JP2024513758A - Paraxanthine-Based Compositions for Promoting Weight Loss - Patent application - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a method for promoting weight loss in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In further aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg. According to certain aspects, weight loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject. In further aspects, weight loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in the subject. According to certain embodiments, administration of the composition to the subject reduces respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%. [Selected Figures] None

Description

Cross-reference of related applications (one or more)
[001] This application is filed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/164220, entitled “PARAXANTHINE-BASED COMPOSITIONS FOR PROMOTING WEIGHT LOSS,” filed on March 22, 2021; PARAXANTHINE-BASED COMPOSITIONS FOR PROMOTING SWAGGER'', each of which is incorporated herein by reference at 35 U.S.C. S. C. Incorporated herein by reference in its entirety under §119(e).
Technical field
[002] The disclosed technology is generally used in supporting weight loss, and/or improving body composition, and/or reducing fat by increasing thermogenesis, and/or suppressing appetite, and/or increasing lipolysis. The present invention relates to compositions, methods and systems for the use of paraxanthine alone and in combination. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to paraxanthine and other compounds, whether synthetically produced or derived from natural sources, and the use of these compounds to provide physiological benefits; The physiological benefit may vary depending on paraxanthine concentration and the presence of synergists and antagonists.

[003] Obesity is a significant problem in Western countries, with estimates of its prevalence ranging from 30% to 50% of the middle-aged population. The number of Americans who are overweight (defined as those with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m ² or higher) and obese (defined as those with a BMI of 30 kg/m ² or higher) has been increasing since 1960. This trend is not slowing down. Today, approximately 64.5% of adult Americans (approximately 199 million people) are classified as overweight or obese. Obesity is becoming an increasing concern as the number of people with obesity continues to increase and more is learned about the negative health effects of obesity. Obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. Each year, obesity causes at least 300,000 deaths in the United States, and the medical costs for adult Americans with obesity exceed $147 billion. There is a need in the art for compositions and methods to more effectively achieve weight loss.

[004] Disclosed herein are methods for promoting weight loss in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In a further aspect, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.

[005] According to certain embodiments, weight loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject. In certain exemplary embodiments, the composition further consists of caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, garcinia cambogia, yohimbine, catechol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), catechin, and proanthocyanidins and octacosanol, and radish one or more compounds selected from the list.

[006] In certain embodiments, weight loss is facilitated by suppression of appetite in the subject, and administration of the composition to the subject suppresses appetite in the subject by at least about 30%.
[007] In further embodiments, weight loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in the subject. According to certain embodiments, administering the composition to a subject reduces respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%.

[008] In certain embodiments, resting energy expenditure in the subject is increased by at least about 15%. In certain embodiments of these aspects, the composition is from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptide, and octacosanol. It further includes one or more selected compounds.

[009] According to certain embodiments, the method further includes restricting the subject's caloric intake. In representative embodiments of these aspects, the amount of weight loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction, and the amount of fat loss and muscle loss in the subject is The ratio of reduction is greater than the ratio in subjects who are not provided with the composition but have equivalent caloric restriction.

[010] According to certain aspects, the subject is not administered caffeine. In an exemplary embodiment, the subject abstains from caffeine consumption.
[011] Further disclosed herein is a method for suppressing appetite in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. According to certain embodiments, administration of the composition reduces appetite in the subject by at least about 30%. In certain aspect embodiments, the subject is not administered caffeine.

[012] Further disclosed herein are methods of increasing swagger in a subject by providing the subject with a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In further embodiments, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.

[013] According to certain embodiments, the composition includes omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin B, protein, selenium, quickly digested carbohydrates such as sugars, vitamin K, calcium, vitamin A, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), acetylcholine, acetyl L-carnitine, tyrosine, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, ergothioneine, tryptophan, 5-HTP, arginine, citrulline, norvaline, GABA, Dopa (Velvet Bean), Kanna Amburana cearensis, Lippia sidoid s , Paullinia cupana, Plathymiscium floribundum, curcuminoids, caffeine, creatine, and Solanum asperum. In representative embodiments, administering the composition to a subject increases grandiosity in the subject by at least about 20%.

[014] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the disclosed compositions, systems and methods. As will be understood, the disclosed compositions, systems and methods can be modified in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not limiting.

[015] Before describing at least one aspect of the invention in detail, it is important to note that the invention is not limited to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. I hope you understand that. The invention is capable of other forms and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. It is also to be understood that the language and terminology employed herein are for purposes of description and should not be considered limiting.

[016] Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, the additional aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms a further point of view. Furthermore, it will be understood that each endpoint of a range has significance in relation to, and independent of, the other endpoint. It is also understood that a number of values are disclosed herein, and that each value is disclosed herein as "about" that particular value, in addition to the value itself. For example, if a value of "10" is disclosed, "about 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that each building block between two specific building blocks is also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are all also disclosed.

[017] As used herein, the term "subject" refers to the target of administration, eg, the subject. Thus, the subject of the methods disclosed herein can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal, fish, bird, reptile, or amphibian. Alternatively, the subject of the methods disclosed herein can be a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig, or rodent. This term does not indicate a particular age or gender. Thus, adult and neonatal subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be included. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal. Patient refers to a subject suffering from a disease or disorder. The term "patient" includes human and veterinary subjects. In some aspects of the disclosed methods, the subject has been diagnosed as in need of treatment for one or more weight disorders prior to the administration step. In some aspects of the disclosed methods, the subject has been diagnosed with a need to increase weight loss prior to the administration phase.

[018] The term "overweight" is defined as a condition in which an individual has a BMI greater than 25 kg/m and less than 30 kg/m. The terms "overweight" and "pre-obese" are used interchangeably.

[019] As used herein, the term "obesity" is defined as a condition in which an individual has a BMI of 30 kg/m or greater. According to the WHO definition, the term obesity can be classified as follows: The term "Class I obesity" is a condition in which the BMI is greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 but less than 35 kg/m2; The term "class II obesity" is a condition in which the BMI is greater than or equal to 35 kg/m2 but less than 40 kg/m2; the term "class III obesity" is a condition in which the BMI is greater than or equal to 40 kg/m2.

[020] As used herein, the terms "manage," "managing," and "management" refer to obesity, lipodystrophy, diabetes or metabolic syndrome, fibrosis, and cancer. Includes preventing, delaying, or reducing the severity of related body composition or weight disorders in patients with a history of such disorders. This term refers to modulating the threshold, occurrence and/or duration of fat-related body composition or weight disorders such as obesity, lipodystrophy, diabetes or metabolic syndrome, fibrosis and cancer, or to or including changing how one responds to weight disorders.

[021] As used herein, the terms "effective amount" and "amount effective" refer to an amount sufficient to achieve a desired result or to cause an undesirable condition. An amount sufficient to have an anti-inflammatory effect. For example, a "therapeutically effective amount" is an amount sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic result, or sufficient to have an effect against an undesirable symptom, but not generally sufficient to cause unacceptable adverse side effects. Insert an insufficient amount. The particular therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend on the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the particular composition employed; the patient's age, weight, general health, sex and route of administration; excretion rate of the particular compound employed; duration of treatment; drugs used in combination with or concomitantly with the particular compound employed, and similar factors well known in the medical field. Depends on various factors. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to begin dosing a compound at a level lower than that required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dose until the desired effect is achieved. Within range. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration. Thus, single dose compositions can contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in case of any contraindications. Dosage can vary and can be administered in single or multiple doses per day for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature regarding appropriate dosages for a given class of pharmaceutical product. In various other aspects, the preparations can be administered in a "prophylactically effective amount," ie, an amount effective to prevent a disease or condition.

[022] As used herein, the term "diagnosed" refers to a person of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., who has undergone a physical examination by a physician and who has been diagnosed or diagnosed with a compound, composition, or method disclosed herein. It means that you have been found to have a condition that can be treated. For example, "diagnosed as obese" means having undergone a physical examination by one of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated with a compound or composition capable of reducing weight. It means being released. As a further example, "diagnosed as needing to lose weight" refers to a condition characterized by excess body fat, or a condition characterized by excess body fat, or where the subject has undergone a physical examination by one of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., a physician. Refers to being found to have other diseases that are beneficial to the body. Such diagnosis may be associated with disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, etc., as described herein.

[023] As used herein, the term "substantially" means that the scope or extent of an action, feature, property, condition, structure, item, or result is complete or nearly complete. point to For example, a "substantially" surrounded object means that the object is completely surrounded or nearly completely surrounded. The exact degree of permissible deviation from absolute perfection may depend on the particular circumstances. However, generally speaking, near completion will have a similar overall result as if absolute and complete completion were obtained. The use of "substantially" is equally applicable when used in a negative sense to refer to the complete or near-complete absence of an action, feature, property, condition, structure, item, or result. . For example, a composition that is substantially free of particles is completely devoid of particles, or nearly completely devoid of particles, and the effect is the same as being completely devoid of particles. In other words, a composition that is substantially free of an ingredient or element may still actually contain such item, provided there is no measurable effect.

[024] As used herein, "synergism" or grammatical variations thereof means and encompasses the cooperative action encountered in a combination of two or more active compounds. Here, the combined activity of two or more active compounds exceeds the sum of the activities of each active compound alone. The term "synergistically effective amount" as used herein means and encompasses an amount of two or more active compounds that provides a synergistic effect as defined above.

[025] The present disclosure relates to uses of chemical compositions comprising paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, the compositions include other chemicals, such as paraxanthine congeners or analogs, to provide multiple desirable effects. Paraxanthine analogs can include, but are not limited to, caffeine, methylcaffeine, theobromine, theophylline, liberin and methylliberin, and variants thereof. Other suitable active substances include capsaicin, Aframomum Melegueta extract (grains of heaven), green tea extract, yohimbine, black pepper fruit extract, cayenne pepper fruit extract, fucoxanthin, ketogenic substances such as MCTs. Bioactive substances, omega-3s combined with lipolytic digestive enzymes, green tea extract Camellia sinensis, 7-keto (3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone), African mango (Irvingia gabonensis), decaffeinated Green coffee bean extract, naringin, hesperidin, green coffee bean extract (Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, Coffee robusta), Citrus aurantium extract (Citrus aurantium-amine p-synephrine), Crocus sativus L extract (saffron) Stigma ( saffron stigma)), glucomannan, chromium picolinate, conjugated linoleic acid, PHGG fiber, β-glucan, Hoodia gordonii, Irvingia gabonensis, forskolin, raspberry ketone, chitosan, white bean extract, garcinia cambogia, ashwagandha extract, kava kava , L-tyrosine, 5-HTP, N-acetyl-tyrosine, melatonin, magnolia bark, valerian and hops, Rhodiola Rosea, Apocynum venetum, saffron, agmatine, Salvia Sclarea (clary sage), vitamin B1/B6/B12, Rhodiola Rosea, Such as CoQ10, citrulline, beet root powder, Gaia herb, guarana extract, ginseng extract, D-ribose, catechols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), catechin, and proanthocyanidins and octacosanol. Examples include one or more compounds that support weight loss.

[026] In certain embodiments, the disclosed compositions are nutraceutical compositions. Exemplary nutraceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be used as nutritional ingredients as stand-alone compositions or in foods, nutraceuticals, beverages, bars, edible flavors, medical foods, dietary supplements, or herbal products. Alternatively, it can be formulated or used as a biologically active ingredient. Vehicles generally accepted in the art include all carriers, diluents or excipients that are pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable therefor.

[027] Paraxanthine exhibits a wide variety of effects depending on the dose. The effect can also be modulated by the presence of other ingredients. It can be used to improve lipolysis, thermogenesis, and/or appetite loss. In one aspect, paraxanthine can be used to promote weight loss by reducing appetite and can act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Paraxanthine can be used transdermally to enhance one or more of these effects. In other embodiments, a dietary supplement is provided that includes from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine, either naturally produced by fermentation or synthetically produced. In other embodiments, nutritional supplements are provided to support lipolytic weight loss and/or fat loss to improve body composition. Accordingly, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide compositions that include paraxanthine that can impart multiple positive effects on a subject's body composition. Another object of the present disclosure is to provide homologs, derivatives and iterations of paraxanthine and synthetic chemical equivalents of paraxanthine. Another object of the present disclosure is to provide aggregated paraxanthine, paraxanthine salts, microencapsulated, liposomal or esterified paraxanthine. Another object of the present disclosure is to provide paraxanthine and co-crystallized products of paraxanthine in combination with glycerides, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), lauroyl macrogol, lauroyl macrogol derivatives.

[028] Further disclosed herein are methods for promoting weight loss and/or weight management in a subject by providing the subject with a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. . Although dosages will vary from subject to subject, suitable daily doses range from about 1 to about 1000 mg (e.g., about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg) per subject, administered in single or multiple doses. , about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, 100, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg , or any range or value therein). In certain aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In a further aspect, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.

[029] According to certain embodiments, weight loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject. According to exemplary embodiments of these aspects, the composition also contains one or more selected from caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, garcinia cambogia, yohimbine, catechol, EGCG, catechin, and proanthocyanidins and octacosanol and radish. can include compounds of.

[030] In certain embodiments, administration of the disclosed compositions reduces a subject's respiratory quotient (RQ) as compared to the subject's RQ when administered a placebo. The term "respiratory quotient" as used herein specifically refers to the difference between carbon dioxide emitted by a human and oxygen consumed by a human when given a placebo under known resting conditions. point to a ratio In certain embodiments, the reduction in a subject's RQ after administration of the disclosed compositions is about 5% to about 70%. In further embodiments, the subject's reduction in RQ is about 10% to about 60%. In yet other embodiments, the subject's reduction in RQ is about 20% to about 50%. In yet other embodiments, the reduction in the subject's RQ is at least about 30%.

[031] According to a further embodiment, weight loss is facilitated by suppression of appetite in the subject. In representative embodiments of these aspects, the composition is selected from fenugreek, glucomannan, Gymnema sylvestre, 5-HTP, Caralluma fimbriata, green tea extract, conjugated linoleic acid, Garcinia cambogia, and Yerba mate. can further include one or more compounds.

[032] According to yet other embodiments, weight loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in a subject. In representative embodiments of these aspects, the composition comprises caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptides, catechol, EGCG, catechin. , and one or more compounds selected from proanthocyanidins and octacosanol and octacosanol.

[033] According to certain embodiments, the disclosed method further comprises restricting the subject's caloric intake. In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of weight loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction. According to a further embodiment, the ratio of fat loss to muscle loss in the subject is greater than the ratio in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction.

[034] Further disclosed herein are methods for promoting fat loss in a subject by providing the subject with a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. Depending on the subject being treated and the route of administration, the compounds of the invention can be administered at a variety of doses. Although dosages will vary from subject to subject, suitable daily doses range from about 1 to about 1000 mg (e.g., about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg) per subject, administered in single or multiple doses. , about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, 100, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg , or any range or value therein). In certain aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In a further aspect, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.

[035] According to certain embodiments, fat loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject. According to representative embodiments of these aspects, the composition also includes caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, garcinia cambogia, yohimbine, catechol, epigallocatechin gallate EGCG, catechin, and proanthocyanidins from octacosanol and radish. One or more selected compounds can be included.

[036] According to a further embodiment, fat loss is promoted by suppressing appetite in the subject. In representative embodiments of these aspects, the composition is selected from fenugreek, glucomannan, Gymnema sylvestre, 5-HTP, Caralluma fimbriata, green tea extract, conjugated linoleic acid, Garcinia cambogia, and Yerba mate. can further include one or more compounds.

[037] According to yet other embodiments, fat loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in a subject. In representative embodiments of these aspects, the composition is selected from caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptide, and octacosanol. One or more compounds can further be included.

[038] In certain embodiments, the disclosed compositions, when administered to a subject, increase the subject's resting energy expenditure compared to the subject's baseline level or after administration of a placebo. In certain embodiments, the increase in a subject's resting energy expenditure after administration of the disclosed compositions is about 3% to about 30%. In further embodiments, the increase in a subject's resting energy expenditure after administration of the disclosed compositions is about 5% to about 25%. In yet other embodiments, the increase in a subject's resting energy expenditure after administration of the disclosed compositions is about 8% to about 20%. In yet other embodiments, the increase in a subject's resting energy expenditure after administration of the disclosed compositions is from about 10%.

[039] According to certain embodiments, the disclosed method further comprises restricting the subject's caloric intake. In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of fat loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction. According to a further embodiment, the ratio of fat loss to muscle loss in the subject is greater than the ratio in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction.

[040] Further disclosed herein are methods for suppressing appetite in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, administering the composition to a subject reduces the subject's appetite by 5% to about 70%. In further embodiments, the subject's decrease in appetite is about 10% to about 60%. In yet other embodiments, the subject's decrease in appetite is about 20% to about 50%. In yet other embodiments, the subject's decrease in appetite is at least about 30%.

[041] According to certain embodiments of the disclosed methods, the composition is administered in a therapeutically effective amount. In further embodiments, the composition is administered in a prophylactically effective amount.
[042] In certain aspects, disclosed herein are methods of promoting weight loss by administering an effective amount of one or more compositions disclosed herein. According to certain aspects, administration of an effective amount of the disclosed compositions provides treatment for diabetes mellitus in a patient in need thereof; prevention, slowing the progression of a condition or disorder selected from the group consisting of complications of diabetes mellitus , delay or treatment; from type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hyperglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, overweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome and gestational diabetes. prevention, progression slowing, retardation or treatment of metabolic disorders selected from the group consisting of; or improvement and/or reduction of glycemic control of fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c; or glucose tolerance prevention, slowing, delaying or reversing the progression of abnormal fasting glucose (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), insulin resistance and/or metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes mellitus; or cataracts, and microvascular and macrovascular disease. Prevention of a condition or disorder selected from the group consisting of complications of diabetes mellitus, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, tissue ischemia, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. , slowing down, delaying or treating; or reducing body weight and/or body fat, or preventing an increase in body weight and/or body fat, or promoting a decrease in body weight and/or body fat; or, alternatively, ectopic fat. prevention, slowing, delay or treatment of diseases or conditions due to abnormal accumulation of Prevention, slowing, delaying, or treating new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODAT) and/or post-transplant metabolic syndrome (PTMS); including microvascular and macrovascular diseases and events, graft rejection, infection, and mortality; Prevention, delay, or reduction of NODAT and/or PTMS-related complications; treatment of diabetes associated with cystic fibrosis; treatment of hyperuricemia and hyperuricemia-related conditions; treatment or prevention of kidney stones; hyponatremia used for the treatment of diseases.

[043] Other aspects include combination therapy for modulating fat storage, energy utilization, and/or weight loss in a subject. In representative embodiments, combinations for increasing energy utilization, reducing body fat, or promoting weight loss can include combining the disclosed methods and compositions with procedures or therapies such as: drug therapy, gastric bypass, duodenal jejunal bypass, biliopancreatic diversion, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric banding, vertical transection gastroplasty, intragastric balloon therapy, gastric plication, gastric passage and mill, small intestinal transposition, bile diversion, modulation of brown adipose tissue (e.g., controlled activation, promotion of differentiation, supplemental transplantation, etc.), drug administration, electrical stimulation of nerves innervating at least a portion of the gastrointestinal tract, treatments affecting circadian rhythm, bile acid modulation, intestinal mucus production and metabolism, duodenal intraluminal barrier, or similar treatments of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, the composition dileucine can be administered to a subject prior to, concurrently with, or after a gastric bypass or other gastrointestinal or bariatric procedure.

[044] In certain aspects, administration of the disclosed compositions is effective in preventing and reducing body weight and/or body fat, or preventing weight and/or body fat gain, or promoting weight and/or body fat loss; or preventing, slowing, delaying, or treating a disease or condition resulting from abnormal accumulation of liver fat; or maintaining and/or improving insulin sensitivity, and/or treating or preventing hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance.

[045] An advantage of using the present invention may be that a person is less likely to develop resistance to chemical compositions according to the principles of the present disclosure. That is, a person may not become less sensitive to the induced effects.

[046] In other embodiments, paraxanthine is used for incorporation into a body cream or lotion to produce a cream or lotion for whitening the skin, tightening the skin, and/or improving skin elasticity. Can be used as a topical drug. Paraxanthine topical agents can also be used to promote localized transcutaneous fat reduction. Paraxanthine can also be used in creams or lotions to promote localized metabolic and/or thermogenic enhancement.

[047] Administration of the disclosed compositions to a subject can include any method of providing a pharmaceutical preparation to a subject. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, intranasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ocular administration, intraaural administration, cerebral administration. In addition to intravenous administration, rectal administration, sublingual administration, intradermal administration, and oral administration, parenteral administration including injectable administration such as intravenous administration, intraarterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration is included. Administration can be continuous or intermittent. In various aspects, the preparations can be administered therapeutically; that is, they can be administered to treat an existing disease or condition. In various other aspects, the preparations can be administered prophylactically; ie, for the prevention of a disease or condition.

[048] According to certain embodiments, the disclosed compositions are administered to a subject to promote or enhance grandiosity in the subject. Arrogance is a confident, fearless behavior that is a common characteristic of many successful people, including business leaders, celebrities, and successful athletes. Many people who lack self-confidence and arrogance feel that their personal or professional endeavors are hindered. Therefore, there is a need in the art to identify alternative compounds and mixtures thereof that can provide benefits to confidence and/or arrogance. Also, to provide compounds and mixtures thereof that can be used to provide a variety of benefits, which benefits vary with concentration and therefore require less material to manufacture. is also desirable.

[049] Disclosed herein are methods of increasing grandeur in a subject by providing the subject with a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain aspects, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. In a further aspect, paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.

[050] In certain aspects, the composition further comprises one or more additional active ingredients to further enhance confidence. According to an exemplary embodiment, the one or more additional ingredients include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin B, protein, selenium, quickly digested carbohydrates such as sugars, vitamin K, calcium, vitamin A, and ashwagandha. (Withania somnifera), acetylcholine, acetyl L-carnitine, tyrosine, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, ergothioneine, tryptophan, 5-HTP, arginine, citrulline, norvaline, GABA, dopa (velvet bean), kanna (serotonin), L - Theanine, phosphatidylcholine, α-GPC (L-α glycerylphosphorylcholine), citicoline (cytidine diphosphate choline (CPD choline)), choline bitartrate, Bacopa Monnieri, phosphatidylserine, pilocarpine, and cevimeline Amburana cearensis, Lippia sidoides, Paullinia cupana, Plathymiscium floribundum, tetrahydrocurcumin, and Solanum asperum.
nutritional supplements
[051] The compositions of the present disclosure can take the form of a food supplement, or can be used as such in combination with a food supplement, also referred to herein as a food supplement.

[052] Nutritional supplements can be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gel capsules, liquids or powders. Some food supplements can help ensure adequate dietary intake of essential nutrients, while others can help reduce the risk of disease.
food products
[053] The compositions of the present disclosure can be in the form of food products. Here, the term "food" is used in a broad sense and includes food and beverages for humans as well as food and beverages for animals (ie, feed). Preferably, the food product is suitable for and designed for human consumption.

[054] The food product can be in liquid, solid or suspension form, depending on the use and/or method of application and/or administration.
[055] When in the form of a food product, the composition includes a nutritionally acceptable carrier, a nutritionally acceptable diluent, a nutritionally acceptable excipient, a nutritionally acceptable adjuvant, It may contain or be used in conjunction with one or more of the nutritionally active ingredients.

[056] By way of example, the compositions of the present disclosure may take the form of one of the following: fruit juice; beverages comprising whey protein: health or herbal teas, cocoa beverages, coffee beverages, yogurt and/or drinking yogurt, cheese, ice cream, desserts, confectionery, biscuits, cakes, cake mixes or cake fillings, snack foods, fruit fillings, icings for cakes or donuts, instant bakery filling creams, cookie fillings, ready-to-use bakery fillings, reduced calorie fillings, adult nutritional beverages, acidified soy/juice beverages, nutritional or health bars, beverage powders, calcium fortified soy milk, or calcium fortified coffee beverages.
Food Ingredients
[057] The compositions of the present disclosure may take the form of a food and/or feed ingredient.

[058] As used herein, the term "food ingredient" or "feed ingredient" refers to any additive added to a functional food or food product as a nutritional and/or health supplement for humans and animals. It includes compositions that can be added.

[059] The food ingredients can be in liquid, suspension, or solid form, depending on the use and/or method of application and/or administration.
functional food
[060] The compositions of the present disclosure can be in the form of functional foods.

[061] As used herein, the term "functional food" refers to a food that is not only capable of providing nutritional benefits, but also capable of delivering additional beneficial effects to the consumer.

[062] Accordingly, a functional food is one that contains components or ingredients (such as those described herein) that confer a specific function to the food, such as a medical or physiological benefit, other than a purely nutritional effect. It is a normal food product.

[063] Although there is no legal definition of functional foods, most interested parties in this field believe that they are foods that are marketed as having specific health benefits beyond basic nutritional benefits. I understand.

[064] Some functional foods are nutraceuticals. Here, the term "nutraceutical" refers to foods that can not only provide nutritional benefit and/or taste satisfaction, but also deliver therapeutic (or other beneficial) effects to the consumer. means. Nutraceuticals cross the traditional boundaries between food and medicine.
medical food
[065] The compositions of the present disclosure can be in the form of a medical food.

[066] "Medical food" means a food that is formulated to be consumed or administered with or without the supervision of a physician, and whose specific nutritional requirements have been determined by a medical evaluation based on accepted scientific principles. means a food intended for a specific dietary regimen or condition established by

[067] Various aspects and embodiments of the present invention are defined by the following numbered clauses:
1. A method for promoting weight loss in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
4. The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein weight loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, Garcinia cambogia, yohimbine and bitter orange.
6. The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein weight loss is promoted by suppressing appetite in the subject.
7. The method of clause 6, wherein administration of the composition to the subject suppresses appetite in the subject by at least about 30%.
8. The method of clause 6, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of fenugreek, glucomannan, Gymnema sylvestre, 5-HTP, Caralluma fimbriata, green tea extract, conjugated linoleic acid, Garcinia cambogia, and Yerba mate.
9. The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein weight loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in the subject.
10. The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein weight loss is promoted by increasing resting energy expenditure in the subject.
11. The method of clause 10, wherein administering the composition to the subject reduces respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%.
12. The method of clause 10, wherein resting energy expenditure in the subject is increased by at least about 15%.
13. The method of clause 9, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptide, and octacosanol.
14. The method of any of clauses 1-13, further comprising restricting the subject's caloric intake.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the amount of weight loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with a comparable caloric restriction.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the ratio of fat loss to muscle loss in the subject is greater than the ratio in a subject not provided with the composition but with comparable caloric restriction.
17. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the subject is not administered caffeine.
18. A method for promoting fat loss in a subject, comprising providing to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
21. The method of any of clauses 18 to 20, wherein the subject is not administered caffeine.
22. The method of any of clauses 18-20, wherein fat loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, Garcinia cambogia, yohimbine, and bitter orange.
24. The method of any of clauses 18-20, wherein fat loss is promoted by suppressing appetite in the subject.
25. The method of clause 24, wherein administration of the composition to a subject suppresses appetite in the subject by at least about 30%.
26. The method of any of clauses 18-20, wherein administering the composition to a subject reduces respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%.
27. The method of clause 24, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of fenugreek, glucomannan, Gymnema sylvestre, 5-HTP, Caralluma fimbriata, green tea extract, conjugated linoleic acid, Garcinia cambogia, and Yerba mate.
28. The method of any of clauses 18-20, wherein fat loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in the subject.
29. The method of clause 28, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptide, and octacosanol.
30. The method of any of clauses 1-29, further comprising restricting the subject's caloric intake.
31. The method of clause 30, wherein the amount of fat loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with comparable caloric restriction.
32. The method of clause 30, wherein the ratio of fat loss to muscle loss in the subject is greater than the ratio in a subject not provided with the composition but with comparable caloric restriction.
33. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 32, wherein the paraxanthine is derived from a natural source.
34. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 33, wherein paraxanthine is synthetic.
35. A method for suppressing appetite in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
38. The method of clause 35, wherein administration of the composition reduces appetite in the subject by at least about 30%.
39. A method for enhancing lipolysis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
42. The method of any of clauses 1-41, wherein the subject is overweight.
43. The method of clause 42, wherein the subject is obese.
44. A nutritional supplement for promoting weight loss, comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine and a nutraceutical acceptable carrier thereof.
45. The nutritional supplement of clause 44, wherein paraxanthine is present in an amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
46. The nutritional supplement of clause 45, wherein the paraxanthine is present in an amount from about 50 mg to about 400 mg of paraxanthine.
47. The nutritional supplement of clause 44, wherein the nutritional supplement is a food supplement in the form of a powder or capsule.
48. The nutritional supplement of clause 44, wherein the nutritional supplement is a functional food in the form of a beverage, a nutritional bar, yogurt or cereal.
49. The nutritional supplement of clauses 40-32, wherein the nutritional supplement promotes weight loss by enhancing thermogenesis in a subject.
50. The nutritional supplement of clauses 44-49, wherein the nutritional supplement promotes weight loss by suppressing appetite in a subject.
51. The nutritional supplement of clauses 44-49, wherein the nutritional supplement promotes weight loss by increasing resting energy expenditure.
52. The nutritional supplement of clauses 44-51, wherein the nutritional supplement promotes weight loss by reducing body fat in a subject.
53. The nutritional supplement of clause 52, which reduces body fat through thermogenesis.
54. The nutritional supplement of clause 53, which reduces body fat by increasing lipolysis.
55. A method for increasing grandiosity in a subject, comprising providing to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine.
56. The method of clause 55, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
57. The method of clause 56, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
58. The composition may be selected from the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, protein, selenium, fast-digesting carbohydrates such as sugars, vitamin K, calcium, vitamin A, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), acetylcholine, acetyl L-carnitine, tyrosine, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, ergothioneine, tryptophan, 5-HTP, arginine, citrulline, norvaline, GABA, dopa (velvet bean), kanna (serotonin), L-theanine, phosphatidylcholine, alpha-GPC (L-alpha glyceryl phosphorylcholine), citicoline (cytidine diphosphate choline (CPD choline)), choline bitartrate, Bacopa Monnieri, phosphatidylserine, pilocarpine, and cevimeline. 58. The method of any of clauses 55-57, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of Plathymiscium cupana, Plathymiscium floribundum, curcuminoids, caffeine, creatine, and Solanum asperum.
59. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 58, wherein the paraxanthine is derived from a natural source.
60. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 59, wherein paraxanthine is synthetic.
61. A nutritional supplement for enhancing grandeur, comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine and a nutraceutical acceptable carrier thereof.
62. The nutritional supplement of clause 61, wherein paraxanthine is present in an amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg.
63. The nutritional supplement of clause 61, wherein paraxanthine is present in an amount from about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
64. The nutritional supplement of any of clauses 61-63, wherein the nutritional supplement is a food supplement.
65. The nutritional supplement of clause 64, wherein the dietary supplement is a powder or a capsule.
66. The nutritional supplement of any of clauses 61-63, wherein the nutritional supplement is a functional food.
67. The nutritional supplement of clause 66, wherein the functional food is a beverage, a nutritional bar, a yogurt, or a cereal.
68. In addition, Omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, Vitamin B, protein, selenium, fast-digesting carbohydrates, Vitamin K, calcium, Vitamin A, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Acetylcholine, Acetyl L-carnitine, Tyrosine, N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine, Ergothioneine, Tryptophan, 5-HTP, Arginine, Citrulline, Norvaline, GABA, Dopa (Velvet Bean), Kanna (Serotonin), L-Theanine, Phosphatidylcholine, α-GPC (L-α Glyceryl Phosphorylcholine), Citicoline (Cytidine Diphosphate Choline (CPD Choline)), Choline Bitartrate, Bacopa Monnieri, Phosphatidylserine, Pilocarpine, and Cevimeline Amburana cearensis, Lippia sidoides, Paullinia 64. The nutritional supplement of any of clauses 61-63, comprising one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of: C. cupana, Plathymiscium floribundum, curcuminoids, caffeine, creatine, and Solanum asperum.
69. The nutritional supplement of any of clauses 61-68, wherein the paraxanthine is derived from a natural source.
70. The nutritional supplement of any of clauses 61-68, wherein the paraxanthine is synthetic.

[068] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which illustrates and describes exemplary embodiments of the disclosed compositions, systems, and methods. It will be. As will be appreciated, the disclosed compositions, systems and methods may be modified in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as limiting.

[069] The following examples provide those skilled in the art with a complete disclosure and description of specific examples of how to make and evaluate the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein. and are intended to be purely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors consider to be their invention. However, those skilled in the art, in view of this disclosure, may make many changes to the specific embodiments disclosed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and still obtain similar results. You should understand that
Example 1
appetite method
[070] Two participants were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over manner to determine baseline appetite by visual analog scale (VAS). ) or a 100 mg dose of paraxanthine (PX), 300 mg PX, 200 mg caffeine (CA), or 200 mg PX + 200 mg CA. All supplements were taken orally with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water. For all interventions, the order of administration was randomized using randomization software to ensure randomization and avoid order effects. After ingestion, participants completed all assessments in an identical manner at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingesting their assigned supplement. All study visits occurred between 600 and 1000 hours. There is a rest period of at least 72 hours between each condition.
Results Subject characteristics

[071] 100 mg PX and 300 mg PX reduced average appetite by 38.5% and 43.1%, respectively, compared to placebo and showed a greater reduction in appetite compared to CA. 200 mg of CA showed a very slight decrease in appetite of 2.4% compared to placebo. The minimal effect of caffeine was significantly increased by the addition of 200 mg PX, as ingestion of 200 mg PX + 200 mg CA showed a 17.4% appetite reduction.

[072] Visual analog scale of appetite

Example 2
Fat burning: breathing method
[073] In determining the baseline respiratory quotient (RQ = VCO ₂ /VO ₂ ), two participants were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover manner to determine the (maltodextrin) or 100 mg of paraxanthine (PX). All supplements were taken orally with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water. For all interventions, the order of administration was randomized using randomization software to ensure randomization and avoid order effects. After ingestion, participants completed all assessments in an identical manner at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingesting their assigned supplement. All study visits occurred between 600 and 1000 hours. There was a rest period of at least 72 hours between each condition.
result
[074] The lower the RQ, the more fat is oxidized for the body's energy needs. The closer it is to 1.0, the more carbohydrates are burned for energy needs. The lower the number, the more fat is oxidized. PX reduced respiratory quotient by more than 10% and increased fatty acid oxidation ("fat burning") compared to placebo.

respiratory quotient

Example 3
Weight loss, energy expenditure (PX)
Method
[075] In determining baseline resting energy expenditure, two participants were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design to receive 100 mg of a no-effect placebo (maltodextrin). of paraxanthine (PX), 200 mg of PX, or 300 mg of PX. All supplements were taken orally with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water. For all interventions, the order of administration was randomized using randomization software to ensure randomization and avoid order effects. After ingestion, participants completed all assessments in an identical manner at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingesting their assigned supplement. All study visits occurred between 600 and 1000 hours. There was a rest period of at least 72 hours between each condition.
result
[076] PX supplementation dose-dependently increased resting energy expenditure by 9.7 to 16.9%, from 186 to 304 kcal/day.

Resting energy expenditure

Example 4
Weight loss, energy expenditure (PX+CA)
Method
[077] In an experiment identical to Example 3, two participants were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over fashion to receive either 200 mg caffeine + 200 mg placebo (maltodextrin), or They were given 200 mg of caffeine + 200 mg of PX. All supplements were taken orally with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water.
result:
[078] Coadministration of 200 mg PX and 200 mg CA increased resting energy expenditure by an average of 168 kcal/day (+9%) over CA (+166 kcal/day in male subjects and +170 kcal/day in female subjects). ).
Example 5
arrogance method
[079] Two participants were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over manner to determine baseline arrogance and self-confidence using visual analogue scales (VAS) to determine the effectiveness of a placebo with no effect. (maltodextrin) or a 100 mg dose of paraxanthine (PX), or a 200 mg dose of caffeine (CA). All supplements were taken orally with 8 fluid ounces of cold tap water. For all interventions, the order of administration was randomized using randomization software to ensure randomization and avoid order effects. After ingestion, participants completed all assessments in an identical manner at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after ingesting their assigned supplement. All study visits occurred between 600 and 1000 hours. There was a rest period of at least 72 hours between each condition.
result
[080] Taking 100 mg of PX increased grandiosity by 21% over placebo and 26% over taking 200 mg of caffeine. Neither 100 mg PX nor 200 mg CA were able to increase confidence.

Visual analog scale of arrogance

[081] Visual analog scale of confidence

Example 6
arrogance
[082] A 51-year-old man consumed 100 mg of paraxanthine. reported a significant increase in arrogance at work and during team sports. I felt a palpable sense of energetic power, and my bold and fearless behavior increased.

[083] A 44-year-old female nurse who plays beach volleyball twice a week was made to consume 200 mg of paraxanthin. They reported an increase in arrogance and a feeling of unwavering self-confidence.
[084] A 46-year-old man trains 4 to 5 times a week and may use coffee or energy drinks before training and coffee, energy drinks, or diet soda in the afternoon. This male subject consumed 400 mg of paraxanthine. reported a significant increase in arrogance.

[085] A 52-year-old man who plays soccer twice a week consumed 50 mg of paraxanthine daily for two weeks. They report an increase in arrogance on and off the pitch, resulting in greater confidence in their skills and scoring more goals.

[086] Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed devices, systems and methods. Will.

Claims (35)

A method for promoting weight loss in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg. The method of claim 1, wherein weight loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, garcinia cambogia, yohimbine, and soybean daisy. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein weight loss is facilitated by suppressing appetite in the subject, and administering the composition to the subject suppresses appetite in the subject by at least about 30%. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein weight loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in the subject. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein administering the composition to the subject reduces respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein resting energy expenditure in the subject is increased by at least about 15%. The composition includes caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptide, catechol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), catechin, and proanthocyanidin. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of and octacosanol. further includes restricting the caloric intake of the subject, the amount of weight loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction; 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of fat loss to muscle loss is greater than the ratio in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein caffeine is not administered to the subject. A method for suppressing appetite in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein administering the composition reduces appetite in the subject by at least about 30%. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein caffeine is not administered to the subject. A method for increasing grandeur in a subject, the method comprising providing the subject with a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg. The composition includes omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin B, protein, selenium, quickly digested carbohydrates such as sugars, vitamin K, calcium, vitamin A, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), acetylcholine, acetyl L-carnitine, and tyrosine. , N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, ergothioneine, tryptophan, 5-HTP, arginine, citrulline, norvaline, GABA, dopa (velvet bean), kanna, L-theanine, phosphatidylcholine, α-GPC (L-αglycerylphosphorylcholine), Citicoline (choline cytidine diphosphate (CPD choline)), choline bitartrate, Bacopa Monnieri, phosphatidylserine, pilocarpine, and cevimeline Amburana cearensis, Lippia sidoides, Paullinia cupana, Plathymiscium From floribundum, curcuminoids, caffeine, creatine, and Solanum asperum 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the list. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein administering the composition to the subject increases grandiosity in the subject by at least about 20%. A method for promoting fat loss in a subject, the method comprising providing the subject with a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 20 mg to about 600 mg. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein paraxanthine is present in the composition in an amount of about 50 mg to about 400 mg. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein caffeine is not administered to the subject. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein fat loss is promoted by inducing thermogenesis in the subject. 26. The composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea, capsaicin, garcinia cambogia, yohimbine, catechol, EGCG, catechins, and proanthocyanidins and octacosanol and radish. the method of. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein fat loss is promoted by suppressing appetite in the subject. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein administering the composition to the subject suppresses appetite in the subject by at least about 30%. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein administering the composition to the subject reduces respiratory quotient in the subject by at least about 10%. The composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of fenugreek, glucomannan, Gymnema sylvestre, 5-HTP, Caralluma fimbriata, green tea extract, conjugated linoleic acid, Garcinia cambogia, and Yerba mate 28. The method of claim 27. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein fat loss is promoted by enhancing lipolysis in the subject. The composition further comprises one or more compounds selected from the list consisting of caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptide, and octacosanol. 32. The method of claim 31. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising restricting the subject's caloric intake. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the amount of fat loss in the subject is greater than the amount in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the ratio of fat loss to muscle loss in the subject is greater than the ratio in a subject not provided with the composition but with equivalent caloric restriction.