JP2026515664A - WTRU-assisted spatial adaptation for network energy saving - Google Patents

Abstract

A system, method, and means relating to assisted spatial adaptation associated with network energy saving are provided. A wireless transceiver unit (WTRU) can receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS. The WTRU can determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The initial CSI-RS hypothesis can be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS, or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS. The WTRU can send an indication of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis to a network node. The WTRU can receive an indication of a transmit configuration indicator (TCI) state via downlink transmission. The WTRU can determine a QCL source based on the CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state. The CSI-RS hypothesis can be the demonstrated CSI-RS hypothesis, or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, as demonstrated by network signaling. The WTRU can decode the downlink channel based on the QCL source.

Description

Cross-reference of related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/457,051, filed on April 4, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Mobile communications using wireless communication continue to develop. Fifth-generation mobile communications radio access technology (RAT) is sometimes called 5G New Radio (NR). Previous (legacy) generations of mobile communications RAT can be, for example, fourth-generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE). Wireless communication devices can establish communication with other devices and data networks via access networks, such as radio access networks (RANs).

A system, method, and means are provided that can relate to assisted spatial adaptation associated with network energy saving. A wireless transceiver unit (WTRU) can receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS. The WTRU can determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The initial CSI-RS hypothesis can be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS, or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS. The WTRU can send an indication of the hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis to a network node. The WTRU can receive an indication of the transmit configuration indicator (TCI) status via downlink transmission. The WTRU can determine the QCL source based on the CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state. The CSI-RS hypothesis can be the indicated CSI-RS hypothesis, or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, as indicated by network signaling. The WTRU can decode the downlink channel based on the QCL source.

The WTRU can determine a measurement. The measurement can be associated with a hypothesis index. The measurement can be associated with a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or reference signal received power (RSRP). The WTRU can send indications of the measurement to network nodes. The determination of the initial CSI-RS hypothesis can be based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first or second CSI-RS. The QCL source can be associated with one or more of the port numbers or CSI-RS resources.

The WTRU can maintain the QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, the CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and the port associated with the CSI-RS. The WTRU can update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS. Downlink transmissions can be physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmissions or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmissions.

This figure shows an exemplary communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. This is a system diagram showing an exemplary wireless transceiver unit (WTRU) used in the communication system of Figure 1A, according to one embodiment. This is a system diagram showing an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and core network (CN) used in the communication system of Figure 1A according to one embodiment. This is a system diagram showing further exemplary RAN and CN that can be used in the communication system of Figure 1A according to one embodiment. This figure illustrates an example in which a WTRU receives a Non-Zero Power Channel State Information Reference Signal (NZP-CSI-RS) resource group, derives channel state information for each group related to the hypothetical index, and reports the derived CSI to the network.

Figure 1A is a system diagram showing an exemplary communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcast to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 can enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtering OFDM, and filter bank multicarrier (FBMC).

As shown in Figure 1A, the communication system 100 may include wireless transceiver units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104/113, a core network (CN) 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, but it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments intend any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may all be referred to as “stations” and/or “STAs,” and may be configured to transmit and/or receive radio signals, including (or are) user equipment (UEs), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearables, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or automated processing chain context), consumer electronics devices, and devices operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks. Any of WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may interchangeably be referred to as UEs.

The communication system 100 may also include base stations 114a and/or base stations 114b. Each of the base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or network 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b may be any of the following: base station transceiver station (BTS), node B (NB), e-node B (eNB), home node B (HNB), home e-node B (HeNB), g-node B (gNB), NR-node B (NRNB), site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are shown as single elements, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b can contain any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), and relay nodes. Base station 114a and/or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, sometimes called cells (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell can provide coverage for radio services to a particular geographic area that may be relatively fixed or change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multi-input multi-output (MIMO) technology, and multiple transceivers may be available for each sector of the cell or any sector. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and/or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via the air interface 116, and the air interface 116 may be any suitable radio communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104/113 can establish an air interface 116 using broadband CDMA (WCDMA), and wireless technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) can be implemented. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Advanced HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

In one embodiment, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement wireless technologies such as Advanced UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can establish an air interface 116 using Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

In one embodiment, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement wireless technologies such as NR radio access, which can establish an air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions from/to multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNB and gNB).

In one embodiment, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA 2000, CDMA 2000 1X, CDMA 2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Advanced High-Speed Data Rate (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN).

In Figure 1A, base station 114b may be, for example, a wireless router, home node B, home e-node B, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in localized areas such as offices, homes, vehicles, premises, industrial facilities, aerial corridors (for use by drones, for example), roads, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRU 102c, 102d may implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRU 102c, 102d may implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In one embodiment, base stations 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish small cells, picocells, or femtocells. As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b may have a direct connection to the internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not be required to access the internet 110 via CNs 106/115.

RAN104/113 may communicate with CN106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. The data may have various Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, including different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, and mobility requirements. CN106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and/or implement high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it will be understood that RAN 104/113 and/or CN 106/115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs employing the same or different RATs as RAN 104/113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104/113, which may utilize NR radio technology, CN 106/115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

CN 106/115 can also act as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as TCP, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and/or IP in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Internet Protocol Suite. Network 112 may include wired and/or wireless communication networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN 104/114 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 can include multimode capability (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can include multiple transceivers for communicating with different radio networks via different radio links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that can employ cellular-based radio technology and may be configured to communicate with a base station 114b that can employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

Figure 1B is a system diagram showing an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, in particular, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transceiver element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other elements/peripherals 138. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may include any partial combination of the above elements while remaining consistent with one embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a dedicated processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 can perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transceiver element 122. Although Figure 1B shows the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, for example, in an electronic package or chip.

The transmitting/receiving element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmitting/receiving element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmitting/receiving element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In one embodiment, the transmitting/receiving element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be understood that the transmitting/receiving element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of radio signals.

Although the transmitting/receiving element 122 is shown as a single element in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmitting/receiving elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Therefore, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmitting/receiving elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving radio signals via the air interface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signal to be transmitted by the transmitting/receiving element 122 and to demodulate the signal received by the transmitting/receiving element 122. As described above, the WTRU 102 may have multimode capability. Therefore, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, and/or a display/touchpad 128 (for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data from them. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 may access information from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and/or removable memory 132, and store data therein. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identification module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from memory not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown), and store data therein.

The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute and/or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device for supplying power to the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), a solar cell, a fuel cell, etc.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via the air interface 116 and/or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information via any preferred location determination method while remaining consistent with one embodiment.

The processor 118 may be further coupled to other elements/peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules/units that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements/peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and/or videos), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency-modulated (FM) wireless unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and/or augmented reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The element/peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors of which may be one or more of the following: gyroscope, accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, magnetometer, compass sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, time sensor, geolocation sensor, altimeter, light sensor, touch sensor, magnetometer, barometer, gesture sensor, biometric sensor, and/or humidity sensor.

WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio (for example, one associated with a specific subframe for both an uplink (for transmission) and a downlink (for reception)) where the transmission and reception of some or all of the signal may be parallel and/or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and/or substantially eliminating self-interference via either hardware (e.g., chokes) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown), or via processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio (for example, one associated with a specific subframe for either an uplink (for transmission) or a downlink (for reception)) where the transmission and reception of some or all of the signal may be parallel and/or simultaneous.

Figure 1C is a system diagram showing RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c via the air interface 116. RAN 104 may also communicate with CN 106.

RAN 104 may include e-nodes B 160a, 160b, and 160c, but it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of e-nodes B while remaining consistent with one embodiment. Each of the e-nodes B 160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c via the air interface 116. In one embodiment, e-nodes B 160a, 160b, and 160c can implement MIMO technology. Therefore, e-node B 160a can, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

Each of the e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle wireless resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling on the uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), etc. As shown in Figure 1C, the e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

The CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) 166. While each of these elements is shown as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

The MME 162 can be connected to each of the e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can function as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, activating/deactivating bearers, and selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. The MME 162 can also provide control plane functionality for switching between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

The SGW 164 can be connected to each of the e-nodes B 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to and from WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during e-node B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and remembering the context of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c.

SGW164 may be connected to PGW166, which can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices.

CN106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN106 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to circuit-switched networks such as PSTN108, thereby facilitating communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and legacy landline communication devices. For example, CN106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) acting as an interface between CN106 and PSTN108. Furthermore, CN106 can provide WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.

Although the WTRU is described as a wireless terminal in Figures 1A to 1D, in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal is intended to be able to use a wired communication interface with a communication network (for example, temporarily or permanently).

In a typical embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

In Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode, a WLAN may have access points (APs) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the APs. APs may have access to or interfaces with distributed systems (DSs) or other types of wired/wireless networks that carry traffic within and/or from the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS to an STA may arrive through the APs and be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from an STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the APs to be delivered to their respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the APs; for example, a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS is considered and/or sometimes referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between a source STA and a destination STA (for example, directly between them) via a direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS can use either 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have access points (APs), and STAs within or using IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to herein as the “ad-hoc” communication mode.

When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, an AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may have a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish connections with the AP. In some typical embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. In CSMA/CA, STAs (e.g., any STA), including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses/detects and/or determines that the primary channel is busy, that STA can backoff. Only one STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

A high-throughput (HT) STA can use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, through a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

Ultra-high throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz channels and/or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. 160 MHz channels can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two discontinuous 80 MHz channels, sometimes referred to as an 80+80 configuration. In the 80+80 configuration, data can be passed through a segment parser that, after channel encoding, can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed separately for each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, entities, etc.

Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using the non-TVWS spectrum. According to a typical embodiment, 802.11ah can support meter-type control/machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro-coverage area. MTC devices may have limited capabilities, including support for some and/or limited bandwidths (e.g., support only for that). MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (for example, to maintain a very long battery life).

A WLAN system that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, includes a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by the STA that supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode from among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for an STA (e.g., an MTC type device) that supports (e.g., only supports) the 1 MHz mode, even if other STAs in the AP and BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier detection and/or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is busy due to an STA (which only supports 1MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even though a large portion of the frequency band remains idle and potentially available.

In the United States, the available frequency band that can be used by 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

Figure 1D is a system diagram showing RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c via the air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, but it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with one embodiment. Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via the air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b can utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. Thus, gNB 180a can, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and/or receive radio signals from WTRUs 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on the unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on the licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol intervals and/or OFDM subcarrier intervals may differ for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmit time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (including, for example, a varying number of OFDM symbols and/or a varying duration of absolute time).

gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and/or non-standalone configurations. In a standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (such as e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c). In a standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating with other RANs such as enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, and one or more enodes B160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, e-nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, while gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and/or throughput to service WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle wireless resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and/or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to user plane functions (UPFs) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a and 182b, etc. As shown in Figure 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

The CN115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the above elements is shown as part of CN115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

The AMF182a and 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNB180a, 180b, and 180c in the RAN113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, the AMF182a and 182b can be responsible for user authentication of the WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selection of specific SMF183a and 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. Network slicing can be used by the AMF182a and 182b to customize the CN support of the WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of service being used by the WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-high reliability low latency (URLLLC) access, services relying on extended massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, and services for MTC access. AMFs 182a and 182b can provide control plane functionality for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other wireless technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi-Fi.

SMF183a and 183b may be connected to AMF182a and 182b in CN115 via the N11 interface. SMF183a and 183b may also be connected to UPF184a and 184b in CN115 via the N4 interface. SMF183a and 183b can select and control UPF184a and 184b and configure the routing of traffic through UPF184a and 184b. SMF183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

The UPF 184a and 184b may be connected via the N3 interface to one or more of the gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113, and they can provide the WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communication between the WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184a and 184b can perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

CN115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN115 may include or be able to communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN115 and PSTN108. Furthermore, CN115 can provide WTRU102a,102b,102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRU102a,102b,102c may be connected to DN185a,185b through UPF184a,184b via an N3 interface to UPF184a,184b, and an N6 interface between UPF184a,184b and local data network (DN) 185a,185b.

In view of Figures 1A to 1D and their corresponding descriptions, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with respect to any of the WTRU 102a to d, base stations 114a to 1b, e-nodes B160a to 1c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a to 1c, AMF 182a to 1b, UPF 184a to 1b, SMF 183a to 1b, DN 185a to 1b, and/or any other (one or more) elements/devices described herein may be implemented by one or more emulation elements/devices (not shown). An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

Emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and/or a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network to test other devices in a communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. Emulation devices may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and/or tests may be performed using over-the-air wireless communication.

One or more emulation devices can perform one or more functions, including all of them, while not implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, an emulation device may be used in a test laboratory and/or non-deployed (e.g., test) wired and/or wireless communication network test scenario to implement testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., including one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation device to transmit and/or receive data.

Spatial adaptation can be supported by WTRU for network energy saving. The features described herein can be associated with determining the port virtualization hypothesis from the CSI-RS sequence. Multiple QCL sources can be configured and shown for each TCI state.

Channel status information (CSI) can be reported. CSI can be channel status information and can be used as an indicator from the WTRU to the network regarding how good (or bad) the channel is at any given time. CSI can be used by the gNB for scheduling decisions, such as selecting the modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and to assist with beamforming.

The time and frequency resources that can be used by the WTRU to report CSI can be controlled by the gNB. CSI reporting may include the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator (SSBRI), Layer Indicator (LI), Rank Indicator (RI), L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, and/or Capability[Set]Index.

For CQI, PMI, CRI, SSBRI, LI, RI, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, and Capability[Set]Index, the WTRU may consist of a higher layer having N ≥ 1 CSI-ReportConfig reporting settings, M ≥ 1 CSI-ResourceConfig reporting settings, and one or two lists of trigger states (given, for example, by the higher layer parameters CSI-AperiodicTriggerStateList and CSI-SemiPersistentOnPUSCH-TriggerStateList). The trigger state in CSI-AperiodicTriggerStateList can include a list of associated CSI-ReportConfigs that indicate resource set IDs for channels and interferences. The trigger state in CSI-SemiPersistentOnPUSCH-TriggerStateList can include (for example, one) associated CSI-ReportConfig.

The reporting configuration CSI-ReportConfig may be associated with a (e.g., single) downlink BWP (indicated, for example, by the upper layer parameter BWP-Id) given in the associated CSI-ResourceConfig for channel measurements, and may include (one or more) parameters for a (e.g., one) CSI reporting bandwidth, namely, codebook configuration (including, for example, codebook subset limits), time-domain behavior, frequency granularity for CQI and PMI, measurement limit configuration, and/or CSI-related quantities to be reported by the WTRU, such as, for example, Layer Indicator (LI), L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, CRI, and SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), and Capability[Set]Index.

The time-domain behavior of CSI-ReportConfig can be indicated by the higher-layer parameter reportConfigType, which can be set to aperiodic, semiPersistentOnPUCCH, semiPersistentOnPUSCH, or periodic. In periodic CSI reporting and semiPersistentOnPUCCH/semiPersistentOnPUSCH CSI reporting, the configured periodicity and slot offset can be applied in the numerology of the UL BWP configured to send the CSI report. The parameter (e.g., high) layer parameter reportQuantity can indicate the CSI-related quantities, L1-RSRP-related quantities, L1-SINR-related quantities, or Capability[Set]Index-related quantities to be reported. The reportFreqConfig can indicate the CSI reporting bandwidth and the reporting granularity in the frequency domain, including whether the PMI/CQI reporting is broadband or subband. The timeRestrictionForChannelMeasurements parameter in CSI-ReportConfig can be configured to enable time-domain parameters (e.g., restrictions) for channel measurements, and timeRestrictionForInterferenceMeasurements can be configured to enable time-domain constraints for interference measurements. CSI-ReportConfig may include a CodebookConfig, which may include configuration parameters for Type I, Type II, Extended Type II CSI, or further Extended Type II port selection (e.g., codebook subset restrictions when applicable, and configuration of group-based reporting).

The CSI resource configuration CSI-ResourceConfig may include a list of S ≥ 1 CSI resource sets (for example, given by the (e.g., high) layer parameter csi-RS-ResourceSetList), and the list may include references to (one or more) NZP CSI-RS (Non-Zero Power Channel State Information - Reference Signal) resource sets and (one or more) SS/PBCH block sets. The list may also include references to (one or more) CSI-IM resource sets. The CSI resource configuration may reside in a DL BWP identified by the higher layer parameter BWP-id, and CSI resource configurations linked to a CSI reporting configuration may have the same DL BWP.

The time-domain behavior of CSI-RS resources within a CSI resource configuration can be indicated by the higher-layer parameter resourceType, which can be set to aperiodic, periodic, or semi-persistent. In periodic and semi-persistent CSI resource configurations, when the WTRU is configured by groupBasedBeamReporting-r17, the number of configured CSI resource sets can be S=2, and the number of configured CSI-RS resource sets may be limited to S=1. In periodic and semi-persistent CSI resource configurations, the configured periodicity and slot offset can be given in the numerology of its associated DL BWP, as given by BWP-id. When a WTRU is configured with multiple CSI-ResourceConfigs containing the same NZP CSI-RS resource ID, the same time-domain behavior can be configured for each CSI-ResourceConfig. Similarly, when a WTRU is configured with multiple CSI-ResourceConfigs containing the same CSI-IM resource ID, the same time-domain behavior can be configured for each CSI-ResourceConfig. CSI resource configurations linked to CSI reporting settings can have the same time-domain behavior.

CSI-IM resources for interferometry, NZP CSI-RS resources for interferometry, and/or NZP CSI-RS resources for channel measurement can be configured via higher-layer signaling for one or more CSI resource configurations for channel and interferometry.

The WTRU can be configured by a list of TCI state configurations. TCI states can be used to define a beam. A TCI state can provide a reference to one or more reference signals. The WTRU can determine the beam by measuring the reference signals. A TCI state may include one or two downlink reference signals and parameters for configuring a quasi-co-location (QCL) relationship between a DM-RS port of a PDSCH, a DM-RS port of a PDCCH, or one or more CSI-RS ports of a CSI-RS resource. A quasi-co-location relationship can be configured by (e.g., a high) layer parameter qcl-Type1 for a first DL-RS and (e.g., if configured) a qcl-Type2 for a second DL-RS. The pseudo-collocation type corresponding to DL-RS can be given by the upper-layer parameter qcl-Type in QCL-Info, and can take one of the following values: 'typeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler diffusion, mean delay, delayed diffusion}, 'typeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler diffusion}, 'typeC: {Doppler shift, mean delay}, and/or 'typeD: {spatial Rx parameter}.

In hybrid beamforming, MIMO processing can consist of analog and digital domains. The analog domain is sometimes called TXRU virtualization, and the digital domain is sometimes called port virtualization. Port virtualization can define connections between logical ports and TXRUs. For example, ports can be mapped to a subset of TXRUs, or ports can be mapped to TXRUs (e.g., all of them). TXRU virtualization can define connections between TXRUs and antenna elements.

Spatial adaptation can be used to conserve energy in the network and/or WTRU. Multiple (e.g., two) types of adaptation techniques can be considered. In Type 1, a subset of antenna ports may be turned off. In Type 2, the number of antenna ports may remain the same, but some antenna components (e.g., TXRUs, antenna elements) may be turned off. For example, if an antenna port is mapped to multiple TXRUs, one or more of the TXRUs may be turned off and then turned back on. When Type 2 adaptation is implemented, RF characteristics and composite channels (e.g., those including the effects of antenna components) may change. For example, beam shape, delay, Doppler spread, etc., may change.

Availability states (e.g., network availability) can correspond to network energy saving (NES) states, cell DTX mode, cell DRX mode, spatial domain configuration, and/or gNB activity levels. Availability states can be uplink or downlink specific and can vary per symbol, per slot, per frame, or at longer duration granularity. Availability states can be determined by the WTRU or indicated by the network. Availability states can be, for example, on, DL and UL active, UL only active, off, reduced Tx power, hibernation, microsleep, light sleep, or deep sleep. The state can be abstracted by NW configuration parameters and/or values, and dynamic indications (e.g., by DCI or MAC CE signaling) can point to active availability states. The Off Availability state may imply that the gNB's baseband hardware is (e.g., completely) turned off. The Sleep Availability state may imply that the gNB is (e.g., periodically) awake to transmit signals (e.g., presence signals, synchronization, or reference signals) or to receive UL signals. In Availability states, DL or UL resources may be unavailable for a given time period, and Availability states may allow the network to turn off baseband processing and (e.g., other) activities. Measurement resources (e.g., SSB or CSI-RS) may be made available in Availability states, including RLM, BFD, RRM measurements, CSI-RS feedback configurations, and/or different power offsets for CSI feedback.

The WTRU can determine the availability state from, for example, the reception of availability state indications from L1/L2 signaling (e.g., group common DCI or indication), or implicitly determine the availability state from the reception or absence of periodic DL signaling.

The WTRU can determine whether a resource is available for transmit/receive and/or measure for a determined network availability state, provided that the resource is applicable in the active availability state. Furthermore, the WTRU can adapt its active C-DRX cycle, active spatial elements (e.g., antennas or logical ports), active TRP, and paging occasions according to the signaled or determined availability state. The WTRU can be configured, for example, by broadcast or dedicated configuration signaling, with one or more sets of NES transmit and/or receive parameters for each availability state. The WTRU can apply NES parameter sets according to the determined or signaled availability state. The WTRU can apply one or more applicable configurations according to the determined NES state. The NES parameter set may include the number of antenna ports, C-DRX configuration, measurement configuration (e.g., for RRM, RLM, and/or BFD), CSI feedback, CSI-RS configuration, SSB configuration, CHO or mobility candidates, and/or a set of active TRPs.

Availability states can be applicable to transmitting resources, receiving resources, or measurement resources. Availability states can be applicable to time periods, such as time slots or time symbols. Availability states can be applicable to serving cells, cell groups, frequency bands, bandwidth parts, TRPs, sets of spatial elements, and/or ranges of frequencies within a bandwidth part. For example, when the NES state changes in a cell, the WTRU may receive an availability state change indication indicating that the change is for that cell, for the same frequency and/or for all cells (e.g., all) in the same radio access technology (RAT).

The WTRU may, after receiving DL signaling that changes the availability state of a cell or TRP, consider whether the active availability state associated with the cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band is off, deep sleep, or microsleep. The WTRU may receive turn-off commands on broadcast signaling, RRC signaling, DCI (e.g., group common DCI), and/or DL MAC CE (e.g., the indication portion of PDSCH). The WTRU may determine the availability state from receiving availability state indications from L1/L2 signaling (e.g., group common DCI or indication) or broadcast signaling associated with the availability state. In the example, the availability state change indication may be part of an SI update or SIB signaling (e.g., in a separate SIB not read by the legacy WTRU). There may be a (common) time for all (e.g., all) WTRUs in a cell to determine their availability status.

The WTRU can implicitly assume the availability state (e.g., off, deep sleep, microsleep, or hibernation) associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band from the reception of a paging message (e.g., paging DCI, paging PDSCH, or paging-related signal, e.g., PEI), the gNB DTX status (e.g., whether the gNB is in active time or whether the associated activity timer is running), the absence of presence indication detection, the availability state of the associated cell, and/or whether the measured (one or more) channel conditions are below or above a threshold.

A WTRU can be configured to monitor indications that can characterize levels of network activity (e.g., availability states). Network activity can be associated with gNBs and/or cells. A WTRU can assume the same availability state for all cell parts of the same gNB, e.g., cells of the same MAC entity. Network activity indications (e.g., presence indications) can include channels (e.g., PDCCHs) and/or signals (e.g., sequences). Activity indications or NES state change indications/commands can indicate levels of activity that the WTRU can expect from the associated gNB and/or cell, e.g., reduced activity. Activity indications can include activity information from (e.g., other) gNBs/cells. Activity indications can be PDCCHs including group common signaling. For example, the network can send a group-common DCI to a group of WTRUs (e.g., WTRUs in a serving cell) indicating changes in activity status or activity level in the UL and/or DL.

The CRC of the PDCCH can be scrambled with a dedicated activity indication RNTI or NES-RNTI. The WTRU can consist of at least one search space associated with the monitoring occasion of the activity indication PDCCH. The indication may include a go-to-sleep signal, e.g., a predefined sequence. When the WTRU detects this sequence, it can expect a reduced activity level over a specific duration. The WTRU can activate the C-DRX for the indicated time period. Multiple (e.g., two) sequences can be used to indicate (e.g., normal) activity and reduced activity.

The signaling within the PDCCH or activity indication may include one or more of the following: The signaling within the PDCCH or activity indication may include the expected activity level (e.g., availability state) of the associated gNB/cell over a specific time interval. The activity level may be predetermined and/or configured, and may include, for example, normal activity and reduced activity. The signaling may indicate the activity level. For example, bit "1" may indicate (e.g., normal) activity, and bit "0" may indicate reduced activity.

For activity levels (e.g., availability states), transmit and receive attributes can be defined. For example, during reduced activity, the WTRU may not be expected to monitor certain PDCCH search spaces (including all SSs), receive certain types of PDSCHs (including all PDSCHs), transmit PUCCH/PUSCHs, and/or perform certain measurements. The WTRU may start or stop monitoring PDCCH and/or TCI states associated with determined NES states, including PDCCH resources or TCI states associated with activated (and/or deactivated) TRPs or spatial elements.

A set of configurations can be associated with an activity level and used/applied when that activity level (e.g., NES parameter set), such as SS configuration, CSI reporting configuration, or index of submitted SSBs, is specified. A set of configurations may have attributes associated with the activity level, such as tags that can be set to "Reduced Activity".

The time interval over which the activity level is assumed can be signaled in the PDCCH or as part of the activity indication. The time interval can be represented using a bitmap, where each bit in the bitmap can be associated with a specific duration, e.g., a slot or frame. For example, bit "1" might indicate (e.g., normal) activity, and bit "0" might indicate reduced activity for the associated frame. The time interval can be represented by a start time and an interval length. The start time can be defined; for example, it can be determined by adding a fixed offset to the time the indication was received. The interval length can be configured or signaled in the indication PDCCH.

The time interval over which the activity level is assumed can be predetermined. The WTRU may assume a pause delay (e.g., time until the NES state changes) after receiving an NES state change command (e.g., after the last symbol or slot in which the command was received). The pause time can be in absolute time, in a certain number of symbols, and/or in a certain number of slots.

The WTRU may determine that uplink or downlink resources or signals are available for transmission/reception and/or measurement for a determined network availability state if they are applicable in the active availability state. The WTRU may determine that a subset of measurement resources and/or signals (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, TRS, PRS) are not applicable in the availability state. The WTRU may determine that a subset of uplink or downlink resources (e.g., PRACH, PUSCH, PUCCH) are not applicable in the availability state. The WTRU may transmit some uplink signals in a subset of the NW availability state (e.g., SRS, pSRS, PRACH, UCI).

Spatial adaptation in NES can be supported for Type 1 (e.g., all antenna elements associated with a logical antenna port are disabled/enabled) or Type 2 (e.g., some/subsets of antenna elements associated with a logical antenna port are disabled/enabled). Since CSI-RS ports may remain the same for Type 2 spatial adaptation, there may be ambiguity in the WTRU regarding whether/which measurements and reports should be performed on/on the configured CSI-RS resources or resource sets. New associations may exist between different CSI-RS hypotheses and QCL sources corresponding to Type 2 spatial adaptation. The WTRU may be expected to determine the correct QCL source associated with the network-selected CSI-RS hypothesis for later decoding of the PDCCH and/or PDSCH. The following can be addressed: how to construct and/or signal different CSI-RS hypotheses associated with type 2 spatial adaptation, how to report measurements associated with different CSI-RS hypotheses, and/or how to determine QCL sources associated with network-selected CSI-RS hypotheses.

A WTRU can consist of multiple (e.g., N) CSI-RS hypotheses. A WTRU can consist of at least one CSI-RS resource and/or at least one set of CSI-RS resources. For each CSI hypothesis (e.g., each CSI hypothesis), a WTRU can consist of a CSI-RS sequence (e.g., each CSI-RS sequence). CSI-RS sequences can be distinguished by initialization, cyclic shift, scrambling, etc. (e.g., each CSI-RS sequence may have its own initialization, cyclic shift, scrambling, etc.). A WTRU can consist of spatial adaptation training durations. Training durations can be periodic or aperiodic.

One or more of the following may be performed, for example, during the training duration: The WTRU may receive CSI-RS (e.g., a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS) on a configured CSI-RS resource (e.g., each configured CSI-RS resource). The WTRU may determine a CSI-RS hypothesis based on the received CSI-RS sequence (e.g., an initial or updated CSI-RS hypothesis based on which CSI-RS is transmitted, for example, it may be determined that the CSI-RS hypothesis is the first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS, or the second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS) (e.g., the determination of the CSI-RS hypothesis may be based on the sequence associated with the received CSI-RS, for example, the sequence associated with the first CSI-RS or the sequence associated with the second CSI-RS). The WTRU can maintain and/or update QCL states (e.g., QCL states) based, for example, on CSI-RS resources (e.g., based on received CSI-RS), ports (e.g., ports associated with CSI-RS), and determined CSI-RS hypotheses (e.g., initial CSI-RS hypotheses, updated CSI-RS hypotheses, CSI-RS hypotheses indicated by the network, etc.). The WTRU can update the maintained QCL states based on a third received CSI-RS. The WTRU can report hypothesis indices (e.g., hypothesis indices associated with determined CSI hypotheses) and/or measurements associated with the hypothesis indices (e.g., sending indications in one or more reports to, for example, network nodes) (e.g., the WTRU can determine measurements associated with the hypothesis indices, e.g., CRI, RSRP, etc.).

The WTRU can maintain and/or update QCL sources. The WTRU can maintain (one or more) QCL sources for CSI-RS resources augmented by the CSI-RS hypothesis in use (e.g., each (one or more) QCL source for each CSI-RS resource), each (one or more) QCL source can be indicated by the network (e.g., explicitly) or determined locally by the WTRU through hypothesis testing. The WTRU can determine a hypothesis (e.g., a selected hypothesis) based on the received/determined CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU can be indicated, for example, by explicit signaling (e.g., network signaling) in downlink transmissions (e.g., PDCCH or MAC CE) (e.g., the WTRU can receive indications of CSI-RS hypotheses from, for example, network nodes). The WTRU can determine a QCL source (e.g., one) from among N QCL sources, and the determined QCL source is determined based on one or more of the determined CSI-RS hypotheses or indicated CSI-RS hypotheses, CSI-RS resources, and/or port numbers. The WTRU can flush out previous estimations that do not fit the updated QCL source, for example, based on the detection of QCL sources and, if configured by the network, previous estimations that do not fit the updated QCL source.

Decoding of (one or more) downlink physical channel transmissions can be performed, and UL channels may be included in the transmission. To decode DL channel transmissions, or to transmit via UL channels, the WTRU can use a QCL source according to the channel-associated QCL source and the CSI-RS hypothesis (e.g., DL channels can be decoded based on a QCL source). The CSI-RS hypothesis (e.g., the indicated CSI-RS hypothesis) can be indicated as part of a Transmit Configuration Indicator (TCI) indication (e.g., it can be indicated by that). The WTRU can use a determined QCL source for PDCCH and/or PDSCH decoding, or for UL channel transmission.

Multiple CSI-RS hypotheses can be described herein. A CSI-RS can be associated with multiple (e.g., N) CSI-RS hypotheses. A hypothesis can be associated with one or more configuration parameters. For example, in a hypothesis, a (e.g., one) port of a CSI-RS (e.g., a logical antenna port or CSI-RS port) can be associated with and/or connected to a first number of TXRUs or a first subset of activated TXRUs. In a hypothesis, a (e.g., one) port of a CSI-RS can be associated with and/or connected to a second number of TXRUs and/or a second subset of activated TXRUs. For a hypothesis, a virtualization scheme can be defined that determines the pattern of TXRUs and antenna elements that can be activated and/or used to virtualize the CSI-RS port.

In the example, the WTRU may consist of multiple CSI-RS hypothesis indices, for example, Hypothesis 0, 1, and 2. Hypothesis indices may also be referred to as indices, group indices, TCI group indices, or group IDs, and the methods described herein may be applicable to them.

A CSI-RS resource can be associated with a hypothesis index. For example, CSI-RS#0:7 can be associated with index 0, CSI-RS#8:15 can be associated with index 1, and so on. A CSI-RS resource can be associated with a set and/or group index of hypothesis indices. The above mapping can be configured by RRC signaling (e.g., a WTRU-specific configuration) or by broadcast signaling. In the examples herein, "#" can be used to represent the term "number".

A CSI-RS ResourceSet can be associated with a hypothesis index. A CSI-RS ResourceSet can be associated with a set and/or group index of hypothesis indices. The hypothesis index can be determined by (for example, equal to) the ResourceSet ID.

The CSI-RS sequence can be associated with a hypothesis index. The first CSI-RS sequence can be associated with the first hypothesis index, and the second CSI-RS sequence can be associated with the second hypothesis index.

For example, the scrambling ID used for CSI-RS generation can be determined by the hypothesis index (for instance, the hypothesis index can similarly be determined by the scrambling ID). For example, with a hypothesis index of 0, the scrambling ID can take a first value; with a hypothesis index of 1, the scrambling ID can take a second value; and so on. The WTRU can determine the hypothesis index by blindly detecting the CSI-RS sequence (for example, by detecting the scrambling ID).

A WTRU can be comprised of a spatial domain training phase. A WTRU can be comprised of a spatial domain adaptive training phase or pattern. The training phase/pattern configuration can include, for example, one or more applicable CSI reporting configurations and CSI-RS resource configurations for different spatial hypotheses. A WTRU can be comprised of a list of hypothesis indices to be assumed and measured during the training active period. During the training phase, the WTRU can perform measurements on CSI-RS associated with multiple hypotheses. The WTRU can report the determined CSI to the gNB. A WTRU can be represented by a subset of applicable hypothesis indices to be assumed and measured during the training active period, the indications can be made by DCI or MAC CE and can be complementary to the list of hypotheses comprised by the RRC. The RRC can comprise a WTRU with y hypotheses to be assumed during the training period, and L1/L2 signaling can induce x hypotheses to be measured during the training period, where x > y.

The training period can allow the WTRU to know which one or more hypotheses are transmitted by the NW, which can be useful when multiple CSIs are reported. The WTRU can report multiple CSIs only during the training period, and during the training period, it can report a CSI for each applicable hypothesis.

The spatial domain adaptation training phase can consist of duration, start time, periodicity, and/or extended duration. The training period can be either periodic or aperiodic. In the example, the WTRU can consist of training phases comprising N durations or time-limited intervals (with predefined start offsets and durations, e.g., in units of ms, symbols, slots, or periods), each interval can be associated with a CSI-RS hypothesis.

In periodic training, the WTRU may assume a subset of spatial hypotheses during the active training period and another hypothesis during the inactive training period. The WTRU may assume an early termination of the training period if a hypothesis (e.g., a single hypothesis) is signaled by the network before the end of the training period. If the WTRU does not demonstrate a hypothesis by the end of the training period, or if the network indicates an extension of the training phase (e.g., by L1/L2 signaling), the WTRU may extend the training period by the extension duration. The WTRU may determine the start of the training period depending on the configured CSI-RS occasions, for example, for each CSI-RS configuration. The WTRU can be composed of training periods in a subset of CSI-RS occasions.

The WTRU can implicitly determine the training period on its own (e.g., without explicit configuration), and can determine that a training phase occurs when multiple (e.g., at least two) CSI-RS resources overlap in the time domain.

In aperiodic training, the serving cell can indicate the start of the training active period (e.g., by L1 or L2 signaling). The indication can include a subset of spatial hypotheses to be assumed and measured during the spatial training phase. For example, the DCI or MAC CE can include a list hypothesis index to be measured and assumed, transmitted by the network during the training phase. The WTRU can use a pre-configured training duration or can be dynamically signaled along with the duration. The network can indicate the end of the training period.

The WTRU can be configured to assume a link between the configured cell DTX and/or cell DRX configurations and the spatial domain training period. For a given cell DTX configuration, the WTRU can consist of a list of hypotheses to be assumed and measured during the active period of the cell DTX pattern. The WTRU can also consist only of training phases on a subset of the cell DTX active periods. The WTRU can be configured and predefined to determine that a training phase occurs once every N cell DTX active periods. The WTRU can decide to enter the spatial domain training phase upon receiving a cell DTX activation command or RRC (re)configuration signaling.

During the training period, the network may transmit a limited set of CSI-RS hypotheses without prior indication. The WTRU may perform CSI-RS measurements (e.g., as described herein) and reporting procedures without explicit knowledge of the start and end of the training period.

The features described herein can be associated with CSI reporting for multiple hypotheses. For example, a WTRU can report (e.g., at least one) CSI quantity for a determined hypothesis index. A WTRU can consist of periodic CSI-RS resources. CSI-RS resources can be associated with hypothesis indices. For example, CSI-RS #0:7 can be associated with index 0, CSI-RS #8:15 can be associated with index 1, and so on. A WTRU can measure the CSI-RS associated with hypothesis index 0 and derive a first CSI. A WTRU can measure the CSI-RS associated with hypothesis index 1 and derive a second CSI, and so on. A WTRU can report the first, second, etc. CSI in (e.g., a single) CSI report or in separate reports. The CSI can include RSRP, PMI, LI, RI, and CRI, rank, rank, and SINR, etc. The above method can be applied (for example, similarly) when a CSI-RS ResourceSet is associated with a hypothetical index. The CSI for a resource set can be reported in the same report. The WTRU can determine the hypothetical index from the CSI-RS sequence or the physical properties of the CSI-RS. The WTRU can determine that CSI-RS resources in a first resource set are associated with a first hypothetical index, and CSI-RS resources in a second resource set are associated with a second hypothetical index. The WTRU can derive the CSI for the CSI-RS and report it to the gNB.

For example, the WTRU can report the CSI quantity for a hypothesis along with the hypothesis index. The WTRU can report the highest RSRP among all measured CSI-RSs, the CRI, and the hypothesis index associated with the reported CRI (e.g., the best CSI-RS hypothesis). The WTRU can be configured to report, in a single report, measurements (e.g., RSRP, PMI, RI) made on (e.g., all) or subsets of CSI-RS resources or resource sets associated with (e.g., different) CSI-RS hypotheses. The single report can be sent within k time units (e.g., symbols, slots) after the last measurement corresponding to the last CSI-RS hypothesis in the training period has been performed. The WTRU can be configured to report separately the measurements made on CSI-RS resources or resource sets associated with different CSI-RS hypotheses. Multiple reports may be submitted periodically or after measurements associated with each CSI-RS hypothesis have been conducted.

After the training phase is complete, hypotheses that can be used by the gNB for subsequent transmissions (e.g., port virtualization configurations to be used in the gNB transmitter) can be indicated to the WTRU. Indications of hypotheses to be assumed (e.g., after the training phase) can be carried in explicit L1 signals (e.g., in the group common PDCCH) or in L2 signaling (e.g., in MAC CE or RRC messages). Indications can be implicit, allowing the WTRU to determine the hypotheses from sequences, e.g., CSI-RS sequences, or the physical properties of CSI-RS.

The WTRU can determine the hypotheses to be assumed after the training phase, depending on the active NES state. For example, in a given NES state (e.g., Cell DTX config 1 activated), the WTRU can assume one or more spatial hypothesis indices, while in another NES state, the WTRU can assume (e.g., different) sets of spatial hypotheses.

In the example, the network may not provide indications regarding the CSI-RS hypotheses used during the training phase. As part of the CSI report, the WTRU may report the configurable number of the best CSI-RS (including, for example, hypothesis granularity). The CSI report can be configured by the network so that the WTRU provides indications of which CSI-RS hypotheses were detected during the training phase. The training phase can be specified as a time range prior to the report and/or prior to the last CSI-RS occasion. The WTRU can be configured to provide a CSI report with indications of CSI-RS hypotheses that it did not detect during the training phase.

QCL sources can be determined. In the example, the QCL source of a TCI state can be determined by the hypothesis index associated with the CSI-RS configured as the QCL source. For a configured CSI-RS resource or resource set, the WTRU can determine that there are N QCL sources, where N is the number of hypotheses. For example, the QCL source of CSI-RS resource ID #k may not be the same when the first port virtualization is implemented on the gNB side and when the second port virtualization is implemented. CSI-RS resource IDs can be expanded to be pairs of IDs, such as (#k, hypothesis index), where #k is a legacy ID (e.g., an NZP CSI-RS resource ID). The QCL source of a CSI-RS resource (e.g., #k, hypothesis index m) may be different from the QCL source (e.g., #k, hypothesis index n). In the example, the maximum number of hypotheses can be configured. WTRU can determine a hypothetical index from the received CSI-RS sequence.

WTRU can determine the QCL properties of CSI-RS based on the hypothesis that CSI-RS is associated. From NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K, WTRU can estimate the first Doppler diffusion value when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated with the first hypothetical index. WTRU can estimate the second Doppler diffusion value when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated with the second hypothetical index. From NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K, WTRU can estimate the first mean delay value when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated with the first hypothetical index. WTRU can estimate a second delayed mean when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated with a second hypothetical index. The QCL sources can be determined to be (#K, index 1) and (#K, index 2).

In the example, the QCL source can be indicated to the WTRU by a pair of TCI state numbers and a hypothetical index (for example, the WTRU can determine the QCL source based on/using the TCI state number and hypothetical index). The WTRU can be indicated to apply the TCI state when receiving PUCCH and/or PDSCH. When configured, the TCI state indicated for downlink transmissions (e.g., the same TCI state) can be applied to uplink transmissions (e.g., PUSCH and/or PUCCH). The WTRU can determine the QCL source by one of the following:

The TCI status can be indicated in the PDCCH and/or MAC CE (for example, as in legacy systems), and the hypothesis index can be indicated in the group common PDCCH. The WTRU can determine the TCI status and/or hypothesis index (for example, from these indications), and the TCI status and/or hypothesis index can be used to determine the QCL source. The hypothesis index can be indicated in the scheduling DCI (for example, together with the TCI status). In the example, an additional bit field may be used for index indication. In the example, a code point (for example, one code point) may indicate the TCI status and hypothesis index together. The hypothesis index can be indicated in MAC CE. The hypothesis index can be determined by the WTRU (for example, implicitly) from the CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU can determine the hypothesis index using (one or more) CSI-RS sequences transmitted after the training phase (for example, during the data transmission phase).

The following may apply: A WTRU can consist of multiple (e.g., N) CSI-RS hypotheses. A WTRU can consist of (e.g., at least one) CSI-RS resources (or sets of CSI-RS resources). In a CSI hypothesis, a WTRU can consist of CSI-RS sequences. CSI-RS sequences can be distinguished by (e.g., different) initializations, cyclic shifts, scrambling, etc. A WTRU can consist of spatial adaptation training durations. Training durations can be periodic or aperiodic.

In the example, during the training duration, the WTRU can receive CSI-RS on the configured CSI-RS resource. Based on the received CSI-RS sequence, the WTRU can determine the CSI-RS hypothesis (e.g., which CSI-RS will be sent). The WTRU can report the hypothesis index and/or the measurements associated with the index (e.g., CRI, RSRP, etc.) (e.g., in one or more reports).

In the example, for indications after the training duration, the WTRU can determine a selected hypothesis based on the received CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU can be indicated, for example, by explicit signaling in MAC CE. The WTRU can determine (e.g., one) QCL source from N QCL sources, and the determined QCL source is associated with the CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU can then use the determined QCL source for PDCCH and/or PDSCH decoding.

In the example, a TCI state can consist of up to N CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource) as QCL sources. CSI-RS resources can be associated with hypothesis indices. QCL sources can be determined by the TCI state number and QCL source number. To determine which QCL sources should be applied to DL and/or UL channels (e.g., when an integrated TCI is configured, the same TCI state can be applied to DL and UL), the WTRU can be indicated with the TCI state and QCL source number. One of the following may apply:

The TCI status index can be indicated in the PDCCH and/or MAC CE, and the QCL source number can be indicated in the group common PDCCH. From these (e.g., two) indications, the WTRU can determine the TCI status number and QCL source number, which can be used to determine the QCL source. The QCL source number can be indicated in the scheduling DCI (e.g., together with the TCI status). An additional bit field can be used for the QCL source number indication. A single code point can indicate both the TCI status index and the QCL source index together.

A pair of TCI status numbers and QCL source numbers can be formed, and a subset of these pairs can be selected by the MAC CE. The DCI can point to one of the selected pairs. The QCL source index can be indicated in the MAC CE, and the TCI status index can be indicated in the PDCCH and/or MAC CE. The QCL source index can be implicitly determined by the WTRU from the CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU can determine the QCL source index using (one or more) CSI-RS sequences transmitted after the training phase (e.g., during the data transmission phase).

A sample event flow can be shown in Figure 2. The WTRU can receive NZP-CSI-RS resource group numbers 1, 2, and 3, which can be associated with hypotheses 0, 1, and 2. The WTRU can derive CSIs for the CSI-RS groups associated with the hypothesis index. The derived CSIs associated with the hypothesis index can be reported to a network node (e.g., gNB).

After the CSI report is submitted, the WTRU may indicate a selected hypothesis (e.g., QCL source number) that can be used. The indication may be in the L1 signal or MAC CE, as described above. To detect a group common PDCCH, the WTRU may consist of relevant parameters, such as the search space and RNTI.

In the example, a TCI state group can be defined and may contain up to N TCI states. A WTRU can consist of a set of TCI state groups and the TCI states within those groups. A WTRU can indicate the TCI state group index and/or TCI state index to be applied in the DL and/or UL channels. One of the following may be used:

The TCI state group index can be indicated in the PDCCH and/or MAC CE, and the TCI states within the group can be indicated in the group common PDCCH. From these indications, the WTRU can determine the TCI state group number and TCI state number, which can be used to determine the QCL source. The TCI state number can be indicated in the scheduling DCI (for example, together with the TCI state group number). Bit fields (for example, two separate bit fields) can be used to indicate the TCI state group number and TCI state number. A code point can indicate the TCI state group index and the TCI state index (for example, together). TCI state group numbers and/or TCI state numbers (for example, pairs of TCI state group numbers and/or TCI state numbers) can be constructed, and a subset of pairs can be selected by the MAC CE. The DCI can point to one of the selected pairs. The TCI status index can be shown in MAC CE, and the TCI status group index can be shown in PDCCH and/or MAC CE. The TCI status index can be implicitly determined by the WTRU from the CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU can determine the TCI status index using (one or more) CSI-RS sequences transmitted after the training phase (e.g., during the data transmission phase).

For example, if the network intends to use (e.g., different) CSI-RS hypotheses on (e.g., extremely) slow time scales, the network can constitute a WTRU with N CSI-RS hypotheses. Detection of the correct hypothesis can be done through local hypothesis testing within the WTRU, and the network can provide explicit indication of the active hypothesis. The network can configure the WTRU so as not to maintain QCL sources for different CSI-RS hypotheses, while the WTRU can maintain QCL sources for the active CSI-RS hypothesis. This can include benefits in terms of CSI reporting, QCL source maintenance, and TCI indication for receiving (e.g., transmitting) DL (and/or UL) channels. The WTRU can be configured (e.g., pre-configured) to flash out CSI-RS estimates from previous hypotheses whenever a change in CSI-RS is detected by the WTRU. This change can be detected locally or by decoding the indication from the network.

A system, method, and means are provided that can relate to assisted spatial adaptation associated with network energy saving. A wireless transceiver unit (WTRU) can receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS. The WTRU can determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The initial CSI-RS hypothesis can be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS, or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS. The WTRU can send an indication of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis to a network node. The WTRU can receive an indication of a transmit configuration indicator (TCI) state via downlink transmission. The WTRU can determine a QCL source based on the CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state. The CSI-RS hypothesis can be the demonstrated CSI-RS hypothesis, or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, as demonstrated by network signaling. The WTRU can decode the downlink channel based on the QCL source.

The WTRU can determine measurements. Measurements can be associated with hypothesis indices. Measurements can be associated with CSI-RS resource indicators (CRI) or reference signal received power (RSRP). The WTRU can send indications of measurements to network nodes. The determination of the initial CSI-RS hypothesis can be based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first or second CSI-RS. QCL sources can be associated with one or more of the port numbers or CSI-RS resources.

The WTRU can maintain the QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, the CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and the port associated with the CSI-RS. The WTRU can update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS. Downlink transmissions can be physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmissions or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmissions.

Systems, methods, and means can be used for WTRU-assisted spatial adaptation for network energy saving. The WTRU can receive a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) sequence for a Channel State Information (CSI) hypothesis. The WTRU can receive a spatial adaptation training duration, which can be periodic or aperiodic. Based on the received CSI-RS sequence, the WTRU can determine a CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU can maintain a quasi-collocation (QCL) state according to the CSI-RS sequence, port number, and determined CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU can send a hypothesis index corresponding to the CSI-RS hypothesis, which may include one or more measurements associated with the index.

The WTRU can determine the CSI-RS hypothesis based on signaling, which may include a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and/or a medium access control element (MAC CE). The WTRU can determine a QCL source from multiple QCL sources, and the determined QCL source can be associated with the CSI-RS hypothesis, a CSI-RS sequence, and/or a port number. The WTRU can decode a downlink (DL) channel using the QCL state according to the QCL source and the determined CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU can transmit an uplink (UL) channel using the QCL state according to the QCL source and the determined CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU can indicate at least the CSI-RS hypothesis in the transmit configuration indicator (TCI) indication. The WTRU can use the determined QCL source for PDCCH and/or PDSCH decoding, or for UL channel transmission.

The features and elements described above are described in specific combinations, but each feature or element can be used alone or in various combinations, with or without other features and elements, in the preferred embodiment.

While the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP-specific protocols, it is understood that the implementations described herein are not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other radio systems. For example, while the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), or 5G-specific protocols, it is understood that the solutions described herein are not limited to this scenario and may be applicable to other radio systems. For example, while the systems are described with respect to 3GPP, 5G, and/or NR network layers, the assumed embodiments extend beyond implementations using specific network layer technologies. Similarly, potential implementations extend to all types of service layer architectures, systems, and embodiments. The techniques described herein can be applied independently and/or used in combination with other resource configuration techniques.

The processes described herein can be implemented in computer programs, software, and/or firmware embedded in computer-readable media for execution by a computer and/or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted via wired and/or wireless connections) and/or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and/or optical media such as compact discs (CDs)-ROM disks and/or digital multi-purpose discs (DVDs). Software-related processors can be used to implement radio frequency transceivers for use in WTRUs, terminals, base stations, RNCs, and/or any host computer.

It is understood that entities performing the processes described herein may be logical entities that can be implemented in the form of software (e.g., computer executable instructions) stored in the memory of a mobile device, network node, or computer system and executed on its processor. That is, the process may be implemented in the form of software (e.g., computer executable instructions) stored in the memory of a mobile device and/or network node, such as a node or computer system, and this computer executable instruction, when executed by the node's processor, performs the described process. It is also understood that any transmit and receive processes shown in the diagram may be performed by the node's communication circuitry under the control of the node's processor and the computer executable instructions (e.g., software) it executes.

The various techniques described herein can be implemented in relation to hardware or software, or, where appropriate, in relation to a combination of both. Thus, implementations and apparatus of the subject matter described herein, or particular aspects or parts thereof, can take the form of program code (e.g., instructions) embodied on a tangible medium including any other machine-readable storage medium, and when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the subject matter described herein. Where the program code is stored on a medium, the program code may be stored on one or more media that collectively perform the actions, i.e., one or more media contain the code collectively for performing the actions, but if there are two or more single media, any particular part of the code does not need to be stored on any particular medium. In the case of program code execution on a programmable device, the computing device generally includes a processor, a processor-readable storage medium (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs may implement or utilize processes described herein in relation to the subject matter described herein, for example, through the use of APIs, reusable controls, etc. Such programs are preferably implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language for communication with a computer system. However, (one or more) programs may be implemented in assembly language or machine language, if necessary. In either case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language and may be combined with a hardware implementation.

Exemplary embodiments may refer to utilizing aspects of the subject matter described herein in the context of one or more standalone computing systems, but the subject matter described herein is not limited thereto and can rather be implemented in relation to any computing environment, such as a network or distributed computing environment. Furthermore, aspects of the subject matter described herein can be implemented in or across multiple processing chips or devices, and memory devices may similarly affect multiple devices. Such devices may include personal computers, network servers, handheld devices, supercomputers, or computers integrated into other systems such as automobiles and airplanes.

In describing preferred embodiments of the subject matter of this disclosure, as shown in the figures, specific terminology is employed for clarity. However, it should be understood that the claimed subject matter is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology thus chosen, and that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to achieve a similar objective.

Claims (14)

The first CSI-RS and the second CSI-RS are received.
An initial CSI-RS hypothesis is determined, and the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is either a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS, or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS.
Send the indication of the hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis to the network node.
The Transmit Configuration Indicator (TCI) status is received via downlink transmission.
Based on the CSI-RS hypothesis and the TCI state shown above, the QCL source is determined, and the CSI-RS hypothesis is the shown CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by network signaling, or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis.
A wireless transceiver unit (WTRU) comprising a processor configured to decode a downlink channel based on the aforementioned QCL source. The aforementioned processor,
The measurement is determined, the measurement is associated with the hypothetical index, and the measurement is associated with the CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or reference signal received power (RSRP),
The WTRU according to claim 1, further configured to send indications of the measurement to the network node. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein the determination of the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first CSI-RS or the second CSI-RS. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein the QCL source is associated with one or more of the following: a port number or a CSI-RS resource. The WTRU according to claim 1, further configured to maintain the QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, the CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and the port associated with the CSI-RS. The WTRU according to claim 5, further configured to update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein the downlink transmission is a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission. A method for a wireless transceiver unit (WTRU),
The steps include receiving a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS,
A step of determining an initial CSI-RS hypothesis, wherein the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS, or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS,
The steps include sending an indication of the hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis to the network node,
The steps include receiving an indication of the Transmit Configuration Indicator (TCI) status via downlink transmission,
A step of determining the QCL source based on the CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state, wherein the CSI-RS hypothesis is the indicated CSI-RS hypothesis shown by network signaling, or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis.
A method comprising the steps of decoding a downlink channel based on the aforementioned QCL source. The aforementioned method,
A step of determining a measurement, wherein the measurement is associated with the hypothetical index, and the measurement is associated with a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or reference signal received power (RSRP),
The method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of sending an indication of the measurement to the network node. The method according to claim 8, wherein the step of determining the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first CSI-RS or the second CSI-RS. The method according to claim 8, wherein the QCL source is associated with one or more of the following: port numbers or CSI-RS resources. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of maintaining the QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, the CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and the port associated with the CSI-RS. The method according to claim 12, further comprising the step of updating the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS. The method according to claim 8, wherein the downlink transmission is a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission.