JP2022187647A - Test system and gate test device - Google Patents

Abstract

To be able to simply perform a test of a dam management system.SOLUTION: A test system according to an embodiment is a test system for testing a dam management system including machine-side transmission devices, and includes a gate test device connectable to the machine-side transmission devices. The gate test device includes a machine-side operation section, a count-up/down processing section, and a state signal output section. The machine-side operation section simulates opening and closing of the dam gate according to the control signals transmitted from the machine-side transmission device. The count-up/down processing section counts up or counts down the opening degree of the dam gate and the discharge amount according to the control signals. The state signal output section outputs state signals indicating the state of the dam gate as the count up/down processing section counts up or counts down.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

Embodiments of the present invention relate to test systems and gate test equipment.

In dams built on rivers, etc., a dam management system (dam management control processing equipment, damcon) equipped with a function to remotely control the opening and closing of the dam gate (gate) is installed so that the discharge amount is appropriate according to the inflow amount. is provided. The dam is equipped with a gate board that integrates the wiring for electrically driving the gate, and the gate is opened and closed by giving a control signal from the machine side transmission device of the dam management system through the gate board. be.

In manufacturing such a dam management system, it is common to perform an operation test by connecting the manufactured dam management system using a gate board that simulates a dam gate in the factory test before shipment.

JP 2020-180494 A

Since the gate test equipment must have a space for installation in the factory, it takes up a lot of space if the size of the housing is large. In addition, since gate test devices corresponding to the number of machine-side transmission devices to be tested are required, a large space must be secured when there are a large number of machine-side transmission devices. Moreover, since the test is performed by a plurality of people, it is often difficult to communicate with each other and to transmit instructions. This is especially true if the workers are separated from each other in a large space.

In addition, it is also a problem that the test takes time. For example, it took about 10 hours for two people to check the behavior of one gate. The higher the number of gates, the longer the test time. Furthermore, gate test equipment requires one-off development of hardware for each dam site, which poses a problem of high cost.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a test system and a gate test device that enable a simple test of a dam management system.

A test system according to an embodiment is a test system for testing a dam management system including machine-side transmission devices, and includes a gate test device connectable to the machine-side transmission devices. The gate test device includes a machine-side operation section, a count-up/down processing section, and a state signal output section. The machine-side operation section simulates opening and closing of the dam gate according to the control signal transmitted from the machine-side transmission device. The count-up/down processing unit counts up or counts down the degree of opening of the dam gate and the amount of discharge in accordance with the control signal. The state signal output section outputs a state signal indicating the state of the dumb gate as the count up/down processing section counts up or counts down.

The block diagram which shows an example of a dam management system. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a test system 100 according to an embodiment; FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a test environment to which a gate test device 50 according to an embodiment is applied; FIG. FIG. 4 is an external view showing an example of the touch panel 80 shown in FIG. 3; 1 is a functional block diagram showing an example of a gate test device 50 according to an embodiment; FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a control voltage switching circuit 57; FIG. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing details of functions implemented in a control block 501 of the gate testing device 50; FIG. 4 is a diagram showing details related to the input of control signals to the gate test device 50; FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a test performed using the gate test device 50; 4 is a flowchart showing an example of a processing procedure of the gate test device 50;

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram showing an example of a dam management system according to an embodiment.
This dam management system 200 includes an information input/provider 1, a display control device 2, a discharge operation device 10, an input/output device 20, and a remote manual operation device 3. Each device is an information system LAN (Local Area Network). They are connected via a control system LAN. The information input/provide device 1 and the display control device 2 are connected to an information system LAN. Also, the discharge operation device 10 is connected to an information system LAN and a control system LAN. , the input/output device 20 and the remote manual operation device 3 are connected to a control system LAN so that various facilities of the dam can be remotely controlled.

The information input/provide device 1 is used to input various kinds of information to the dam management system 200 and to provide various kinds of information. The display control device 2 performs control for displaying various information on a liquid crystal panel display (display device) or the like. The information input/provide device 1 is implemented as, for example, a factory computer (Factory Automation PC: FA-PC). The discharge operation device 10 is configured with, for example, an FA personal computer.

The discharge operation device 10 gives an activation command, a gate opening command, a closing command, a target opening, or the like to the input/output device 20 via the control system LAN in accordance with the operation of the administrator. The remote manual operation device 3 is a device for remotely controlling various facilities of the dam.

By the way, the input/output device 20 is connected to the optical cable connection board 60 . The optical cable connection board 60 is connected to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 . The input/output device 20 and the remote manual operation device 3 are configured with, for example, a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).
The optical cable connection board 60 is a board that converts a LAN interface into an optical interface, and accommodates cables (metal cables, optical fibers, etc.) connecting between the input/output device 20 and the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 .
The machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 are configured with a PLC, for example.

Operation of the dam management system 200 will be described.
The input/output device 20 mediates input/output of information between the discharge operation device 10 and the device-side transmission devices 31 and 32 . The input/output device 20 transmits, for example, the activation command and the target opening from the discharge operation device 10 to the device-side transmission devices 31 and 32 . The input/output device 20 also receives a target opening answerback or a target opening arrival signal from the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 and transmits the signals to the discharge operation device 10 .
The manager operates the discharge operation device 10 to open and close the dam gate. That is, control signals (open control, close control) are transmitted from the discharge operation device 10 to the gate boards, and the dam gates are opened and closed by each gate board operating correctly according to the control signals.

Also, the administrator monitors the dam gate with the discharge operation device 10 . That is, signals to be monitored (gate opening signal, gate discharge amount signal, gate state signal) are transmitted from the gate board to the discharge operation device 10, and the discharge operation device 10 accurately executes display according to the signal. This makes it possible to monitor dam gates. Furthermore, even when an abnormal signal is transmitted from the gate board to the discharge operation device 10, the discharge operation device 10 can accurately display according to the abnormality signal, thereby enabling monitoring of the dam gate.

It is necessary to thoroughly test whether such operations are performed correctly before starting the actual operation. At the manufacturing stage of the dam management system, it is not possible to actually connect the dam management system to the gate panel that is provided at the gate of the local dam to be installed. For this reason, a gate testing device equipped with a function of simulating a gate board is used for factory testing. The factory test mainly includes the following tests.
<Gate control test>
The gate control test is a test for inputting a control signal from the discharge operation device 10 to the gate test device and confirming that the gate test device operates according to the control signal.
<Input processing test>
The input processing test is a test for inputting a signal to be monitored from the gate test device to the discharge operation device 10 and confirming that the discharge operation device 10 correctly displays according to the signal.
<Alarm judgment test>
The alarm determination test is a test for inputting an abnormal signal from the gate test device to the discharge operation device 10 and confirming that the discharge operation device 10 correctly displays and issues an alarm in response to the abnormal signal.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of the test system 100 according to the embodiment.
In FIG. 2, the test system 100 includes a gate test device 50 for testing the dam management system 200. As shown in FIG. The gate test device 50 is connected to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 of the dam management system 200 via cables C1 to C4.

The cable C<b>1 transmits control signals from the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 to the gate test device 50 . The cable C2 transmits the opening degree data from the gate test device 50 to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 . The cable C3 transmits the discharge amount data from the gate test device 50 to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 . The cable C4 transmits the status signal and the abnormality signal from the gate test device 50 to the device-side transmission devices 31 and 32 .

The state signal contains state information in the gate opening/closing control. The state information is information indicating the state of opening or closing of the gate, such as fully open, open, closed, and fully closed. Fully open means that the opening of the gate reaches the target opening and the gate is opened. Open indicates that the gate is open. Closed indicates that the gate is closed. Fully closed indicates that the opening of the gate when it is closed reaches the target opening and the gate is closed.

The gate test device 50 includes a machine-side operation section 51 , a count processing section 52 , a state signal output section 53 , a data output section 54 and a setting reception section 55 .

The machine-side operation unit 51 simulates opening and closing of the dam gate according to control signals transmitted from the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 of the dam management system 200 . For example, when an "open" activation command is given, the machine-side operation unit 51 simulates gate opening control. Further, when a "close" activation command is given, the machine-side operation unit 51 simulates gate closing control. Here, simulating the opening and closing of a dam gate means information generated when the gate is controlled to open or close without actually controlling the opening or closing of the gate (opening degree, discharge amount, etc.) is generated in a simulated manner.

Also, the gate testing device 50 can simulate an abnormal situation, for example. Simulating an abnormal situation means creating a situation that makes one perceive that an abnormal situation has occurred, even if the abnormal situation has not actually occurred.

A count processing unit 52 as a count up/down processing unit counts up or counts down the opening degree and discharge amount of the dam gate according to the control signal.

The state signal output unit 53 outputs a state signal indicating the state of the dumb gate as the count processing unit 52 counts up or counts down.

The data output unit 54 outputs the opening degree data of the dam gate and the outflow amount data to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 of the dam management system 200 . The opening degree data and the discharge amount data are output in analog or digital form based on the specifications of the equipment-side transmission devices 31 and 32 .

The setting reception unit 55 receives an operation for setting at least one of the dam gate opening data value and the discharge amount data value. These values are set by, for example, an administrator using an operation terminal such as a touch panel. The setting reception unit 55 can set the opening degree data and the discharge amount data to arbitrary values separately from the count value by the count processing unit 52 .

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of a test environment to which the gate test device 50 according to the embodiment is applied.
In FIG. 3, the test equipment is configured to include a gate test device 50 connected to the dam management system 200 and a touch panel 80 capable of transmitting and receiving radio signals to and from the gate test device 50 . That is, the touch panel 80 is connected to a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) 91 and can wirelessly communicate with the wireless LAN 92 of the gate test device 50 . Here, the wireless LAN 92 is connected to the control block 501 of the gate test device 50 . Furthermore, the gate test device 50 includes a connector section 502 that can be connected to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 of the dam management system 200 .

FIG. 4 is an external view showing an example of the touch panel 80. As shown in FIG. The touch panel 80 is part of a computer terminal including a CPU (Central Processing Unit) and memory. In the embodiment, the touch panel 80 displays the GUI (Graphical User Interface) screen of FIG. 4 by the display control section, which is the processing function of the CPU. This GUI screen has an area for setting and inputting the opening degree data of the dam gate and an area for setting and inputting the discharge amount data.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram showing an example of the gate test device 50. As shown in FIG.

The gate test device 50 includes a control block 501 including a processor unit and a connector section 502 . Among them, the connector section 502 includes a control voltage switching circuit 57 that switches the voltage of the control signal from the device-side transmission devices 31 and 32 in accordance with the device to be tested according to the operation of the administrator.

Machine-side operation unit 51, count processing unit 52, state signal output unit 53, data output unit 54, and setting reception unit 55 shown in FIG. In FIG. 5, for example, the data output unit 54 includes an opening output unit (gate 1), an opening output unit (gate 2), a discharge amount output unit (gate 1), and a discharge amount output unit (gate 2). It is designed to correspond to the dam gate of.

Further, the control block 501 includes an abnormal signal output section (gate 1) 581 , an abnormal signal output section (gate 2) 582 and a control signal input section 59 . The abnormal signal output units 581 and 582 output the abnormal value of the opening degree and the abnormal value of the discharge amount set on the touch panel 80 for each gate as an abnormal signal. The control signal input unit 59 receives input of control signals output from the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 . The control signal is input to the control signal input section 59 via the control voltage switching circuit 57 .

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the control voltage switching circuit 57. As shown in FIG.

The control voltage switching circuit 57 includes a plurality of relay circuits and a plurality of rotary switches that operate in conjunction with each other. By switching the rotary switch of the control voltage switching circuit 57, "no voltage", "voltage DC24V", "voltage DC48V", and "voltage DC100V" can be selectively output. That is, according to the specifications of the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32, the applied voltage of the control signal input from the discharge operation device 10 to the gate test device 50 is changed to "no voltage", "voltage DC 24 V", "voltage DC 48 V" ”, or “voltage DC 100V”.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing details of the functions implemented in the control block 501 of the gate testing device 50. As shown in FIG. The control signal input section 59 ( FIG. 5 ) includes a control signal input section (gate 1) 591 and a control signal input section (gate 2) 592 . A control signal input section (gate 1) 591 and a control signal input section (gate 2) 592 cause the touch panel 80 to display the control signal input from the discharge operation device 10 . Both of the control signal input units 591 and 592 can input remote open/remote close/stop control signals for remotely controlling the gate.

The machine-side operating section 51 ( FIG. 5 ) includes a machine-side operating section (gate 1) 511 and a machine-side operating section (gate 2) 512 . A machine-side operation unit (gate 1) 511 and a machine-side operation unit (gate 2) 512 are functions for controlling gates 1 and 2, respectively, on the side of the gate test device 50. FIG.

The count processing unit 52 ( FIG. 5 ) includes a count processing unit (gate 1) 521 and a count processing unit (gate 2) 522 . The count processing unit (gate 1) 521 and the count processing unit (gate 2) 522 are functions to automatically count up/down the degree of opening of the gate and the amount of discharge in accordance with the control signal input from the discharge operation device 10. be. The set value of count up/down also changes according to the setting of the upper limit value/lower limit value of the degree of opening/discharging amount and the switching of the change speed of the degree of opening.

The setting reception unit 55 (FIG. 2) includes, in FIG. (gate 1), and corresponds to the discharge amount data value/abnormal value setting unit (gate 2).

The opening data value/abnormal value setting section (gate 1) and the opening data value/abnormal value setting section (gate 2) set arbitrary opening data from the touch panel 80, and select a normal value or an abnormal value. is a function of

The discharge amount data value/abnormal value setting unit (gate 1) and the discharge amount data value/abnormal value setting unit (gate 2) set arbitrary discharge amount data from the touch panel 80, and select a normal value or an abnormal value. is a function of

The state signal output section 53 ( FIG. 5 ) includes a state signal output section (gate 1) 531 and a state signal output section (gate 2) 532 . The state signal output section (gate 1) 531 and the state signal output section (gate 2) 532 change the state according to the opening count up/down by the count processing section (gate 1) 521 and the count processing section (gate 2) 522. This function outputs a signal ((fully open/fully closed/open/closed)). For example, when the opening is increasing due to counting up, "open" is output. When the opening reaches the upper limit by counting up, "fully open" is output. Furthermore, it is also possible to output a status signal (far side/machine side) set on the touch panel 80 .

The data output section 54 (FIG. 2) includes an opening degree output section and a discharge amount output section. The opening degree output unit outputs the respective opening degrees of gates 1 and 2 in analog or digital form. The discharge amount output section outputs the respective discharge amounts of gates 1 and 2 in analog or digital form. Any output value is the opening data value/abnormal value setting section (gate 1), the opening data value/abnormal value setting section (gate 2), the discharge amount data value/abnormal value setting section (gate 1), the discharge amount It can be set by the data value/abnormal value setting section (gate 2).

The opening data and the discharge amount data must be input to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 from the gate test device 50 in either digital or analog form in accordance with the specifications of the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32. . According to the embodiment, both digital data and analog data can be handled.

Furthermore, the abnormal signal output section (gate 1) 581 outputs an abnormal signal regarding gate 1. FIG. An abnormal signal output unit (gate 2) 582 outputs an abnormal signal regarding gate 2. FIG.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing details relating to the input of control signals to the gate test device 50. As shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 8, the connector section 502 of the gate testing device 50 is assigned signals of "gate 1 open", "gate 1 closed", "gate 2 open" and "gate 2 closed".

That is, the control signal (open control) input from the machine-side transmission device 31 to the gate test device 50 is connected to be input to "gate 1 open", and the control signal (close control) is connected to "gate 1 closed". Connect as input. In addition, the control signal (open control) input from the machine-side transmission device 32 to the gate test device 50 is connected to be input to "gate 2 open", and the control signal (close control) is connected to "gate 2 close". Connect as input. With such a connection configuration, the gate 1 and the gate 2 can be handled by one gate test device 50. FIG.

FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining a test using the gate test device 50 according to the embodiment.
In FIG. 9 , the tester A can confirm the operation of the discharge operation device 10 and the operation of the gate test device 50 using the touch panel 80 . That is, in the gate control test, tester A operates the discharge operation device 10 to output a control signal, and confirms on the touch panel 80 whether the gate test device 50 is operating according to the control signal.

In the input processing test, the tester A operates the touch panel 80 to output a monitor signal from the gate test device 50 . The tester A confirms whether the discharge operation device 10 is displaying according to the monitor signal. In the alarm determination test, the tester A operates the touch panel 80 to cause the gate test device 50 to output an abnormal signal. The tester A confirms whether or not the discharge operation device 10 displays correctly according to the abnormal signal and outputs an alarm.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart showing an example of a processing procedure during a gate test by the gate test device 50. As shown in FIG.

In FIG. 10, in step S1, the gate test device 50 determines whether the control mode is the "far" mode or the "machine side" mode. Here, the "distant" mode is a mode in which the discharge operation device 10 performs gate control. The “machine side” mode is a mode in which gate control is performed from the gate test device 50 .

If it is in the "machine side" mode, the gate test device 50 outputs the "machine side" setting signal to the machine side transmission devices 31 and 32 from the state signal output section 53 in step S2. As a result, the open control/close control by the machine-side operation unit 51 is selected.

If it is in the "distant" mode, in step S3, the gate test device 50 outputs a "distant" setting signal from the state signal output unit 53 to the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32. As a result, control from the discharge operation device 10 is performed. It will be in a state of waiting for a signal (open control/close control). A control signal input by the control signal input unit 59 is displayed on the touch panel 80 .

Next, in step S4, the gate test device 50 controls the count processing unit 52 according to the control signal (open control/close control) from the discharge operation device 10 or the open control/close control by the machine-side operation unit 51. Starts counting up/down of opening data and outflow data.

In step S5, the count processing unit 52 repeats counting up/down until the upper limit value/lower limit value set on the touch panel 80 is reached or the output of the control signal (open control/close control) stops.

Here, if the count value reaches the upper limit value or the lower limit value (Yes in step S5), in step S10, the gate test device 50 outputs a state signal indicating whether the gate is fully open or fully closed, and ends the gate test. do.

If the count value is neither the upper limit value nor the lower limit value in step S5 (if No), in step S6, the gate test device 50 determines whether the current count value is the abnormal value set on the touch panel 80. determine whether

Next, in step S6, if the current count value is an abnormal value (if Yes), in step S11, the gate test device 50 outputs an abnormal signal and terminates the gate test.

In step S6, if the count value is not an abnormal value (No), in step S7, the gate test device 50 outputs a status signal indicating that the gate is open or closed.

Also, in step S8, the gate test device 50 outputs the opening data counted up/down.

Next, in step S9, the discharge amount data is output in analog or digital form. After that, the process returns to step S4 to continue counting up/down. As described above, according to the embodiment, the operation and operation of the gate test device 50 can be confirmed on the touch panel 80 . Moreover, since the gate test device 50 and the touch panel 80 are connected so as to be communicable via a wireless LAN, the touch panel 80 can be placed anywhere within the range of the wireless LAN.

In the existing system, a dedicated gate test device was developed for each gate and tested, so it was large in size and needed to be made compact. In other words, it is necessary to prepare the same number (n pieces) of gate test devices as the number (n pieces) of machine-side transmission devices, and it is necessary to secure a space for arranging n devices.

In addition, since the existing system required work by multiple people, it was sometimes difficult for testers to communicate with each other and give instructions in gate control tests, input processing tests, and alarm judgment processing tests. was

On the other hand, according to the embodiment, a single gate testing apparatus 50 can test a plurality of gates, so that compactness can be achieved. Furthermore, since the gate test device 50 of the embodiment implements the functions of a plurality of existing gate test devices, the number (n/2) of the number of machine-side transmission devices (n) is sufficient. Therefore, further space saving can be achieved. Moreover, one tester can perform all the test steps, which contributes to labor saving.

For these reasons, according to the embodiment, it is possible to provide a test system and a gate test apparatus that enable the test of the dam management system to be easily performed.

It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. For example, in the embodiment, the dam management system 200 including a plurality of machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 is assumed, but the number of machine-side transmission devices is not limited to two. Further, the voltage level of the control signal input from the machine-side transmission devices 31 and 32 to the gate test device 50 is not limited to "no voltage", "24 V DC with voltage", "48 V DC with voltage", and "100 V DC with voltage". .

While embodiments have been described, the embodiments are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. This novel embodiment can be embodied in various other forms, and various omissions, replacements, and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. This embodiment and its modifications are included in the scope and gist of the invention, and are included in the scope of the invention described in the claims and its equivalents.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1... Information input / provision apparatus, 2... Display control apparatus, 3... Remote manual operation apparatus, 10... Discharge operation apparatus, 20... Input-output apparatus, 31... Machine-side transmission apparatus, 32... Machine-side transmission apparatus, 50... Gate Test apparatus 51 Machine-side operation unit 52 Count processing unit 53 State signal output unit 54 Data output unit 55 Setting reception unit 57 Control voltage switching circuit 59 Control signal input unit 60 Optical cable connection board 80 Touch panel 100 Test system 200 Dam management system 501 Control block 502 Connector section 511 Machine side operation section 512 Machine side operation section 521 Count processing section 522... Count processing unit 531... Status signal output unit 532... Status signal output unit 581... Abnormal signal output unit 582... Abnormal signal output unit 591... Control signal input unit 592... Control signal input unit C1- C4... Cable, 92... Wireless LAN.

Claims (9)

A test system for testing a dam management system comprising a machine-side transmission device,
Equipped with a gate test device connectable to the machine-side transmission device,
The gate test device is
a machine-side operation unit that simulates opening and closing of a dam gate according to a control signal transmitted from the machine-side transmission device;
a count-up/down processing unit that counts up or counts down the opening degree and discharge amount of the dam gate according to the control signal;
a state signal output section that outputs a state signal indicating a state of the dumb gate as the count up/down processing section counts up or counts down. The gate test device further comprises a data output unit that outputs opening data and discharge amount data of the dam gate to the machine-side transmission device.
The test system of claim 1. The data output unit outputs the opening degree data and the discharge amount data in analog or digital form based on the specifications of the machine-side transmission device.
3. The test system of claim 2. The gate test device further comprises a setting reception unit that receives settings for at least one of the dam gate opening data value and the discharge amount data value.
3. The test system of claim 2. The setting reception unit receives a setting of at least one of an abnormal value of the opening data and an abnormal value of the discharge amount data.
5. The test system of claim 4. Furthermore, comprising a terminal device capable of communicating with the gate test device,
The terminal device
a touch panel;
5. The display control unit for displaying on the touch panel a GUI (Graphical User Interface) screen for receiving a setting input operation for at least one of the value of the opening data and the value of the discharge amount data. test system. 2. The test system according to claim 1, further comprising a voltage switching unit that switches the voltage of the control signal from the machine-side transmission device according to an operation by an administrator. the dumb gate includes a first gate and a second gate that are different from each other;
the machine-side operation unit individually simulates opening and closing of the first gate and the second gate according to the control signal;
The count-up/down processing unit individually counts up or counts down the opening degree and discharge amount of the first gate and the second gate in accordance with the control signal;
The state signal output unit outputs state signals indicating individual states of the first gate and the second gate,
The test system of claim 1. a connector section connectable to the machine-side transmission device of a dam management system including the machine-side transmission device;
a machine-side operation unit that simulates opening and closing of a dam gate according to a control signal transmitted from the machine-side transmission device;
a count-up/down processing unit that counts up or counts down the opening degree and discharge amount of the dam gate according to the control signal;
a state signal output unit that outputs a state signal indicating the state of the dumb gate as the count up/down processing unit counts up or counts down;
Gate test equipment.

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