JP2023113468A - Feed for fish or crustaceans - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide aquaculture feed for fish or crustaceans.SOLUTION: Feed for fish or crustaceans contains: at least one selected from a group consisting of nucleotide and amino acid; vegetable protein; and carotenoid.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

The present invention relates to fish or crustacean feed containing carotenoids. Specifically, the present invention provides a fish or crustacean feed containing at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, a vegetable protein, and a carotenoid, and the growth of fish or crustaceans using the feed. It relates to a method of stimulating or increasing weight.

The main protein source used in fish farming feed is fishmeal. Fishmeal, which is obtained by drying and pulverizing fish such as anchovy and Japanese jack mackerel, is used as aquaculture feed.

In recent years, there have been concerns about a shortage of fishmeal supply and soaring fishmeal prices. Globally, per capita consumption of edible seafood has approximately doubled over the past half century, and the pace has not slowed down in recent years (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2020 Fisheries White Paper). The supply shortage and soaring price of fishmeal are caused by the decrease in the amount of fish, which is the raw material for fishmeal, as the fishery resources are decreasing due to the increase in demand for fishmeal.

In addition, an environmental problem may occur in which biodiversity is impaired due to overfishing of fish, which is the raw material of fishmeal.

Efforts are being made to develop feed for sustainable aquaculture in line with such concerns and environmental issues.

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries FY2020 Fisheries White Paper

An object of the present invention is to provide a fish or crustacean aquaculture feed and a fish or crustacean aquaculture method using the feed.

The present inventor conducted extensive research and found a feed for fish or crustaceans with a reduced content of fishmeal. That is, the present invention includes the following.
[1]
A feed for fish or crustaceans, comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, a vegetable protein, and a carotenoid.
[2]
The feed according to [1], wherein the nucleotide is a tasty nucleotide.
[3]
The feed according to [1] or [2], wherein the nucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of inosinic acid, guanylic acid and xanthylic acid.
[4]
The amino acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of alanine, proline, glutamic acid, taurine, leucine, histidine, lysine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, arginine, proline and methionine [1] to [3] Feed according to any one of the paragraphs.
[5]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the vegetable protein is a soybean-derived protein.
[6]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein the carotenoid contains astaxanthin.
[7]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the carotenoid contains 1 to 150 ppm of astaxanthin relative to the feed.
[8]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein the carotenoid is derived from bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus.
[9]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein the content of animal protein sources in the feed is 10% (w/w) or less.
[10]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [9], which does not contain fishmeal.
[11]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [10], wherein the fish belongs to the order Perciformes.
[12]
The feed according to [11], wherein the fish belonging to the order Perciformes is tuna, grouper, red sea bream, yellowtail or greater amberjack.
[13]
The feed according to any one of [1] to [12] for stimulating the growth of fish or crustaceans.
[14]
A method for increasing the body weight of fish or crustaceans using the feed according to any one of [1] to [12].
[15]
A method for deepening the skin, shell or meat of fish or crustaceans using the feed according to any one of [1] to [12].

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a feed for fish or crustaceans having a reduced content of fishmeal is provided. The feed provided by the present invention can be used as feed for sustainable aquaculture because it can contain less fishmeal than conventional feed.
In another aspect of the invention, a fish or crustacean feed for stimulating the growth of a fish or crustacean and a method for increasing the body weight of a fish or crustacean are provided.
In another aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method of deepening fish or crustacean skin, shell or meat.

The present invention will be described in detail below.
1. Feed of the Present Invention The feed of the present invention is a feed or feed composition for fish or crustaceans containing at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, a vegetable protein and a carotenoid. The feed of the present invention can be used for fish or crustacean farming.

The present invention provides a feed that utilizes a vegetable protein as a protein to be added to a feed for fish or crustaceans, wherein the feed further contains at least one additive selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids and a carotenoid. , fish or crustaceans. The feed of the present invention was shown in the Examples to have feed efficiency equal to or greater than that of the conventional feed. Therefore, the feed of the invention can be used to stimulate or promote the growth of fish or crustaceans.

The feed of the present invention may have a reduced animal protein content compared to conventional feeds. The feed of the present invention may contain less animal protein than is to be contained in a typical fish or crustacean feed, or may contain no animal protein. . The animal protein contained in the feed can be, for example, protein from fish, crustaceans, insects, birds or mammals.

Feeds for fish or crustaceans usually use fishmeal as the animal protein source. In one aspect of the present invention, the feed of the present invention may contain fishmeal, although the amount of fishmeal may be reduced compared to conventional feeds. The feed of the present invention may contain less fishmeal than is to be contained in typical fish or crustacean feeds. In another aspect, the feed of the present invention does not contain fishmeal. In yet another aspect, the feed of the present invention may be used with fishmeal.

"Animal protein that should be contained in general fish or crustacean feed" or "Fishmeal that should be contained in general fish or crustacean feed" Animal protein or fishmeal containing the minimum amount of animal protein or fishmeal that does not lead to reduced growth under conditions that do not contain vegetable protein, nucleotides and amino acids, and carotenoids, compared to feeding fish or crustaceans using a diet of Say.

The content of animal protein in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and growth stage (for example, juvenile stage, adult stage). The animal protein content in the feed of the present invention can be reduced compared to conventional feeds by adjusting the content of animal protein sources. The content of the animal protein source in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 50% (w/w) or less, 40% (w/w) or less, 30% (w/w) or less, 25% (w/w) or less. , 20% (w/w) or less, 15% (w/w) or less, 10% (w/w) or less, 5% (w/w) or less, 0% (w/w).

The content of animal protein sources in the feed of the present invention is preferably 10% (w/w) or less.

The content of fishmeal in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and growth stage (for example, juvenile stage, adult stage). The content of fishmeal in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 60% (w/w) or less, 50% (w/w) or less, 40% (w/w) or less, 30% (w/w) or less, 20% (w/w) or less, 10% (w/w) or less, 5% (w/w) or less, 0% (w/w) or less. In addition, the content of fishmeal in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 0% (w/w) or more, 5% (w/w) or more, 10% (w/w) or more, 20% (w/w) or more, It may be 30% (w/w) or more, or 40% (w/w) or more. Fishmeal can be included in the feed as an animal protein source.

In the present invention, the type of fish or crustacean is not particularly limited. Examples of fish include yellowtail (yellowtail), red sea bream, amberjack, tuna, tiger puffer, flounder, striped trevally, Japanese trevally, amberjack, striped bream, filefish, rockfish, sea bass, black bream, grunt, croaker, eel, chub mackerel, grouper, longtooth grouper, eel, Examples include catfish, sweetfish, sea bass, rainbow trout, carp, Pacific salmon, coho salmon, and trout salmon. Crustaceans include, for example, tiger prawns, vannamei prawns, bull prawns, white leg shrimps, crab crabs, and Shanghai crabs. In the present invention, grouper may be grouper. Also, the tuna may be bluefin tuna.

In the present invention, the fish is preferably a fish belonging to Perciformes. Examples of fish belonging to the order Perciformes include, but are not limited to, tuna, grouper, red sea bream, yellowtail, and greater amberjack.

In the present invention, the vegetable protein is not particularly limited as long as it is used for culturing fish or crustaceans. For example, proteins derived from soybeans (eg, concentrated soy protein, soybean meal, etc.), corn (eg, corn gluten meal), rapeseed (rapeseed meal), barley, wheat, and rice can be used. In the present invention, the vegetable protein is preferably soybean-derived protein.

As the vegetable protein, a commercially available product may be used, or one obtained by appropriately producing may be used. A method for producing a vegetable protein is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.

The content of vegetable protein in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and growth stage (for example, juvenile stage, adult stage). The content of vegetable protein in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 10% (w/w) or more, 20% (w/w) or more, 30% (w/w) or more, 40% (w/w) or more, It may be 50% (w/w) or more, 60% (w/w) or more, or 70% (w/w) or more. In addition, the content of vegetable protein in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 80% or less, 70% (w/w) or less, 60% (w/w) or less, 50% (w/w) or less, 40% ( w/w) or 30% (w/w) or less.

In the present invention, amino acids can be added as appropriate depending on the amino acid composition constituting the vegetable protein and the type of fish or crustacean. If the amino acid composition of the vegetable protein is insufficient compared to that of the fishmeal, the relevant amino acids should be included in the feed. For example, when the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine contained in vegetable protein is lower than that of fishmeal, growth promotion is expected by adding methionine and cysteine to the feed. For example, since soybeans often lack methionine, lysine, and tryptophan, methionine, lysine, and tryptophan may be added when soybean-derived protein is used. Since corn is often deficient in lysine and tryptophan, lysine and tryptophan may be added when using a protein derived from corn.
In addition, in the present invention, amino acids can be added as appropriate depending on the type of fish or crustacean. Amino acids may be added to feed according to the characteristics of amino acid-metabolizing enzymes and amino-acid-producing enzymes possessed by fish or crustaceans. For example, fish such as yellowtail and crustaceans cannot metabolize methionine to taurine, so taurine may be added to the feed.

The amino acids include at least one selected from the group consisting of alanine, proline, glutamic acid, taurine, leucine, histidine, lysine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, arginine, proline, methionine and cysteine. Examples of the amino acid include one or more selected from alanine, proline, lysine, methionine, glutamic acid and taurine. Amino acids may be in L-form, D-form or racemic form.

In the present invention, nucleotides can be added as appropriate. Nucleotides used in the present invention are preferably tasty nucleotides. Tasty nucleotides include, for example, inosinic acid, guanylic acid and xanthylic acid. By adding taste-appetizing nucleotides to the feed, it is expected that the feedability of fish will be stimulated and growth promotion (weight gain) will be promoted. Succinic acid may be included in the feed for the purpose of stimulating the feedability of the fish.

The number of phosphates attached to a nucleotide is not limited, eg 1, 2 or 3.

In the present invention, a purine nucleotide having one phosphate bound to the 5'-position of ribose and -OH at the 6-position is preferred.

Commercially available nucleotides and amino acids may be used, or those obtained by appropriate production may be used.

Methods for producing nucleotides or amino acids are not particularly limited, and known methods can be used. For example, nucleotides or amino acids can be produced by chemical synthesis, enzymatic reactions, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, for example, nucleotides or amino acids can be produced by culturing microorganisms capable of producing nucleotides or amino acids and recovering the nucleotides or amino acids from the culture. In addition, for example, nucleotides or amino acids can be produced by recovering from agricultural and livestock products containing nucleotides or amino acids.

The content of nucleotides in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and the growth stage (eg juvenile stage, adult stage). The content of nucleotides in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 0.1% (w/w) to 5% (w/w), 0.5% to 5% (w/w), 1% to 5% (w/w /w) or 1.5% to 3% (w/w).

The content of amino acids in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and growth stage (for example, juvenile stage, adult stage). The content of amino acids in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 0.1% (w/w) to 10% (w/w), 1% to 10% (w/w), 2% to 10% (w/w ), 3%-10% (w/w), 4%-10% (w/w) or 5%-10% (w/w).

The carotenoids contained in the feed of the present invention may be chemically synthesized synthetic carotenoids, or may be naturally derived carotenoids from animals, plants, microorganisms, and the like. Those skilled in the art can produce carotenoids by known methods such as chemical synthesis methods or methods using microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast. Carotenoids may be purified products or partially produced products. Incorporation of carotenoids in the feed of the present invention is expected to promote growth (weight gain) by reducing in vivo oxidation and stimulating immunity. In addition, by adding carotenoids to the feed of the present invention, it is expected that the skin, shell or meat of fish or crustaceans will be colored.

As the carotenoid, a commercially available product may be used, or an appropriately produced carotenoid may be used. Commercially available synthetic carotenoids include CAROPHYLL® Pink (DSM), Lucantin® Pink (BASF), and the like.

In the present invention, carotenoids derived from carotenoid-producing microorganisms can be used. Carotenoid-producing microorganisms are not particularly limited as long as they are carotenoid-producing microorganisms, and include green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus, bacteria belonging to the genus Brevundimonas, and Erythrobacter. (Erythrobacter) bacteria belonging to the genus. In the present invention, bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus, bacteria belonging to the genus Blebundimonas, or bacteria belonging to the genus Erythrobacter are preferably used, and bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus are more preferably used. The genera Paracoccus, Blebundimonas, and Erythrobacter are all classified into the phylum Proteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, and since there is commonality in bacterial taxonomy, bacteria belonging to these genera can be used.

In the present invention, carotenoids derived from bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus can be preferably used.

In the present invention, Paracoccus carotinifaciens, Paracoccus marcusii, Paracoccus haeundaensis and Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens are preferably used as bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus, and Paracoccus carotinifaciens is particularly preferably used.

Examples of specific strains of bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus include Paracoccus carotinifaciens E-396 strain (FERM BP-4283) and Paracoccus bacterium A-581-1 strain (FERM BP-4671). is also preferably used in the present invention. Examples of carotenoid-producing bacteria belonging to the genus Brevundimonas include Brevundimonas SD212 strain (JP 2009-27995), Brevundimonas FERM P-20515, 20516 strain (JP 2006-340676), Brevundimonas vesicularis (Gene, Vol.379, p. 101-108, 1 Sep 2006). Examples of carotenoid-producing bacteria belonging to the genus Erythrobacter include Erythrobacter JPCC M species (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-259452), Erythrobacter JPCC O species (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-259449), and the like.

In the present invention, the carotenoid-producing bacterium is preferably a bacterium having substantially the same base sequence as the 16S ribosomal RNA of E-396 strain. Here, "substantially identical" means that the nucleotide sequence is preferably 90% or more, 95% or more, more preferably 96% or more, further preferably 97%, considering the error frequency etc. in determining the base sequence. It means homology of 98% or more, particularly preferably 99% or more, particularly preferably 99% or more. Identity/homology can be determined by gene analysis software Clustal W, for example.

In recent years, the classification method of microorganisms based on the identity/homology of the base sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA has become mainstream. Conventional methods of classifying microorganisms are based on conventional mycological properties such as motility, auxotrophy, and sugar assimilation. There were cases where it was classified as On the other hand, since the nucleotide sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA is genetically stable, the classification method based on its identity/homology has significantly improved classification reliability compared to conventional classification methods.

Nucleotide sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA of Paracoccus carotinifaciens strain E-396 and other carotenoid-producing bacteria such as Paracoccus marcusii DSM 11574 strain, Paracoccus genus N-81106 strain, Paracoccus haeundaensis BC 74171 strain, Paracoccus genus A-581- 1 strain, Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens ATCC 21588 strain, and Paracoccus sp. , 95.7%, and 95.4%, indicating that these strains are taxonomically very closely related. Therefore, it can be said that these strains form a group of carotenoid-producing bacteria. Therefore, these strains are preferably used in the present invention and can efficiently enhance carotenoids.

In the present invention, a carotenoid-producing microorganism is appropriately cultured, and the resulting culture can be used as the carotenoid. Any method for culturing the microorganism may be used as long as it is capable of producing carotenoids, and a person skilled in the art can appropriately select and change the method from known methods. Those skilled in the art can further concentrate, dry, pulverize, extract or purify the culture based on known techniques, and use the resulting precipitated concentrate, dried bacterial cells, extracts or purified products, or combinations thereof as carotenoids. can be used in the present invention as

In the present invention, a commercial product can also be used as the dried cells of a carotenoid-producing microorganism. Examples of such commercial products include Panaferd-P and Panaferd-AX (ENEOS Corporation).

Carotenoids preferably include astaxanthin. In the present invention, the type of carotenoid contained in the carotenoid-producing microorganism is not particularly limited as long as it contains astaxanthin, and may contain adonirubin, adonixanthin, and the like.

In addition, the amount of carotenoid contained in the carotenoid-producing microorganism of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, the content of astaxanthin in the microorganism is 0.005-20%, preferably 0.01-10%, more preferably 0.1-5%. Further, the content of adonirbin in microorganisms is, for example, 0.001 to 7%, preferably 0.03 to 4%, more preferably 0.3 to 2%, and the content of adonixanthin in microorganisms is, for example, 0.0001 to 2%. , preferably 0.001 to 1%, more preferably 0.01 to 0.5%. Further, for example, the content of astaxanthin in dry cells is 0.05-20%, preferably 0.1-10%, more preferably 0.5-5%, and most preferably 1-3%. The content of adonibin in dry cells is, for example, 0.01 to 7%, preferably 0.03 to 4%, more preferably 0.2 to 3%, and most preferably 0.5 to 2%. The content in dry cells is, for example, 0.005-2%, preferably 0.01-1%, more preferably 0.05-0.5%, and most preferably 0.1-0.3%.

The content of carotenoids in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and growth stage (for example, juvenile stage, adult stage). The content of carotenoids in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 0.01% (w/w) to 5% (w/w), 0.01% to 1% (w/w), 0.01% to 0.5%. It may be 5% (w/w) or 0.05% to 0.3% (w/w).

The content of astaxanthin in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean and growth stage (for example, juvenile stage, adult stage). The content of astaxanthin in the feed of the present invention is, for example, 0.1 to 2000 ppm, 0.5 to 1500 ppm, 0.5 to 1000 ppm, 1 to 500 ppm, 1 to 150 ppm, 10 to 150 ppm, 1 to 100 ppm, 10 to 100 ppm, or It may be 50-100 ppm. In one aspect, astaxanthin is contained in the feed at 1-150 ppm or 1-100 ppm. In the present invention, a carotenoid containing astaxanthin in the above content can be used in the feed.

As described above, amino acids and nucleotides can be used as additives in the present invention. The composition of the feed of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the feed of the present invention contains at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, vegetable protein and carotenoid, and can be ingested by fish or crustaceans. .

The types of components contained in the feed of the present invention can be appropriately selected according to various conditions such as the type and growth stage of the target fish or crustacean. For example, the feed of the present invention contains at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, vegetable proteins, and carotenoids, as well as components similar to those contained in ordinary fish or crustacean feeds. You may have Specific examples of ingredients for ordinary fish or crustacean feed include fish meal, fish oil, vitamin mixtures, mineral mixtures, metals, basic substances, calcium phosphate, wheat flour, wheat gluten, α-starch, binding agents, and bone meal. , yeast, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and the like.

Additionally, the amount of fish oil may be adjusted in the feed of the present invention. For example, if the feed of the present invention contains no fishmeal or a low content of fishmeal, the amount of fish oil can be increased over the normal feed. Alternatively, the amount of fish oil can be reduced from the normal feed amount as long as sufficient growth promotion is possible.

The feed of the present invention is produced by combining other ingredients so as to contain vegetable proteins, amino acids or nucleotides and carotenoids. The method for producing the feed of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, the feed of the present invention can be produced by using the same ingredients as those of the above-described conventional feed for fish or crustaceans, except that vegetable proteins, amino acids or nucleotides, and carotenoids are added, and by the same method. can be done.

In addition, the form of the feed of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is ingested by target fish or crustaceans. That is, the feed of the present invention may be in any form such as powder, granules, pellets, cubes, paste and liquid. The feed of the present invention may be formed, for example, as pellets such as dry pellets and moist pellets. Further excipients such as thickeners can be added based on the form.

The present invention includes a feed composition containing at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, a vegetable protein, and a carotenoid. In one aspect of the invention, the feed composition of the invention can be used for fish or crustaceans. Also, in another aspect of the present invention, the feed composition of the present invention is used for preventing or reducing reduced growth of fish or crustaceans, stimulating or promoting growth of fish or crustaceans, or skin, shell or meat can be used for frying.

The feed or feed composition of the present invention can be fed to fish or crustaceans to cultivate fish or crustaceans. "Feeding the feed (or feed composition) of the present invention" is not limited to feeding the previously prepared feed of the present invention, but when feeding a combination of the ingredients contained in the feed of the present invention described above. including. For example, the ingredients may be prepared individually before compounding and mixed before or during feeding, or each may be fed separately.

The feed of the present invention may be fed once or several times a day. Alternatively, the feed of the present invention may be fed once every few days. The feeding amount of the feed of the invention at each feeding may be constant or may vary. The feeding amount of the feed of the present invention is not particularly limited. A person skilled in the art can make appropriate adjustments based on the type of fish or crustacean, the body of the fish, and the breeding method. The composition of the feed of the invention at each feeding may be constant or may vary. The content of vegetable protein, nucleotides or amino acids and carotenoids in the feed of the invention at each feeding may be constant or may vary.

The feeding method of the feed of the present invention can be appropriately selected depending on the type of fish, growth rate, water temperature, and the like. For example, manual feeding may be used, or mechanical feeding such as feeding by boat or automatic feeding may be used. Also, one skilled in the art can adjust the amount and timing of feeding based on the energy requirements of the fish and the like.

The period during which the feed of the present invention is fed can be appropriately selected according to various conditions such as the type of target fish or crustacean. The feed of the present invention may be continuously fed during the entire period of aquaculture, or may be fed only during a part of the period. Moreover, the feed of the present invention may be repeatedly fed and interrupted for any period of time. The period of feeding the feed of the present invention is not limited, but may be, for example, 1 to 12 months or 1 to 4 months, and may be about 1 month or about 2 months. The “partial period” may be, for example, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 50% or more, 70% or more, or 90% or more of the entire culture period.

Fish or crustacean farming can be carried out by a conventional method for raising fish or crustacean except feeding the feed of the present invention. Aquaculture can be carried out, for example, in fish cages on the sea or water tanks on land. In addition, aquaculture includes aquaculture that only produces juvenile fish and aquaculture that produces parent fish.

Fish or crustaceans cultivated using the feed of the present invention can be collected from aquaculture environments such as fish cages on the sea and aquaria on land. Recovery can be carried out by a conventionally known method.

2. Use and method of the feed of the present invention In one aspect of the present invention, by feeding the feed of the present invention to cultivate fish or crustaceans, the amount of animal protein or fishmeal in the feed is reduced. , fish or crustacean feed efficiency can be increased. By feeding the feed of the present invention, the amount of animal protein or fishmeal is reduced, and the feed efficiency of fish or crustaceans is increased compared to feeding a feed to which no carotenoid is added. can be done. Therefore, one aspect of the method of the present invention is a method of increasing the feed efficiency of a feed having a reduced amount of animal protein or fishmeal in the feed, comprising feeding the feed of the present invention to fish or crustaceans. be.

In another aspect of the present invention, feeding the feed of the present invention to farm the fish or crustacean to increase the feed efficiency of the fish or crustacean when vegetable protein is added to the feed. can be done. Feeding the feed of the present invention increases the feed efficiency of fish or crustaceans compared to feeding a feed containing the same amount of vegetable protein as the feed of the present invention, but without added carotenoids. be able to. Accordingly, one aspect of the method of the present invention is a method of increasing the feed efficiency of a feed containing plant protein comprising feeding a feed of the present invention to a fish or crustacean.

In another aspect of the present invention, the feed efficiency of fish or crustaceans can be increased by feeding the feed of the present invention to farm fish or crustaceans. By feeding the feed of the present invention, the feed efficiency of fish or crustaceans can be increased as compared to feeding normal feed. Accordingly, another aspect of the method of the present invention is a method of increasing the feed efficiency of a feed comprising feeding the feed of the present invention to a fish or crustacean.

Increased feed efficiency includes, for example, fish or crustaceans reaching a given size or weight faster than a control or reaching a given size or weight with less feed than a control. Feed efficiency can be evaluated by FCR (feed conversion ratio). FCR is also called a meat gain factor, and means the amount of feed (kg) required to obtain 1 kg of fish meat. A smaller FCR value indicates that a smaller amount of feed is used to effectively increase the body weight of the fish.
FCR is calculated by dividing the feed amount per fish by the weight gain. The FCR is also called a meat gain factor, and the smaller the FCR value, the more efficiently the body weight of the fish increases with a smaller amount of feed.

In addition, since the feed of the present invention can increase feed efficiency, it prevents the growth of fish or crustaceans from being reduced by reducing the amount of animal protein or fish meal in the feed or by adding vegetable protein. or can be reduced. Therefore, one aspect of the feed of the present invention can be an agent for preventing or reducing growth deterioration of fish or crustaceans. The present invention also includes a method for preventing or reducing reduced growth of fish or crustaceans, comprising feeding the feed of the present invention to fish or crustaceans.

In another aspect of the present invention, since the feed of the present invention can increase feed efficiency, the growth of fish or crustaceans is enhanced by feeding the feed of the present invention to farm fish or crustaceans. It can promote or stimulate or increase body weight in fish or crustaceans. Thus, in one aspect, the feed of the invention can be used to promote or stimulate the growth of fish or crustaceans. One aspect of the feed of the present invention may be a fish or crustacean growth promoter or growth stimulant. The present invention also includes a method for promoting or stimulating the growth of fish or crustaceans comprising feeding the feed of the present invention to the fish or crustaceans. In another aspect, the invention is a method of increasing body weight in a fish or crustacean comprising feeding the fish or crustacean a feed of the invention.

Since the feed of the present invention contains carotenoids, it is expected to enhance the color of the skin, shell or meat of fish or crustaceans even if the feed contains little or no fishmeal. Therefore, in another aspect of the present invention, the skin, shell or meat of fish or crustaceans can be enhanced by feeding the feed of the present invention and culturing fish or crustaceans. One aspect of the feed of the present invention may be a fish or crustacean color enhancer. The present invention also includes a method for enhancing the color of fish or crustacean skin, shell or meat comprising feeding the feed of the present invention to the fish or crustacean.

The color of the skin, shell or meat of fish or crustaceans can be evaluated by measuring the amount of carotenoid pigment contained in the skin, shell or meat. Alternatively, it can be evaluated by measuring the skin, shell or meat with a chromometer.
A person skilled in the art can determine the amount of carotenoids contained in skin, shell or meat based on known methods. For example, carotenoids are extracted from the skin, shell, or meat obtained from fish or crustaceans, and the amount of carotenoids contained in the skin, shell, or meat is determined by measuring the absorbance or liquid chromatography analysis after appropriately treating the extract. can be calculated.

In this specification, descriptions using "-" for numerical ranges include lower and upper limits unless otherwise specified. For example, the description “1 to 40” includes both the lower limit “1” and the upper limit “40”. That is, "1 to 40" has the same meaning as "1 or more and 40 or less".

As used herein, "%" and "ppm" values refer to weight ratios. As used herein, "1 mg/kg" is synonymous with "1 ppm". In this specification, the content is represented by mass or weight ratio unless otherwise specified.

1. Feed composition and method 1-1. Test feed Table 1 shows the composition of the feed used in the following tests.

In Table 1, "Paracoccus bacterium powder" is Panaferd-AX (ENEOS Co., Ltd., astaxanthin content 2%. As other carotenoids, 0.9% adonirubin and 0.3% adonixanthin are included.). For "synthetic astaxanthin", Calophyl Pink (DSM) containing 8% astaxanthin was used.
The fish meal added in section (1) was from Chile. Soy Protein Concentrates from ADM was used as the concentrated soy protein added in sections (2) to (6).

A raw material obtained by mixing each component with the composition shown in Table 1 was subjected to extruder processing (from pressure processing to drying), pelletized, and fed to fish as a test feed.
It is expected that feeding to fish will be facilitated by molding the powder into pellets. In addition, since the feed is pressurized and heated by the extruder, it is expected that the feed will be easier for fish to digest.

The test feed was processed under the following conditions to produce extruder pellets.
Raw material supply rate 70～90ｇ/min
Addition amount of water 26～30g/min
Pressure about 0.5Mpa
Raw material temperature 90～96℃
Dry at 90°C for 2-4 hours

1-2. Test Method There were six test plots:
(1) fishmeal section (feeding section of fishmeal-containing feed);
(2) No additive group (no fish meal, feeding group of feed without astaxanthin addition);
(3) Group with 50 ppm natural astaxanthin (no fishmeal, feeding group with Panaferd-AX (paracoccus bacteria powder) added to contain astaxanthin at a concentration of 50 ppm). Contains 7.5ppm of xanthine.);
(4) Synthetic astaxanthin 50 ppm addition group (no fish meal, feeding group of feed added with synthetic astaxanthin so as to contain astaxanthin at a concentration of 50 ppm);
(5) Group with 100 ppm natural astaxanthin (no fishmeal, feeding group with Panaferd-AX (paracoccus bacteria powder) added to contain astaxanthin at a concentration of 100 ppm). 15 ppm of xanthin); and (6) 100 ppm of synthetic astaxanthin-added group (no fishmeal, feeding group of feed added with synthetic astaxanthin to contain astaxanthin at a concentration of 100 ppm).

Red sea bream juveniles (approximately 60 g) were used as test fish.

The feeding period was 8 weeks from September to November.

Breeding conditions:
They were bred in a land breeding facility at the Marine Research Facility of Kochi University. Raw seawater (without filtration or sterilization) was used as breeding seawater. Five juvenile red sea bream were housed in 18 200L water tanks (6 test plots x 3 repetitions), and raised five days a week for eight weeks. Food intake was recorded daily and body weights were measured at the beginning and end of the study.
At the end of the test, all 5 fish were weighed.

Methods for measuring carotenoid content:
Cut the red sea bream into 3 pieces, peel off the skin from the right and left sides, and use the obtained skin as a sample. Carotenoids were extracted from the skin with acetone, and a mixed solvent of diethyl ether:hexane (1:1 (v/v)) and water were added to the extract for partition, and the solvent layer was recovered. After evaporating the solvent, the residue was redissolved in hexane and the absorbance at 470 nm was measured. Extinction coefficient of astaxanthin:
was used to calculate the amount of astaxanthin in hexane assuming total carotenoids. In addition, the hexane redissolved solution was subjected to HPLC analysis. The conditions were as follows.

Column: Silica gel (product name: COSMOSIL5SL-II 4.6 IDX250 nm NACALAI TESQUE INC)
Solvent: acetone:hexane (15:85 v/v)
Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min Inject volume: 100 μL
Detection: 450nm
System Pomp LC-10AD VP Shimadzu, Detector L-7420 HITACHI

A peak with a retention time of about 2 to 3 minutes is defined as (1) a yellow carotenoid ester (total of tunaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) peak, and a peak with a retention time of about 4 minutes is defined as (2) an astaxanthin diester peak with a retention time of 5. The peak of ~6 minutes was regarded as the peak of (3) astaxanthin monoester, and the peak of retention time 13 minutes was regarded as the peak of (4) astaxanthin (free form).
The area ratio of the peak of (1) was defined as the carotenoid ratio of the yellow pigment, and the total area ratio of the peaks of (2) to (4) was defined as the carotenoid ratio of the red pigment.

TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactant) measurement method:
1 g of feed was collected from each group, 5 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was added, homogenized with a Teflon homogenizer, and the homogenate was subjected to TBA reaction. 0.2 mL of a 7% sodium dodecylsulphate aqueous solution was added to 0.5 mL of the homogenate solution and mixed. 2 mL of 0.1N HCl was added and mixed to dissolve evenly. Then 0.3 mL of 10% phosphotungstic acid was added. 1 mL of 0.5% thiobarbituric acid (TBA) aqueous solution was added, mixed and heated at 95° C. for 45 minutes. After cooling, 5 mL of n-butanol was added to extract the TBA pigment into the butanol layer. After centrifugation, the absorbance (532 nm) of the butanol layer was measured. Analysis was performed with n=3.

2. Result 1: Promoting Effect of Growth Table 2 shows the body weight and feeding amount of the fish.

Table 2 shows the values in each of the 18 water tanks in sections (1) to (6) and the average value (avg) for each section. In Table 2, "Initial" and "Final" indicate the weight of the fish at the start and end of the test, respectively, and "gain" indicates the weight gain. "Feed/fish" indicates the feed amount per fish. "DFR" (daily feed ratio) (%) was calculated by dividing the amount of feed per fish (feed/fish) by the number of days of feeding, dividing by the weight of the fish, and multiplying by 100. Here, the fish weight was the average of the initial weight (at the start of the test) and the final weight (at the end of the test). In addition, "FCR" (feed conversion ratio) is a value obtained by dividing the feed amount per fish (feed/fish) by the weight gain (gain). The FCR is also called a meat gain factor, and the smaller the FCR value, the more efficiently the body weight of the fish increases with a smaller amount of feed.

The FCR was higher in group (2) (soybean protein feed) than in group (1) (fish meal group) (1.32 in group (1) and 1.41 in group (2)). It was found that fish meat could not be obtained with the same efficiency as the fish meal-added feed with soybean protein (and amino acids, nucleotides, etc.) instead of fish meal.
The FCR of groups (3) to (6) (astaxanthin-added group) was smaller than that of group (2) (soybean protein feed group). Therefore, it was shown that when soybean protein (and amino acids, nucleotides, etc.) is used instead of fishmeal, fish meat can be efficiently obtained with a small amount of feed by further adding astaxanthin.
In addition, the FCR of groups (3) to (6) (astaxanthin-added group) was comparable to or lower than the FCR of group (1) (fishmeal group). Especially, the natural astaxanthin-added section (5) (contains 100 ppm of astaxanthin from Paracoccus cells) had the lowest FCR (1.25). Therefore, according to the present invention, it was shown that fish meat can be efficiently obtained with a smaller amount of feed than in the case of feeding with a normal fishmeal-containing feed.
As described above, the feed of the present invention containing at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, a vegetable protein, and a carotenoid has good feed efficiency and stimulates (weight gain) or accelerates the growth of fish or crustaceans. It was shown that it can be used to

3. Result 2: Color enhancement effect of the skin Table 3 shows the carotenoid content in the skin.

Red pigments such as astaxanthin accumulated in the skin at high concentrations in the natural astaxanthin-added groups (groups (3) and (5)) and the synthetic astaxanthin-added groups (groups (4) and (6)). As the natural astaxanthin, dried Paracoccus spp. is used, and the dried Paracoccus spp. contains not only astaxanthin but also red pigments such as adonirbin and adonixanthin. Tunaxanthin is a yellow carotenoid metabolized from astaxanthin in the body of red sea bream.
Therefore, it was found that even if the feed does not contain fishmeal, the feed of the present invention can effectively enhance the color of the fish skin.

4. Result 3: Lipid Oxidation The degree of lipid peroxidation in the feed was measured by the TBA method, which is an absorptiometric method using TBA (thiobarbituric acid). TBARS is an index of the degree of lipid peroxidation, and a lower value indicates less oxidation. Table 4 shows the results.

Compared to the feeds of (1) group (fish meal group) or (2) group (soybean protein feed group), the feeds of groups (3) to (6) containing astaxanthin showed a lower degree of lipid oxidation. Ta. Therefore, it was shown that the feed of the present invention is a feed that is difficult to oxidize.
In addition, with regard to sections (3) to (6) (astaxanthin addition section), sections (3) (50 ppm addition section) and (5) section (100 ppm addition section), which are natural astaxanthin addition sections, are synthetic astaxanthin addition sections. The TBARS values were lower than those in (4) (50 ppm addition) and (6) (100 ppm addition), indicating that the degree of lipid oxidation was small.

It is known that fish oil contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids and thus tends to be oxidized, and feed containing oxidized fish oil can reduce the growth rate. Since the feed of the present invention is a feed that is difficult to oxidize, it was shown that it can be a feed capable of promoting growth.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, a feed for fish or crustaceans having a reduced content of fishmeal is provided. The feed provided by the present invention can be used as feed for sustainable aquaculture because it can contain less fishmeal than conventional feed.
In another aspect of the invention, a fish or crustacean feed for stimulating the growth of a fish or crustacean and a method for increasing the body weight of a fish or crustacean are provided.
In another aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method of deepening fish or crustacean skin, shell or meat.

Claims (15)

A feed for fish or crustaceans, comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of nucleotides and amino acids, a vegetable protein, and a carotenoid. 2. The feed according to claim 1, wherein said nucleotides are tasty nucleotides. 3. The feed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said nucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting of inosinic acid, guanylic acid and xanthylic acid. 4. Any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said amino acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of alanine, proline, glutamic acid, taurine, leucine, histidine, lysine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, arginine, proline and methionine. or the feed according to item 1. A feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the vegetable protein is a soybean-derived protein. A feed according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said carotenoid comprises astaxanthin. A feed according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said carotenoids comprise between 1 and 150 ppm of astaxanthin relative to the feed. The feed according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said carotenoid is derived from bacteria belonging to the genus Paracoccus. The feed according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the content of animal protein sources in said feed is 10% (w/w) or less. The feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which does not contain fishmeal. The feed according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the fish is a fish belonging to the order Perciformes. 12. The feed according to claim 11, wherein the fish belonging to the order Perciformes is tuna, grouper, red sea bream, yellowtail or greater amberjack. A feed according to any one of claims 1 to 12 for stimulating the growth of fish or crustaceans. A method for increasing the body weight of fish or crustaceans using the feed according to any one of claims 1-12. A method for deepening the skin, shell or meat of fish or crustaceans using the feed according to any one of claims 1 to 12.