JP2023084126A - Farmed fish and fish farming method - Google Patents

Abstract

To obtain a nourishing farmed fish containing an ornithine component.SOLUTION: An ornithine content in a farmed fish is made 10 mg/100 g or more. The farmed fish is any fish species selected from a group consisting of Perciformes Carangidae, Perciformes Sparidae, Perciformes Scombridae, Salmoniformes Salmonidae, Pleuronectiformes Paralichthyidae and Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae. As a fish farming method, a fish meal content rate of feed is 30% by weight or more. As the fish farming method, a crude protein content rate of the feed is 25% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

The present invention relates to farmed fish and methods for farming fish.

Conventionally, in fish farming, techniques for farming fish containing a large amount of specific vitamins by improving feed composition have been proposed. For example, there is a prior art such as Patent Document 1. Patent Document 1 discloses cultured tuna fish in which at least one selected from the group consisting of muscle, liver and eyeball contains 2 mg or more of vitamin E per 100 g.

Japanese Patent No. 6106795

On the other hand, as a trend in the market, consumers have demanded cultured fish rich in various nutrients in recent years. However, fish farming companies have not been able to fully meet such demands.

The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to obtain a nutritious farmed fish containing an ornithine component and to realize a farming method thereof.

To achieve the above object, a farmed fish according to one aspect of the present invention is characterized by containing 10 mg or more of ornithine per 100 g.

Further, the method for cultivating fish according to one aspect of the present invention is characterized in that the content of fishmeal in the feed is 30% by weight or more.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, nutritious cultured fish containing ornithine components can be obtained.

It is the appearance of strip-shaped fillets of yellowtail of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. It is a model explaining the evaluation method of the texture test. 4 is a graph showing evaluation results of a texture test on the yellowtail of Example 1. FIG. 4 is a graph showing evaluation results of a texture test on the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1. FIG. 4 is a graph showing evaluation results of a texture test on yellowtail of Comparative Example 2. FIG.

Hereinafter, the farmed fish and farming method of the present invention will be specifically described.
The cultured fish of the present invention is most characterized by containing 10 mg or more ornithine per 100 g, preferably 10.8 mg or more ornithine per 100 g. Ornithine is a free amino acid that constitutes the urea cycle that converts harmful ammonia into urea, and is an ingredient that maintains the function of the liver and is effective in relieving fatigue.

Corbicula is generally known as a food material rich in ornithine, and the content of the ornithine component in clam is 10.7 to 15.3 mg per 100 g. In addition, it is known that the amount of other ingredients is 0.76 to 8.47 mg per 100 g of cheese, 1.9 to 7.2 mg per 100 g of yellowfin tuna, and 0.6 to 4.2 mg per 100 g of flounder. there is

As described above, the content of the ornithine component in freshwater clams is as high as ten and several mg per 100 g, whereas the content of ornithine components in fish is as low as several mg per 100 g. Therefore, the cultured fish of the present invention achieves a high ornithine content by specifying specific feed components and culture environment. These feeds and aquaculture environments will be described later.

In addition, the farmed fish of the present invention includes: Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Mackerel, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae, Flatfish, Pufferfish, Pufferfish. etc. Examples of fish belonging to the family Perciformes include yellowtail, amberjack, amberjack, and horse mackerel. Examples of fish belonging to the Perciformes family of the sea bream include red sea bream. Examples of fish belonging to the Perciformes mackerel family include bluefin tuna and chub mackerel. Examples of fish belonging to the family Salmonidae include salmon and the like. Flounder etc. are mentioned as a fish of the flatfish order flounder family. Examples of fish belonging to the order Pufferfish family Pufferfish include tiger puffer. In the present invention, the cultured fish is most preferably a fish of the family Perciformes.

In addition, it is preferable that the cultured fish of the present invention have a meat gain factor of 2.5 or more and 3.5 or less. The meat gain factor in the present invention is the amount of food required for the fish to gain 1 kg of weight, that is, the value obtained by dividing the amount of food eaten (dry weight) by the increased weight (wet weight). If the thickness increase coefficient is too large, the growth efficiency is judged to be poor. This meat-increase factor varies depending on the fish species and the type of feed fed. The meat coefficient is 2.9-3.2, the red sea bream fed with EP has a meat-increasing coefficient of 2.0-2.8, the striped jack mackerel fed with EP has a meat-increasing coefficient of 2.8-4.0, and EP is fed. The thickness increase factor of flounder fed with EP was 1.3-1.8, that of tiger puffer fed with EP was 1.3-1.8, and that of Pacific bluefin tuna fed EP was 5.0-7. 0, the meat-enhancing coefficient of salmon fed with EP is around 1.5. In addition, it is known that the meat gain coefficient increases remarkably when live food is fed.

The farmed fish of the present invention are farmed until they grow to a central shipping size corresponding to each fish species. For example, in the case of yellowtail, a central shipping size of 5 kg is achieved in a farming period of less than two years, in the case of red sea bream, a central shipping size of 1.8 kg is obtained in a farming period of three years, and in the case of salmon, a central shipping size of 2 kg is obtained in a farming period of half a year. grow to shipping size.

By using the fish farming method of the present invention, the above farmed fish can be farmed. The fish farming method of the present invention is characterized in that the fishmeal content of the feed is 30% by weight or more. By setting the fishmeal content of the feed in the present invention to 30% by weight or more, a suitable ratio of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and crude ash in the feed can be obtained. In the present invention, the fishmeal content is preferably 40% by weight or more, more preferably 50% by weight or more. If the fishmeal content of the feed is less than 30% by weight, the crude protein and crude fat components in the feed cannot be sufficiently ensured.

Specifically, it is preferable that the content of fishmeal in the feed to be fed to fish belonging to the family Perciformes is 60% by weight or more. It is preferable that the content of fishmeal in the feed to be fed to the fish belonging to the family Perciformes is 55% by weight or more. The content of fishmeal in the feed to be fed to fish of the family Mackerel of the order Perciformes is preferably 50% by weight or more. The fishmeal content of the feed to be fed to fish belonging to the order Salmonidae is preferably 45% by weight or more. It is preferable that the content of fishmeal in the feed to be fed to flatfishes of the flounder family is 70% by weight or more. The fishmeal content of the feed fed to the fish belonging to the order Pufferfish family is preferably 70% by weight or more.

The feed used in the present invention may be any of live feed, extruded pellets (EP), and moist pellets (MP), as long as the ornithine content of cultured fish becomes 10 mg or more per 100 g when fed for a long period of time. form, or a combination of these may be used. Raw materials for EP and MP include fish meal, wheat flour or starch, and fish oil as main raw materials, and calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D3, and vitamin E. , vitamin K3, choline, nicotinic acid, patent acid, inositol, folic acid, biotin, iron sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium iodate, and cobalt sulfate. be done.

The content of wheat flour or starch in the feed in the present invention is preferably 11% by weight or more and 13% by weight or less. If the content of wheat flour or starch in the feed is less than 11% by weight, the feed will lack vitamins and the like. On the other hand, if the content of wheat flour or starch in the feed exceeds 13% by weight, the amount of crude fiber in the feed becomes too high, making the feed difficult for farmed fish to bite into.

The fish oil content of the feed in the present invention is preferably 13% by weight or more and 26% by weight or less. If the fish oil content of the feed is less than 13% by weight, the crude fat in the feed will be less than 15% by weight, slowing the growth of farmed fish. On the other hand, if the fish oil content of the feed exceeds 26% by weight, the crude protein content in the feed cannot be ensured.

The feed in the present invention is generally made mainly of fish meal, wheat flour or starch, fish oil, etc. Looking at each component in the feed, the main components are crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash. Yes, and contains calcium and phosphorus as subcomponents. The crude protein content of the feed in the present invention is preferably 25% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less, more preferably 37% by weight or more and 52% by weight or less. If the crude protein content of the feed is less than 25% by weight, the growth rate of cultured fish will become slow. On the other hand, when the crude protein content of the feed exceeds 60% by weight, the crude fat and crude ash content in the feed becomes low, which also slows down the growth of cultured fish.

Specifically, it is preferable that the crude protein content of feed fed to fish of the family Perciformes is 37% by weight or more and 45% by weight or less. It is preferable that the crude protein content of the feed to be fed to fishes of the Perciformes family of the family Perciformes is 43% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less. It is preferable that the crude protein content of the feed to be fed to the fish of the Mackerel family of the order Perciformes is 40% by weight or more and 47% by weight or less. The crude protein content of the feed fed to fish belonging to the order Salmonidae is preferably 40% by weight. It is preferable that the crude protein content of the feed to be fed to the flatfish of the flounder order is 50% by weight or more and 52% by weight or less. The crude protein content of the feed fed to fish belonging to the order Pufferfish family is preferably 50% by weight or more and 52% by weight or less.

The crude fat content of the feed in the present invention is preferably 15% by weight or more and 26% by weight or less. If the crude fat content of the feed is less than 15% by weight, the fat content of the food will decrease, which is not preferable from the viewpoint of deliciousness. On the other hand, when the crude fat content of the feed exceeds 26% by weight, the crude protein content in the feed becomes low, slowing the growth rate of cultured fish.

The crude fiber content of the feed in the present invention is preferably 2.0% by weight or less. If the crude fiber content of the feed exceeds 2.0% by weight, the farmed fish will not be able to bite into the feed.

The crude ash content of the feed in the present invention is preferably 17% by weight or less. If the crude ash content of the feed exceeds 17% by weight, the content of crude protein and crude fat in the feed becomes low, slowing the growth rate of farmed fish.

The antioxidant content of the feed in the present invention is preferably 0% by weight. Antioxidants are added to suppress oxidation of other ingredients in the feed, but in the feed of the present invention, from the viewpoint of using additives as little as possible, antioxidants are included. preferably not.

In the fish farming method of the present invention, when farming cages using different farming methods are adjacent to each other, the farming cages are installed such that the edges of the adjacent farming cages are separated from each other by 80 m or more. is preferred. By separating the aquaculture cages in this way, it is possible to prevent the health condition of fish cultivated by other aquaculture methods from being affected and feed used for other aquaculture methods to be mixed into the fish.

Further, in the method for culturing fish of the present invention, it is preferable to set the breeding density of fish in the fish cage to 15 kg/m ³ or less. By controlling the breeding density of fish in this way,
It is possible to reduce the frequency of contact between fish in aquaculture cages and further reduce the stress that occurs between fish.

EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples below, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

<Example 1>
Preparation of feed 74% by weight of fish meal, 13% by weight of wheat flour and starch, 13% by weight of fish oil (manufactured by Maruzen Oil Co., Ltd., trade name: refined fish oil), the balance: calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and water, extruder (Ueda Iron Works EP100 type manufactured by Co., Ltd.) was mixed at a screw rotation speed of 4500 rpm, a discharge temperature of 90° C. and an outlet pressure of 5 MPa, and dried with a hot air dryer to produce an EP feed with a diameter of 12 mm. The composition of this EP feed is as follows: crude protein 41.0%, crude fat 15.0%, crude fiber 2.0%, crude ash 17.0%, calcium 1.5%, phosphorus 1.0%. 0% by weight.

Aquaculture of yellowtail The aquaculture cages were installed off the coast of Wakayama Prefecture so that the ends of adjacent aquaculture cages were separated from each other by 80 m. In this aquaculture cage, the feed prepared as described above was fed for 3 months in an environment where the breeding density of fish was 13 kg/m ³ , and yellowtail with a central shipping size of 5 kg was cultivated. The ornithine content in the cultivated yellowtail of Example 1 was 10.8 mg per 100 g. In addition, the flesh-increasing factor of the farmed yellowtail of Example 1 was 2.9.

<Comparative Example 1>
The yellowtail of Comparative Example 1 was a yellowtail of a natural product caught in the sea near Naruto, Tokushima Prefecture with an average fish weight of 5 kg. The ornithine content in the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1, which is a natural product, was 3.2 mg per 100 g.

<Comparative Example 2>
The yellowtail of Comparative Example 2 was cultured in the same manner, except that the EP feed in Example 1 was replaced with a general cultured EP feed. The ornithine content in the cultivated yellowtail of Comparative Example 2 was 4.1 mg per 100 g.

<Evaluation>
1. Appearance of Fillets FIG. 1 shows the appearance of strip-shaped fillets of yellowtails of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. FIG. As is clear from FIG. 1, the yellowtail fillet of Example 1 cultured with a specific feed is almost different from the yellowtail fillet of Comparative Example 1 of natural products and the yellowtail fillet of Comparative Example 2 cultured with a conventional feed. showed no appearance.

2. Analysis of Free Amino Acids Each yellowtail of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was homogenized by crushing with a mixer, and free amino acids in each yellowtail were analyzed using an HLPC amino acid analysis system (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The results are shown in Table 1.

As shown in Table 1, in the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1 of the natural product, ornithine is 3.2 mg per 100 g, and in the conventionally cultivated yellowtail of Comparative Example 2, ornithine is 4.1 mg per 100 g. Met. In contrast, the yellowtail of Example 1 contained 10.8 mg of ornithine per 100 g, indicating that the ornithine content was remarkably high. In addition, regarding the content of amino acids having umami, sourness, and sweetness, the yellowtail of Example 1 has a higher lysine content than the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1, which is a natural product, as well as the yellowtail of Comparative Example 2, which is a conventional cultured product. content was high. Furthermore, with regard to the content of bitter amino acids, the yellowtail of natural product Comparative Example 1 has a high content of leucine, phenylalanine, and valine, and the conventional cultured yellowtail of Comparative Example 2 has a high arginine content. it was high.

3. Fatty Acid Analysis Each yellowtail of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was homogenized by crushing with a mixer, and the fatty acid in each yellowtail was analyzed using a fatty acid analysis system. The results are shown in Table 2.

As shown in Table 2, the fatty acids in each of the yellowtails of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 showed that the ratio of each component was quite similar, although there were slight differences depending on the component.

4. Sensory Testing For each of the yellowtails of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-2, various properties were evaluated using an analytic descriptive method with strength ratings for the characterization terms shown in Table 3. The value of each item was obtained by evaluating the results felt by 25 evaluators on a scale of 5 and calculating the average value. The results are shown in Table 3.

As shown in Table 3, the yellowtail of Example 1 is not as highly evaluated as the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1 of natural products in a plurality of items, but almost all items are comparative examples of conventional farming. The same level of evaluation as the yellowtail of No. 2 was obtained. That is, it was shown that the yellowtail of Example 1 achieved a high ornithine content without affecting other ingredients.

5. Texture Test FIG. 2 is a model explaining the evaluation method of the texture test. According to the Cesnjak texture test, hardness, brittleness, cohesiveness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gummyness, etc. of the test piece can be evaluated. Terms in this profile are defined as follows:
Hardness is indicated by H and indicates the maximum test force when the specimen is loaded with a plunger. Friability is indicated by B and indicates the force with which the specimen breaks in the mouth. Adhesiveness is indicated by A3, and indicates the force of touching a test piece with a hand, eating it, adhering it to the teeth, tongue, or oral cavity and trying to separate it. The cohesiveness is indicated by A2/A1, and indicates the ratio of the load area (energy) of the first time and the second time that are applied continuously when a load is applied to the test piece to cause deformation or breakage. Resilience is indicated by T2/T1 and indicates the ratio of "indentation displacement" when two successive loads are applied to the specimen with a plunger. Gumminess is indicated by H x A2/A1, ie, hardness x cohesiveness, and indicates that the specimen is in a semi-solid state. Chewability is expressed by H x A2/A1 x T2/T1, that is, hardness x elasticity x cohesiveness, indicating that the test piece is in a solid state.

A strip-shaped fillet of each yellowtail of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was cut into a thickness of about 1 cm, and two pieces of each were used as test pieces. A texture test was performed on these test pieces using a texture tester (manufactured by Sun Science Co., Ltd., trade name: SUN RHEO METER CR-3000EX). Measurement conditions were as follows: adapter used: gear (A), penetration distance: 5 mm, table moving speed: 60.0 mm/min.

Gear (A) type adapters were pushed into the test pieces of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 at three points, ie, both end sides and the central portion, to a position 5 mm from the surface. At that time, the load applied when the adapter was pushed to a position of 5 mm from the surface and the load applied when the adapter returned to the initial position after reaching the position of 5 mm from the surface were measured over time. This load operation was performed again, and two load changes were measured.

3 is a graph showing the pattern of load change in the texture test for the yellowtail of Example 1, FIG. 4 is a graph showing the pattern of load change in the texture test for the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1, and FIG. 4 is a graph showing a pattern of load change in a texture test for yellowtail of Comparative Example 2. FIG. From the load change patterns of the yellowtails of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, it can be seen that the load value at the first stroke is large, and that the load value of Example 1 is larger than those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2. shown.

In addition, from the load change patterns shown in FIGS. Chewability, adhesiveness) were determined, and the results are shown in Table 4.

As shown in Table 4, it was found that the yellowtail test piece of Example 1 had firmer meat than the other yellowtail test pieces of Comparative Examples 1 and 2. In addition, it was found that the test pieces of the yellowtail of Comparative Example 2 of the conventional culture were harder than the test pieces of the yellowtail of Comparative Example 1 of the natural product.

Although one embodiment of the present invention has been described above, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and modifications, improvements, etc. within the range that can achieve the object of the present invention are included in the present invention. is.

In other words, the farmed fish and fish farming method to which the present invention is applied need only have the following configuration, and can take various forms.
That is, the cultured fish to which the present invention is applied contains 10 mg or more ornithine per 100 g.
This makes it possible to obtain a nutritious cultured fish containing an ornithine component.

In addition, the farmed fish of the present invention is any fish species selected from the group consisting of Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Mackerelidae, Salmoniformes, Salmoniformes, Flatfishes, and Pufferfishes. is.
This makes it possible to selectively obtain nutritious farmed fish containing ornithine components.

Furthermore, the cultured fish of the present invention has a meat gain factor of 1.0 or more and 4.0 or less.
This allows a balance between the growth of the farmed fish and the amount of feed to be fed to the farmed fish.

In the fish farming method of the present invention, the fishmeal content of the feed is 30% by weight or more.
This makes it possible to obtain a nutritious cultured fish containing an ornithine component.

In addition, in the fish farming method of the present invention, the crude protein content of the feed is 25% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less.
This makes it possible to efficiently obtain nutritious cultured fish containing ornithine components.

In addition, the method for cultivating fish is such that the content of antioxidants in the feed is 0% by weight.
As a result, additives in the feed can be reduced as much as possible.

Further, in the method for culturing fish of the present invention, when aquaculture cages using different aquaculture methods are adjacent to each other, the fish are cultured in the aquaculture cages in which the ends of the adjacent culture cages are spaced apart from each other by 80 m or more.
As a result, by separating the culture cages, it is possible to prevent the influence of the health condition of cultured fish in other culture cages and the contamination of feed.

Furthermore, in the method for culturing fish of the present invention, the breeding density of fish in the fish cage is 15 kg/m ³ or less.
As a result, the frequency of contact between fish in aquaculture cages is reduced, so that stress generated between fish can be reduced, and nutrient-rich cultured fish containing ornithine components can be obtained more efficiently.

Claims (8)

Farmed fish containing 10 mg or more of ornithine per 100 g. Any fish species selected from the group consisting of Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Perciformes, Mackerel, Salmones, Salmoniformes, Flatfish, and Pufferfish,
The farmed fish of claim 1. Thickness increase coefficient is 1.0 or more and 4.0 or less,
The farmed fish of claim 1. The fishmeal content of the feed is 30% by weight or more,
Fish farming method. The crude protein content of the feed is 25% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less,
The method for cultivating fish according to claim 4. The antioxidant content of the feed is 0% by weight,
The method for cultivating fish according to claim 4. When aquaculture cages using different aquaculture methods are adjacent to each other, culturing in the aquaculture cages in which the ends of the adjacent aquaculture cages are separated from each other by 80 m or more,
The method for cultivating fish according to claim 4. The breeding density of fish in the aquaculture cage is 15 kg/m ³ or less,
The method for cultivating fish according to claim 4.

Images