and the vicinity thereof , wherein FIG. 2A is a front view from the upstream side in the traveling direction of the charged beam, and FIG. is there.
【０００７】本発明では、アンジュレータ１内におい
て、荷電ビーム３が消費したエネルギーを補うのに荷電
ビームを加速する手段を用いる。具体的には、アンジュ
レータ１の電磁石２が形成する磁場内に、静電圧電極５
を配列した加速管４を挿入し、加速管４内に荷電ビーム
３を入射する。静電圧電極５は、加速管４内を走行する
荷電ビーム３を加速し、必要により集束する作用を有す
る。加速管４の種類に特別の制限はないが、通常、真空
封止型を使用し、静電圧電極５の数および配列ピッチ、
荷電ビーム３の通路になる電極孔６の径などの仕様は、
荷電ビームの大きさ、補充すべきエネルギー量などによ
って決められる。しかし、アンジュレータ１の磁場強度
を所定値以上に保つために、加速管４の外径を可能な限
り小さくすることが望ましい。静電圧電極５の配列ピッ
チは、所要の電極間電場にもとづいて決めることができ
る。また、静電圧電極５は、高周波加速器に使用するの
と同様の形式のものを用いることができる。静電圧電極
板５は、荷電ビームを集束させるのに適した静電場を形
成させるため、図２（ｂ）に示すように、電極孔６の周
囲を、荷電ビームの入射方向に対し電極孔６の径を狭め
つつ突出させておくことが望ましい。１３は絶縁物であ
る。加速管４内を高真空にして使用する場合、静電圧電
極５の材質は、無酸素銅またはステンレス鋼が好まし
い。In the present invention, means for accelerating the charged beam in the undulator 1 is used to supplement the energy consumed by the charged beam 3. Specifically, the electrostatic voltage electrode 5 is placed in a magnetic field formed by the electromagnet 2 of the undulator 1.
Is inserted, and the charged beam 3 is incident on the acceleration tube 4. The electrostatic voltage electrode 5 has a function of accelerating the charged beam 3 traveling in the accelerating tube 4 and converging the charged beam 3 as necessary. There is no particular limitation on the type of the accelerating tube 4, but usually, a vacuum-sealed type is used,
The specifications such as the diameter of the electrode hole 6 which becomes the passage of the charged beam 3 are as follows.
It is determined by the size of the charged beam, the amount of energy to be replenished, and the like. However, in order to keep the magnetic field strength of the undulator 1 at or above a predetermined value, it is desirable to make the outer diameter of the acceleration tube 4 as small as possible. The arrangement pitch of the static voltage electrodes 5 can be determined based on a required inter-electrode electric field. In addition, the electrostatic voltage electrode 5 may be of the same type as that used for the high-frequency accelerator. In order to form an electrostatic field suitable for converging the charged beam, as shown in FIG. 2B, the electrostatic voltage electrode plate 5 moves the electrode hole 6 around the electrode hole 6 with respect to the incident direction of the charged beam. It is desirable to project while narrowing the diameter. 13 is an insulator. When the inside of the acceleration tube 4 is used under a high vacuum, the material of the electrostatic voltage electrode 5 is preferably oxygen-free copper or stainless steel.
【０００８】一方、電磁石２の配列は通常のアンジュレ
ータに準ずればよいが、配列ピッチは望ましくは加速管
４の外径の２〜３倍程度にする。電磁石２の鉄芯７は形
成すべき磁場に向けて先端部を絞った構造にして、荷電
ビーム軌道に強磁場を発生し易くするするとよい。磁極
の実施態様例を図３に示す。（ａ）は、荷電ビーム軌道
に直交する平面図、（ｂ）は、（ａ）のＢ−Ｂ´断面図
であり、１５はコイルを示す。On the other hand, the arrangement of the electromagnets 2 may be in accordance with a normal undulator, but the arrangement pitch is desirably about two to three times the outer diameter of the accelerating tube 4. It is preferable that the iron core 7 of the electromagnet 2 has a structure in which a tip portion is narrowed down toward a magnetic field to be formed, so that a strong magnetic field is easily generated in a charged beam orbit. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the magnetic pole. (A) is a plan view orthogonal to the charged beam trajectory, (b) is a BB ′ cross-sectional view of (a), and 15 denotes a coil.
【０００９】自由電子レーザ発振を例にとって本発明を
説明すると、電子リニアック、シンクロトロンやマイク
ロトロンなどの電子加速器１４から放射された荷電ビー
ム３は、本発明のアンジュレータ１に挿入した加速管４
に導入され、電磁石５によって形成される磁場によって
所定の周期長で蛇行する。蛇行によって放出される自発
放射光８は、１組の光共振器９、たとえば、精密なアラ
イメントシステムによって調整される１対のミラーの間
を往復しながら後続の荷電ビーム３のパルスと同期さ
れ、一定のエネルギーレベル、すなわち、しきい値に達
して自由電子レーザを発振する。発振した自由電子レー
ザは出力１０として取り出され、利用される。自由電子
レーザを発振した荷電ビーム１１はビームキャッチャ１
２に導かれる。The present invention will be described by taking free electron laser oscillation as an example. The charged beam 3 radiated from an electron accelerator 14 such as an electron linac, synchrotron or microtron is charged by an accelerating tube 4 inserted into the undulator 1 of the present invention.
And meanders at a predetermined cycle length by the magnetic field formed by the electromagnet 5. The spontaneous radiation 8 emitted by the meandering is synchronized with the pulses of the subsequent charged beam 3 while reciprocating between a set of optical resonators 9, for example a pair of mirrors adjusted by a precision alignment system, The free electron laser is oscillated when a certain energy level, that is, a threshold is reached. The oscillated free electron laser is extracted as an output 10 and used. The charged beam 11 oscillated by the free electron laser is a beam catcher 1
It is led to 2.
【００１０】ところで、従来のアンジュレータでは、自
由電子レーザの発振により荷電ビームはエネルギーを消
費し、短期間にエネルギーレベルがしきい値に達しなく
なって自由電子レーザの発振が止まり、持続安定した発
振を得られない。本発明のアンジュレータ１では、荷電
ビーム３は、加速管４に入射されるので、加速管４内に
おいて自由電子レーザを発振し、エネルギーを消耗する
が、静電圧電極５によって集束、加速されてエネルギー
を補い、一定のエネルギーレベルを保持することができ
る。自由電子レーザの発振に応じ、静電圧電極５の印加
電圧を制御すれば、荷電ビーム３のエネルギーレベルを
一定に保つことができる。たとえば、自由電子レーザ１
０の出力を光子検出器を用いて連続的に測定し、検出器
の出力に応じて静電圧電極５の印加電圧を制御する。荷
電ビームが自由電子レーザの発振条件を維持できるの
で、自由電子レーザの出力が持続され、自由電子レーザ
の発生効率を向上することができる。By the way, in the conventional undulator, the charged beam consumes energy by the oscillation of the free electron laser, the energy level does not reach the threshold value in a short time, the oscillation of the free electron laser stops, and the oscillation becomes stable and stable. I can't get it. In the undulator 1 of the present invention, since the charged beam 3 is incident on the accelerating tube 4, it oscillates a free electron laser in the accelerating tube 4 and consumes energy. And maintain a constant energy level. If the voltage applied to the electrostatic voltage electrode 5 is controlled according to the oscillation of the free electron laser, the energy level of the charged beam 3 can be kept constant. For example, free electron laser 1
The output of 0 is continuously measured using a photon detector, and the voltage applied to the electrostatic voltage electrode 5 is controlled according to the output of the detector. Since the charged beam can maintain the oscillation condition of the free electron laser, the output of the free electron laser is maintained, and the generation efficiency of the free electron laser can be improved.
【００１１】[0011]
【発明の効果】本発明のアンジュレータは、容易に荷電
ビームを所定のエネルギーレベルに維持できるので、安
定した作動が可能になり、各方面への利用の展望が開け
てきた。たとえば、自由電子レーザ装置に利用すると、
荷電ビームがエネルギーを失い、発振状態を持続できな
いために僅かに１％前後であった自由電子レーザの発生
効率を、安定した発振状態を持続させることにより、数
倍に向上することができる。多くの場合、静電加速に必
要なエネルギーはあまり大きくなく、静電圧電極で補う
エネルギーは、荷電ビームのエネルギーの１０％程度で
足り、しかも調整は容易である。本発明により、とく
に、自由電子レーザの経済性と操作性とが大いに進歩
し、産業、医療、研究などの広い分野で、自由電子レー
ザの実用化に大きな効果がある。The undulator according to the present invention can easily maintain a charged beam at a predetermined energy level, thereby enabling stable operation and opening up prospects for use in various fields. For example, when used in a free electron laser device,
The generation efficiency of the free electron laser, which is only about 1% because the charged beam loses energy and cannot maintain the oscillation state, can be improved several times by maintaining the stable oscillation state. In many cases, the energy required for electrostatic acceleration is not very large, and the energy supplemented by the electrostatic voltage electrode is only about 10% of the energy of the charged beam, and the adjustment is easy. According to the present invention, particularly, the economy and operability of the free electron laser are greatly improved, and the free electron laser has a great effect in practical use in a wide range of fields such as industry, medicine, and research.
【図１】 本発明のアンジュレータの模式図。FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an undulator according to the present invention.
【図２】 本発明に用いる電極とその近傍の実施態様例
を示す図。 （ａ）：荷電ビームの上流側からの正面図。 （ｂ）：（ａ）のＡ−Ａ´断面図。FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an embodiment of an electrode used in the present invention and its vicinity . (A): Front view from the upstream side of the charged beam. (B): AA ′ sectional view of (a).
【図３】 磁極の実施態様例を示す図。 （ａ）：荷電ビーム軌道に直交する平面図。 （ｂ）：（ａ）のＢ−Ｂ´断面図。FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a magnetic pole. (A): a plan view orthogonal to the charged beam orbit. (B): BB 'sectional drawing of (a).
１：アンジュレータ ２：電磁石 ３：荷電ビーム ４：加速管 ５：静電圧電極 ６：電極孔 ７：
鉄芯 ８：自発放射光 ９：光共振器 １０：出力自由電
子レーザ １１：自由電子レーザを発振した荷電ビーム １２：
ビームキャッチャ １３：絶縁物 １４：電子加速器 １５：コイル1: Undulator 2: Electromagnet 3: Charged beam 4: Accelerator tube 5: Electrostatic electrode 6: Electrode hole 7:
Iron core 8: Spontaneous emission light 9: Optical resonator 10: Output free electron laser 11: Charged beam oscillated from a free electron laser 12:
Beam catcher 13: Insulator 14: Electron accelerator 15: Coil
Claims (4)
（１）において、電磁石が形成する磁場内に、静電圧電
極（５）を配列した加速管（４）を挿入し、管内に荷電
ビーム（３）を通過させて加速することを特徴とするア
ンジュレータ。In an undulator (1) using an electromagnet (2), an accelerating tube (4) on which electrostatic voltage electrodes (5) are arranged is inserted into a magnetic field formed by the electromagnet, and a charged beam (3) is inserted into the tube. An undulator characterized by being accelerated by passing through the undulator.
過させる電極孔（６）の周囲を、荷電ビーム（３）の入
射方向に対し電極孔の径を狭めつつ突出させることを特
徴とする、請求項１記載のアンジュレータ。 2. A charge beam provided on an electrostatic voltage electrode (5).
Around the electrode hole (6) through which the charged beam (3) enters.
The feature is to make the electrode hole protrude while reducing the diameter of the
The undulator according to claim 1, wherein the undulator is a feature.
を入射するための電子加速器（１４）と、電磁石（２）
を用いて形成した磁場内に、荷電ビーム（３）を加速す
るための静電圧電極（５）を配列した加速管（４）が挿
入されているアンジュレータ（１）と、アンジュレータ
を挟んで設けられた１組の光共振器（９）とからなる自
由電子レーザ装置。3. An undulator (1) having a charged beam (3).
Electron accelerator (14) for injecting light, and electromagnet (2)
An undulator (1) in which an accelerating tube (4) in which an electrostatic voltage electrode (5) for accelerating a charged beam (3) is inserted in a magnetic field formed by using the undulator is provided. A free electron laser device comprising a pair of optical resonators (9).
電ビーム（３）を加速するための静電圧電極（５）を配
列した加速管（４）が挿入されているアンジュレータ
（１）および１組の光共振器（９）を用い、電子加速器
から荷電ビームを加速管に入射し、荷電ビームを磁場に
よって蛇行せしめて自発放射光（８）を放出せしめ、自
発放射光を光共振器間を往復させながら後続の荷電ビー
ムに同期させて自由電子レーザ（１０）を発振させ、発
振した自由電子レーザに応じて静電圧電極に印加する静
電圧を制御することを特徴とする、自由電子レーザ発振
方法。4. An undulator in which an electron accelerator (14 ) is inserted, and an accelerating tube (4) in which an electrostatic voltage electrode (5) for accelerating a charged beam (3) traveling in a magnetic field is inserted.
Using (1) and a set of optical resonators (9) , a charged beam is incident on an acceleration tube from an electron accelerator, and the charged beam is meandered by a magnetic field to emit spontaneous emission light (8). A free electron laser (10) is oscillated in synchronization with a subsequent charged beam while reciprocating between optical resonators, and an electrostatic voltage applied to an electrostatic electrode is controlled according to the oscillated free electron laser. , Free electron laser oscillation method.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6231575A JP2794535B2 (en) | 1994-09-27 | 1994-09-27 | Undulator and free electron laser oscillation method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6231575A JP2794535B2 (en) | 1994-09-27 | 1994-09-27 | Undulator and free electron laser oscillation method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0896998A JPH0896998A (en) | 1996-04-12 |
| JP2794535B2 true JP2794535B2 (en) | 1998-09-10 |
Family
ID=16925673
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6231575A Expired - Lifetime JP2794535B2 (en) | 1994-09-27 | 1994-09-27 | Undulator and free electron laser oscillation method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2794535B2 (en) |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4367551A (en) | 1980-07-15 | 1983-01-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Electrostatic free electron laser |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4972420A (en) * | 1990-01-04 | 1990-11-20 | Harris Blake Corporation | Free electron laser |
-
1994
- 1994-09-27 JP JP6231575A patent/JP2794535B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4367551A (en) | 1980-07-15 | 1983-01-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Electrostatic free electron laser |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0896998A (en) | 1996-04-12 |
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