JP2022527499A - Her2エクソン21挿入を有するがん細胞に対する抗腫瘍活性を有する化合物 - Google Patents
Her2エクソン21挿入を有するがん細胞に対する抗腫瘍活性を有する化合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は全体として、分子生物学および医学の分野に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、HER2エクソン21変異を有する患者を治療する方法に関する。
ヒト上皮成長因子受容体2(HER2)としても公知のErb-b2受容体チロシンキナーゼ2(ERBB2)の増幅は多くのがんの種類で生じ、トラスツズマブ、ペルツズマブ、トラスツズマブエムタンシン(T-DM1)、ラパチニブ、およびネラチニブなどの標的剤が、化学療法単独と比較して、臨床アウトカムを改善することが示されている(Vogel et al,2002)。ERBB2(HER2)の活性化変異が、多くのがんの種類で報告されている(Kris et al,2015)。HER2増幅を保有するがんについてFDAが承認した標的療法が存在するが、HER2変異に特異的な承認されている標的療法は存在しない。一方で、National Comprehensive Cancer Network非小細胞肺がん(NSCLC)ガイドラインは、広範な分子プロファイリングにより新たに診察された患者を検査して、HER2変異を検出することを推奨している(Ettinger et al,2018)。
本開示の実施形態において、本開示は、HER2エクソン21変異を有する患者においてがんを治療するための方法および組成物を提供する。一実施形態では、対象においてがんを治療する方法であって、有効量のポジオチニブを対象に投与する工程を含み、該対象が、1つ以上のHERエクソン21変異を有すると判定されている、方法が提供される。特定の態様では、対象はヒトである。
本試験は、種々の悪性腫瘍間で最もよく見られるHER2変異のゲノムバリアントの頻度を決定した。体系的に、16個の最も頻度の高いHER2変異について活性化の可能性が示され、11種類の通常用いられるEGFRおよびHER2 TKIでのそれらの薬物感受性が評価された。エクソン20挿入変異およびエクソン19中におけるp.L755P(p.L755Sではない)変異が試験したTKIの多くに対して抵抗性であったことが認められた。薬剤耐性HER2バリアント、L755Pおよびエクソン20挿入の分子動力学モデリングは、これらの変異が、受容体の立体構造状態に影響を及ぼし、薬物結合ポケットの全体のサイズを縮小させることを明示した。さらに、ポジオチニブは、評価した全てのHER2変異の強力な阻害剤として同定された。その上、本試験は、ポジオチニブが、最も耐性の高いHER2バリアント、エクソン20挿入、エクソン21変異、およびL755Pを保有するNSCLC患者において臨床活性を有することを示す。結論として、本試験は、ポジオチニブ媒介性細胞表面受容体蓄積が、インビボで抗腫瘍活性を増加させるために活用できるT-DM1活性を増強し、HER2変異体NSCLCのPDXモデルにおいて完全な腫瘍退縮をもたらすことを示す。
本明細書において用いられるとき、「1つの(a)」または「1つの(an)」は、1つまたは複数を含み得る。本明細書の請求項において用いられるとき、「含む」という語と併せて使用されるとき、「1つの(a)」または「1つの(an)」という語は、1つまたは複数を意味し得る。
本開示の特定の実施形態は、対象が、1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異、特に図2に示されている1つ以上の挿入変異を有するかどうかを判定することに関する。対象は、2つ、3つ、4つ、またはそれより多くのHER2エクソン21変異を有していてもよい。変異検出方法は、当技術分野において公知であり、PCR分析および核酸配列決定、ならびにFISHおよびCGHを含む。特定の態様では、エクソン21変異は、例えば、腫瘍または血漿由来循環フリーDNAなどからのDNA配列決定により検出される。
本明細書では、個体におけるがんの進行を治療するまたは遅延させるための方法であって、有効量のポジオチニブ、アファチニブ、または構造的に同様の阻害剤を、その個体に、HER2エクソン21変異、例えばエクソン21挿入を有すると判定された対象に投与する工程を含む、方法がさらに提供される。対象は、1つ以上のHERエクソン21変異を有し得る。
本明細書では、HER2エクソン21変異、例えばエクソン21変異を有すると判定された対象のための、ポジオチニブまたはアファチニブと薬学的に許容される担体とを含む薬学的組成物および製剤も提供される。
特定の実施形態では、本実施形態の組成物および方法は、少なくとも1つのさらなる治療法と組み合わせたポジオチニブまたはアファチニブを含む。さらなる治療法は、放射線療法、手術(例えば、乳腺腫瘍摘出術および乳房切除術)、化学療法、遺伝子療法、DNA療法、ウイルス療法、RNA療法、免疫療法、骨髄移植、ナノセラピー、モノクローナル抗体療法、または前記の組み合わせであり得る。さらなる治療法は、アジュバントまたはネオアジュバント療法の形態であり得る。
本実施形態に従って、多様な化学療法剤を使用することができる。用語「化学療法」は、がんを治療するための薬物の使用を指す。「化学療法剤」は、がんの治療において投与される化合物または組成物を示すために使用される。これらの薬剤または薬物は、細胞内のそれらの活性モード、例えば、それらが細胞周期に影響するかどうか、およびそれらが細胞周期のどの段階に影響するか、により分類される。あるいは、薬剤は、そのDNAに直接架橋する能力、DNA中に介入する能力、または核酸合成に作用することにより染色体および有糸分裂異常を誘導するための能力に基づいて特徴付けられてもよい。
DNA損傷を引き起こし、かつ幅広く用いられている他の因子は、γ線、X線として知られているもの、および/または腫瘍細胞に対する放射性同位体の指向性送達を含む。DNA損傷因子の他の形態も企図され、例えば、電子レンジ、陽子ビーム照射(米国特許第5,760,395号および同第4,870,287号)、ならびにUV照射が挙げられる。これらの因子の全ては、DNAに対して、DNAの前駆体に対して、DNAの複製および修復に対して、ならびに染色体の集合および維持に対して、広範囲の損傷に影響を与える可能性が高い。X線についての線量範囲は、長期間(3~4週間)についての50~200レントゲンの1日線量から、2000~6000レントゲンの単一線量までの範囲にわたる。放射性同位体についての線量範囲は、広く異なり、同位体の半減期、放出された放射線の強度および種類、ならびに新生物細胞による取込みに依存する。
当業者は、さらなる免疫療法が、本実施形態の方法と組み合わせてまたは連動させて用いられ得ることを理解するだろう。がん治療の文脈において、免疫療法は、一般的に、がん細胞を標的とし、それを破壊するために、免疫エフェクター細胞および分子の使用に依存する。リツキシマブ(RITUXAN(登録商標))は、その一例である。免疫エフェクターは、例えば、腫瘍細胞の表面上にあるいくつかのマーカーに特異的な抗体であり得る。抗体単独を治療法のエフェクターとして使用することもでき、または、抗体が、細胞殺傷に実際に作用する他の細胞を動員してもよい。抗体はまた、薬物または毒素(化学療法剤、放射性核種、リシンA鎖、コレラ毒素、百日咳毒素など)にコンジュゲートされ、分子標的剤として機能することができる。あるいは、エフェクターは、直接的または間接的に腫瘍細胞標的と相互作用する表面分子を有するリンパ球であり得る。様々なエフェクター細胞は、細胞傷害性T細胞およびNK細胞を含む。
がんを有する人の約60%は、予防的、診断的または病期分類的、治療的、および緩和的手術を含む、ある種の手術を受ける。治療的手術は、がん組織の全てまたは一部が物理的に除去されるか、切除されるか、および/または破壊される切除術を含み、また他の治療法、例えば、本実施形態の治療、化学療法、放射線療法、ホルモン療法、遺伝子療法、免疫療法、および/または代替的な治療法と併用することができる。腫瘍切除術は、腫瘍の少なくとも一部の物理的除去を指す。腫瘍切除術に加えて、手術による治療は、レーザー手術、冷凍外科手術、電気手術、および顕微鏡制御された手術(モース手術)を含む。
治療の治療効果を改善するために本実施形態の特定の態様と組み合わせて他の薬剤を用いてもよいことが企図される。これらのさらなる薬剤には、細胞表面受容体およびGAPジャンクションの上方制御に作用する薬剤、細胞増殖抑制剤および分化剤、細胞接着の阻害剤、過剰増殖細胞のアポトーシス誘導剤への感受性を増大させる薬剤、または他の生物学的薬剤が含まれる。GAPジャンクションの数を高めることによる細胞内シグナリングの増大は、隣接する過剰増殖細胞集団に対する抗過剰増殖効果を増大し得る。他の実施形態では、細胞増殖抑制剤または分化剤は、治療の抗過剰増殖効果を改善するために本実施形態の特定の態様と組み合わせて用いることができる。細胞接着の阻害剤は、本実施形態の効果を改善するために企図される。細胞接着阻害剤の例は、接着斑キナーゼ(FAK)阻害剤およびロバスタチンである。抗体c225などの過剰増殖細胞のアポトーシスに対する感受性を増大させる他の薬剤が、治療効果を改善するために本実施形態の特定の態様と組み合わせて用いられ得ることがさらに企図される。
HER2エクソン21変異、例えば、本明細書において開示されるもの等を検出するためのキットも、本開示の範囲の範囲内である。そのようなキットの一例は、エクソン21変異に特異的なプライマーのセットを含み得る。キットはさらに、本明細書に記載される特定のHER2エクソン21変異の存在または不在を検出するためにプライマーを使用するための指示書を含み得る。キットはさらに、がん患者由来の試料における本明細書に記載のHER2エクソン21変異について陽性であると同定することが、チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤であるポジオチニブまたはアファチニブまたは構造的に類似する阻害剤に対する感受性の指標となることを示す、診断目的のための指示書を含み得る。キットはさらに、がん患者由来の試料における本明細書に記載のHER2エクソン21変異について陽性であると同定することが、患者がポジオチニブ、アファチニブ、または構造的に類似する阻害剤を用いて治療されるべきであることを示すことを示す、指示書を含み得る。
以下の実施例は、本発明の好ましい実施形態を実証するために含まれる。当業者であれば、後に続く本実施例において開示された技術は、本発明の実施において十分に機能することが本発明者により見出された技術であり、それ故に、その実施のための好ましいモードを構成するものとして考慮することができる、ということを理解するべきである。しかし、当業者であれば、本開示に照らして、本明細書において開示された特定の実施形態において多数の変更を加えることができること、そして本発明の精神および範囲から逸脱することなく同様または類似する結果を依然として得ることができること、を理解するべきである。
HER2変異は膀胱、胃、および胆管のがんにおいて最も高い頻度で生じる:がんの種類間でのHER2変異の多様性を理解するために、cBioPortal、MD Anderson Cancer Center、およびFoundation Medicineからのコホート、ならびにGuardant HealthからのcfDNAコホートを含む、複数のデータベースを照会した。全データベースにわたって、全ての非同義HER2変異を25種類の異なるがんの種類の範囲内で分析した(表2)。HER2変異についての加重平均頻度を計算した。AACR GENIEデータベース(Meric-Bernstam et al,2018)で観察されたものと同様に、HER2変異は、膀胱(8.3%)、胆管(5.3%)、および胃(4.5%)のがんにおいて最も高い頻度で生じ(図1A);かつHER2エクソン20変異は、小腸(1.8%)、肺(1.5%)、および乳房(0.9%)のがんにおいて最も高い頻度で生じた(図1B)。
HER2変異保有率およびバリアント頻度の分析:MD Anderson Cancer Center、cBioPortal、Foundation Medicine、またはGuardant Healthからのデータベースで報告された各HER2変異の頻度を決定するために、各データベースを個別に照会し、次いで、頻度を各データベースにおける患者の総数によって加重し、加重平均として報告する。cBioPortalにおけるがんの種類間でのHER2変異の頻度を決定するために、全非重複(all non-overlapping)試験を選択し、エクスポートした。重複(overlapping)試験では、最大のデータセットのみを用いた。MD Anderson Cancer CenterでのHER2変異頻度を決定するために、Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapyデータベースを、がんの種類に非依存的に全てのHER2変異について照会した。Foundation MedicineからのHER2エクソン20変異の頻度を決定するために、HER2欠失、フレームシフト、挿入、および点変異を有する患者の数の非特定化されたデータを表にし、5つ未満の変異を有するがんの種類を除外した。最後に、Guardant HealthでのHER2エクソン20変異の頻度を決定するために、Guardant360臨床データベースを、ERBB2エクソン20変異を有する2015年10月から2018年5月の間に試験した試料(70から73遺伝子パネル)について照会した。Guardant360(登録商標)は、73種類までの遺伝子におけるSNV、indel、融合、およびSNVを報告する、CLIA認証を受けたCAP/NYSDOH認可の網羅的cfDNA NGS検査である。次いで、Odegaard et al 2018で報告されたように、Guardant Healthから報告された頻度を正規化し、臨床的感度を補正した。具体的には、頻度をパーセント臨床的感度、85.9%で除算した。
Claims (59)
- 対象においてがんを治療する方法であって、有効量のポジオチニブを該対象に投与する工程を含み、該対象が1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異を有すると判定されている、該方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブがポジオチニブ塩酸塩としてさらに定義される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブ塩酸塩が錠剤として製剤化される、請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、アミノ酸832~883に点変異、挿入、および/または1~18個のヌクレオチドの欠失を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、2つ、3つ、または4つのHERエクソン21変異を有すると判定されている、請求項1~4のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記対象がチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤を以前に投与されたことがある、請求項1~5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、以前に投与された前記チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤に対して耐性を有する、請求項6記載の方法。
- 前記チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤が、ラパチニブ、アファチニブ、ダコミチニブ、オシメルチニブ、イブルチニブ、ナザルチニブ、またはベラチニブ(beratinib)である、請求項7記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、V842、R868、およびL869からなる群より選択される1つ以上の残基に存在する、請求項4記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が残基V842および/またはR868に存在する、請求項4記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、残基C797にEGFR変異を有さないと判定されている、請求項1~10のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、V842I、R868W、およびL869Rからなる群より選択される、請求項1~11のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異がV842Iおよび/またはR868Wである、請求項1~12のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 患者由来のゲノム試料を分析することにより前記対象がHER2エクソン21変異を有すると判定された、請求項1~13のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ゲノム試料が、唾液、血液、尿、正常組織、または腫瘍組織から単離される、請求項15記載の方法。
- HER2エクソン21変異の存在が核酸配列決定またはPCR分析によって判定される、請求項1~15のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが経口的に投与される、請求項1~16のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが5~25mgの用量で投与される、請求項1~17のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが、8mg、12mg、または16mgの用量で投与される、請求項1~18のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが毎日投与される、請求項1~19のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが継続的に投与される、請求項1~20のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが28日サイクルで投与される、請求項1~21のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- さらなる抗がん療法を実施する工程をさらに含む、請求項1~22のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記さらなる抗がん療法が、化学療法、放射線療法、遺伝子療法、手術、ホルモン療法、抗血管新生療法、または免疫療法である、請求項23記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブ投与および/または抗がん療法が、静脈内に、皮下に、骨内に、経口的に、経皮的に、持続型放出にて、制御型放出にて、遅延型放出にて、坐剤として、または舌下に、実施される、請求項23または24記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブを投与することおよび/または抗がん療法を実施することが、局所的実施、局部的実施、または全身的実施を含む、請求項23~25のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブ投与および/または抗がん療法が2回以上実施される、請求項23~26のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記がんが、口腔がん、中咽頭がん、上咽頭がん、呼吸器がん、泌尿生殖器がん、消化器がん、中枢神経系組織もしくは末梢神経系組織のがん、内分泌もしくは神経内分泌がんまたは造血系のがん、神経膠腫、肉腫、がん腫、リンパ腫、黒色腫、線維腫、髄膜腫、脳がん、中咽頭がん、上咽頭がん、腎臓がん、胆道がん、褐色細胞腫、膵島細胞がん、リー・フラウメニ腫瘍、甲状腺がん、副甲状腺がん、下垂体腫瘍、副腎腫瘍、骨肉腫、多発性神経内分泌腫瘍I型およびII型、乳がん、肺がん、頭頸部がん、前立腺がん、食道がん、気管がん、肝臓がん、膀胱がん、胃がん、膵臓がん、卵巣がん、子宮がん、子宮頸がん、精巣がん、結腸がん、直腸がん、または皮膚がんである、請求項1~27のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記がんが非小細胞肺がんである、請求項1~28のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記患者がヒトである、請求項1~29のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 1つ以上のHERエクソン21変異を有すると判定された対象において使用するための、ポジオチニブを含む薬学的組成物。
- 経口組成物としてさらに定義される、請求項31記載の組成物。
- 5~25mgのポジオチニブを含む、請求項31または32記載の組成物。
- 8mg、12mg、または16mgのポジオチニブを含む、請求項31~33のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 前記ポジオチニブがポジオチニブ塩酸塩としてさらに定義される、請求項31~34のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 錠剤として製剤化されている、請求項31~35のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、アミノ酸832~883に点変異、挿入、および/または1~18個のヌクレオチドの欠失を含む、請求項31~36のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 前記対象が、2つ、3つ、または4つのHERエクソン21変異を有すると判定されている、請求項31~37のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、V842、R868、およびL869からなる群より選択される1つ以上の残基に存在する、請求項37記載の組成物。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が残基V842および/またはR868に存在する、請求項37記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、残基C797にEGFR変異を有さないと判定されている、請求項31~40のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、V842I、R868W、およびL869Rからなる群より選択される、請求項31~41のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- 前記1つ以上のエクソン21変異がV842Iおよび/またはR868Wである、請求項31~42のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記対象が抗がん療法によって治療中である、請求項31~43のいずれか一項記載の組成物。
- がんを有する対象におけるポジオチニブ単独または第2の抗がん療法と組み合わせたポジオチニブに対する応答性を予測する方法であって、患者から得られたゲノム試料におけるHER2エクソン21変異を検出する工程を含み、該試料が該HER2エクソン21変異の存在について陽性である場合に患者がポジオチニブ単独または抗がん療法と組み合わせたポジオチニブに対して好ましい応答性を有すると予測される、該方法。
- 前記HERエクソン21変異がエクソン20挿入変異としてさらに定義される、請求項45記載の方法。
- 前記ゲノム試料が、唾液、血液、尿、正常組織、または腫瘍組織から単離される、請求項45または46記載の方法。
- HERエクソン21変異の存在が核酸配列決定またはPCR分析によって判定される、請求項45~47のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記HER2エクソン21変異が、アミノ酸832~883に点変異、挿入、および/または1~18個のヌクレオチドの欠失を含む、請求項48記載の方法。
- 前記HER2エクソン21変異が、V842、R868、およびL869からなる群より選択される1つ以上の残基に存在する、請求項49記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が残基V842および/またはR868に存在する、請求項49記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上のHER2エクソン21変異が、V842I、R868W、およびL869Rからなる群より選択される、請求項45~51のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- ポジオチニブ単独または抗がん療法と組み合わせたポジオチニブに対する好ましい応答性が、腫瘍の大きさもしくは腫瘍量の減少、腫瘍成長の阻止、腫瘍関連疼痛の軽減、がん関連病態の軽減、がん関連症状の軽減、がんの非進行、無病期間の延長、進行までの期間の延長、寛解の誘導、転移の減少、または患者の生存性の向上を含む、請求項45~52のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 好ましい応答性を有すると予測された前記患者に、ポジオチニブを単独でまたは第2の抗がん療法と組み合わせて投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項45~53のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが経口的に投与される、請求項54記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが5~25mgの用量で投与される、請求項54または55記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブが、8mg、12mg、または16mgの用量で投与される、請求項54~56のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブがポジオチニブ塩酸塩としてさらに定義される、請求項54~57のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記ポジオチニブ塩酸塩が錠剤として製剤化される、請求項54~58のいずれか一項記載の方法。
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